@aztec/archiver 0.0.1-commit.e558bd1c → 0.0.1-commit.e5a3663dd

package/src/store/block_store.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import { isDefined } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 import type { AztecAsyncKVStore, AztecAsyncMap, AztecAsyncSingleton, Range } from '@aztec/kv-store';
 import type { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import {
+  type BlockData,
+  type BlockDataWithCheckpointContext,
   BlockHash,
   Body,
   CheckpointedL2Block,
@@ -18,8 +20,16 @@ import {
   deserializeValidateCheckpointResult,
   serializeValidateCheckpointResult,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
-import { L1PublishedData, PublishedCheckpoint } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
-import type { L1RollupConstants } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
+import {
+  Checkpoint,
+  type CheckpointData,
+  type CommonCheckpointData,
+  L1PublishedData,
+  type ProposedCheckpointData,
+  type ProposedCheckpointInput,
+  PublishedCheckpoint,
+} from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
+import { type L1RollupConstants, getEpochAtSlot } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
 import { CheckpointHeader } from '@aztec/stdlib/rollup';
 import { AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
 import {
@@ -34,16 +44,20 @@ import {
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 
 import {
+  BlockAlreadyCheckpointedError,
   BlockArchiveNotConsistentError,
+  BlockCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
   BlockIndexNotSequentialError,
   BlockNotFoundError,
   BlockNumberNotSequentialError,
   CannotOverwriteCheckpointedBlockError,
   CheckpointNotFoundError,
-  CheckpointNumberNotConsistentError,
   CheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
-  InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError,
   InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+  NoProposedCheckpointToPromoteError,
+  ProposedCheckpointArchiveRootMismatchError,
+  ProposedCheckpointNotSequentialError,
+  ProposedCheckpointPromotionNotSequentialError,
 } from '../errors.js';
 
 export { TxReceipt, type TxEffect, type TxHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
@@ -58,24 +72,26 @@ type BlockStorage = {
   indexWithinCheckpoint: number;
 };
 
-type CheckpointStorage = {
+/** Checkpoint Storage shared between Checkpoints + Proposed Checkpoints */
+type CommonCheckpointStorage = {
   header: Buffer;
   archive: Buffer;
+  checkpointOutHash: Buffer;
   checkpointNumber: number;
   startBlock: number;
-  numBlocks: number;
+  blockCount: number;
+};
+
+type CheckpointStorage = CommonCheckpointStorage & {
   l1: Buffer;
   attestations: Buffer[];
+  feeAssetPriceModifier: string;
 };
 
-export type CheckpointData = {
-  checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber;
-  header: CheckpointHeader;
-  archive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot;
-  startBlock: number;
-  numBlocks: number;
-  l1: L1PublishedData;
-  attestations: Buffer[];
+/** Storage format for a proposed checkpoint (attested but not yet L1-confirmed). */
+type ProposedCheckpointStorage = CommonCheckpointStorage & {
+  totalManaUsed: string;
+  feeAssetPriceModifier: string;
 };
 
 export type RemoveCheckpointsResult = { blocksRemoved: L2Block[] | undefined };
@@ -87,9 +103,15 @@ export class BlockStore {
   /** Map block number to block data */
   #blocks: AztecAsyncMap<number, BlockStorage>;
 
-  /** Map checkpoint number to checkpoint data */
+  /** Map keyed by checkpoint number holding proposed (locally-validated, not yet L1-confirmed) checkpoints. */
+  #proposedCheckpoints: AztecAsyncMap<number, ProposedCheckpointStorage>;
+
+  /** Map checkpoint number to checkpoint data for mined checkpoints only */
   #checkpoints: AztecAsyncMap<number, CheckpointStorage>;
 
+  /** Map slot number to checkpoint number, for looking up checkpoints by slot range. */
+  #slotToCheckpoint: AztecAsyncMap<number, number>;
+
   /** Map block hash to list of tx hashes */
   #blockTxs: AztecAsyncMap<string, Buffer>;
 
@@ -102,6 +124,9 @@ export class BlockStore {
   /** Stores last proven checkpoint */
   #lastProvenCheckpoint: AztecAsyncSingleton<number>;
 
+  /** Stores last finalized checkpoint (proven at or before the finalized L1 block) */
+  #lastFinalizedCheckpoint: AztecAsyncSingleton<number>;
+
   /** Stores the pending chain validation status */
   #pendingChainValidationStatus: AztecAsyncSingleton<Buffer>;
 
@@ -116,10 +141,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
 
   #log = createLogger('archiver:block_store');
 
-  constructor(
-    private db: AztecAsyncKVStore,
-    private l1Constants: Pick<L1RollupConstants, 'epochDuration'>,
-  ) {
+  constructor(private db: AztecAsyncKVStore) {
     this.#blocks = db.openMap('archiver_blocks');
     this.#blockTxs = db.openMap('archiver_block_txs');
     this.#txEffects = db.openMap('archiver_tx_effects');
@@ -128,119 +150,108 @@ export class BlockStore {
     this.#blockArchiveIndex = db.openMap('archiver_block_archive_index');
     this.#lastSynchedL1Block = db.openSingleton('archiver_last_synched_l1_block');
     this.#lastProvenCheckpoint = db.openSingleton('archiver_last_proven_l2_checkpoint');
+    this.#lastFinalizedCheckpoint = db.openSingleton('archiver_last_finalized_l2_checkpoint');
     this.#pendingChainValidationStatus = db.openSingleton('archiver_pending_chain_validation_status');
     this.#checkpoints = db.openMap('archiver_checkpoints');
+    this.#slotToCheckpoint = db.openMap('archiver_slot_to_checkpoint');
+    this.#proposedCheckpoints = db.openMap('archiver_proposed_checkpoints');
   }
 
