@aztec/archiver 0.0.1-commit.9593d84 → 0.0.1-commit.96bb3f7

package/src/archiver/archiver_store_test_suite.ts

@@ -1,46 +1,57 @@
 import {
+  INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER,
   INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM,
+  MAX_NOTE_HASHES_PER_TX,
   NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP,
   PRIVATE_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS,
 } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { makeTuple } from '@aztec/foundation/array';
-import { EpochNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { BlockNumber, CheckpointNumber, EpochNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
 import { Buffer16, Buffer32 } from '@aztec/foundation/buffer';
 import { times, timesParallel } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
-import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { toArray } from '@aztec/foundation/iterable';
 import { sleep } from '@aztec/foundation/sleep';
 import { AztecAddress } from '@aztec/stdlib/aztec-address';
 import {
+  CheckpointedL2Block,
   CommitteeAttestation,
   EthAddress,
-  L2Block,
   L2BlockHash,
-  PublishedL2Block,
-  type ValidateBlockResult,
-  randomBlockInfo,
-  wrapInBlock,
+  L2BlockNew,
+  type ValidateCheckpointResult,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import { Checkpoint, L1PublishedData, PublishedCheckpoint, randomCheckpointInfo } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
 import {
   type ContractClassPublic,
   type ContractInstanceWithAddress,
   SerializableContractInstance,
   computePublicBytecodeCommitment,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/contract';
-import { LogId, PrivateLog, PublicLog } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
+import { ContractClassLog, LogId, PrivateLog, PublicLog, SiloedTag, Tag } from '@aztec/stdlib/logs';
 import { InboxLeaf } from '@aztec/stdlib/messaging';
+import { CheckpointHeader } from '@aztec/stdlib/rollup';
 import {
   makeContractClassPublic,
   makeExecutablePrivateFunctionWithMembershipProof,
   makeUtilityFunctionWithMembershipProof,
 } from '@aztec/stdlib/testing';
 import '@aztec/stdlib/testing/jest';
-import { type IndexedTxEffect, TxEffect, TxHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+import { AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
+import { type IndexedTxEffect, PartialStateReference, StateReference, TxEffect, TxHash } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
 
 import { makeInboxMessage, makeInboxMessages } from '../test/mock_structs.js';
 import type { ArchiverDataStore, ArchiverL1SynchPoint } from './archiver_store.js';
-import { BlockNumberNotSequentialError, InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError } from './errors.js';
+import {
+  BlockArchiveNotConsistentError,
+  BlockIndexNotSequentialError,
+  BlockNumberNotSequentialError,
+  CheckpointNumberNotConsistentError,
+  CheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+  InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError,
+  InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+} from './errors.js';
 import { MessageStoreError } from './kv_archiver_store/message_store.js';
 import type { InboxMessage } from './structs/inbox_message.js';
 
@@ -54,206 +65,1572 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 ) {
   describe(testName, () => {
     let store: ArchiverDataStore;
-    let blocks: PublishedL2Block[];
-
-    const blockTests: [number, number, () => PublishedL2Block[]][] = [
-      [1, 1, () => blocks.slice(0, 1)],
-      [10, 1, () => blocks.slice(9, 10)],
-      [1, 10, () => blocks.slice(0, 10)],
-      [2, 5, () => blocks.slice(1, 6)],
-      [5, 2, () => blocks.slice(4, 6)],
+    let publishedCheckpoints: PublishedCheckpoint[];
+
+    const blockNumberTests: [number, () => L2BlockNew][] = [
+      [1, () => publishedCheckpoints[0].checkpoint.blocks[0]],
+      [10, () => publishedCheckpoints[9].checkpoint.blocks[0]],
+      [5, () => publishedCheckpoints[4].checkpoint.blocks[0]],
     ];
 
     const makeBlockHash = (blockNumber: number) => `0x${blockNumber.toString(16).padStart(64, '0')}`;
 
-    const makePublished = (block: L2Block, l1BlockNumber: number): PublishedL2Block =>
-      PublishedL2Block.fromFields({
-        block: block,
-        l1: {
-          blockNumber: BigInt(l1BlockNumber),
-          blockHash: makeBlockHash(l1BlockNumber),
-          timestamp: BigInt(l1BlockNumber * 1000),
-        },
-        attestations: times(3, CommitteeAttestation.random),
-      });
-
-    const expectBlocksEqual = (actual: PublishedL2Block[], expected: PublishedL2Block[]) => {
-      expect(actual.length).toEqual(expected.length);
-      for (let i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
-        const expectedBlock = expected[i];
-        const actualBlock = actual[i];
-        expect(actualBlock.l1).toEqual(expectedBlock.l1);
-        expect(actualBlock.block.equals(expectedBlock.block)).toBe(true);
-        expect(actualBlock.attestations.every((a, i) => a.equals(expectedBlock.attestations[i]))).toBe(true);
-      }
+    // Create a state reference with properly calculated noteHashTree.nextAvailableLeafIndex
+    // This is needed because the log store calculates dataStartIndexForBlock as:
+    //   noteHashTree.nextAvailableLeafIndex - txEffects.length * MAX_NOTE_HASHES_PER_TX
+    // If nextAvailableLeafIndex is too small (random values 0-1000), this becomes negative
+    const makeStateForBlock = (blockNumber: number, txsPerBlock: number): StateReference => {
+      // Ensure nextAvailableLeafIndex is large enough for all blocks up to this point
+      const noteHashIndex = blockNumber * txsPerBlock * MAX_NOTE_HASHES_PER_TX;
+      return new StateReference(
+        AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+        new PartialStateReference(
+          new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(Fr.random(), noteHashIndex),
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+        ),
+      );
+    };
+
+    const makePublishedCheckpoint = (checkpoint: Checkpoint, l1BlockNumber: number): PublishedCheckpoint => {
+      return new PublishedCheckpoint(
+        checkpoint,
+        new L1PublishedData(BigInt(l1BlockNumber), BigInt(l1BlockNumber * 1000), makeBlockHash(l1BlockNumber)),
+        times(3, CommitteeAttestation.random),
+      );
+    };
+
+    const expectCheckpointedBlockEquals = (
+      actual: CheckpointedL2Block,
+      expectedBlock: L2BlockNew,
+      expectedCheckpoint: PublishedCheckpoint,
+    ) => {
+      expect(actual.l1).toEqual(expectedCheckpoint.l1);
+      expect(actual.block.header.equals(expectedBlock.header)).toBe(true);
+      expect(actual.checkpointNumber).toEqual(expectedCheckpoint.checkpoint.number);
+      expect(actual.attestations.every((a, i) => a.equals(expectedCheckpoint.attestations[i]))).toBe(true);
     };
 
     beforeEach(async () => {
       store = await getStore();
-      blocks = await timesParallel(10, async i => makePublished(await L2Block.random(i + 1), i + 10));
+      // Create checkpoints sequentially to ensure archive roots are chained properly.
+      // Each block's header.lastArchive must equal the previous block's archive.
+      publishedCheckpoints = [];
+      const txsPerBlock = 4;
+      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        const blockNumber = i + 1;
+        const previousArchive = i > 0 ? publishedCheckpoints[i - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive : undefined;
+        const checkpoint = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(i + 1), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: blockNumber,
+          previousArchive,
+          txsPerBlock,
+          state: makeStateForBlock(blockNumber, txsPerBlock),
+          // Ensure each tx has public logs for getPublicLogs tests
+          txOptions: { numPublicCallsPerTx: 2, numPublicLogsPerCall: 2 },
+        });
+        publishedCheckpoints.push(makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, i + 10));
+      }
     });
 
-    describe('addBlocks', () => {
-      it('returns success when adding blocks', async () => {
-        await expect(store.addBlocks(blocks)).resolves.toBe(true);
+    describe('addCheckpoints', () => {
+      it('returns success when adding checkpoints', async () => {
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints)).resolves.toBe(true);
       });
 
-      it('allows duplicate blocks', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        await expect(store.addBlocks(blocks)).resolves.toBe(true);
+      it('throws on duplicate checkpoints', async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints)).rejects.toThrow(
+          InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+        );
       });
 
       it('throws an error if the previous block does not exist in the store', async () => {
-        const block = makePublished(await L2Block.random(2), 2);
-        await expect(store.addBlocks([block])).rejects.toThrow(InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError);
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(1, 10)).resolves.toEqual([]);
+        const checkpoint = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), { numBlocks: 1, startBlockNumber: 2 });
+        const block = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 2);
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([block])).rejects.toThrow(InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
 
       it('throws an error if there is a gap in the blocks being added', async () => {
-        const blocks = [makePublished(await L2Block.random(1), 1), makePublished(await L2Block.random(3), 3)];
-        await expect(store.addBlocks(blocks)).rejects.toThrow(BlockNumberNotSequentialError);
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(1, 10)).resolves.toEqual([]);
+        const checkpoint1 = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 1, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint3 = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), { numBlocks: 1, startBlockNumber: 3 });
+        const checkpoints = [makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1, 1), makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3, 3)];
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints(checkpoints)).rejects.toThrow(CheckpointNumberNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('throws an error if blocks within a checkpoint are not sequential', async () => {
+        // Create a checkpoint with non-sequential block numbers (block 1 and block 3, skipping block 2)
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), { checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), { checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1, block3],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).rejects.toThrow(BlockNumberNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('throws an error if blocks within a checkpoint do not have sequential indexes', async () => {
+        // Create a checkpoint with non-sequential indexes
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1, block3],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).rejects.toThrow(BlockIndexNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('throws an error if blocks within a checkpoint do not start from index 0', async () => {
+        // Create a checkpoint with non-sequential indexes
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+        });
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1, block3],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).rejects.toThrow(BlockIndexNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('throws an error if block has invalid checkpoint index', async () => {
+        // Create a block wit an invalid checkpoint index
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: -1,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).rejects.toThrow(BlockIndexNotSequentialError);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('throws an error if checkpoint has invalid initial number', async () => {
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1],
+          CheckpointNumber(2),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).rejects.toThrow(
+          InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('allows the correct initial checkpoint', async () => {
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).resolves.toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('throws on duplicate initial checkpoint', async () => {
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block1],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, 10);
+
+        const checkpoint2 = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block2],
+          CheckpointNumber(1),
+        );
+        const publishedCheckpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2, 10);
+
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint])).resolves.toBe(true);
+        await expect(store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoint2])).rejects.toThrow(
+          InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError,
+        );
       });
     });
 
