@aztec/archiver 0.0.1-commit.2448fdb → 0.0.1-commit.2606882

package/dest/modules/l1_synchronizer.js

@@ -371,32 +371,39 @@ function _apply_decs_2203_r(targetClass, memberDecs, classDecs, parentClass) {
     return (_apply_decs_2203_r = applyDecs2203RFactory())(targetClass, memberDecs, classDecs, parentClass);
 }
 var _dec, _dec1, _dec2, _dec3, _initProto;
+import { getFinalizedL1Block } from '@aztec/ethereum/queries';
+import { asyncPool } from '@aztec/foundation/async-pool';
 import { maxBigint } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint';
 import { BlockNumber, CheckpointNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
-import { Buffer32 } from '@aztec/foundation/buffer';
-import { pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
+import { Buffer16, Buffer32 } from '@aztec/foundation/buffer';
+import { compactArray, partition, pick } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
+import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
 import { createLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import { retryTimes } from '@aztec/foundation/retry';
 import { count } from '@aztec/foundation/string';
 import { Timer, elapsed } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
-import { isDefined } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
+import { isDefined, isErrorClass } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 import { L2BlockSourceEvents } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
+import { Checkpoint, PublishedCheckpoint } from '@aztec/stdlib/checkpoint';
 import { getEpochAtSlot, getSlotAtNextL1Block } from '@aztec/stdlib/epoch-helpers';
 import { computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages } from '@aztec/stdlib/messaging';
 import { execInSpan, trackSpan } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
 import { InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError } from '../errors.js';
-import { retrieveCheckpointsFromRollup, retrieveL1ToL2Message, retrieveL1ToL2Messages, retrievedToPublishedCheckpoint } from '../l1/data_retrieval.js';
+import { getCheckpointBlobDataFromBlobs, retrieveCheckpointCalldataFromRollup, retrieveL1ToL2Message, retrieveL1ToL2Messages, retrievedToPublishedCheckpoint } from '../l1/data_retrieval.js';
+import { getArchiverSynchPoint } from '../store/data_stores.js';
+import { MessageStoreError } from '../store/message_store.js';
 import { ArchiverDataStoreUpdater } from './data_store_updater.js';
 import { validateCheckpointAttestations } from './validation.js';
 _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpochPrune'), _dec2 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleL1ToL2Messages'), _dec3 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleCheckpoints');
 /**
  * Handles L1 synchronization for the archiver.
- * Responsible for fetching checkpoints, L1→L2 messages, and handling L1 reorgs.
+ * Responsible for fetching checkpoints, L1 to L2 messages, and handling L1 reorgs.
  */ export class ArchiverL1Synchronizer {
     publicClient;
     debugClient;
     rollup;
     inbox;
-    store;
+    stores;
     config;
     blobClient;
     epochCache;
@@ -434,12 +441,12 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
     l1Timestamp;
     updater;
     tracer;
-    constructor(publicClient, debugClient, rollup, inbox, store, config, blobClient, epochCache, dateProvider, instrumentation, l1Constants, events, tracer, l2TipsCache, log = createLogger('archiver:l1-sync')){
+    constructor(publicClient, debugClient, rollup, inbox, stores, config, blobClient, epochCache, dateProvider, instrumentation, l1Constants, events, tracer, l2TipsCache, log = createLogger('archiver:l1-sync')){
         this.publicClient = publicClient;
         this.debugClient = debugClient;
         this.rollup = rollup;
         this.inbox = inbox;
-        this.store = store;
+        this.stores = stores;
         this.config = config;
         this.blobClient = blobClient;
         this.epochCache = epochCache;
@@ -449,7 +456,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         this.events = events;
         this.log = log;
         _initProto(this);
-        this.updater = new ArchiverDataStoreUpdater(this.store, l2TipsCache, {
+        this.updater = new ArchiverDataStoreUpdater(this.stores, l2TipsCache, {
             rollupManaLimit: l1Constants.rollupManaLimit
         });
         this.tracer = tracer;
@@ -463,6 +470,12 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
     /** Returns the last L1 timestamp that was synced. */ getL1Timestamp() {
         return this.l1Timestamp;
     }
+    getSignatureContext() {
+        return {
+            chainId: this.publicClient.chain.id,
+            rollupAddress: EthAddress.fromString(this.rollup.address)
+        };
+    }
     /** Checks that the ethereum node we are connected to has a latest timestamp no more than the allowed drift. Throw if not. */ async testEthereumNodeSynced() {
         const maxAllowedDelay = this.config.maxAllowedEthClientDriftSeconds;
         if (maxAllowedDelay === 0) {
@@ -477,57 +490,52 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         }
     }
     async syncFromL1(initialSyncComplete) {
+        // In between the various calls to L1, the block number can move meaning some of the following
+        // calls will return data for blocks that were not present during earlier calls. To combat this
+        // we ensure that all data retrieval methods only retrieve data up to the currentBlockNumber
+        // captured at the top of this function.