   /**
-   * Computes the finalized block number based on the proven block number.
-   * A block is considered finalized when it's 2 epochs behind the proven block.
-   * TODO(#13569): Compute proper finalized block number based on L1 finalized block.
-   * TODO(palla/mbps): Even the provisional computation is wrong, since it should subtract checkpoints, not blocks
+   * Returns the finalized L2 block number. An L2 block is finalized when it was proven
+   * in an L1 block that has itself been finalized on Ethereum.
    * @returns The finalized block number.
    */
   async getFinalizedL2BlockNumber(): Promise<BlockNumber> {
-    const provenBlockNumber = await this.getProvenBlockNumber();
-    return BlockNumber(Math.max(provenBlockNumber - this.l1Constants.epochDuration * 2, 0));
+    const finalizedCheckpointNumber = await this.getFinalizedCheckpointNumber();
+    if (finalizedCheckpointNumber === INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER - 1) {
+      return BlockNumber(INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 1);
+    }
+    const checkpointStorage = await this.#checkpoints.getAsync(finalizedCheckpointNumber);
+    if (!checkpointStorage) {
+      throw new CheckpointNotFoundError(finalizedCheckpointNumber);
+    }
+    return BlockNumber(checkpointStorage.startBlock + checkpointStorage.blockCount - 1);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Append new proposed blocks to the store's list. All blocks must be for the 'current' checkpoint.
-   * These are uncheckpointed blocks that have been proposed by the sequencer but not yet included in a checkpoint on L1.
+   * Append a new proposed block to the store.
+   * This is an uncheckpointed block that has been proposed by the sequencer but not yet included in a checkpoint on L1.
    * For checkpointed blocks (already published to L1), use addCheckpoints() instead.
-   * @param blocks - The proposed L2 blocks to be added to the store.
+   * @param block - The proposed L2 block to be added to the store.
    * @returns True if the operation is successful.
    */
-  async addProposedBlocks(blocks: L2Block[], opts: { force?: boolean } = {}): Promise<boolean> {
-    if (blocks.length === 0) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
+  async addProposedBlock(block: L2Block, opts: { force?: boolean } = {}): Promise<boolean> {
     return await this.db.transactionAsync(async () => {
-      // Check that the block immediately before the first block to be added is present in the store.
-      const firstBlockNumber = blocks[0].number;
-      const firstBlockCheckpointNumber = blocks[0].checkpointNumber;
-      const firstBlockIndex = blocks[0].indexWithinCheckpoint;
-      const firstBlockLastArchive = blocks[0].header.lastArchive.root;
+      const blockNumber = block.number;
+      const blockCheckpointNumber = block.checkpointNumber;
+      const blockIndex = block.indexWithinCheckpoint;
+      const blockLastArchive = block.header.lastArchive.root;
 
       // Extract the latest block and checkpoint numbers
-      const previousBlockNumber = await this.getLatestBlockNumber();
-      const previousCheckpointNumber = await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
+      const previousBlockNumber = await this.getLatestL2BlockNumber();
+      const latestCheckpointNumber = await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
 
       // Verify we're not overwriting checkpointed blocks
       const lastCheckpointedBlockNumber = await this.getCheckpointedL2BlockNumber();
-      if (!opts.force && firstBlockNumber <= lastCheckpointedBlockNumber) {
-        throw new CannotOverwriteCheckpointedBlockError(firstBlockNumber, lastCheckpointedBlockNumber);
+      if (!opts.force && blockNumber <= lastCheckpointedBlockNumber) {
+        // Check if the proposed block matches the already-checkpointed one
+        const existingBlock = await this.getBlock(BlockNumber(blockNumber));
+        if (existingBlock && existingBlock.archive.root.equals(block.archive.root)) {
+          throw new BlockAlreadyCheckpointedError(blockNumber);
+        }
+        throw new CannotOverwriteCheckpointedBlockError(blockNumber, lastCheckpointedBlockNumber);
       }
 
-      // Check that the first block number is the expected one
-      if (!opts.force && previousBlockNumber !== firstBlockNumber - 1) {
-        throw new InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError(firstBlockNumber, previousBlockNumber);
+      // Check that the block number is the expected one
+      if (!opts.force && previousBlockNumber !== blockNumber - 1) {
+        throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(blockNumber, previousBlockNumber);
       }
 
-      // The same check as above but for checkpoints
-      if (!opts.force && previousCheckpointNumber !== firstBlockCheckpointNumber - 1) {
-        throw new InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError(firstBlockCheckpointNumber, previousCheckpointNumber);
+      // Accept the block if either the confirmed checkpoint or a pending checkpoint matches
+      // the expected predecessor. We look for a pending entry at exactly blockCheckpointNumber - 1.
+      const expectedCheckpointNumber = blockCheckpointNumber - 1;
+      const hasPendingAtExpected = await this.#proposedCheckpoints.hasAsync(expectedCheckpointNumber);
+      if (!opts.force && latestCheckpointNumber !== expectedCheckpointNumber && !hasPendingAtExpected) {
+        const [latestPendingKey] = await toArray(this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync({ reverse: true, limit: 1 }));
+        const previous = CheckpointNumber(Math.max(latestCheckpointNumber, latestPendingKey ?? 0));
+        throw new BlockCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError(blockNumber, blockCheckpointNumber, previous);
       }
 
       // Extract the previous block if there is one and see if it is for the same checkpoint or not
       const previousBlockResult = await this.getBlock(previousBlockNumber);
 
-      let expectedFirstblockIndex = 0;
+      let expectedBlockIndex = 0;
       let previousBlockIndex: number | undefined = undefined;
       if (previousBlockResult !== undefined) {
-        if (previousBlockResult.checkpointNumber === firstBlockCheckpointNumber) {
+        if (previousBlockResult.checkpointNumber === blockCheckpointNumber) {
           // The previous block is for the same checkpoint, therefore our index should follow it
           previousBlockIndex = previousBlockResult.indexWithinCheckpoint;
-          expectedFirstblockIndex = previousBlockIndex + 1;
+          expectedBlockIndex = previousBlockIndex + 1;
         }
-        if (!previousBlockResult.archive.root.equals(firstBlockLastArchive)) {
+        if (!previousBlockResult.archive.root.equals(blockLastArchive)) {
           throw new BlockArchiveNotConsistentError(
-            firstBlockNumber,
+            blockNumber,
             previousBlockResult.number,
-            firstBlockLastArchive,
+            blockLastArchive,
             previousBlockResult.archive.root,
           );
         }
       }
 