-    describe('unwindBlocks', () => {
-      it('unwinding blocks will remove blocks from the chain', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        const blockNumber = await store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber();
+    describe('unwindcheckpoints', () => {
+      it('unwinding checkpoints will remove checkpoints from the chain', async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+        const checkpointNumber = await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber();
+        const lastCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints.at(-1)!;
+        const lastBlockNumber = lastCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].number;
 
-        expectBlocksEqual(await store.getPublishedBlocks(blockNumber, 1), [blocks[blocks.length - 1]]);
+        // Verify block exists before unwinding
+        const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(lastBlockNumber);
+        expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+        expect(retrievedBlock!.block.header.equals(lastCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].header)).toBe(true);
+        expect(retrievedBlock!.checkpointNumber).toEqual(checkpointNumber);
 
-        await store.unwindBlocks(blockNumber, 1);
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(checkpointNumber, 1);
 
-        expect(await store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber()).toBe(blockNumber - 1);
-        expect(await store.getPublishedBlocks(blockNumber, 1)).toEqual([]);
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(checkpointNumber - 1);
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(lastBlockNumber)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
 
       it('can unwind multiple empty blocks', async () => {
-        const emptyBlocks = await timesParallel(10, async i => makePublished(await L2Block.random(i + 1, 0), i + 10));
-        await store.addBlocks(emptyBlocks);
-        expect(await store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber()).toBe(10);
+        // Create checkpoints sequentially to chain archive roots
+        const emptyCheckpoints: PublishedCheckpoint[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+          const previousArchive = i > 0 ? emptyCheckpoints[i - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive : undefined;
+          const checkpoint = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(i + 1), {
+            numBlocks: 1,
+            startBlockNumber: i + 1,
+            txsPerBlock: 0,
+            previousArchive,
+          });
+          emptyCheckpoints.push(makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, i + 10));
+        }
+        await store.addCheckpoints(emptyCheckpoints);
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(10);
 
-        await store.unwindBlocks(10, 3);
-        expect(await store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber()).toBe(7);
-        expect((await store.getPublishedBlocks(1, 10)).map(b => b.block.number)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(10), 3);
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(7);
+        expect((await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 10)).map(b => b.checkpointNumber)).toEqual([
+          1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+        ]);
       });
 
-      it('refuses to unwind blocks if the tip is not the last block', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        await expect(store.unwindBlocks(5, 1)).rejects.toThrow(/can only unwind blocks from the tip/i);
+      it('refuses to unwind checkpoints if the tip is not the last checkpoint', async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+        await expect(store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(5), 1)).rejects.toThrow(
+          /can only unwind checkpoints from the tip/i,
+        );
       });
 
       it('unwound blocks and headers cannot be retrieved by hash or archive', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        const lastBlock = blocks[blocks.length - 1];
-        const blockHash = await lastBlock.block.hash();
-        const archive = lastBlock.block.archive.root;
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+        const lastCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints[publishedCheckpoints.length - 1];
+        const lastBlock = lastCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const blockHash = await lastBlock.header.hash();
+        const archive = lastBlock.archive.root;
 
         // Verify block and header exist before unwinding
-        expect(await store.getPublishedBlockByHash(blockHash)).toBeDefined();
-        expect(await store.getPublishedBlockByArchive(archive)).toBeDefined();
-        expect(await store.getBlockHeaderByHash(blockHash)).toBeDefined();
-        expect(await store.getBlockHeaderByArchive(archive)).toBeDefined();
+        const retrievedByHash = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(blockHash);
+        expect(retrievedByHash).toBeDefined();
+        expect(retrievedByHash!.block.header.equals(lastBlock.header)).toBe(true);
+
+        const retrievedByArchive = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(archive);
+        expect(retrievedByArchive).toBeDefined();
+        expect(retrievedByArchive!.block.header.equals(lastBlock.header)).toBe(true);
 
-        // Unwind the block
-        await store.unwindBlocks(lastBlock.block.number, 1);
+        const headerByHash = await store.getBlockHeaderByHash(blockHash);
+        expect(headerByHash).toBeDefined();
+        expect(headerByHash!.equals(lastBlock.header)).toBe(true);
+
+        const headerByArchive = await store.getBlockHeaderByArchive(archive);
+        expect(headerByArchive).toBeDefined();
+        expect(headerByArchive!.equals(lastBlock.header)).toBe(true);
+
+        // Unwind the checkpoint
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(lastCheckpoint.checkpoint.number, 1);
 
         // Verify neither block nor header can be retrieved after unwinding
-        expect(await store.getPublishedBlockByHash(blockHash)).toBeUndefined();
-        expect(await store.getPublishedBlockByArchive(archive)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(blockHash)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(archive)).toBeUndefined();
         expect(await store.getBlockHeaderByHash(blockHash)).toBeUndefined();
         expect(await store.getBlockHeaderByArchive(archive)).toBeUndefined();
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getBlocks', () => {
-      beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+    describe('multi-block checkpoints', () => {
+      it('block number increases correctly when adding checkpoints with multiple blocks', async () => {
+        // Create 3 checkpoints: first with 2 blocks, second with 3 blocks, third with 1 block
+        // Total blocks: 6, spanning block numbers 1-6
+        // Chain archive roots across checkpoints
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: 6,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        // Checkpoint number should be 3 (the last checkpoint number)
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(3);
+        // Block number should be 6 (the last block number across all checkpoints)
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(6);
       });
 
-      it.each(blockTests)('retrieves previously stored blocks', async (start, limit, getExpectedBlocks) => {
-        expectBlocksEqual(await store.getPublishedBlocks(start, limit), getExpectedBlocks());
+      it('block number decreases correctly when unwinding checkpoints with multiple blocks', async () => {
+        // Create 3 checkpoints with varying block counts, chaining archive roots
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 6,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(3);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(7);
+
+        // Unwind the last checkpoint (which has 2 blocks)
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(3), 1);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(2);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(5);
+
+        // Unwind another checkpoint (which has 3 blocks)
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(2), 1);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(1);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(2);
       });
 
-      it('returns an empty array if no blocks are found', async () => {
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(12, 1)).resolves.toEqual([]);
+      it('unwinding multiple checkpoints with multiple blocks in one go', async () => {
+        // Create 4 checkpoints with varying block counts, chaining archive roots
+        // Checkpoint 1: blocks 1-2 (2 blocks)
+        // Checkpoint 2: blocks 3-5 (3 blocks)
+        // Checkpoint 3: blocks 6-7 (2 blocks)
+        // Checkpoint 4: blocks 8-10 (3 blocks)
+        // Total: 10 blocks across 4 checkpoints
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 6,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        const previousArchive3 = checkpoint3Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint4Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(4), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 8,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive3,
+        });
+        const checkpoint4 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint4Cp, 13);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3, checkpoint4]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(4);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(10);
+
+        // Unwind 2 checkpoints at once (checkpoints 3 and 4, which together have 5 blocks)
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(4), 2);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(2);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(5);
+
+        // Verify blocks 1-5 still exist (from checkpoints 1 and 2)
+        for (let blockNumber = 1; blockNumber <= 5; blockNumber++) {
+          expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber)).toBeDefined();
+        }
+
+        // Verify blocks 6-10 are gone (from checkpoints 3 and 4)
+        for (let blockNumber = 6; blockNumber <= 10; blockNumber++) {
+          expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber)).toBeUndefined();
+        }
+
+        // Unwind remaining 2 checkpoints at once (checkpoints 1 and 2, which together have 5 blocks)
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(2), 2);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(0);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(0);
+
+        // Verify all blocks are gone
+        for (let blockNumber = 1; blockNumber <= 10; blockNumber++) {
+          expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber)).toBeUndefined();
+        }
       });
 
-      it('throws an error if limit is invalid', async () => {
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(1, 0)).rejects.toThrow('Invalid limit: 0');
+      it('getCheckpointedBlock returns correct checkpoint info for blocks within multi-block checkpoints', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        // Create a checkpoint with 3 blocks
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        // Create another checkpoint with 2 blocks
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 4,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2]);
+
+        // Check blocks from the first checkpoint (blocks 1, 2, 3)
+        for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+          const blockNumber = i + 1;
+          const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber);
+
+          expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.block.number).toBe(blockNumber);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint1.l1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.attestations.every((a, j) => a.equals(checkpoint1.attestations[j]))).toBe(true);
+        }
+
+        // Check blocks from the second checkpoint (blocks 4, 5)
+        for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+          const blockNumber = i + 4;
+          const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber);
+
+          expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.checkpointNumber).toBe(2);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.block.number).toBe(blockNumber);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint2.l1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.attestations.every((a, j) => a.equals(checkpoint2.attestations[j]))).toBe(true);
+        }
       });
 
-      it('throws an error if `from` it is out of range', async () => {
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 100, 1)).rejects.toThrow('Invalid start: -99');
+      it('getCheckpointedBlockByHash returns correct checkpoint info for blocks within multi-block checkpoints', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        // Check each block by its hash
+        for (let i = 0; i < checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length; i++) {
+          const block = checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks[i];
+          const blockHash = await block.header.hash();
+          const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(blockHash);
+
+          expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.block.number).toBe(i + 1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint.l1);
+        }
       });
 
-      it('throws an error if unexpected initial block number is found', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks([makePublished(await L2Block.random(21), 31)], { force: true });
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(20, 1)).rejects.toThrow(`mismatch`);
+      it('getCheckpointedBlockByArchive returns correct checkpoint info for blocks within multi-block checkpoints', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        // Check each block by its archive root
+        for (let i = 0; i < checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks.length; i++) {
+          const block = checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks[i];
+          const archive = block.archive.root;
+          const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(archive);
+
+          expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.block.number).toBe(i + 1);
+          expect(retrievedBlock!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint.l1);
+        }
       });
 