         const currentL1Block = await this.publicClient.getBlock({
             includeTransactions: false
         });
         const currentL1BlockNumber = currentL1Block.number;
         const currentL1BlockHash = Buffer32.fromString(currentL1Block.hash);
         const currentL1Timestamp = currentL1Block.timestamp;
+        const currentL1BlockData = {
+            l1BlockNumber: currentL1BlockNumber,
+            l1BlockHash: currentL1BlockHash
+        };
         if (this.l1BlockHash && currentL1BlockHash.equals(this.l1BlockHash)) {
             this.log.trace(`No new L1 blocks since last sync at L1 block ${this.l1BlockNumber}`);
             return;
         }
-        // Warn if the latest L1 block timestamp is too old
+        // Log at error if the latest L1 block timestamp is too old
         const maxAllowedDelay = this.config.maxAllowedEthClientDriftSeconds;
         const now = this.dateProvider.nowInSeconds();
         if (maxAllowedDelay > 0 && Number(currentL1Timestamp) <= now - maxAllowedDelay) {
-            this.log.warn(`Latest L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber} timestamp ${currentL1Timestamp} is too old. Make sure your Ethereum node is synced.`, {
+            this.log.error(`Latest L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber} timestamp ${currentL1Timestamp} is too old. Make sure your Ethereum node is synced.`, {
                 currentL1BlockNumber,
                 currentL1Timestamp,
                 now,
                 maxAllowedDelay
             });
         }
-        // Load sync point for blocks and messages defaulting to start block
-        const { blocksSynchedTo = this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock, messagesSynchedTo = {
-            l1BlockNumber: this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock,
-            l1BlockHash: this.l1Constants.l1StartBlockHash
-        } } = await this.store.getSynchPoint();
+        // Query finalized block on L1
+        const rawFinalizedL1Block = await getFinalizedL1Block(this.publicClient);
+        const finalizedL1Block = rawFinalizedL1Block && {
+            l1BlockNumber: rawFinalizedL1Block.number,
+            l1BlockHash: Buffer32.fromString(rawFinalizedL1Block.hash)
+        };
+        // Load sync point for blocks defaulting to start block
+        const { blocksSynchedTo = this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock } = await getArchiverSynchPoint(this.stores);
         this.log.debug(`Starting new archiver sync iteration`, {
             blocksSynchedTo,
-            messagesSynchedTo,
-            currentL1BlockNumber,
-            currentL1BlockHash
+            currentL1BlockData,
+            finalizedL1Block
         });
-        // ********** Ensuring Consistency of data pulled from L1 **********
-        /**
-     * There are a number of calls in this sync operation to L1 for retrieving
-     * events and transaction data. There are a couple of things we need to bear in mind
-     * to ensure that data is read exactly once.
-     *
-     * The first is the problem of eventually consistent ETH service providers like Infura.
-     * Each L1 read operation will query data from the last L1 block that it saw emit its kind of data.
-     * (so pending L1 to L2 messages will read from the last L1 block that emitted a message and so  on)
-     * This will mean the archiver will lag behind L1 and will only advance when there's L2-relevant activity on the chain.
-     *
-     * The second is that in between the various calls to L1, the block number can move meaning some
-     * of the following calls will return data for blocks that were not present during earlier calls.
-     * To combat this for the time being we simply ensure that all data retrieval methods only retrieve
-     * data up to the currentBlockNumber captured at the top of this function. We might want to improve on this
-     * in future but for the time being it should give us the guarantees that we need
-     */ // ********** Events that are processed per L1 block **********
-        await this.handleL1ToL2Messages(messagesSynchedTo, currentL1BlockNumber);
-        // ********** Events that are processed per checkpoint **********
+        // Sync L1 to L2 messages. We retry this a few times since there are error conditions that reset the sync point, requiring a new iteration.
+        // Note that we cannot just wait for the l1 synchronizer to loop again, since the synchronizer would report as synced up to the current L1
+        // block, when that wouldn't be the case, since L1 to L2 messages would need another iteration.
+        await retryTimes(()=>this.handleL1ToL2Messages(currentL1BlockData, finalizedL1Block), 'Handling L1 to L2 messages', 3, 0.1);
         if (currentL1BlockNumber > blocksSynchedTo) {
             // First we retrieve new checkpoints and L2 blocks and store them in the DB. This will also update the
             // pending chain validation status, proven checkpoint number, and synched L1 block number.
@@ -540,23 +548,16 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             // the chain locally before we start unwinding stuff. This can be optimized by figuring out
             // up to which point we're pruning, and then requesting checkpoints up to that point only.
             const { rollupCanPrune } = await this.handleEpochPrune(rollupStatus.provenCheckpointNumber, currentL1BlockNumber, currentL1Timestamp);
-            // If the last checkpoint we processed had an invalid attestation, we manually advance the L1 syncpoint
-            // past it, since otherwise we'll keep downloading it and reprocessing it on every iteration until
-            // we get a valid checkpoint to advance the syncpoint.
-            if (!rollupStatus.validationResult?.valid && rollupStatus.lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint !== undefined) {
-                await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(rollupStatus.lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint);
-            }
             // And lastly we check if we are missing any checkpoints behind us due to a possible L1 reorg.
             // We only do this if rollup cant prune on the next submission. Otherwise we will end up
-            // re-syncing the checkpoints we have just unwound above. We also dont do this if the last checkpoint is invalid,
-            // since the archiver will rightfully refuse to sync up to it.
-            if (!rollupCanPrune && rollupStatus.validationResult?.valid) {
+            // re-syncing the checkpoints we have just unwound above.
+            if (!rollupCanPrune) {
                 await this.checkForNewCheckpointsBeforeL1SyncPoint(rollupStatus, blocksSynchedTo, currentL1BlockNumber);
             }
             this.instrumentation.updateL1BlockHeight(currentL1BlockNumber);
         }
         // Update the finalized L2 checkpoint based on L1 finality.
-        await this.updateFinalizedCheckpoint();
+        await this.updateFinalizedCheckpoint(finalizedL1Block);
         // After syncing has completed, update the current l1 block number and timestamp,
         // otherwise we risk announcing to the world that we've synced to a given point,
         // but the corresponding blocks have not been processed (see #12631).