-      // Now check that the first block has the expected index value
-      if (!opts.force && expectedFirstblockIndex !== firstBlockIndex) {
-        throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(firstBlockIndex, previousBlockIndex);
+      // Now check that the block has the expected index value
+      if (!opts.force && expectedBlockIndex !== blockIndex) {
+        throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(blockIndex, previousBlockIndex);
       }
 
-      // Iterate over blocks array and insert them, checking that the block numbers and indexes are sequential. Also check they are for the correct checkpoint.
-      let previousBlock: L2Block | undefined = undefined;
-      for (const block of blocks) {
-        if (!opts.force && previousBlock) {
-          if (previousBlock.number + 1 !== block.number) {
-            throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(block.number, previousBlock.number);
-          }
-          if (previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint + 1 !== block.indexWithinCheckpoint) {
-            throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint);
-          }
-          if (!previousBlock.archive.root.equals(block.header.lastArchive.root)) {
-            throw new BlockArchiveNotConsistentError(
-              block.number,
-              previousBlock.number,
-              block.header.lastArchive.root,
-              previousBlock.archive.root,
-            );
-          }
-        }
-        if (!opts.force && firstBlockCheckpointNumber !== block.checkpointNumber) {
-          throw new CheckpointNumberNotConsistentError(block.checkpointNumber, firstBlockCheckpointNumber);
-        }
-        previousBlock = block;
-        await this.addBlockToDatabase(block, block.checkpointNumber, block.indexWithinCheckpoint);
-      }
+      await this.addBlockToDatabase(block, block.checkpointNumber, block.indexWithinCheckpoint);
 
       return true;
     });
   }
 
   /**
-   * Append new cheskpoints to the store's list.
+   * Append new checkpoints to the store's list.
    * @param checkpoints - The L2 checkpoints to be added to the store.
    * @returns True if the operation is successful.
    */
@@ -250,37 +261,29 @@ export class BlockStore {
     }
 
     return await this.db.transactionAsync(async () => {
-      // Check that the checkpoint immediately before the first block to be added is present in the store.
       const firstCheckpointNumber = checkpoints[0].checkpoint.number;
       const previousCheckpointNumber = await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
 
-      if (previousCheckpointNumber !== firstCheckpointNumber - 1 && !opts.force) {
-        throw new InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError(firstCheckpointNumber, previousCheckpointNumber);
-      }
-
-      // Extract the previous checkpoint if there is one
-      let previousCheckpointData: CheckpointData | undefined = undefined;
-      if (previousCheckpointNumber !== INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER - 1) {
-        // There should be a previous checkpoint
-        previousCheckpointData = await this.getCheckpointData(previousCheckpointNumber);
-        if (previousCheckpointData === undefined) {
-          throw new CheckpointNotFoundError(previousCheckpointNumber);
+      // Handle already-stored checkpoints at the start of the batch.
+      // This can happen after an L1 reorg re-includes a checkpoint in a different L1 block.
+      // We accept them if archives match (same content) and update their L1 metadata.
+      if (!opts.force && firstCheckpointNumber <= previousCheckpointNumber) {
+        checkpoints = await this.skipOrUpdateAlreadyStoredCheckpoints(checkpoints, previousCheckpointNumber);
+        if (checkpoints.length === 0) {
+          return true;
         }
-      }
-
-      let previousBlockNumber: BlockNumber | undefined = undefined;
-      let previousBlock: L2Block | undefined = undefined;
-
-      // If we have a previous checkpoint then we need to get the previous block number
-      if (previousCheckpointData !== undefined) {
-        previousBlockNumber = BlockNumber(previousCheckpointData.startBlock + previousCheckpointData.numBlocks - 1);
-        previousBlock = await this.getBlock(previousBlockNumber);
-        if (previousBlock === undefined) {
-          // We should be able to get the required previous block
-          throw new BlockNotFoundError(previousBlockNumber);
+        // Re-check sequentiality after skipping
+        const newFirstNumber = checkpoints[0].checkpoint.number;
+        if (previousCheckpointNumber !== newFirstNumber - 1) {
+          throw new InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError(newFirstNumber, previousCheckpointNumber);
         }
+      } else if (previousCheckpointNumber !== firstCheckpointNumber - 1 && !opts.force) {
+        throw new InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError(firstCheckpointNumber, previousCheckpointNumber);
       }
 
+      // Get the last block of the previous checkpoint for archive chaining
+      let previousBlock = await this.getPreviousCheckpointBlock(checkpoints[0].checkpoint.number);
+
       // Iterate over checkpoints array and insert them, checking that the block numbers are sequential.
       let previousCheckpoint: PublishedCheckpoint | undefined = undefined;
       for (const checkpoint of checkpoints) {
@@ -296,53 +299,33 @@ export class BlockStore {
         }
         previousCheckpoint = checkpoint;
 
-        // Store every block in the database. the block may already exist, but this has come from chain and is assumed to be correct.
-        for (let i = 0; i < checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length; i++) {
-          const block = checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks[i];
-          if (previousBlock) {
-            // The blocks should have a sequential block number
-            if (previousBlock.number !== block.number - 1) {
-              throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(block.number, previousBlock.number);
-            }
-            // If the blocks are for the same checkpoint then they should have sequential indexes
-            if (
-              previousBlock.checkpointNumber === block.checkpointNumber &&
-              previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint !== block.indexWithinCheckpoint - 1
-            ) {
-              throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint);
-            }
-            if (!previousBlock.archive.root.equals(block.header.lastArchive.root)) {
-              throw new BlockArchiveNotConsistentError(
-                block.number,
-                previousBlock.number,
-                block.header.lastArchive.root,
-                previousBlock.archive.root,
-              );
-            }
-          } else {
-            // No previous block, must be block 1 at checkpoint index 0
-            if (block.indexWithinCheckpoint !== 0) {
-              throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, undefined);
-            }
-            if (block.number !== INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM) {
-              throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(block.number, undefined);
-            }
-          }
+        // Validate block sequencing, indexes, and archive chaining
+        this.validateCheckpointBlocks(checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks, previousBlock);
 