-      it('throws an error if a gap is found', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(
-          [makePublished(await L2Block.random(20), 30), makePublished(await L2Block.random(22), 32)],
-          { force: true },
+      it('unwinding a multi-block checkpoint removes all its blocks', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
         );
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlocks(20, 2)).rejects.toThrow(`mismatch`);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        // Verify all 3 blocks exist
+        for (let blockNumber = 1; blockNumber <= 3; blockNumber++) {
+          expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber)).toBeDefined();
+        }
+
+        // Unwind the checkpoint
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 1);
+
+        // Verify all 3 blocks are removed
+        for (let blockNumber = 1; blockNumber <= 3; blockNumber++) {
+          expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber)).toBeUndefined();
+        }
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(0);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(0);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getPublishedBlockByHash', () => {
+    describe('uncheckpointed blocks', () => {
+      it('can add blocks independently before a checkpoint arrives', async () => {
+        // First, establish some checkpointed blocks (checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-3)
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(1);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(3);
+
+        // Now add blocks 4, 5, 6 independently (without a checkpoint) for upcoming checkpoint 2
+        // Chain archive roots from the last block of checkpoint 1
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block5 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(5), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block4.archive,
+        });
+        const block6 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(6), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block5.archive,
+        });
+
+        await store.addBlocks([block4, block5, block6]);
+
+        // Checkpoint number should still be 1 (no new checkpoint added)
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(1);
+        // But latest block number should be 6
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(6);
+      });
+
+      it('getBlock retrieves uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // First, establish some checkpointed blocks
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks for upcoming checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block3, block4]);
+
+        // getBlock should work for both checkpointed and uncheckpointed blocks
+        expect((await store.getBlock(1))?.number).toBe(1);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(2))?.number).toBe(2);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(3))?.equals(block3)).toBe(true);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(4))?.equals(block4)).toBe(true);
+        expect(await store.getBlock(5)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        const block5 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(5), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block4.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block5]);
+
+        // Verify the uncheckpointed blocks have correct data
+        const retrieved3 = await store.getBlock(3);
+        expect(retrieved3!.number).toBe(3);
+        expect(retrieved3!.equals(block3)).toBe(true);
+        const retrieved4 = await store.getBlock(4);
+        expect(retrieved4!.number).toBe(4);
+        expect(retrieved4!.equals(block4)).toBe(true);
+        const retrieved5 = await store.getBlock(5);
+        expect(retrieved5!.number).toBe(5);
+        expect(retrieved5!.equals(block5)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('getBlockByHash retrieves uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks (no checkpoints at all) for initial checkpoint 1, chaining archive roots
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block1.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block1, block2]);
+
+        // getBlockByHash should work for uncheckpointed blocks
+        const hash1 = await block1.header.hash();
+        const hash2 = await block2.header.hash();
+
+        const retrieved1 = await store.getBlockByHash(hash1);
+        expect(retrieved1!.equals(block1)).toBe(true);
+
+        const retrieved2 = await store.getBlockByHash(hash2);
+        expect(retrieved2!.equals(block2)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('getBlockByArchive retrieves uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks for initial checkpoint 1, chaining archive roots
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block1.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block1, block2]);
+
+        // getBlockByArchive should work for uncheckpointed blocks
+        const archive1 = block1.archive.root;
+        const archive2 = block2.archive.root;
+
+        const retrieved1 = await store.getBlockByArchive(archive1);
+        expect(retrieved1!.equals(block1)).toBe(true);
+
+        const retrieved2 = await store.getBlockByArchive(archive2);
+        expect(retrieved2!.equals(block2)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('getCheckpointedBlock returns undefined for uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add a checkpoint with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks 3-4 for upcoming checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block3, block4]);
+
+        // getCheckpointedBlock should work for checkpointed blocks
+        expect((await store.getCheckpointedBlock(1))?.block.number).toBe(1);
+        expect((await store.getCheckpointedBlock(2))?.block.number).toBe(2);
+
+        // getCheckpointedBlock should return undefined for uncheckpointed blocks
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(3)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(4)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        // But getBlock should work for all blocks
+        expect((await store.getBlock(3))?.equals(block3)).toBe(true);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(4))?.equals(block4)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('getCheckpointedBlockByHash returns undefined for uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks for initial checkpoint 1
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block1]);
+
+        const hash = await block1.header.hash();
+
+        // getCheckpointedBlockByHash should return undefined
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(hash)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        // But getBlockByHash should work
+        expect((await store.getBlockByHash(hash))?.equals(block1)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('getCheckpointedBlockByArchive returns undefined for uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks for initial checkpoint 1
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block1]);
+
+        const archive = block1.archive.root;
+
+        // getCheckpointedBlockByArchive should return undefined
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(archive)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        // But getBlockByArchive should work
+        expect((await store.getBlockByArchive(archive))?.equals(block1)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('checkpoint adopts previously added uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add blocks 1-3 without a checkpoint (for initial checkpoint 1), chaining archive roots
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block1.archive,
+        });
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block2.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block1, block2, block3]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(0);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(3);
+
+        // getCheckpointedBlock should return undefined for all
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(1)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(2)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(3)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        // Now add a checkpoint that covers blocks 1-3
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(1);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(3);
+
+        // Now getCheckpointedBlock should work for all blocks
+        const checkpointed1 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(1);
+        expect(checkpointed1).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed1!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+        expect(checkpointed1!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint1.l1);
+
+        const checkpointed2 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(2);
+        expect(checkpointed2).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed2!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+
+        const checkpointed3 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(3);
+        expect(checkpointed3).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed3!.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+      });
+
+      it('can add more uncheckpointed blocks after a checkpoint and then checkpoint them', async () => {
+        // Start with checkpoint 1 covering blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks 3-5 for the upcoming checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        const block5 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(5), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block4.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block3, block4, block5]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(1);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(5);
+
+        // Blocks 3-5 are not checkpointed yet
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(3)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(4)).toBeUndefined();
+        expect(await store.getCheckpointedBlock(5)).toBeUndefined();
+
+        // Add checkpoint 2 covering blocks 3-5, chaining from checkpoint1
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+            numBlocks: 3,
+            startBlockNumber: 3,
+            previousArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+          }),
+          11,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint2]);
+
+        expect(await store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).toBe(2);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(5);
+
+        // Now blocks 3-5 should be checkpointed with checkpoint 2's info
+        const checkpointed3 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(3);
+        expect(checkpointed3).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed3!.checkpointNumber).toBe(2);
+        expect(checkpointed3!.l1).toEqual(checkpoint2.l1);
+
+        const checkpointed4 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(4);
+        expect(checkpointed4).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed4!.checkpointNumber).toBe(2);
+
+        const checkpointed5 = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(5);
+        expect(checkpointed5).toBeDefined();
+        expect(checkpointed5!.checkpointNumber).toBe(2);
+      });
+
+      it('getBlocks retrieves both checkpointed and uncheckpointed blocks', async () => {
+        // Add checkpoint with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add uncheckpointed blocks 3-4 for the upcoming checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block3, block4]);
+
+        // getBlocks should retrieve all blocks
+        const allBlocks = await store.getBlocks(1, 10);
+        expect(allBlocks.length).toBe(4);
+        expect(allBlocks.map(b => b.number)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('addBlocks validation', () => {
+      it('throws if blocks have different checkpoint numbers', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Try to add blocks 3 and 4 with different checkpoint numbers
+        // Chain archives correctly to test the checkpoint number validation
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(3),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3, block4])).rejects.toThrow(CheckpointNumberNotConsistentError);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if checkpoint number is not the current checkpoint', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Try to add blocks for checkpoint 3 (skipping checkpoint 2)
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(3),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(3),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3, block4])).rejects.toThrow(InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError);
+      });
+
+      it('allows blocks with the same checkpoint number for the current checkpoint', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add blocks 3 and 4 with consistent checkpoint number (2), chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3, block4])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        // Verify blocks were added
+        expect((await store.getBlock(3))?.equals(block3)).toBe(true);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(4))?.equals(block4)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('allows blocks for the initial checkpoint when store is empty', async () => {
+        // Add blocks for the initial checkpoint (1), chaining archive roots
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block1.archive,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block1, block2])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        // Verify blocks were added
+        expect((await store.getBlock(1))?.equals(block1)).toBe(true);
+        expect((await store.getBlock(2))?.equals(block2)).toBe(true);
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(2);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if initial block is duplicated across calls', async () => {
+        // Add blocks for the initial checkpoint (1)
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block1])).resolves.toBe(true);
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block2])).rejects.toThrow(InitialBlockNumberNotSequentialError);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if first block has wrong checkpoint number when store is empty', async () => {
+        // Try to add blocks for checkpoint 2 when store is empty (should start at 1)
+        const block1 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(1), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        const block2 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(2), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block1, block2])).rejects.toThrow(InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError);
+      });
+
+      it('allows adding more blocks to the same checkpoint in separate calls', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add block 3 for checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        // Add block 4 for the same checkpoint 2 in a separate call
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block4])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(4);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if adding blocks in separate calls with non-consecutive indexes', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add block 3 for checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        // Add block 4 for the same checkpoint 2 in a separate call but with a missing index
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block4])).rejects.toThrow(BlockIndexNotSequentialError);
+
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(3);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if second batch of blocks has different checkpoint number than first batch', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add block 3 for checkpoint 2, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        await store.addBlocks([block3]);
+
+        // Try to add block 4 for checkpoint 3 (should fail because current checkpoint is still 2)
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(3),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block4])).rejects.toThrow(InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError);
+      });
+
+      it('force option bypasses checkpoint number validation', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add blocks with different checkpoint numbers using force option, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(5),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3, block4], { force: true })).resolves.toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('force option bypasses blockindex number validation', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add blocks with different checkpoint numbers using force option, chaining archive roots
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 2,
+          lastArchive: block3.archive,
+        });
+
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3, block4], { force: true })).resolves.toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if adding blocks with non-consecutive archives', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add block 3 for checkpoint 2 with incorrect archive
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3])).rejects.toThrow(BlockArchiveNotConsistentError);
+
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(2);
+      });
+
+      it('throws if adding blocks with non-consecutive archives across calls', async () => {
+        // First, establish checkpoint 1 with blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1]);
+
+        // Add block 3 for checkpoint 2 with correct archive
+        const lastBlockArchive = checkpoint1.checkpoint.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const block3 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(3), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          lastArchive: lastBlockArchive,
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block3])).resolves.toBe(true);
+
+        // Add block 4 with incorrect archive (should fail)
+        const block4 = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(4), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 1,
+          lastArchive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+        });
+        await expect(store.addBlocks([block4])).rejects.toThrow(BlockArchiveNotConsistentError);
+
+        expect(await store.getLatestBlockNumber()).toBe(3);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getBlocksForCheckpoint', () => {
+      it('returns blocks for a single-block checkpoint', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 1, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const blocks = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(1));
+        expect(blocks).toBeDefined();
+        expect(blocks!.length).toBe(1);
+        expect(blocks![0].number).toBe(1);
+      });
+
+      it('returns all blocks for a multi-block checkpoint', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 4, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const blocks = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(1));
+        expect(blocks).toBeDefined();
+        expect(blocks!.length).toBe(4);
+        expect(blocks!.map(b => b.number)).toEqual([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+      });
+
+      it('returns correct blocks for different checkpoints', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        // Checkpoint 1: blocks 1-2
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        // Checkpoint 2: blocks 3-5
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        // Checkpoint 3: blocks 6-7
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 6,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        const blocks1 = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(1));
+        expect(blocks1).toBeDefined();
+        expect(blocks1!.map(b => b.number)).toEqual([1, 2]);
+
+        const blocks2 = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(2));
+        expect(blocks2).toBeDefined();
+        expect(blocks2!.map(b => b.number)).toEqual([3, 4, 5]);
+
+        const blocks3 = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(3));
+        expect(blocks3).toBeDefined();
+        expect(blocks3!.map(b => b.number)).toEqual([6, 7]);
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined for non-existent checkpoint', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const blocks = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(5));
+        expect(blocks).toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined when no checkpoints exist', async () => {
+        const blocks = await store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(1));
+        expect(blocks).toBeUndefined();
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getRangeOfCheckpoints', () => {
+      it('returns empty array when no checkpoints exist', async () => {
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints).toEqual([]);
+      });
+
+      it('returns single checkpoint', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(1);
+        expect(checkpoints[0].checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+        expect(checkpoints[0].startBlock).toBe(1);
+        expect(checkpoints[0].numBlocks).toBe(2);
+      });
+
+      it('returns multiple checkpoints in order', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 3,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: 6,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(3);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.checkpointNumber)).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.startBlock)).toEqual([1, 3, 6]);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.numBlocks)).toEqual([2, 3, 1]);
+      });
+
+      it('respects the from parameter', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 5,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        // Start from checkpoint 2
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(2), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(2);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.checkpointNumber)).toEqual([2, 3]);
+      });
+
+      it('respects the limit parameter', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 1, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: 2,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        const previousArchive3 = checkpoint3Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint4Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(4), {
+          numBlocks: 1,
+          startBlockNumber: 4,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive3,
+        });
+        const checkpoint4 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint4Cp, 13);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3, checkpoint4]);
+
+        // Only get 2 checkpoints
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 2);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(2);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.checkpointNumber)).toEqual([1, 2]);
+      });
+
+      it('returns correct checkpoint data including L1 info', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 3, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          42,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 1);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(1);
+
+        const data = checkpoints[0];
+        expect(data.checkpointNumber).toBe(1);
+        expect(data.startBlock).toBe(1);
+        expect(data.numBlocks).toBe(3);
+        expect(data.l1.blockNumber).toBe(42n);
+        expect(data.header.equals(checkpoint.checkpoint.header)).toBe(true);
+        expect(data.archive.equals(checkpoint.checkpoint.archive)).toBe(true);
+      });
+
+      it('returns empty array when from is beyond available checkpoints', async () => {
+        const checkpoint = makePublishedCheckpoint(
+          await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 }),
+          10,
+        );
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(5), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints).toEqual([]);
+      });
+
+      it('works correctly after unwinding checkpoints', async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints with chained archive roots
+        const checkpoint1Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(1), { numBlocks: 2, startBlockNumber: 1 });
+        const checkpoint1 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint1Cp, 10);
+
+        const previousArchive1 = checkpoint1Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint2Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(2), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 3,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive1,
+        });
+        const checkpoint2 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint2Cp, 11);
+
+        const previousArchive2 = checkpoint2Cp.blocks.at(-1)!.archive;
+        const checkpoint3Cp = await Checkpoint.random(CheckpointNumber(3), {
+          numBlocks: 2,
+          startBlockNumber: 5,
+          previousArchive: previousArchive2,
+        });
+        const checkpoint3 = makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint3Cp, 12);
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint1, checkpoint2, checkpoint3]);
+
+        // Unwind checkpoint 3
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(3), 1);
+
+        const checkpoints = await store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(1), 10);
+        expect(checkpoints.length).toBe(2);
+        expect(checkpoints.map(c => c.checkpointNumber)).toEqual([1, 2]);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getCheckpointedBlock', () => {
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+      });
+
+      it.each(blockNumberTests)('retrieves previously stored block %i', async (blockNumber, getExpectedBlock) => {
+        const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlock(blockNumber);
+        const expectedBlock = getExpectedBlock();
+        const expectedCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints[blockNumber - 1];
+
+        expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
+        expectCheckpointedBlockEquals(retrievedBlock!, expectedBlock, expectedCheckpoint);
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined if block is not found', async () => {
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(12)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined for block number 0', async () => {
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlock(0)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getCheckpointedBlockByHash', () => {
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
       });
 