@@ -570,24 +571,21 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             l1BlockNumberAtEnd
         });
     }
-    /** Query L1 for its finalized block and update the finalized checkpoint accordingly. */ async updateFinalizedCheckpoint() {
+    /** Updates the finalized checkpoint using the pre-fetched finalized L1 block from the current sync iteration. */ async updateFinalizedCheckpoint(finalizedL1Block) {
         try {
-            const finalizedL1Block = await this.publicClient.getBlock({
-                blockTag: 'finalized',
-                includeTransactions: false
-            });
-            const finalizedL1BlockNumber = finalizedL1Block.number;
+            if (!finalizedL1Block) {
+                this.log.trace(`Skipping finalized checkpoint update: L1 has no finalized block yet.`);
+                return;
+            }
+            const finalizedL1BlockNumber = finalizedL1Block.l1BlockNumber;
             const finalizedCheckpointNumber = await this.rollup.getProvenCheckpointNumber({
                 blockNumber: finalizedL1BlockNumber
             });
-            const localFinalizedCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getFinalizedCheckpointNumber();
+            const localFinalizedCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getFinalizedCheckpointNumber();
             if (localFinalizedCheckpointNumber !== finalizedCheckpointNumber) {
                 await this.updater.setFinalizedCheckpointNumber(finalizedCheckpointNumber);
-                const finalizedL2BlockNumber = await this.store.getFinalizedL2BlockNumber();
-                this.log.info(`Updated finalized chain to checkpoint ${finalizedCheckpointNumber} (L2 block ${finalizedL2BlockNumber})`, {
+                this.log.info(`Updated finalized chain to checkpoint ${finalizedCheckpointNumber}`, {
                     finalizedCheckpointNumber,
-                    previousFinalizedCheckpointNumber: localFinalizedCheckpointNumber,
-                    finalizedL2BlockNumber,
                     finalizedL1BlockNumber
                 });
             }
@@ -600,34 +598,38 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
     }
     /** Prune all proposed local blocks that should have been checkpointed by now. */ async pruneUncheckpointedBlocks(currentL1Timestamp) {
         const [lastCheckpointedBlockNumber, lastProposedBlockNumber] = await Promise.all([
-            this.store.getCheckpointedL2BlockNumber(),
-            this.store.getLatestBlockNumber()
+            this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointedL2BlockNumber(),
+            this.stores.blocks.getLatestL2BlockNumber()
         ]);
         // If there are no uncheckpointed blocks, we got nothing to do
         if (lastProposedBlockNumber === lastCheckpointedBlockNumber) {
             this.log.trace(`No uncheckpointed blocks to prune.`);
             return;
         }
-        // What's the slot of the first uncheckpointed block?
-        const firstUncheckpointedBlockNumber = BlockNumber(lastCheckpointedBlockNumber + 1);
-        const [firstUncheckpointedBlockHeader] = await this.store.getBlockHeaders(firstUncheckpointedBlockNumber, 1);
-        const firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot = firstUncheckpointedBlockHeader?.getSlot();
         // What's the slot at the next L1 block? All blocks for slots strictly before this one should've been checkpointed by now.
         const slotAtNextL1Block = getSlotAtNextL1Block(currentL1Timestamp, this.l1Constants);
-        // Prune provisional blocks from slots that have ended without being checkpointed
-        if (firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot !== undefined && firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot < slotAtNextL1Block) {
-            this.log.warn(`Pruning blocks after block ${lastCheckpointedBlockNumber} due to slot ${firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot} not being checkpointed`, {
-                firstUncheckpointedBlockHeader: firstUncheckpointedBlockHeader.toInspect(),
-                slotAtNextL1Block
+        const firstUncheckpointedBlockNumber = BlockNumber(lastCheckpointedBlockNumber + 1);
+        // What's the slot of the first uncheckpointed block?
+        const firstUncheckpointedBlockData = await this.stores.blocks.getBlockData({
+            number: firstUncheckpointedBlockNumber
+        });
+        const firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot = firstUncheckpointedBlockData?.header.getSlot();
+        if (firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot === undefined || firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot >= slotAtNextL1Block) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Prune provisional blocks from slots that have ended without being checkpointed.
+        // This also clears any proposed checkpoint whose blocks are being pruned.
+        this.log.warn(`Pruning blocks after block ${lastCheckpointedBlockNumber} due to slot ${firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot} not being checkpointed`, {
+            firstUncheckpointedBlockHeader: firstUncheckpointedBlockData?.header.toInspect(),
+            slotAtNextL1Block
+        });
+        const prunedBlocks = await this.updater.removeUncheckpointedBlocksAfter(lastCheckpointedBlockNumber);
+        if (prunedBlocks.length > 0) {
+            this.events.emit(L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUncheckpointed, {
+                type: L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUncheckpointed,
+                slotNumber: firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot,
+                blocks: prunedBlocks
             });
-            const prunedBlocks = await this.updater.removeUncheckpointedBlocksAfter(lastCheckpointedBlockNumber);
-            if (prunedBlocks.length > 0) {
-                this.events.emit(L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUncheckpointed, {
-                    type: L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUncheckpointed,
-                    slotNumber: firstUncheckpointedBlockSlot,
-                    blocks: prunedBlocks
-                });
-            }
         }
     }
     /** Queries the rollup contract on whether a prune can be executed on the immediate next L1 block. */ async canPrune(currentL1BlockNumber, currentL1Timestamp) {
@@ -646,7 +648,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
     }
     /** Checks if there'd be a reorg for the next checkpoint submission and start pruning now. */ async handleEpochPrune(provenCheckpointNumber, currentL1BlockNumber, currentL1Timestamp) {
         const rollupCanPrune = await this.canPrune(currentL1BlockNumber, currentL1Timestamp);
-        const localPendingCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber();
+        const localPendingCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
         const canPrune = localPendingCheckpointNumber > provenCheckpointNumber && rollupCanPrune;
         if (canPrune) {
             const timer = new Timer();
@@ -658,12 +660,14 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             const pruneFromSlotNumber = header.slotNumber;
             const pruneFromEpochNumber = getEpochAtSlot(pruneFromSlotNumber, this.l1Constants);
             const checkpointsToUnwind = localPendingCheckpointNumber - provenCheckpointNumber;
-            const checkpointPromises = Array.from({
+            // Fetch checkpoints and blocks in bounded batches to avoid unbounded concurrent
+            // promises when the gap between local pending and proven checkpoint numbers is large.