-          previousBlock = block;
-          await this.addBlockToDatabase(block, checkpoint.checkpoint.number, i);
+        // Store every block in the database (may already exist, but L1 data is authoritative)
+        for (let i = 0; i < checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length; i++) {
+          await this.addBlockToDatabase(checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks[i], checkpoint.checkpoint.number, i);
         }
+        previousBlock = checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1);
 
         // Store the checkpoint in the database
         await this.#checkpoints.set(checkpoint.checkpoint.number, {
           header: checkpoint.checkpoint.header.toBuffer(),
           archive: checkpoint.checkpoint.archive.toBuffer(),
+          checkpointOutHash: checkpoint.checkpoint.getCheckpointOutHash().toBuffer(),
           l1: checkpoint.l1.toBuffer(),
           attestations: checkpoint.attestations.map(attestation => attestation.toBuffer()),
           checkpointNumber: checkpoint.checkpoint.number,
           startBlock: checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].number,
-          numBlocks: checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length,
+          blockCount: checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length,
+          feeAssetPriceModifier: checkpoint.checkpoint.feeAssetPriceModifier.toString(),
         });
+
+        // Update slot-to-checkpoint index
+        await this.#slotToCheckpoint.set(checkpoint.checkpoint.header.slotNumber, checkpoint.checkpoint.number);
+
+        // Remove proposed checkpoint if it exists, since L1 is authoritative
+        await this.#proposedCheckpoints.delete(checkpoint.checkpoint.number);
       }
 
       await this.#lastSynchedL1Block.set(checkpoints[checkpoints.length - 1].l1.blockNumber);
@@ -350,6 +333,116 @@ export class BlockStore {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Handles checkpoints at the start of a batch that are already stored (e.g. due to L1 reorg).
+   * Verifies the archive root matches, updates L1 metadata, and returns only the new checkpoints.
+   */
+  private async skipOrUpdateAlreadyStoredCheckpoints(
+    checkpoints: PublishedCheckpoint[],
+    latestStored: CheckpointNumber,
+  ): Promise<PublishedCheckpoint[]> {
+    let i = 0;
+    for (; i < checkpoints.length && checkpoints[i].checkpoint.number <= latestStored; i++) {
+      const incoming = checkpoints[i];
+      const stored = await this.getCheckpointData(incoming.checkpoint.number);
+      if (!stored) {
+        // Should not happen if latestStored is correct, but be safe
+        break;
+      }
+      // Verify the checkpoint content matches (archive root)
+      if (!stored.archive.root.equals(incoming.checkpoint.archive.root)) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Checkpoint ${incoming.checkpoint.number} already exists in store but with a different archive root. ` +
+            `Stored: ${stored.archive.root}, incoming: ${incoming.checkpoint.archive.root}`,
+        );
+      }
+      // Update L1 metadata and attestations for the already-stored checkpoint
+      this.#log.warn(
+        `Checkpoint ${incoming.checkpoint.number} already stored, updating L1 info ` +
+          `(L1 block ${stored.l1.blockNumber} -> ${incoming.l1.blockNumber})`,
+      );
+      await this.#checkpoints.set(incoming.checkpoint.number, {
+        header: incoming.checkpoint.header.toBuffer(),
+        archive: incoming.checkpoint.archive.toBuffer(),
+        checkpointOutHash: incoming.checkpoint.getCheckpointOutHash().toBuffer(),
+        l1: incoming.l1.toBuffer(),
+        attestations: incoming.attestations.map(a => a.toBuffer()),
+        checkpointNumber: incoming.checkpoint.number,
+        startBlock: incoming.checkpoint.blocks[0].number,
+        blockCount: incoming.checkpoint.blocks.length,
+        feeAssetPriceModifier: incoming.checkpoint.feeAssetPriceModifier.toString(),
+      });
+      // Update the sync point to reflect the new L1 block
+      await this.#lastSynchedL1Block.set(incoming.l1.blockNumber);
+    }
+    return checkpoints.slice(i);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the last block of the checkpoint before the given one.
+   * Returns undefined if there is no previous checkpoint (i.e. genesis).
+   */
+  private async getPreviousCheckpointBlock(checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber): Promise<L2Block | undefined> {
+    const previousCheckpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(checkpointNumber - 1);
+    if (previousCheckpointNumber === INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER - 1) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Check across both proposed and mined checkpoints
+    const predecessor =
+      (await this.getProposedCheckpointByNumber(previousCheckpointNumber)) ??
+      (await this.getCheckpointData(previousCheckpointNumber));
+
+    if (!predecessor) {
+      throw new CheckpointNotFoundError(previousCheckpointNumber);
+    }
+
+    const previousBlockNumber = BlockNumber(predecessor.startBlock + predecessor.blockCount - 1);
+    const previousBlock = await this.getBlock(previousBlockNumber);
+    if (previousBlock === undefined) {
+      throw new BlockNotFoundError(previousBlockNumber);
+    }
+    return previousBlock;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates that blocks are sequential, have correct indexes, and chain via archive roots.
+   * This is the same validation used for both confirmed checkpoints (addCheckpoints) and
+   * proposed checkpoints (addProposedCheckpoint).
+   */
+  private validateCheckpointBlocks(blocks: L2Block[], previousBlock: L2Block | undefined): void {
+    for (const block of blocks) {
+      if (previousBlock) {
+        if (previousBlock.number !== block.number - 1) {
+          throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(block.number, previousBlock.number);
+        }
+        if (previousBlock.checkpointNumber === block.checkpointNumber) {
+          if (previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint !== block.indexWithinCheckpoint - 1) {
+            throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint);
+          }
+        } else if (block.indexWithinCheckpoint !== 0) {
+          throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, previousBlock.indexWithinCheckpoint);
+        }
+        if (!previousBlock.archive.root.equals(block.header.lastArchive.root)) {
+          throw new BlockArchiveNotConsistentError(
+            block.number,
+            previousBlock.number,
+            block.header.lastArchive.root,
+            previousBlock.archive.root,
+          );
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (block.indexWithinCheckpoint !== 0) {
+          throw new BlockIndexNotSequentialError(block.indexWithinCheckpoint, undefined);
+        }
+        if (block.number !== INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM) {
+          throw new BlockNumberNotSequentialError(block.number, undefined);
+        }
+      }
+      previousBlock = block;
+    }
+  }
+
   private async addBlockToDatabase(block: L2Block, checkpointNumber: number, indexWithinCheckpoint: number) {
     const blockHash = await block.hash();
 