       it('retrieves a block by its hash', async () => {
-        const expectedBlock = blocks[5];
-        const blockHash = await expectedBlock.block.hash();
-        const retrievedBlock = await store.getPublishedBlockByHash(blockHash);
+        const expectedCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints[5];
+        const expectedBlock = expectedCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const blockHash = await expectedBlock.header.hash();
+        const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(blockHash);
 
         expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
-        expectBlocksEqual([retrievedBlock!], [expectedBlock]);
+        expectCheckpointedBlockEquals(retrievedBlock!, expectedBlock, expectedCheckpoint);
       });
 
       it('returns undefined for non-existent block hash', async () => {
         const nonExistentHash = Fr.random();
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlockByHash(nonExistentHash)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlockByHash(nonExistentHash)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getPublishedBlockByArchive', () => {
+    describe('getCheckpointedBlockByArchive', () => {
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
       });
 
       it('retrieves a block by its archive root', async () => {
-        const expectedBlock = blocks[3];
-        const archive = expectedBlock.block.archive.root;
-        const retrievedBlock = await store.getPublishedBlockByArchive(archive);
+        const expectedCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints[3];
+        const expectedBlock = expectedCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const archive = expectedBlock.archive.root;
+        const retrievedBlock = await store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(archive);
 
         expect(retrievedBlock).toBeDefined();
-        expectBlocksEqual([retrievedBlock!], [expectedBlock]);
+        expectCheckpointedBlockEquals(retrievedBlock!, expectedBlock, expectedCheckpoint);
       });
 
       it('returns undefined for non-existent archive root', async () => {
         const nonExistentArchive = Fr.random();
-        await expect(store.getPublishedBlockByArchive(nonExistentArchive)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+        await expect(store.getCheckpointedBlockByArchive(nonExistentArchive)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
     });
 
     describe('getBlockHeaderByHash', () => {
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
       });
 
       it('retrieves a block header by its hash', async () => {
-        const expectedBlock = blocks[7];
-        const blockHash = await expectedBlock.block.hash();
+        const expectedBlock = publishedCheckpoints[7].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const blockHash = await expectedBlock.header.hash();
         const retrievedHeader = await store.getBlockHeaderByHash(blockHash);
 
         expect(retrievedHeader).toBeDefined();
-        expect(retrievedHeader!.equals(expectedBlock.block.getBlockHeader())).toBe(true);
+        expect(retrievedHeader!.equals(expectedBlock.header)).toBe(true);
       });
 
       it('returns undefined for non-existent block hash', async () => {
@@ -264,16 +1641,16 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
     describe('getBlockHeaderByArchive', () => {
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
       });
 
       it('retrieves a block header by its archive root', async () => {
-        const expectedBlock = blocks[2];
-        const archive = expectedBlock.block.archive.root;
+        const expectedBlock = publishedCheckpoints[2].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const archive = expectedBlock.archive.root;
         const retrievedHeader = await store.getBlockHeaderByArchive(archive);
 
         expect(retrievedHeader).toBeDefined();
-        expect(retrievedHeader!.equals(expectedBlock.block.getBlockHeader())).toBe(true);
+        expect(retrievedHeader!.equals(expectedBlock.header)).toBe(true);
       });
 
       it('returns undefined for non-existent archive root', async () => {
@@ -282,14 +1659,16 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getSyncedL2BlockNumber', () => {
-      it('returns the block number before INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM if no blocks have been added', async () => {
-        await expect(store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber()).resolves.toEqual(INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM - 1);
+    describe('getSynchedCheckpointNumber', () => {
+      it('returns the checkpoint number before INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER if no checkpoints have been added', async () => {
+        await expect(store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).resolves.toEqual(INITIAL_CHECKPOINT_NUMBER - 1);
       });
 
-      it("returns the most recently added block's number", async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        await expect(store.getSynchedL2BlockNumber()).resolves.toEqual(blocks.at(-1)!.block.number);
+      it('returns the most recently added checkpoint number', async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+        await expect(store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()).resolves.toEqual(
+          publishedCheckpoints.at(-1)!.checkpoint.number,
+        );
       });
     });
 
@@ -302,7 +1681,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('returns the L1 block number in which the most recent L2 block was published', async () => {
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
         await expect(store.getSynchPoint()).resolves.toEqual({
           blocksSynchedTo: 19n,
           messagesSynchedTo: undefined,
@@ -335,61 +1714,47 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
     describe('addLogs', () => {
       it('adds private & public logs', async () => {
-        const block = blocks[0].block;
-        await expect(store.addLogs([block])).resolves.toEqual(true);
+        const checkpoint = publishedCheckpoints[0];
+        await store.addCheckpoints([checkpoint]);
+        await expect(store.addLogs(checkpoint.checkpoint.blocks)).resolves.toEqual(true);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('deleteLogs', () => {
-      it('deletes private & public logs', async () => {
-        const block = blocks[0].block;
-        await store.addBlocks([blocks[0]]);
-        await expect(store.addLogs([block])).resolves.toEqual(true);
-
-        expect((await store.getPrivateLogs(1, 1)).length).toEqual(
-          block.body.txEffects.map(txEffect => txEffect.privateLogs).flat().length,
-        );
-        expect((await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 1 })).logs.length).toEqual(
-          block.body.txEffects.map(txEffect => txEffect.publicLogs).flat().length,
-        );
-
-        // This one is a pain for memory as we would never want to just delete memory in the middle.
-        await store.deleteLogs([block]);
+    it('deleteLogs', async () => {
+      const block = publishedCheckpoints[0].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+      await store.addBlocks([block]);
+      await expect(store.addLogs([block])).resolves.toEqual(true);
 
-        expect((await store.getPrivateLogs(1, 1)).length).toEqual(0);
-        expect((await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 1 })).logs.length).toEqual(0);
-      });
-    });
+      expect((await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: BlockNumber(1) })).logs.length).toEqual(
+        block.body.txEffects.map(txEffect => txEffect.publicLogs).flat().length,
+      );
 
-    describe('getPrivateLogs', () => {
-      it('gets added private logs', async () => {
-        const block = blocks[0].block;
-        await store.addBlocks([blocks[0]]);
-        await store.addLogs([block]);
+      // This one is a pain for memory as we would never want to just delete memory in the middle.
+      await store.deleteLogs([block]);
 