+            const BATCH_SIZE = 10;
+            const indices = Array.from({
                 length: checkpointsToUnwind
-            }).fill(0).map((_, i)=>this.store.getCheckpointData(CheckpointNumber(i + pruneFrom)));
-            const checkpoints = await Promise.all(checkpointPromises);
-            const blockPromises = await Promise.all(checkpoints.filter(isDefined).map((cp)=>this.store.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(cp.checkpointNumber))));
-            const newBlocks = blockPromises.filter(isDefined).flat();
+            }, (_, i)=>CheckpointNumber(i + pruneFrom));
+            const checkpoints = (await asyncPool(BATCH_SIZE, indices, (idx)=>this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(idx))).filter(isDefined);
+            const newBlocks = (await asyncPool(BATCH_SIZE, checkpoints, (cp)=>this.stores.blocks.getBlocksForCheckpoint(CheckpointNumber(cp.checkpointNumber)))).filter(isDefined).flat();
             // Emit an event for listening services to react to the chain prune
             this.events.emit(L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUnproven, {
                 type: L2BlockSourceEvents.L2PruneUnproven,
@@ -672,11 +676,11 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             });
             this.log.debug(`L2 prune from ${provenCheckpointNumber + 1} to ${localPendingCheckpointNumber} will occur on next checkpoint submission.`);
             await this.updater.removeCheckpointsAfter(provenCheckpointNumber);
-            this.log.warn(`Removed ${count(checkpointsToUnwind, 'checkpoint')} after checkpoint ${provenCheckpointNumber} ` + `due to predicted reorg at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}. ` + `Updated latest checkpoint is ${await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()}.`);
+            this.log.warn(`Removed ${count(checkpointsToUnwind, 'checkpoint')} after checkpoint ${provenCheckpointNumber} ` + `due to predicted reorg at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}. ` + `Updated latest checkpoint is ${await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber()}.`);
             this.instrumentation.processPrune(timer.ms());
         // TODO(palla/reorg): Do we need to set the block synched L1 block number here?
         // Seems like the next iteration should handle this.
-        // await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
+        // await this.stores.blocks.setSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
         }
         return {
             rollupCanPrune
@@ -697,59 +701,79 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             nextEnd
         ];
     }
-    async handleL1ToL2Messages(messagesSyncPoint, currentL1BlockNumber) {
-        this.log.trace(`Handling L1 to L2 messages from ${messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber} to ${currentL1BlockNumber}.`);
-        if (currentL1BlockNumber <= messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber) {
-            return;
+    async handleL1ToL2Messages(currentL1Block, finalizedL1Block) {
+        // Load the syncpoint, which may have been updated in a previous iteration
+        const { messagesSynchedTo = {
+            l1BlockNumber: this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock,
+            l1BlockHash: this.l1Constants.l1StartBlockHash
+        } } = await getArchiverSynchPoint(this.stores);
+        // Nothing to do if L1 block number has not moved forward
+        const currentL1BlockNumber = currentL1Block.l1BlockNumber;
+        if (currentL1BlockNumber <= messagesSynchedTo.l1BlockNumber) {
+            return true;
         }
-        // Load remote and local inbox states.
-        const localMessagesInserted = await this.store.getTotalL1ToL2MessageCount();
-        const localLastMessage = await this.store.getLastL1ToL2Message();
+        // Compare local message store state with the remote. If they match, we just advance the match pointer.
         const remoteMessagesState = await this.inbox.getState({
             blockNumber: currentL1BlockNumber
         });
-        this.log.trace(`Retrieved remote inbox state at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}.`, {
-            localMessagesInserted,
-            localLastMessage,
-            remoteMessagesState
-        });
-        // Compare message count and rolling hash. If they match, no need to retrieve anything.
-        if (remoteMessagesState.totalMessagesInserted === localMessagesInserted && remoteMessagesState.messagesRollingHash.equals(localLastMessage?.rollingHash ?? Buffer32.ZERO)) {
-            this.log.trace(`No L1 to L2 messages to query between L1 blocks ${messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber} and ${currentL1BlockNumber}.`);
-            return;
+        const localLastMessage = await this.stores.messages.getLastMessage();
+        if (await this.localStateMatches(localLastMessage, remoteMessagesState)) {
+            this.log.trace(`Local L1 to L2 messages are already in sync with remote at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}`);
+            await this.stores.messages.setMessageSyncState(currentL1Block, remoteMessagesState.treeInProgress, finalizedL1Block);
+            return true;
         }
-        // Check if our syncpoint is still valid. If not, there was an L1 reorg and we need to re-retrieve messages.
-        // Note that we need to fetch it from logs and not from inbox state at the syncpoint l1 block number, since it
-        // could be older than 128 blocks and non-archive nodes cannot resolve it.
-        if (localLastMessage) {
-            const remoteLastMessage = await this.retrieveL1ToL2Message(localLastMessage.leaf);
-            this.log.trace(`Retrieved remote message for local last`, {
-                remoteLastMessage,
-                localLastMessage
-            });
-            if (!remoteLastMessage || !remoteLastMessage.rollingHash.equals(localLastMessage.rollingHash)) {
-                this.log.warn(`Rolling back L1 to L2 messages due to hash mismatch or msg not found.`, {
-                    remoteLastMessage,
-                    messagesSyncPoint,
-                    localLastMessage
-                });
-                messagesSyncPoint = await this.rollbackL1ToL2Messages(localLastMessage, messagesSyncPoint);
-                this.log.debug(`Rolled back L1 to L2 messages to L1 block ${messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber}.`, {
-                    messagesSyncPoint
+        // If not, then we are out of sync. Most likely there are new messages on the inbox, so we try retrieving them.