@@ -425,7 +518,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
         if (!targetCheckpoint) {
           throw new Error(`Target checkpoint ${checkpointNumber} not found in store`);
         }
-        lastBlockToKeep = BlockNumber(targetCheckpoint.startBlock + targetCheckpoint.numBlocks - 1);
+        lastBlockToKeep = BlockNumber(targetCheckpoint.startBlock + targetCheckpoint.blockCount - 1);
       }
 
       // Remove all blocks after lastBlockToKeep (both checkpointed and uncheckpointed)
@@ -433,10 +526,18 @@ export class BlockStore {
 
       // Remove all checkpoints after the target
       for (let c = latestCheckpointNumber; c > checkpointNumber; c = CheckpointNumber(c - 1)) {
+        const checkpointStorage = await this.#checkpoints.getAsync(c);
+        if (checkpointStorage) {
+          const slotNumber = CheckpointHeader.fromBuffer(checkpointStorage.header).slotNumber;
+          await this.#slotToCheckpoint.delete(slotNumber);
+        }
         await this.#checkpoints.delete(c);
         this.#log.debug(`Removed checkpoint ${c}`);
       }
 
+      // Evict all pending checkpoints > checkpointNumber (their base chain no longer exists)
+      await this.evictProposedCheckpointsFrom(CheckpointNumber(checkpointNumber + 1));
+
       return { blocksRemoved };
     });
   }
@@ -461,17 +562,33 @@ export class BlockStore {
     return checkpoints;
   }
 
-  private checkpointDataFromCheckpointStorage(checkpointStorage: CheckpointStorage) {
-    const data: CheckpointData = {
+  /** Returns checkpoint data for all checkpoints whose slot falls within the given range (inclusive). */
+  async getCheckpointDataForSlotRange(startSlot: SlotNumber, endSlot: SlotNumber): Promise<CheckpointData[]> {
+    const result: CheckpointData[] = [];
+    for await (const [, checkpointNumber] of this.#slotToCheckpoint.entriesAsync({
+      start: startSlot,
+      end: endSlot + 1,
+    })) {
+      const checkpointStorage = await this.#checkpoints.getAsync(checkpointNumber);
+      if (checkpointStorage) {
+        result.push(this.checkpointDataFromCheckpointStorage(checkpointStorage));
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private checkpointDataFromCheckpointStorage(checkpointStorage: CheckpointStorage): CheckpointData {
+    return {
       header: CheckpointHeader.fromBuffer(checkpointStorage.header),
       archive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.fromBuffer(checkpointStorage.archive),
+      checkpointOutHash: Fr.fromBuffer(checkpointStorage.checkpointOutHash),
       checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(checkpointStorage.checkpointNumber),
-      startBlock: checkpointStorage.startBlock,
-      numBlocks: checkpointStorage.numBlocks,
+      startBlock: BlockNumber(checkpointStorage.startBlock),
+      blockCount: checkpointStorage.blockCount,
+      feeAssetPriceModifier: BigInt(checkpointStorage.feeAssetPriceModifier),
       l1: L1PublishedData.fromBuffer(checkpointStorage.l1),
-      attestations: checkpointStorage.attestations,
+      attestations: checkpointStorage.attestations.map(buf => CommitteeAttestation.fromBuffer(buf)),
     };
-    return data;
   }
 
   async getBlocksForCheckpoint(checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber): Promise<L2Block[] | undefined> {
@@ -483,7 +600,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
     const blocksForCheckpoint = await toArray(
       this.#blocks.entriesAsync({
         start: checkpoint.startBlock,
-        end: checkpoint.startBlock + checkpoint.numBlocks,
+        end: checkpoint.startBlock + checkpoint.blockCount,
       }),
     );
 
@@ -527,7 +644,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
       const removedBlocks: L2Block[] = [];
 
       // Get the latest block number to determine the range
-      const latestBlockNumber = await this.getLatestBlockNumber();
+      const latestBlockNumber = await this.getLatestL2BlockNumber();
 
       // Iterate from blockNumber + 1 to latestBlockNumber
       for (let bn = blockNumber + 1; bn <= latestBlockNumber; bn++) {
@@ -556,17 +673,10 @@ export class BlockStore {
     if (!checkpointStorage) {
       throw new CheckpointNotFoundError(provenCheckpointNumber);
     } else {
-      return BlockNumber(checkpointStorage.startBlock + checkpointStorage.numBlocks - 1);
+      return BlockNumber(checkpointStorage.startBlock + checkpointStorage.blockCount - 1);
     }
   }
 
-  async getLatestBlockNumber(): Promise<BlockNumber> {
-    const [latestBlocknumber] = await toArray(this.#blocks.keysAsync({ reverse: true, limit: 1 }));
-    return typeof latestBlocknumber === 'number'
-      ? BlockNumber(latestBlocknumber)
-      : BlockNumber(INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 1);
-  }
-
   async getLatestCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
     const [latestCheckpointNumber] = await toArray(this.#checkpoints.keysAsync({ reverse: true, limit: 1 }));
     if (latestCheckpointNumber === undefined) {
@@ -575,6 +685,167 @@ export class BlockStore {
     return CheckpointNumber(latestCheckpointNumber);
   }
 