-        const privateLogs = await store.getPrivateLogs(1, 1);
-        expect(privateLogs).toEqual(block.body.txEffects.map(txEffect => txEffect.privateLogs).flat());
-      });
+      expect((await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: BlockNumber(1) })).logs.length).toEqual(0);
     });
 
     describe('getTxEffect', () => {
+      const getBlock = (i: number) => publishedCheckpoints[i].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        await store.addLogs(blocks.map(b => b.block));
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
+        await store.addLogs(publishedCheckpoints.flatMap(x => x.checkpoint.blocks));
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
       });
 
       it.each([
-        () => ({ data: blocks[0].block.body.txEffects[0], block: blocks[0].block, txIndexInBlock: 0 }),
-        () => ({ data: blocks[9].block.body.txEffects[3], block: blocks[9].block, txIndexInBlock: 3 }),
-        () => ({ data: blocks[3].block.body.txEffects[1], block: blocks[3].block, txIndexInBlock: 1 }),
-        () => ({ data: blocks[5].block.body.txEffects[2], block: blocks[5].block, txIndexInBlock: 2 }),
-        () => ({ data: blocks[1].block.body.txEffects[0], block: blocks[1].block, txIndexInBlock: 0 }),
+        () => ({ data: getBlock(0).body.txEffects[0], block: getBlock(0), txIndexInBlock: 0 }),
+        () => ({ data: getBlock(9).body.txEffects[3], block: getBlock(9), txIndexInBlock: 3 }),
+        () => ({ data: getBlock(3).body.txEffects[1], block: getBlock(3), txIndexInBlock: 1 }),
+        () => ({ data: getBlock(5).body.txEffects[2], block: getBlock(5), txIndexInBlock: 2 }),
+        () => ({ data: getBlock(1).body.txEffects[0], block: getBlock(1), txIndexInBlock: 0 }),
       ])('retrieves a previously stored transaction', async getExpectedTx => {
         const { data, block, txIndexInBlock } = getExpectedTx();
         const expectedTx: IndexedTxEffect = {
           data,
           l2BlockNumber: block.number,
-          l2BlockHash: L2BlockHash.fromField(await block.hash()),
+          l2BlockHash: L2BlockHash.fromField(await block.header.hash()),
           txIndexInBlock,
         };
         const actualTx = await store.getTxEffect(data.txHash);
@@ -401,16 +1766,16 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it.each([
-        () => wrapInBlock(blocks[0].block.body.txEffects[0], blocks[0].block),
-        () => wrapInBlock(blocks[9].block.body.txEffects[3], blocks[9].block),
-        () => wrapInBlock(blocks[3].block.body.txEffects[1], blocks[3].block),
-        () => wrapInBlock(blocks[5].block.body.txEffects[2], blocks[5].block),
-        () => wrapInBlock(blocks[1].block.body.txEffects[0], blocks[1].block),
-      ])('tries to retrieves a previously stored transaction after deleted', async getExpectedTx => {
-        await store.unwindBlocks(blocks.length, blocks.length);
-
-        const expectedTx = await getExpectedTx();
-        const actualTx = await store.getTxEffect(expectedTx.data.txHash);
+        () => getBlock(0).body.txEffects[0],
+        () => getBlock(9).body.txEffects[3],
+        () => getBlock(3).body.txEffects[1],
+        () => getBlock(5).body.txEffects[2],
+        () => getBlock(1).body.txEffects[0],
+      ])('tries to retrieves a previously stored transaction after deleted', async getTxEffect => {
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(publishedCheckpoints.length), publishedCheckpoints.length);
+
+        const txEffect = getTxEffect();
+        const actualTx = await store.getTxEffect(txEffect.txHash);
         expect(actualTx).toEqual(undefined);
       });
 
@@ -419,22 +1784,22 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('does not fail if the block is unwound while requesting a tx', async () => {
-        const expectedTx = await wrapInBlock(blocks[1].block.body.txEffects[0], blocks[1].block);
+        const txEffect = getBlock(1).body.txEffects[0];
         let done = false;
         void (async () => {
           while (!done) {
-            void store.getTxEffect(expectedTx.data.txHash);
+            void store.getTxEffect(txEffect.txHash);
             await sleep(1);
           }
         })();
-        await store.unwindBlocks(blocks.length, blocks.length);
+        await store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(publishedCheckpoints.length), publishedCheckpoints.length);
         done = true;
-        expect(await store.getTxEffect(expectedTx.data.txHash)).toEqual(undefined);
+        expect(await store.getTxEffect(txEffect.txHash)).toEqual(undefined);
       });
     });
 
     describe('L1 to L2 Messages', () => {
-      const initialL2BlockNumber = 13;
+      const initialCheckpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(13);
 
       const checkMessages = async (msgs: InboxMessage[]) => {
         expect(await store.getLastL1ToL2Message()).toEqual(msgs.at(-1));
@@ -442,43 +1807,50 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
         expect(await store.getTotalL1ToL2MessageCount()).toEqual(BigInt(msgs.length));
       };
 
-      const makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks = (blockCount: number, opts: { initialL2BlockNumber?: number } = {}) =>
+      const makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks = (
+        blockCount: number,
+        opts: { initialCheckpointNumber?: CheckpointNumber } = {},
+      ) =>
         makeInboxMessages(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP * blockCount, {
           overrideFn: (msg, i) => {
-            const l2BlockNumber =
-              (opts.initialL2BlockNumber ?? initialL2BlockNumber) + Math.floor(i / NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+            const checkpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(
+              (opts.initialCheckpointNumber ?? initialCheckpointNumber) +
+                Math.floor(i / NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP),
+            );
             const index =
-              InboxLeaf.smallestIndexFromL2Block(l2BlockNumber) + BigInt(i % NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-            return { ...msg, l2BlockNumber, index };
+              InboxLeaf.smallestIndexForCheckpoint(checkpointNumber) + BigInt(i % NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+            return { ...msg, checkpointNumber, index };
           },
         });
 
       it('stores first message ever', async () => {
-        const msg = makeInboxMessage(Buffer16.ZERO, { index: 0n, l2BlockNumber: 1 });
+        const msg = makeInboxMessage(Buffer16.ZERO, { index: 0n, checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages([msg]);
 
         await checkMessages([msg]);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(1)).toEqual([msg.leaf]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(1))).toEqual([msg.leaf]);
       });
 
       it('stores single message', async () => {
-        const msg = makeInboxMessage(Buffer16.ZERO, { l2BlockNumber: 2 });
+        const msg = makeInboxMessage(Buffer16.ZERO, { checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2) });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages([msg]);
 
         await checkMessages([msg]);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(2)).toEqual([msg.leaf]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(2))).toEqual([msg.leaf]);
       });
 
       it('stores and returns messages across different blocks', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
 
         await checkMessages(msgs);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(initialL2BlockNumber + 2)).toEqual([msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf));
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(initialCheckpointNumber + 2))).toEqual(
+          [msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf),
+        );
       });
 
       it('stores the same messages again', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(2));
 
@@ -486,26 +1858,29 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('stores and returns messages across different blocks with gaps', async () => {
-        const msgs1 = makeInboxMessages(3, { initialL2BlockNumber: 1 });
-        const msgs2 = makeInboxMessages(3, { initialL2BlockNumber: 20, initialHash: msgs1.at(-1)!.rollingHash });
+        const msgs1 = makeInboxMessages(3, { initialCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
+        const msgs2 = makeInboxMessages(3, {
+          initialCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(20),
+          initialHash: msgs1.at(-1)!.rollingHash,
+        });
 
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs1);
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs2);
 
         await checkMessages([...msgs1, ...msgs2]);
 
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(1)).toEqual([msgs1[0].leaf]);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(4)).toEqual([]);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(20)).toEqual([msgs2[0].leaf]);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(24)).toEqual([]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(1))).toEqual([msgs1[0].leaf]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(4))).toEqual([]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(20))).toEqual([msgs2[0].leaf]);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(24))).toEqual([]);
       });
 
       it('stores and returns messages with block numbers larger than a byte', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialL2BlockNumber: 1000 });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1000) });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
 
         await checkMessages(msgs);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(1002)).toEqual([msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf));
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(1002))).toEqual([msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf));
       });
 
       it('stores and returns multiple messages per block', async () => {
@@ -513,7 +1888,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
 
         await checkMessages(msgs);
-        const blockMessages = await store.getL1ToL2Messages(initialL2BlockNumber + 1);
+        const blockMessages = await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(initialCheckpointNumber + 1));
         expect(blockMessages).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
         expect(blockMessages).toEqual(
           msgs.slice(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP, NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP * 2).map(m => m.leaf),
@@ -521,17 +1896,21 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('stores messages in multiple operations', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(20, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(20, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(0, 10));
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(10, 20));
 
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(initialL2BlockNumber + 2)).toEqual([msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf));
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(initialL2BlockNumber + 12)).toEqual([msgs[12]].map(m => m.leaf));
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(initialCheckpointNumber + 2))).toEqual(
+          [msgs[2]].map(m => m.leaf),
+        );
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(initialCheckpointNumber + 12))).toEqual(
+          [msgs[12]].map(m => m.leaf),
+        );
         await checkMessages(msgs);
       });
 
       it('iterates over messages from start index', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(10, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(10, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
 
         const iterated = await toArray(store.iterateL1ToL2Messages({ start: msgs[3].index }));
@@ -539,8 +1918,9 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('iterates over messages in reverse', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(10, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(10, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
+        initialCheckpointNumber;
 
         const iterated = await toArray(store.iterateL1ToL2Messages({ reverse: true, end: msgs[3].index }));
         expect(iterated).toEqual(msgs.slice(0, 4).reverse());
@@ -552,8 +1932,8 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('throws if block number for the first message is out of order', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(4, { initialL2BlockNumber });
-        msgs[2].l2BlockNumber = initialL2BlockNumber - 1;
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(4, { initialCheckpointNumber });
+        msgs[2].checkpointNumber = CheckpointNumber(initialCheckpointNumber - 1);
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(0, 2));
         await expect(store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(2, 4))).rejects.toThrow(MessageStoreError);
       });
@@ -567,28 +1947,28 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       it('throws if rolling hash for first message is not correct', async () => {
         const msgs = makeInboxMessages(4);
         msgs[2].rollingHash = Buffer16.random();
-        await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(0, 2));
+        await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(0, CheckpointNumber(2)));
         await expect(store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs.slice(2, 4))).rejects.toThrow(MessageStoreError);
       });
 
       it('throws if index is not in the correct range', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(5, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         msgs.at(-1)!.index += 100n;
         await expect(store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs)).rejects.toThrow(MessageStoreError);
       });
 
       it('throws if first index in block has gaps', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(4, { initialL2BlockNumber });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessages(4, { initialCheckpointNumber });
         msgs[2].index++;
         await expect(store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs)).rejects.toThrow(MessageStoreError);
       });
 
       it('throws if index does not follow previous one', async () => {
         const msgs = makeInboxMessages(2, {
-          initialL2BlockNumber,
+          initialCheckpointNumber,
           overrideFn: (msg, i) => ({
             ...msg,
-            l2BlockNumber: 2,
+            checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(2),
             index: BigInt(i + NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP * 2),
           }),
         });
@@ -597,28 +1977,28 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('removes messages up to the given block number', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks(4, { initialL2BlockNumber: 1 });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks(4, { initialCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
 