+        // However, it could also be the case that there was an L1 reorg and our syncpoint is no longer valid.
+        // If that's the case, we'd get an exception out of the message store since the rolling hash of the first message
+        // we try to insert would not match the one in the db, in which case we rollback to the last common message with L1.
+        try {
+            await this.retrieveAndStoreMessages(messagesSynchedTo.l1BlockNumber, currentL1BlockNumber);
+        } catch (error) {
+            if (isErrorClass(error, MessageStoreError)) {
+                this.log.warn(`Failed to store L1 to L2 messages retrieved from L1: ${error.message}. Rolling back syncpoint to retry.`, {
+                    inboxMessage: error.inboxMessage
                 });
+                await this.rollbackL1ToL2Messages(remoteMessagesState);
+                return false;
             }
+            throw error;
+        }
+        // Note that, if there are no new messages to insert, but there was an L1 reorg that pruned out last messages,
+        // we'd notice by comparing our local state with the remote one again, and seeing they don't match even after
+        // our sync attempt. In this case, we also rollback our syncpoint, and trigger a retry.
+        const localLastMessageAfterSync = await this.stores.messages.getLastMessage();
+        if (!await this.localStateMatches(localLastMessageAfterSync, remoteMessagesState)) {
+            this.log.warn(`Local L1 to L2 messages state does not match remote after sync attempt. Rolling back syncpoint to retry.`, {
+                localLastMessageAfterSync,
+                remoteMessagesState
+            });
+            await this.rollbackL1ToL2Messages(remoteMessagesState);
+            return false;
         }
-        // Retrieve and save messages in batches. Each batch is estimated to acommodate up to L2 'blockBatchSize' blocks,
+        // Advance the syncpoint after a successful sync
+        await this.stores.messages.setMessageSyncState(currentL1Block, remoteMessagesState.treeInProgress, finalizedL1Block);
+        return true;
+    }
+    /** Checks if the local rolling hash and message count matches the remote state */ async localStateMatches(localLastMessage, remoteState) {
+        const localMessageCount = await this.stores.messages.getTotalL1ToL2MessageCount();
+        this.log.trace(`Comparing local and remote inbox state`, {
+            localMessageCount,
+            localLastMessage,
+            remoteState
+        });
+        return remoteState.totalMessagesInserted === localMessageCount && remoteState.messagesRollingHash.equals(localLastMessage?.rollingHash ?? Buffer16.ZERO);
+    }
+    /** Retrieves L1 to L2 messages from L1 in batches and stores them. */ async retrieveAndStoreMessages(fromL1Block, toL1Block) {
         let searchStartBlock = 0n;
-        let searchEndBlock = messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber;
+        let searchEndBlock = fromL1Block;
         let lastMessage;
         let messageCount = 0;
         do {
-            [searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock] = this.nextRange(searchEndBlock, currentL1BlockNumber);
+            [searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock] = this.nextRange(searchEndBlock, toL1Block);
             this.log.trace(`Retrieving L1 to L2 messages in L1 blocks ${searchStartBlock}-${searchEndBlock}`);
             const messages = await retrieveL1ToL2Messages(this.inbox, searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock);
             const timer = new Timer();
-            await this.store.addL1ToL2Messages(messages);
+            await this.stores.messages.addL1ToL2Messages(messages);
             const perMsg = timer.ms() / messages.length;
             this.instrumentation.processNewMessages(messages.length, perMsg);
             for (const msg of messages){
@@ -760,74 +784,94 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                 lastMessage = msg;
                 messageCount++;
             }
-        }while (searchEndBlock < currentL1BlockNumber)
-        // Log stats for messages retrieved (if any).
+        }while (searchEndBlock < toL1Block)
         if (messageCount > 0) {
             this.log.info(`Retrieved ${messageCount} new L1 to L2 messages up to message with index ${lastMessage?.index} for checkpoint ${lastMessage?.checkpointNumber}`, {
                 lastMessage,
                 messageCount
             });
         }
-        // Warn if the resulting rolling hash does not match the remote state we had retrieved.
-        if (lastMessage && !lastMessage.rollingHash.equals(remoteMessagesState.messagesRollingHash)) {
-            this.log.warn(`Last message retrieved rolling hash does not match remote state.`, {
-                lastMessage,
-                remoteMessagesState
-            });
-        }
     }
-    async retrieveL1ToL2Message(leaf) {
-        const currentL1BlockNumber = await this.publicClient.getBlockNumber();
-        let searchStartBlock = 0n;
-        let searchEndBlock = this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock - 1n;
-        do {
-            [searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock] = this.nextRange(searchEndBlock, currentL1BlockNumber);
-            const message = await retrieveL1ToL2Message(this.inbox, leaf, searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock);
-            if (message) {
-                return message;
-            }
-        }while (searchEndBlock < currentL1BlockNumber)
-        return undefined;
-    }
-    async rollbackL1ToL2Messages(localLastMessage, messagesSyncPoint) {
-        // Slowly go back through our messages until we find the last common message.
-        // We could query the logs in batch as an optimization, but the depth of the reorg should not be deep, and this
-        // is a very rare case, so it's fine to query one log at a time.
+    /**
+   * Rolls back local L1 to L2 messages to the last common message with L1, and updates the syncpoint to the L1 block of that message.
+   * If no common message is found, rolls back all messages and sets the syncpoint to the start block.