+  async hasProposedCheckpoint(): Promise<boolean> {
+    const [key] = await toArray(this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync({ limit: 1 }));
+    return key !== undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** Deletes all pending proposed checkpoints from storage. */
+  async deleteProposedCheckpoints(): Promise<void> {
+    for await (const key of this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync()) {
+      await this.#proposedCheckpoints.delete(key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Promotes a specific pending checkpoint to a confirmed checkpoint entry.
+   * This persists the checkpoint to the store, removes only that pending entry, and updates the L1 sync point.
+   * Remaining pending entries (e.g. N+1, N+2) are left intact — they chain off the just-promoted one.
+   * @param checkpointNumber - The checkpoint number to promote.
+   * @param l1 - L1 published data for the checkpoint.
+   * @param attestations - Committee attestations.
+   * @param expectedArchiveRoot - Archive root guard against races.
+   */
+  async promoteProposedToCheckpointed(
+    checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber,
+    l1: L1PublishedData,
+    attestations: CommitteeAttestation[],
+    expectedArchiveRoot: Fr,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    return await this.db.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      const proposed = await this.getProposedCheckpointByNumber(checkpointNumber);
+      if (!proposed) {
+        throw new NoProposedCheckpointToPromoteError();
+      }
+      if (!proposed.archive.root.equals(expectedArchiveRoot)) {
+        throw new ProposedCheckpointArchiveRootMismatchError(expectedArchiveRoot, proposed.archive.root);
+      }
+
+      // Verify sequentiality: promoted checkpoint must follow the latest confirmed one
+      const latestCheckpointNumber = await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
+      if (latestCheckpointNumber !== proposed.checkpointNumber - 1) {
+        throw new ProposedCheckpointPromotionNotSequentialError(proposed.checkpointNumber, latestCheckpointNumber);
+      }
+
+      // Write the checkpoint entry
+      await this.#checkpoints.set(proposed.checkpointNumber, {
+        header: proposed.header.toBuffer(),
+        archive: proposed.archive.toBuffer(),
+        checkpointOutHash: proposed.checkpointOutHash.toBuffer(),
+        l1: l1.toBuffer(),
+        attestations: attestations.map(attestation => attestation.toBuffer()),
+        checkpointNumber: proposed.checkpointNumber,
+        startBlock: proposed.startBlock,
+        blockCount: proposed.blockCount,
+        feeAssetPriceModifier: proposed.feeAssetPriceModifier.toString(),
+      });
+
+      // Update the slot-to-checkpoint index
+      await this.#slotToCheckpoint.set(proposed.header.slotNumber, proposed.checkpointNumber);
+
+      // Remove only this pending entry — remaining entries N+1, N+2, ... stay valid
+      await this.#proposedCheckpoints.delete(proposed.checkpointNumber);
+
+      // Update the last synced L1 block
+      await this.#lastSynchedL1Block.set(l1.blockNumber);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the latest pending checkpoint (highest-numbered entry), or undefined if none.
+   * No fallback to confirmed.
+   */
+  async getLastProposedCheckpoint(): Promise<ProposedCheckpointData | undefined> {
+    const [key] = await toArray(this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync({ reverse: true, limit: 1 }));
+    if (key === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const stored = await this.#proposedCheckpoints.getAsync(key);
+    return stored ? this.convertToProposedCheckpointData(stored) : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the pending checkpoint for a specific checkpoint number, or undefined if not found. */
+  async getProposedCheckpointByNumber(n: CheckpointNumber): Promise<ProposedCheckpointData | undefined> {
+    const stored = await this.#proposedCheckpoints.getAsync(n);
+    return stored ? this.convertToProposedCheckpointData(stored) : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns all pending checkpoints in ascending checkpoint-number order. */
+  async getProposedCheckpoints(): Promise<ProposedCheckpointData[]> {
+    const results: ProposedCheckpointData[] = [];
+    for await (const [, stored] of this.#proposedCheckpoints.entriesAsync()) {
+      results.push(this.convertToProposedCheckpointData(stored));
+    }
+    return results;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Evicts all pending checkpoints with checkpoint number >= fromNumber.
+   * Used for divergent-mined-checkpoint cleanup: when L1 mines checkpoint N with a different archive,
+   * all pending >= N must be evicted since they chain off the now-invalid pending N.
+   */
+  async evictProposedCheckpointsFrom(fromNumber: CheckpointNumber): Promise<void> {
+    const keysToDelete: number[] = [];
+    for await (const key of this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync()) {
+      if (key >= fromNumber) {
+        keysToDelete.push(key);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const key of keysToDelete) {
+      await this.#proposedCheckpoints.delete(key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the checkpoint at the proposed tip:
+   * - latest pending checkpoint if any exist
+   * - fallsback to latest confirmed checkpoint otherwise
+   */
+  async getLastCheckpoint(): Promise<CommonCheckpointData | undefined> {
+    const latest = await this.getLastProposedCheckpoint();
+    if (!latest) {
+      return this.getCheckpointData(await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber());
+    }
+    return latest;
+  }
+
+  private convertToProposedCheckpointData(stored: ProposedCheckpointStorage): ProposedCheckpointData {
+    return {
+      checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(stored.checkpointNumber),
+      header: CheckpointHeader.fromBuffer(stored.header),
+      archive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.fromBuffer(stored.archive),
+      checkpointOutHash: Fr.fromBuffer(stored.checkpointOutHash),
+      startBlock: BlockNumber(stored.startBlock),
+      blockCount: stored.blockCount,
+      totalManaUsed: BigInt(stored.totalManaUsed),
+      feeAssetPriceModifier: BigInt(stored.feeAssetPriceModifier),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to get the proposedCheckpoint's number, if there is not one, then fallback to the latest confirmed checkpoint number.
+   * @returns CheckpointNumber
+   */
+  async getProposedCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
+    const proposed = await this.getLastCheckpoint();
+    if (!proposed) {
+      return await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
+    }
+    return CheckpointNumber(proposed.checkpointNumber);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to get the proposedCheckpoint's block number, if there is not one, then fallback to the checkpointed block number
+   * @returns BlockNumber
+   */
+  async getProposedCheckpointL2BlockNumber(): Promise<BlockNumber> {
+    const proposed = await this.getLastCheckpoint();
+    if (!proposed) {
+      return await this.getCheckpointedL2BlockNumber();
+    }
+    return BlockNumber(proposed.startBlock + proposed.blockCount - 1);
+  }
+
   async getCheckpointedBlock(number: BlockNumber): Promise<CheckpointedL2Block | undefined> {
     const blockStorage = await this.#blocks.getAsync(number);
     if (!blockStorage) {
@@ -602,7 +873,12 @@ export class BlockStore {
    * @param limit - The number of blocks to return.
    * @returns The requested L2 blocks
    */
-  async *getCheckpointedBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<CheckpointedL2Block> {
+  getCheckpointedBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): Promise<CheckpointedL2Block[]> {
+    return toArray(this.iterateCheckpointedBlocks(start, limit));
+  }
+
+  /** Async iterator variant of {@link getCheckpointedBlocks}. */
+  async *iterateCheckpointedBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<CheckpointedL2Block> {
     const checkpointCache = new Map<CheckpointNumber, CheckpointStorage>();
     for await (const [blockNumber, blockStorage] of this.getBlockStorages(start, limit)) {
       const block = await this.getBlockFromBlockStorage(blockNumber, blockStorage);
@@ -646,7 +922,12 @@ export class BlockStore {
    * @param limit - The number of blocks to return.
    * @returns The requested L2 blocks
    */
-  async *getBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<L2Block> {
+  getBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): Promise<L2Block[]> {
+    return toArray(this.iterateBlocks(start, limit));
+  }
+
+  /** Async iterator variant of {@link getBlocks}. */
+  async *iterateBlocks(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<L2Block> {
     for await (const [blockNumber, blockStorage] of this.getBlockStorages(start, limit)) {
       const block = await this.getBlockFromBlockStorage(blockNumber, blockStorage);
       if (block) {
@@ -655,6 +936,59 @@ export class BlockStore {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Gets block metadata (without tx data) by block number.
+   * @param blockNumber - The number of the block to return.
+   * @returns The requested block data.
+   */
+  async getBlockData(blockNumber: BlockNumber): Promise<BlockData | undefined> {
+    const blockStorage = await this.#blocks.getAsync(blockNumber);
+    if (!blockStorage || !blockStorage.header) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return this.getBlockDataFromBlockStorage(blockStorage);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets block metadata plus checkpoint-derived context (L1 publish info, attestations) without
+   * deserializing tx bodies. When the block's containing checkpoint has not yet been L1-confirmed,
+   * `checkpoint` and `l1` are `undefined` and `attestations` is empty.
+   */
+  async getBlockDataWithCheckpointContext(
+    blockNumber: BlockNumber,
+  ): Promise<BlockDataWithCheckpointContext | undefined> {
+    const blockStorage = await this.#blocks.getAsync(blockNumber);
+    if (!blockStorage || !blockStorage.header) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    const data = this.getBlockDataFromBlockStorage(blockStorage);
+    const checkpointStorage = await this.#checkpoints.getAsync(blockStorage.checkpointNumber);
+    if (!checkpointStorage) {
+      return { data, checkpoint: undefined, l1: undefined, attestations: [] };
+    }
+    const checkpoint = this.checkpointDataFromCheckpointStorage(checkpointStorage);
+    return { data, checkpoint, l1: checkpoint.l1, attestations: checkpoint.attestations };
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the checkpoint number that contains the given slot (or undefined if not found). */
+  async getCheckpointNumberBySlot(slot: SlotNumber): Promise<CheckpointNumber | undefined> {
+    const checkpointNumber = await this.#slotToCheckpoint.getAsync(slot);
+    return checkpointNumber === undefined ? undefined : CheckpointNumber(checkpointNumber);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets block metadata (without tx data) by archive root.
+   * @param archive - The archive root of the block to return.
+   * @returns The requested block data.
+   */
+  async getBlockDataByArchive(archive: Fr): Promise<BlockData | undefined> {
+    const blockNumber = await this.#blockArchiveIndex.getAsync(archive.toString());
+    if (blockNumber === undefined) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return this.getBlockData(BlockNumber(blockNumber));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Gets an L2 block.
    * @param blockNumber - The number of the block to return.
@@ -734,7 +1068,12 @@ export class BlockStore {
    * @param limit - The number of blocks to return.
    * @returns The requested L2 block headers
    */
-  async *getBlockHeaders(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<BlockHeader> {
+  getBlockHeaders(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): Promise<BlockHeader[]> {
+    return toArray(this.iterateBlockHeaders(start, limit));
+  }
+
+  /** Async iterator variant of {@link getBlockHeaders}. */
+  async *iterateBlockHeaders(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): AsyncIterableIterator<BlockHeader> {
     for await (const [blockNumber, blockStorage] of this.getBlockStorages(start, limit)) {
       const header = BlockHeader.fromBuffer(blockStorage.header);
       if (header.getBlockNumber() !== blockNumber) {
@@ -759,15 +1098,24 @@ export class BlockStore {
     }
   }
 