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
         await checkMessages(msgs);
 
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(1)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(2)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(3)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(4)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(1))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(2))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(3))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(4))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
 
-        await store.rollbackL1ToL2MessagesToL2Block(2);
+        await store.rollbackL1ToL2MessagesToCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(2));
 
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(1)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(2)).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(3)).toHaveLength(0);
-        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(4)).toHaveLength(0);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(1))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(2))).toHaveLength(NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(3))).toHaveLength(0);
+        expect(await store.getL1ToL2Messages(CheckpointNumber(4))).toHaveLength(0);
 
         await checkMessages(msgs.slice(0, NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP * 2));
       });
 
       it('removes messages starting with the given index', async () => {
-        const msgs = makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks(4, { initialL2BlockNumber: 1 });
+        const msgs = makeInboxMessagesWithFullBlocks(4, { initialCheckpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(1) });
         await store.addL1ToL2Messages(msgs);
 
         await store.removeL1ToL2Messages(msgs[13].index);
@@ -638,7 +2018,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
           originalContractClassId: classId,
         });
         contractInstance = { ...randomInstance, address: await AztecAddress.random() };
-        await store.addContractInstances([contractInstance], blockNum);
+        await store.addContractInstances([contractInstance], BlockNumber(blockNum));
       });
 
       it('returns previously stored contract instances', async () => {
@@ -652,7 +2032,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('returns undefined if previously stored contract instances was deleted', async () => {
-        await store.deleteContractInstances([contractInstance], blockNum);
+        await store.deleteContractInstances([contractInstance], BlockNumber(blockNum));
         await expect(store.getContractInstance(contractInstance.address, timestamp)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
     });
@@ -671,7 +2051,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
           originalContractClassId: classId,
         });
         contractInstance = { ...randomInstance, address: await AztecAddress.random() };
-        await store.addContractInstances([contractInstance], 1);
+        await store.addContractInstances([contractInstance], BlockNumber(1));
         await store.addContractInstanceUpdates(
           [
             {
@@ -713,7 +2093,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
           ...randomInstance,
           address: await AztecAddress.random(),
         };
-        await store.addContractInstances([otherContractInstance], 1);
+        await store.addContractInstances([otherContractInstance], BlockNumber(1));
 
         const fetchedInstance = await store.getContractInstance(otherContractInstance.address, timestampOfChange + 1n);
         expect(fetchedInstance?.originalContractClassId).toEqual(otherClassId);
@@ -731,7 +2111,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
           ...randomInstance,
           address: await AztecAddress.random(),
         };
-        await store.addContractInstances([otherContractInstance], 1);
+        await store.addContractInstances([otherContractInstance], BlockNumber(1));
         await store.addContractInstanceUpdates(
           [
             {
@@ -759,7 +2139,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
         await store.addContractClasses(
           [contractClass],
           [await computePublicBytecodeCommitment(contractClass.packedBytecode)],
-          blockNum,
+          BlockNumber(blockNum),
         );
       });
 
@@ -768,7 +2148,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('returns undefined if the initial deployed contract class was deleted', async () => {
-        await store.deleteContractClasses([contractClass], blockNum);
+        await store.deleteContractClasses([contractClass], BlockNumber(blockNum));
         await expect(store.getContractClass(contractClass.id)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
       });
 
@@ -776,9 +2156,9 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
         await store.addContractClasses(
           [contractClass],
           [await computePublicBytecodeCommitment(contractClass.packedBytecode)],
-          blockNum + 1,
+          BlockNumber(blockNum + 1),
         );
-        await store.deleteContractClasses([contractClass], blockNum + 1);
+        await store.deleteContractClasses([contractClass], BlockNumber(blockNum + 1));
         await expect(store.getContractClass(contractClass.id)).resolves.toMatchObject(contractClass);
       });
 
@@ -817,154 +2197,269 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getLogsByTags', () => {
-      const numBlocks = 3;
+    describe('getPrivateLogsByTags', () => {
+      const numBlocksForLogs = 3;
       const numTxsPerBlock = 4;
       const numPrivateLogsPerTx = 3;
-      const numPublicLogsPerTx = 2;
 
-      let blocks: PublishedL2Block[];
+      let logsCheckpoints: PublishedCheckpoint[];
 
-      const makeTag = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number, logIndex: number, isPublic = false) =>
-        blockNumber === 1 && txIndex === 0 && logIndex === 0
-          ? Fr.ZERO // Shared tag
-          : new Fr((blockNumber * 100 + txIndex * 10 + logIndex) * (isPublic ? 123 : 1));
+      const makePrivateLogTag = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number, logIndex: number): SiloedTag =>
+        new SiloedTag(
+          blockNumber === 1 && txIndex === 0 && logIndex === 0
+            ? Fr.ZERO // Shared tag
+            : new Fr(blockNumber * 100 + txIndex * 10 + logIndex),
+        );
 
-      const makePrivateLog = (tag: Fr) =>
+      const makePrivateLog = (tag: SiloedTag) =>
         PrivateLog.from({
-          fields: makeTuple(PRIVATE_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS, i => (!i ? tag : new Fr(tag.toNumber() + i))),
+          fields: makeTuple(PRIVATE_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS, i =>
+            !i ? tag.value : new Fr(tag.value.toBigInt() + BigInt(i)),
+          ),
           emittedLength: PRIVATE_LOG_SIZE_IN_FIELDS,
         });
 
-      const makePublicLog = (tag: Fr) =>
-        PublicLog.from({
-          contractAddress: AztecAddress.fromNumber(1),
-          // Arbitrary length
-          fields: new Array(10).fill(null).map((_, i) => (!i ? tag : new Fr(tag.toNumber() + i))),
-        });
-
       const mockPrivateLogs = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number) => {
         return times(numPrivateLogsPerTx, (logIndex: number) => {
-          const tag = makeTag(blockNumber, txIndex, logIndex);
+          const tag = makePrivateLogTag(blockNumber, txIndex, logIndex);
           return makePrivateLog(tag);
         });
       };
 
-      const mockPublicLogs = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number) => {
-        return times(numPublicLogsPerTx, (logIndex: number) => {
-          const tag = makeTag(blockNumber, txIndex, logIndex, /* isPublic */ true);
-          return makePublicLog(tag);
+      const mockCheckpointWithLogs = async (
+        blockNumber: number,
+        previousArchive?: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot,
+      ): Promise<PublishedCheckpoint> => {
+        const block = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(blockNumber), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(blockNumber),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          state: makeStateForBlock(blockNumber, numTxsPerBlock),
+          ...(previousArchive ? { lastArchive: previousArchive } : {}),
         });
-      };
-
-      const mockBlockWithLogs = async (blockNumber: number): Promise<PublishedL2Block> => {
-        const block = await L2Block.random(blockNumber);
-        block.header.globalVariables.blockNumber = blockNumber;
+        block.header.globalVariables.blockNumber = BlockNumber(blockNumber);
 
         block.body.txEffects = await timesParallel(numTxsPerBlock, async (txIndex: number) => {
           const txEffect = await TxEffect.random();
           txEffect.privateLogs = mockPrivateLogs(blockNumber, txIndex);
-          txEffect.publicLogs = mockPublicLogs(blockNumber, txIndex);
+          txEffect.publicLogs = []; // No public logs needed for private log tests
           return txEffect;
         });
 
-        return PublishedL2Block.fromFields({
-          block: block,
-          attestations: times(3, CommitteeAttestation.random),
-          l1: {
-            blockNumber: BigInt(blockNumber),
-            blockHash: makeBlockHash(blockNumber),
-            timestamp: BigInt(blockNumber),
-          },
-        });
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block],
+          CheckpointNumber(blockNumber),
+        );
+        return makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, blockNumber);
       };
 
       beforeEach(async () => {
-        blocks = await timesParallel(numBlocks, (index: number) => mockBlockWithLogs(index + 1));
+        // Create checkpoints sequentially to chain archive roots
+        logsCheckpoints = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < numBlocksForLogs; i++) {
+          const previousArchive = i > 0 ? logsCheckpoints[i - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive : undefined;
+          logsCheckpoints.push(await mockCheckpointWithLogs(i + 1, previousArchive));
+        }
 
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        await store.addLogs(blocks.map(b => b.block));
+        await store.addCheckpoints(logsCheckpoints);
+        await store.addLogs(logsCheckpoints.flatMap(p => p.checkpoint.blocks));
       });
 
       it('is possible to batch request private logs via tags', async () => {
-        const tags = [makeTag(2, 1, 2), makeTag(1, 2, 0)];
+        const tags = [makePrivateLogTag(2, 1, 2), makePrivateLogTag(1, 2, 0)];
 
-        const logsByTags = await store.getLogsByTags(tags);
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPrivateLogsByTags(tags);
 
         expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
           [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 2,
-              log: makePrivateLog(tags[0]),
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: makePrivateLog(tags[0]).getEmittedFields(),
             }),
           ],
           [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 1,
-              log: makePrivateLog(tags[1]),
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: makePrivateLog(tags[1]).getEmittedFields(),
             }),
           ],
         ]);
       });
 
-      it('is possible to batch request all logs (private and public) via tags', async () => {
-        // Tag(1, 0, 0) is shared with the first private log and the first public log.
-        const tags = [makeTag(1, 0, 0)];
+      it('is possible to batch request logs that have the same tag but different content', async () => {
+        const tags = [makePrivateLogTag(1, 2, 1)];
 