+   */ async rollbackL1ToL2Messages(remoteMessagesState) {
+        const { treeInProgress: remoteTreeInProgress, messagesRollingHash: remoteRollingHash } = remoteMessagesState;
+        const messagesFinalizedL1Block = await this.stores.messages.getMessagesFinalizedL1Block();
+        const finalizedL1BlockNumber = messagesFinalizedL1Block?.l1BlockNumber;
+        // Slowly go back through our messages until we find the last common message. We could query the logs in
+        // batch as an optimization, but the depth of the reorg should not be deep, and this is a very rare case,
+        // so it's fine to query one log at a time.
         let commonMsg;
-        this.log.verbose(`Searching most recent common L1 to L2 message at or before index ${localLastMessage.index}`);
-        for await (const msg of this.store.iterateL1ToL2Messages({
-            reverse: true,
-            end: localLastMessage.index
+        let messagesToDelete = 0;
+        this.log.verbose(`Searching most recent common L1 to L2 message`);
+        for await (const localMsg of this.stores.messages.iterateL1ToL2Messages({
+            reverse: true
         })){
-            const remoteMsg = await this.retrieveL1ToL2Message(msg.leaf);
             const logCtx = {
-                remoteMsg,
-                localMsg: msg
+                remoteMsg: undefined,
+                localMsg,
+                remoteMessagesState
             };
-            if (remoteMsg && remoteMsg.rollingHash.equals(msg.rollingHash)) {
-                this.log.verbose(`Found most recent common L1 to L2 message at index ${msg.index} on L1 block ${msg.l1BlockNumber}`, logCtx);
+            // First check if the local message rolling hash matches the current rolling hash of the inbox contract,
+            // which means we just need to rollback some local messages and we should be back in sync. This means there
+            // was an L1 reorg that removed some of the messages we had, but no new messages were added compared.
+            if (localMsg.rollingHash.equals(remoteRollingHash)) {
+                this.log.info(`Found common L1 to L2 message at index ${localMsg.index} on L1 block ${localMsg.l1BlockNumber} matching current remote state`, logCtx);
+                commonMsg = localMsg;
+                break;
+            }
+            // Messages at or below the finalized L1 block cannot have been reorged — accept as common without querying L1.
+            if (finalizedL1BlockNumber !== undefined && localMsg.l1BlockNumber <= finalizedL1BlockNumber) {
+                this.log.info(`Found common L1 to L2 message at finalized L1 block ${localMsg.l1BlockNumber}`, logCtx);
+                commonMsg = localMsg;
+                break;
+            }
+            // If there's no match with the current remote state, check if the message exists on the inbox contract at all
+            // by looking at the inbox events. If the L1 reorg *added* new messages in addition to deleting existing ones,
+            // then the current remote state's rolling hash will not match anything we have locally, so we need to check existence
+            // of individual messages via logs. Note we use logs and not historical queries so we don't have to depend on
+            // an archival rpc node, since the message could be from a long time ago if we're catching up with syncing.
+            const remoteMsg = await retrieveL1ToL2Message(this.inbox, localMsg);
+            logCtx.remoteMsg = remoteMsg;
+            if (remoteMsg && remoteMsg.rollingHash.equals(localMsg.rollingHash)) {
+                this.log.info(`Found most recent common L1 to L2 message at index ${localMsg.index} on L1 block ${localMsg.l1BlockNumber}`, logCtx);
                 commonMsg = remoteMsg;
                 break;
             } else if (remoteMsg) {
-                this.log.debug(`Local L1 to L2 message with index ${msg.index} has different rolling hash`, logCtx);
+                this.log.debug(`Local L1 to L2 message with index ${localMsg.index} has different rolling hash`, logCtx);
+                messagesToDelete++;
             } else {
-                this.log.debug(`Local L1 to L2 message with index ${msg.index} not found on L1`, logCtx);
+                this.log.debug(`Local L1 to L2 message with index ${localMsg.index} not found on L1`, logCtx);
+                messagesToDelete++;
             }
         }
-        // Delete everything after the common message we found.
-        const lastGoodIndex = commonMsg?.index;
-        this.log.warn(`Deleting all local L1 to L2 messages after index ${lastGoodIndex ?? 'undefined'}`);
-        await this.store.removeL1ToL2Messages(lastGoodIndex !== undefined ? lastGoodIndex + 1n : 0n);
+        // Delete everything after the common message we found, if anything needs to be deleted.
+        // Do not exit early if there are no messages to delete, we still want to update the syncpoint.
+        if (messagesToDelete > 0) {
+            const lastGoodIndex = commonMsg?.index;
+            this.log.warn(`Rolling back all local L1 to L2 messages after index ${lastGoodIndex ?? 'initial'}`);
+            await this.stores.messages.removeL1ToL2Messages(lastGoodIndex !== undefined ? lastGoodIndex + 1n : 0n);
+        }
         // Update the syncpoint so the loop below reprocesses the changed messages. We go to the block before
         // the last common one, so we force reprocessing it, in case new messages were added on that same L1 block
-        // after the last common message.
-        const syncPointL1BlockNumber = commonMsg ? commonMsg.l1BlockNumber - 1n : this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock;
-        const syncPointL1BlockHash = await this.getL1BlockHash(syncPointL1BlockNumber);
-        messagesSyncPoint = {
+        // after the last common message. Cap at the finalized L1 block: messages at or below finalized cannot
+        // have been reorged, so there is no need to walk back any further than that.