+  private getBlockDataFromBlockStorage(blockStorage: BlockStorage): BlockData {
+    return {
+      header: BlockHeader.fromBuffer(blockStorage.header),
+      archive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.fromBuffer(blockStorage.archive),
+      blockHash: BlockHash.fromBuffer(blockStorage.blockHash),
+      checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(blockStorage.checkpointNumber),
+      indexWithinCheckpoint: IndexWithinCheckpoint(blockStorage.indexWithinCheckpoint),
+    };
+  }
+
   private async getBlockFromBlockStorage(
     blockNumber: number,
     blockStorage: BlockStorage,
   ): Promise<L2Block | undefined> {
-    const header = BlockHeader.fromBuffer(blockStorage.header);
-    const archive = AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.fromBuffer(blockStorage.archive);
-    const blockHash = blockStorage.blockHash;
-    header.setHash(Fr.fromBuffer(blockHash));
-    const blockHashString = bufferToHex(blockHash);
+    const { header, archive, blockHash, checkpointNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint } =
+      this.getBlockDataFromBlockStorage(blockStorage);
+    header.setHash(blockHash);
+    const blockHashString = bufferToHex(blockStorage.blockHash);
     const blockTxsBuffer = await this.#blockTxs.getAsync(blockHashString);
     if (blockTxsBuffer === undefined) {
       this.#log.warn(`Could not find body for block ${header.globalVariables.blockNumber} ${blockHash}`);
@@ -786,13 +1134,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
       txEffects.push(deserializeIndexedTxEffect(txEffect).data);
     }
     const body = new Body(txEffects);
-    const block = new L2Block(
-      archive,
-      header,
-      body,
-      CheckpointNumber(blockStorage.checkpointNumber!),
-      IndexWithinCheckpoint(blockStorage.indexWithinCheckpoint),
-    );
+    const block = new L2Block(archive, header, body, checkpointNumber, indexWithinCheckpoint);
 