-        const logsByTags = await store.getLogsByTags(tags);
+        // Create a checkpoint containing logs that have the same tag as the checkpoints before.
+        // Chain from the last checkpoint's archive
+        const newBlockNumber = numBlocksForLogs + 1;
+        const previousArchive = logsCheckpoints[logsCheckpoints.length - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive;
+        const newCheckpoint = await mockCheckpointWithLogs(newBlockNumber, previousArchive);
+        const newLog = newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].body.txEffects[1].privateLogs[1];
+        newLog.fields[0] = tags[0].value;
+        newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].body.txEffects[1].privateLogs[1] = newLog;
+        await store.addCheckpoints([newCheckpoint]);
+        await store.addLogs([newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0]]);
+
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPrivateLogsByTags(tags);
 
         expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
           [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 1,
-              log: makePrivateLog(tags[0]),
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: makePrivateLog(tags[0]).getEmittedFields(),
+            }),
+            expect.objectContaining({
+              blockNumber: newBlockNumber,
+              logData: newLog.getEmittedFields(),
             }),
+          ],
+        ]);
+      });
+
+      it('is possible to request logs for non-existing tags and determine their position', async () => {
+        const tags = [makePrivateLogTag(99, 88, 77), makePrivateLogTag(1, 1, 1)];
+
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPrivateLogsByTags(tags);
+
+        expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
+          [
+            // No logs for the first tag.
+          ],
+          [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 1,
-              log: makePublicLog(tags[0]),
-              isFromPublic: true,
+              logData: makePrivateLog(tags[1]).getEmittedFields(),
+            }),
+          ],
+        ]);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('getPublicLogsByTagsFromContract', () => {
+      const numBlocksForLogs = 3;
+      const numTxsPerBlock = 4;
+      const numPublicLogsPerTx = 2;
+      const contractAddress = AztecAddress.fromNumber(543254);
+
+      let logsCheckpoints: PublishedCheckpoint[];
+
+      const makePublicLogTag = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number, logIndex: number): Tag =>
+        new Tag(
+          blockNumber === 1 && txIndex === 0 && logIndex === 0
+            ? Fr.ZERO // Shared tag
+            : new Fr((blockNumber * 100 + txIndex * 10 + logIndex) * 123),
+        );
+
+      const makePublicLog = (tag: Tag) =>
+        PublicLog.from({
+          contractAddress: contractAddress,
+          // Arbitrary length
+          fields: new Array(10).fill(null).map((_, i) => (!i ? tag.value : new Fr(tag.value.toBigInt() + BigInt(i)))),
+        });
+
+      const mockPublicLogs = (blockNumber: number, txIndex: number) => {
+        return times(numPublicLogsPerTx, (logIndex: number) => {
+          const tag = makePublicLogTag(blockNumber, txIndex, logIndex);
+          return makePublicLog(tag);
+        });
+      };
+
+      const mockCheckpointWithLogs = async (
+        blockNumber: number,
+        previousArchive?: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot,
+      ): Promise<PublishedCheckpoint> => {
+        const block = await L2BlockNew.random(BlockNumber(blockNumber), {
+          checkpointNumber: CheckpointNumber(blockNumber),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: 0,
+          state: makeStateForBlock(blockNumber, numTxsPerBlock),
+          ...(previousArchive ? { lastArchive: previousArchive } : {}),
+        });
+        block.header.globalVariables.blockNumber = BlockNumber(blockNumber);
+
+        block.body.txEffects = await timesParallel(numTxsPerBlock, async (txIndex: number) => {
+          const txEffect = await TxEffect.random();
+          txEffect.privateLogs = []; // No private logs needed for public log tests
+          txEffect.publicLogs = mockPublicLogs(blockNumber, txIndex);
+          return txEffect;
+        });
+
+        const checkpoint = new Checkpoint(
+          AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+          CheckpointHeader.random(),
+          [block],
+          CheckpointNumber(blockNumber),
+        );
+        return makePublishedCheckpoint(checkpoint, blockNumber);
+      };
+
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        // Create checkpoints sequentially to chain archive roots
+        logsCheckpoints = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < numBlocksForLogs; i++) {
+          const previousArchive = i > 0 ? logsCheckpoints[i - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive : undefined;
+          logsCheckpoints.push(await mockCheckpointWithLogs(i + 1, previousArchive));
+        }
+
+        await store.addCheckpoints(logsCheckpoints);
+        await store.addLogs(logsCheckpoints.flatMap(p => p.checkpoint.blocks));
+      });
+
+      it('is possible to batch request public logs via tags', async () => {
+        const tags = [makePublicLogTag(2, 1, 1), makePublicLogTag(1, 2, 0)];
+
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPublicLogsByTagsFromContract(contractAddress, tags);
+
+        expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
+          [
+            expect.objectContaining({
+              blockNumber: 2,
+              logData: makePublicLog(tags[0]).getEmittedFields(),
+            }),
+          ],
+          [
+            expect.objectContaining({
+              blockNumber: 1,
+              logData: makePublicLog(tags[1]).getEmittedFields(),
             }),
           ],
         ]);
       });
 
       it('is possible to batch request logs that have the same tag but different content', async () => {
-        const tags = [makeTag(1, 2, 1)];
+        const tags = [makePublicLogTag(1, 2, 1)];
 
-        // Create a block containing logs that have the same tag as the blocks before.
-        const newBlockNumber = numBlocks;
-        const newBlock = await mockBlockWithLogs(newBlockNumber);
-        const newLog = newBlock.block.body.txEffects[1].privateLogs[1];
-        newLog.fields[0] = tags[0];
-        newBlock.block.body.txEffects[1].privateLogs[1] = newLog;
-        await store.addBlocks([newBlock]);
-        await store.addLogs([newBlock.block]);
+        // Create a checkpoint containing logs that have the same tag as the checkpoints before.
+        // Chain from the last checkpoint's archive
+        const newBlockNumber = numBlocksForLogs + 1;
+        const previousArchive = logsCheckpoints[logsCheckpoints.length - 1].checkpoint.blocks[0].archive;
+        const newCheckpoint = await mockCheckpointWithLogs(newBlockNumber, previousArchive);
+        const newLog = newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].body.txEffects[1].publicLogs[1];
+        newLog.fields[0] = tags[0].value;
+        newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0].body.txEffects[1].publicLogs[1] = newLog;
+        await store.addCheckpoints([newCheckpoint]);
+        await store.addLogs([newCheckpoint.checkpoint.blocks[0]]);
 
-        const logsByTags = await store.getLogsByTags(tags);
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPublicLogsByTagsFromContract(contractAddress, tags);
 
         expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
           [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 1,
-              log: makePrivateLog(tags[0]),
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: makePublicLog(tags[0]).getEmittedFields(),
             }),
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: newBlockNumber,
-              log: newLog,
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: newLog.getEmittedFields(),
             }),
           ],
         ]);
       });
 
       it('is possible to request logs for non-existing tags and determine their position', async () => {
-        const tags = [makeTag(99, 88, 77), makeTag(1, 1, 1)];
+        const tags = [makePublicLogTag(99, 88, 77), makePublicLogTag(1, 1, 0)];
 
-        const logsByTags = await store.getLogsByTags(tags);
+        const logsByTags = await store.getPublicLogsByTagsFromContract(contractAddress, tags);
 
         expect(logsByTags).toEqual([
           [
@@ -973,8 +2468,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
           [
             expect.objectContaining({
               blockNumber: 1,
-              log: makePrivateLog(tags[1]),
-              isFromPublic: false,
+              logData: makePublicLog(tags[1]).getEmittedFields(),
             }),
           ],
         ]);
@@ -982,34 +2476,33 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
     });
 
     describe('getPublicLogs', () => {
-      const txsPerBlock = 4;
-      const numPublicFunctionCalls = 3;
-      const numPublicLogs = 2;
-      const numBlocks = 10;
-      let blocks: PublishedL2Block[];
+      const numBlocksForPublicLogs = 10;
 
-      beforeEach(async () => {
-        blocks = await timesParallel(numBlocks, async (index: number) =>
-          PublishedL2Block.fromFields({
-            block: await L2Block.random(index + 1, txsPerBlock, numPublicFunctionCalls, numPublicLogs),
-            l1: { blockNumber: BigInt(index), blockHash: makeBlockHash(index), timestamp: BigInt(index) },
-            attestations: times(3, CommitteeAttestation.random),
-          }),
-        );
+      // Helper to get total public logs per tx from a block
+      const getPublicLogsPerTx = (block: L2BlockNew, txIndex: number) =>
+        block.body.txEffects[txIndex].publicLogs.length;
 
-        await store.addBlocks(blocks);
-        await store.addLogs(blocks.map(b => b.block));
+      // Helper to get number of txs in a block
+      const getTxsPerBlock = (block: L2BlockNew) => block.body.txEffects.length;
+
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        // Use the outer publishedCheckpoints for log tests
+        for (let i = 0; i < numBlocksForPublicLogs; i++) {
+          await store.addCheckpoints([publishedCheckpoints[i]]);
+          await store.addLogs(publishedCheckpoints[i].checkpoint.blocks);
+        }
       });
 
       it('no logs returned if deleted ("txHash" filter param is respected variant)', async () => {
         // get random tx
-        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocks);
-        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(txsPerBlock);
-        const targetTxHash = blocks[targetBlockIndex].block.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].txHash;
+        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[targetBlockIndex].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(getTxsPerBlock(targetBlock));
+        const targetTxHash = targetBlock.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].txHash;
 
         await Promise.all([
-          store.unwindBlocks(blocks.length, blocks.length),
-          store.deleteLogs(blocks.map(b => b.block)),
+          store.unwindCheckpoints(CheckpointNumber(numBlocksForPublicLogs), numBlocksForPublicLogs),
+          store.deleteLogs(publishedCheckpoints.slice(0, numBlocksForPublicLogs).flatMap(b => b.checkpoint.blocks)),
         ]);
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ txHash: targetTxHash });
@@ -1021,16 +2514,17 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
       it('"txHash" filter param is respected', async () => {
         // get random tx
-        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocks);
-        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(txsPerBlock);
-        const targetTxHash = blocks[targetBlockIndex].block.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].txHash;
+        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[targetBlockIndex].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(getTxsPerBlock(targetBlock));
+        const targetTxHash = targetBlock.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].txHash;
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ txHash: targetTxHash });
         const logs = response.logs;
 
         expect(response.maxLogsHit).toBeFalsy();
 
-        const expectedNumLogs = numPublicFunctionCalls * numPublicLogs;
+        const expectedNumLogs = getPublicLogsPerTx(targetBlock, targetTxIndex);
         expect(logs.length).toEqual(expectedNumLogs);
 
         const targeBlockNumber = targetBlockIndex + INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM;
@@ -1040,6 +2534,17 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
         }
       });
 