+        const syncPointL1BlockNumber = maxBigint(...compactArray([
+            commonMsg ? commonMsg.l1BlockNumber - 1n : undefined,
+            finalizedL1BlockNumber,
+            this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock
+        ]));
+        const syncPointL1BlockHash = syncPointL1BlockNumber === finalizedL1BlockNumber ? messagesFinalizedL1Block.l1BlockHash : await this.getL1BlockHash(syncPointL1BlockNumber);
+        const messagesSyncPoint = {
             l1BlockNumber: syncPointL1BlockNumber,
             l1BlockHash: syncPointL1BlockHash
         };
-        await this.store.setMessageSynchedL1Block(messagesSyncPoint);
+        await this.stores.messages.setMessageSyncState(messagesSyncPoint, remoteTreeInProgress);
+        this.log.verbose(`Updated messages syncpoint to L1 block ${messagesSyncPoint.l1BlockNumber}`, {
+            ...messagesSyncPoint,
+            remoteTreeInProgress
+        });
         return messagesSyncPoint;
     }
     async getL1BlockHash(l1BlockNumber) {
@@ -841,8 +885,8 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         return Buffer32.fromString(block.hash);
     }
     async handleCheckpoints(blocksSynchedTo, currentL1BlockNumber, initialSyncComplete) {
-        const localPendingCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber();
-        const initialValidationResult = await this.store.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
+        const localPendingCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
+        const initialValidationResult = await this.stores.blocks.getPendingChainValidationStatus();
         const { provenCheckpointNumber, provenArchive, pendingCheckpointNumber, pendingArchive, archiveOfMyCheckpoint: archiveForLocalPendingCheckpointNumber } = await execInSpan(this.tracer, 'Archiver.getRollupStatus', ()=>this.rollup.status(localPendingCheckpointNumber, {
                 blockNumber: currentL1BlockNumber
             }));
@@ -865,7 +909,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             // we need to set it to zero. This is an edge case because we dont have a checkpoint zero (initial checkpoint is one),
             // so localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber would not be found below.
             if (provenCheckpointNumber === 0) {
-                const localProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getProvenCheckpointNumber();
+                const localProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getProvenCheckpointNumber();
                 if (localProvenCheckpointNumber !== provenCheckpointNumber) {
                     await this.updater.setProvenCheckpointNumber(provenCheckpointNumber);
                     this.log.info(`Rolled back proven chain to checkpoint ${provenCheckpointNumber}`, {
@@ -873,16 +917,16 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                     });
                 }
             }
-            const localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getCheckpointData(provenCheckpointNumber);
+            const localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(provenCheckpointNumber);
             // Sanity check. I've hit what seems to be a state where the proven checkpoint is set to a value greater than the latest
             // synched checkpoint when requesting L2Tips from the archiver. This is the only place where the proven checkpoint is set.
-            const synched = await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber();
+            const synched = await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber();
             if (localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber && synched < localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber.checkpointNumber) {
                 this.log.error(`Hit local checkpoint greater than last synched checkpoint: ${localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber.checkpointNumber} > ${synched}`);
             }
             this.log.trace(`Local checkpoint for remote proven checkpoint ${provenCheckpointNumber} is ${localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber?.archive.root.toString() ?? 'undefined'}`);
             if (localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber && provenArchive.equals(localCheckpointForDestinationProvenCheckpointNumber.archive.root)) {
-                const localProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.store.getProvenCheckpointNumber();
+                const localProvenCheckpointNumber = await this.stores.blocks.getProvenCheckpointNumber();
                 if (localProvenCheckpointNumber !== provenCheckpointNumber) {
                     await this.updater.setProvenCheckpointNumber(provenCheckpointNumber);
                     this.log.info(`Updated proven chain to checkpoint ${provenCheckpointNumber}`, {
@@ -907,7 +951,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         // If we have 0 checkpoints locally and there are no checkpoints onchain there is nothing to do.
         const noCheckpoints = localPendingCheckpointNumber === 0 && pendingCheckpointNumber === 0;
         if (noCheckpoints) {
-            await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
+            await this.stores.blocks.setSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
             this.log.debug(`No checkpoints to retrieve from ${blocksSynchedTo + 1n} to ${currentL1BlockNumber}, no checkpoints on chain`);
             return rollupStatus;
         }
@@ -915,7 +959,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         // Related to the L2 reorgs of the pending chain. We are only interested in actually addressing a reorg if there
         // are any state that could be impacted by it. If we have no checkpoints, there is no impact.
         if (localPendingCheckpointNumber > 0) {
-            const localPendingCheckpoint = await this.store.getCheckpointData(localPendingCheckpointNumber);
+            const localPendingCheckpoint = await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(localPendingCheckpointNumber);
             if (localPendingCheckpoint === undefined) {
                 throw new Error(`Missing checkpoint ${localPendingCheckpointNumber}`);
             }
@@ -929,7 +973,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                 // However, in the re-org scenario, our L1 node is temporarily lying to us and we end up potentially missing checkpoints.
                 // We must only set this block number based on actually retrieved logs.
                 // TODO(#8621): Tackle this properly when we handle L1 Re-orgs.