     if (block.number !== blockNumber) {
       throw new Error(
@@ -822,7 +1164,10 @@ export class BlockStore {
    * @param txHash - The hash of a tx we try to get the receipt for.
    * @returns The requested tx receipt (or undefined if not found).
    */
-  async getSettledTxReceipt(txHash: TxHash): Promise<TxReceipt | undefined> {
+  async getSettledTxReceipt(
+    txHash: TxHash,
+    l1Constants?: Pick<L1RollupConstants, 'epochDuration'>,
+  ): Promise<TxReceipt | undefined> {
     const txEffect = await this.getTxEffect(txHash);
     if (!txEffect) {
       return undefined;
@@ -831,10 +1176,11 @@ export class BlockStore {
     const blockNumber = BlockNumber(txEffect.l2BlockNumber);
 
     // Use existing archiver methods to determine finalization level
-    const [provenBlockNumber, checkpointedBlockNumber, finalizedBlockNumber] = await Promise.all([
+    const [provenBlockNumber, checkpointedBlockNumber, finalizedBlockNumber, blockData] = await Promise.all([
       this.getProvenBlockNumber(),
       this.getCheckpointedL2BlockNumber(),
       this.getFinalizedL2BlockNumber(),
+      this.getBlockData(blockNumber),
     ]);
 
     let status: TxStatus;
@@ -848,6 +1194,9 @@ export class BlockStore {
       status = TxStatus.PROPOSED;
     }
 
+    const epochNumber =
+      blockData && l1Constants ? getEpochAtSlot(blockData.header.globalVariables.slotNumber, l1Constants) : undefined;
+
     return new TxReceipt(
       txHash,
       status,
@@ -856,6 +1205,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
       txEffect.data.transactionFee.toBigInt(),
       txEffect.l2BlockHash,
       blockNumber,
+      epochNumber,
     );
   }
 
@@ -892,7 +1242,7 @@ export class BlockStore {
     if (!checkpoint) {
       return BlockNumber(INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 1);
     }
-    return BlockNumber(checkpoint.startBlock + checkpoint.numBlocks - 1);
+    return BlockNumber(checkpoint.startBlock + checkpoint.blockCount - 1);
   }
 
   async getLatestL2BlockNumber(): Promise<BlockNumber> {
@@ -912,6 +1262,52 @@ export class BlockStore {
     return this.#lastSynchedL1Block.set(l1BlockNumber);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Adds a proposed checkpoint to the pending queue.
+   * Accepts proposed.checkpointNumber === latestTip + 1, where latestTip is the highest of
+   * confirmed and the highest pending checkpoint number.
+   * Computes archive and checkpointOutHash from the stored blocks.
+   */
+  async addProposedCheckpoint(proposed: ProposedCheckpointInput) {
+    return await this.db.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      const confirmed = await this.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
+      const [latestPendingKey] = await toArray(this.#proposedCheckpoints.keysAsync({ reverse: true, limit: 1 }));
+      const latestTip = CheckpointNumber(
+        latestPendingKey !== undefined ? Math.max(latestPendingKey, confirmed) : confirmed,
+      );
+
+      if (proposed.checkpointNumber !== latestTip + 1) {
+        throw new ProposedCheckpointNotSequentialError(proposed.checkpointNumber, latestTip);
+      }
+
+      // Ensure the predecessor block (from pending or confirmed chain) exists
+      const previousBlock = await this.getPreviousCheckpointBlock(proposed.checkpointNumber);
+      const blocks: L2Block[] = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < proposed.blockCount; i++) {
+        const block = await this.getBlock(BlockNumber(proposed.startBlock + i));
+        if (!block) {
+          throw new BlockNotFoundError(proposed.startBlock + i);
+        }
+        blocks.push(block);
+      }
+      this.validateCheckpointBlocks(blocks, previousBlock);
+
+      const archive = blocks[blocks.length - 1].archive;
+      const checkpointOutHash = Checkpoint.getCheckpointOutHash(blocks);
+
+      await this.#proposedCheckpoints.set(proposed.checkpointNumber, {
+        header: proposed.header.toBuffer(),
+        archive: archive.toBuffer(),
+        checkpointOutHash: checkpointOutHash.toBuffer(),
+        checkpointNumber: proposed.checkpointNumber,
+        startBlock: proposed.startBlock,
+        blockCount: proposed.blockCount,
+        totalManaUsed: proposed.totalManaUsed.toString(),
+        feeAssetPriceModifier: proposed.feeAssetPriceModifier.toString(),
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
   async getProvenCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
     const [latestCheckpointNumber, provenCheckpointNumber] = await Promise.all([
       this.getLatestCheckpointNumber(),
@@ -927,6 +1323,20 @@ export class BlockStore {
     return result;
   }
 
+  async getFinalizedCheckpointNumber(): Promise<CheckpointNumber> {
+    const [latestCheckpointNumber, finalizedCheckpointNumber] = await Promise.all([
+      this.getLatestCheckpointNumber(),
+      this.#lastFinalizedCheckpoint.getAsync(),
+    ]);
+    return (finalizedCheckpointNumber ?? 0) > latestCheckpointNumber
+      ? latestCheckpointNumber
+      : CheckpointNumber(finalizedCheckpointNumber ?? 0);
+  }
+
+  setFinalizedCheckpointNumber(checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber) {
+    return this.#lastFinalizedCheckpoint.set(checkpointNumber);
+  }
+
   #computeBlockRange(start: BlockNumber, limit: number): Required<Pick<Range<number>, 'start' | 'limit'>> {
     if (limit < 1) {
       throw new Error(`Invalid limit: ${limit}`);