+      it('returns block hash on public log ids', async () => {
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[0].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const expectedBlockHash = L2BlockHash.fromField(await targetBlock.header.hash());
+
+        const logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: targetBlock.number, toBlock: targetBlock.number + 1 }))
+          .logs;
+
+        expect(logs.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+        expect(logs.every(log => log.id.blockHash.equals(expectedBlockHash))).toBe(true);
+      });
+
       it('"fromBlock" and "toBlock" filter params are respected', async () => {
         // Set "fromBlock" and "toBlock"
         const fromBlock = 3;
@@ -1050,7 +2555,12 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
         expect(response.maxLogsHit).toBeFalsy();
 
-        const expectedNumLogs = txsPerBlock * numPublicFunctionCalls * numPublicLogs * (toBlock - fromBlock);
+        // Compute expected logs from the blocks in range
+        let expectedNumLogs = 0;
+        for (let i = fromBlock - 1; i < toBlock - 1; i++) {
+          const block = publishedCheckpoints[i].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+          expectedNumLogs += block.body.txEffects.reduce((sum, tx) => sum + tx.publicLogs.length, 0);
+        }
         expect(logs.length).toEqual(expectedNumLogs);
 
         for (const log of logs) {
@@ -1062,11 +2572,12 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
       it('"contractAddress" filter param is respected', async () => {
         // Get a random contract address from the logs
-        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocks);
-        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(txsPerBlock);
-        const targetLogIndex = randomInt(numPublicLogs * numPublicFunctionCalls);
+        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[targetBlockIndex].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(getTxsPerBlock(targetBlock));
+        const targetLogIndex = randomInt(getPublicLogsPerTx(targetBlock, targetTxIndex));
         const targetContractAddress =
-          blocks[targetBlockIndex].block.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].publicLogs[targetLogIndex].contractAddress;
+          targetBlock.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].publicLogs[targetLogIndex].contractAddress;
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ contractAddress: targetContractAddress });
 
@@ -1079,11 +2590,19 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
 
       it('"afterLog" filter param is respected', async () => {
         // Get a random log as reference
-        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocks);
-        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(txsPerBlock);
-        const targetLogIndex = randomInt(numPublicLogs);
-
-        const afterLog = new LogId(targetBlockIndex + INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM, targetTxIndex, targetLogIndex);
+        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[targetBlockIndex].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(getTxsPerBlock(targetBlock));
+        const numLogsInTx = targetBlock.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].publicLogs.length;
+        const targetLogIndex = numLogsInTx > 0 ? randomInt(numLogsInTx) : 0;
+        const targetBlockHash = L2BlockHash.fromField(await targetBlock.header.hash());
+
+        const afterLog = new LogId(
+          BlockNumber(targetBlockIndex + INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM),
+          targetBlockHash,
+          targetTxIndex,
+          targetLogIndex,
+        );
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ afterLog });
         const logs = response.logs;
@@ -1105,52 +2624,77 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       it('"txHash" filter param is ignored when "afterLog" is set', async () => {
         // Get random txHash
         const txHash = TxHash.random();
-        const afterLog = new LogId(1, 0, 0);
+        const afterLog = new LogId(BlockNumber(1), L2BlockHash.random(), 0, 0);
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ txHash, afterLog });
         expect(response.logs.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
       });
 
       it('intersecting works', async () => {
-        let logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -10, toBlock: -5 })).logs;
+        let logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -10 as BlockNumber, toBlock: -5 as BlockNumber })).logs;
         expect(logs.length).toBe(0);
 
         // "fromBlock" gets correctly trimmed to range and "toBlock" is exclusive
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -10, toBlock: 5 })).logs;
+        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -10 as BlockNumber, toBlock: BlockNumber(5) })).logs;
         let blockNumbers = new Set(logs.map(log => log.id.blockNumber));
         expect(blockNumbers).toEqual(new Set([1, 2, 3, 4]));
 
         // "toBlock" should be exclusive
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 1, toBlock: 1 })).logs;
+        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: BlockNumber(1), toBlock: BlockNumber(1) })).logs;
         expect(logs.length).toBe(0);
 
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 10, toBlock: 5 })).logs;
+        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: BlockNumber(10), toBlock: BlockNumber(5) })).logs;
         expect(logs.length).toBe(0);
 
         // both "fromBlock" and "toBlock" get correctly capped to range and logs from all blocks are returned
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -100, toBlock: +100 })).logs;
+        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: -100 as BlockNumber, toBlock: +100 })).logs;
         blockNumbers = new Set(logs.map(log => log.id.blockNumber));
-        expect(blockNumbers.size).toBe(numBlocks);
+        expect(blockNumbers.size).toBe(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
 
         // intersecting with "afterLog" works
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 2, toBlock: 5, afterLog: new LogId(4, 0, 0) })).logs;
+        logs = (
+          await store.getPublicLogs({
+            fromBlock: BlockNumber(2),
+            toBlock: BlockNumber(5),
+            afterLog: new LogId(BlockNumber(4), L2BlockHash.random(), 0, 0),
+          })
+        ).logs;
         blockNumbers = new Set(logs.map(log => log.id.blockNumber));
         expect(blockNumbers).toEqual(new Set([4]));
 
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ toBlock: 5, afterLog: new LogId(5, 1, 0) })).logs;
+        logs = (
+          await store.getPublicLogs({
+            toBlock: BlockNumber(5),
+            afterLog: new LogId(BlockNumber(5), L2BlockHash.random(), 1, 0),
+          })
+        ).logs;
         expect(logs.length).toBe(0);
 
-        logs = (await store.getPublicLogs({ fromBlock: 2, toBlock: 5, afterLog: new LogId(100, 0, 0) })).logs;
+        logs = (
+          await store.getPublicLogs({
+            fromBlock: BlockNumber(2),
+            toBlock: BlockNumber(5),
+            afterLog: new LogId(BlockNumber(100), L2BlockHash.random(), 0, 0),
+          })
+        ).logs;
         expect(logs.length).toBe(0);
       });
 
       it('"txIndex" and "logIndex" are respected when "afterLog.blockNumber" is equal to "fromBlock"', async () => {
         // Get a random log as reference
-        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocks);
-        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(txsPerBlock);
-        const targetLogIndex = randomInt(numPublicLogs);
-
-        const afterLog = new LogId(targetBlockIndex + INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM, targetTxIndex, targetLogIndex);
+        const targetBlockIndex = randomInt(numBlocksForPublicLogs);
+        const targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[targetBlockIndex].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        const targetTxIndex = randomInt(getTxsPerBlock(targetBlock));
+        const numLogsInTx = targetBlock.body.txEffects[targetTxIndex].publicLogs.length;
+        const targetLogIndex = numLogsInTx > 0 ? randomInt(numLogsInTx) : 0;
+        const targetBlockHash = L2BlockHash.fromField(await targetBlock.header.hash());
+
+        const afterLog = new LogId(
+          BlockNumber(targetBlockIndex + INITIAL_L2_BLOCK_NUM),
+          targetBlockHash,
+          targetTxIndex,
+          targetLogIndex,
+        );
 
         const response = await store.getPublicLogs({ afterLog, fromBlock: afterLog.blockNumber });
         const logs = response.logs;
@@ -1170,6 +2714,40 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
     });
 
+    describe('getContractClassLogs', () => {
+      let targetBlock: L2BlockNew;
+      let expectedContractClassLog: ContractClassLog;
+
+      beforeEach(async () => {
+        await store.addCheckpoints(publishedCheckpoints);
+
+        targetBlock = publishedCheckpoints[0].checkpoint.blocks[0];
+        expectedContractClassLog = await ContractClassLog.random();
+        targetBlock.body.txEffects.forEach((txEffect, index) => {
+          txEffect.contractClassLogs = index === 0 ? [expectedContractClassLog] : [];
+        });
+
+        await store.addLogs([targetBlock]);
+      });
+
+      it('returns block hash on contract class log ids', async () => {
+        const result = await store.getContractClassLogs({
+          fromBlock: targetBlock.number,
+          toBlock: targetBlock.number + 1,
+        });
+
+        expect(result.maxLogsHit).toBeFalsy();
+        expect(result.logs).toHaveLength(1);
+
+        const [{ id, log }] = result.logs;
+        const expectedBlockHash = L2BlockHash.fromField(await targetBlock.header.hash());
+
+        expect(id.blockHash.equals(expectedBlockHash)).toBe(true);
+        expect(id.blockNumber).toEqual(targetBlock.number);
+        expect(log).toEqual(expectedContractClassLog);
+      });
+    });
+
     describe('pendingChainValidationStatus', () => {
       it('should return undefined when no status is set', async () => {
         const status = await store.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
@@ -1177,7 +2755,7 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('should store and retrieve a valid validation status', async () => {
-        const validStatus: ValidateBlockResult = { valid: true };
+        const validStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult = { valid: true };
 
         await store.setPendingChainValidationStatus(validStatus);
         const retrievedStatus = await store.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
@@ -1186,9 +2764,9 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('should store and retrieve an invalid validation status with insufficient attestations', async () => {
-        const invalidStatus: ValidateBlockResult = {
+        const invalidStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult = {
           valid: false,
-          block: randomBlockInfo(1),
+          checkpoint: randomCheckpointInfo(1),
           committee: [EthAddress.random(), EthAddress.random()],
           epoch: EpochNumber(123),
           seed: 456n,
@@ -1204,9 +2782,9 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('should store and retrieve an invalid validation status with invalid attestation', async () => {
-        const invalidStatus: ValidateBlockResult = {
+        const invalidStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult = {
           valid: false,
-          block: randomBlockInfo(2),
+          checkpoint: randomCheckpointInfo(2),
           committee: [EthAddress.random()],
           attestors: [EthAddress.random()],
           epoch: EpochNumber(789),
@@ -1223,10 +2801,10 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('should overwrite existing status when setting a new one', async () => {
-        const firstStatus: ValidateBlockResult = { valid: true };
-        const secondStatus: ValidateBlockResult = {
+        const firstStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult = { valid: true };
+        const secondStatus: ValidateCheckpointResult = {
           valid: false,
-          block: randomBlockInfo(3),
+          checkpoint: randomCheckpointInfo(3),
           committee: [EthAddress.random()],
           epoch: EpochNumber(999),
           seed: 888n,
@@ -1243,9 +2821,9 @@ export function describeArchiverDataStore(
       });
 
       it('should handle empty committee and attestations arrays', async () => {
-        const statusWithEmptyArrays: ValidateBlockResult = {
+        const statusWithEmptyArrays: ValidateCheckpointResult = {
           valid: false,
-          block: randomBlockInfo(4),
+          checkpoint: randomCheckpointInfo(4),
           committee: [],
           epoch: EpochNumber(0),
           seed: 0n,