-                // await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
+                // await this.stores.blocks.setSynchedL1BlockNumber(currentL1BlockNumber);
                 this.log.debug(`No checkpoints to retrieve from ${blocksSynchedTo + 1n} to ${currentL1BlockNumber}`);
                 return rollupStatus;
             }
@@ -946,7 +990,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                 });
                 let tipAfterUnwind = localPendingCheckpointNumber;
                 while(true){
-                    const candidateCheckpoint = await this.store.getCheckpointData(tipAfterUnwind);
+                    const candidateCheckpoint = await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(tipAfterUnwind);
                     if (candidateCheckpoint === undefined) {
                         break;
                     }
@@ -962,7 +1006,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                 }
                 const checkpointsToRemove = localPendingCheckpointNumber - tipAfterUnwind;
                 await this.updater.removeCheckpointsAfter(CheckpointNumber(tipAfterUnwind));
-                this.log.warn(`Removed ${count(checkpointsToRemove, 'checkpoint')} after checkpoint ${tipAfterUnwind} ` + `due to mismatched checkpoint hashes at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}. ` + `Updated L2 latest checkpoint is ${await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber()}.`);
+                this.log.warn(`Removed ${count(checkpointsToRemove, 'checkpoint')} after checkpoint ${tipAfterUnwind} ` + `due to mismatched checkpoint hashes at L1 block ${currentL1BlockNumber}. ` + `Updated L2 latest checkpoint is ${await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber()}.`);
             }
         }
         // Retrieve checkpoints in batches. Each batch is estimated to accommodate up to 'blockBatchSize' L1 blocks,
@@ -970,35 +1014,65 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         let searchStartBlock = blocksSynchedTo;
         let searchEndBlock = blocksSynchedTo;
         let lastRetrievedCheckpoint;
-        let lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint = undefined;
+        let lastSeenCheckpoint;
         do {
             [searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock] = this.nextRange(searchEndBlock, currentL1BlockNumber);
             this.log.trace(`Retrieving checkpoints from L1 block ${searchStartBlock} to ${searchEndBlock}`);
-            // TODO(md): Retrieve from blob client then from consensus client, then from peers
-            const retrievedCheckpoints = await execInSpan(this.tracer, 'Archiver.retrieveCheckpointsFromRollup', ()=>retrieveCheckpointsFromRollup(this.rollup, this.publicClient, this.debugClient, this.blobClient, searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock, this.instrumentation, this.log, !initialSyncComplete));
-            if (retrievedCheckpoints.length === 0) {
+            // First fetch calldata only, no blobs yet, since we may be able to just get that data out of the proposed chain
+            const calldataCheckpoints = await execInSpan(this.tracer, 'Archiver.retrieveCheckpointCalldataFromRollup', ()=>retrieveCheckpointCalldataFromRollup(this.rollup, this.publicClient, this.debugClient, searchStartBlock, searchEndBlock, this.instrumentation, this.log));
+            if (calldataCheckpoints.length === 0) {
                 // We are not calling `setBlockSynchedL1BlockNumber` because it may cause sync issues if based off infura.
                 // See further details in earlier comments.
                 this.log.trace(`Retrieved no new checkpoints from L1 block ${searchStartBlock} to ${searchEndBlock}`);
                 continue;
             }
-            this.log.debug(`Retrieved ${retrievedCheckpoints.length} new checkpoints between L1 blocks ${searchStartBlock} and ${searchEndBlock}`, {
-                lastProcessedCheckpoint: retrievedCheckpoints[retrievedCheckpoints.length - 1].l1,
+            this.log.debug(`Retrieved ${calldataCheckpoints.length} new checkpoint calldata between L1 blocks ${searchStartBlock} and ${searchEndBlock}`, {
+                lastProcessedCheckpoint: calldataCheckpoints[calldataCheckpoints.length - 1].l1,
                 searchStartBlock,
                 searchEndBlock
             });
-            const publishedCheckpoints = await Promise.all(retrievedCheckpoints.map((b)=>retrievedToPublishedCheckpoint(b)));
+            // Check if the last checkpoint matches a local pending entry (so we can skip blob fetch).
+            // We only check the last one; if it matches, the blob fetch is skipped for that entry.
+            // TODO(palla/pipelining): We may have more than a single checkpoint to promote
+            const lastCalldataCheckpoint = calldataCheckpoints[calldataCheckpoints.length - 1];
+            const promoteResult = await this.tryBuildPublishedCheckpointFromProposed(lastCalldataCheckpoint);
+            const checkpointToPromote = promoteResult && !('diverged' in promoteResult) ? promoteResult : undefined;
+            const evictProposedFrom = promoteResult && 'diverged' in promoteResult ? promoteResult.fromCheckpointNumber : undefined;
+            // Then fetch blobs in parallel and build the full published checkpoints
+            const toFetchBlobs = checkpointToPromote ? calldataCheckpoints.slice(0, -1) : calldataCheckpoints;
+            const blobFetched = await asyncPool(10, toFetchBlobs, async (checkpoint)=>retrievedToPublishedCheckpoint({
+                    ...checkpoint,
+                    checkpointBlobData: await getCheckpointBlobDataFromBlobs(this.blobClient, checkpoint.l1.blockHash, checkpoint.blobHashes, checkpoint.checkpointNumber, this.log, !initialSyncComplete, checkpoint.parentBeaconBlockRoot, checkpoint.l1.timestamp)
+                }));
+            // And add the promoted checkpoint to the list of all checkpoints
+            const publishedCheckpoints = checkpointToPromote ? [
+                ...blobFetched,
+                checkpointToPromote
+            ] : blobFetched;
             const validCheckpoints = [];
+            // Now loop through all checkpoints and validate their attestations
             for (const published of publishedCheckpoints){
+                // Check the attestations uploaded by the publisher to L1 are correct
+                // Rollup contract does not validate attestations to save on gas, so this
+                // falls on the nodes to verify offchain and skip those checkpoints.
                 const validationResult = this.config.skipValidateCheckpointAttestations ? {
                     valid: true
-                } : await validateCheckpointAttestations(published, this.epochCache, this.l1Constants, this.log);
-                // Only update the validation result if it has changed, so we can keep track of the first invalid checkpoint
+                } : await validateCheckpointAttestations(published, this.epochCache, this.l1Constants, this.getSignatureContext(), this.log);
+                // Also skip the checkpoint if it builds on a previously-rejected ancestor. Without
+                // this, addCheckpoints would throw InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError when the
+                // ancestor was skipped earlier (e.g. due to invalid attestations), the catch handler
+                // would roll back the L1 sync point, and the next iteration would re-fetch and re-throw.
+                const rejectedAncestor = await this.stores.blocks.getRejectedCheckpointByArchiveRoot(published.checkpoint.header.lastArchiveRoot);
+                // Update the validation result if it has changed, so we can keep track of the first invalid checkpoint
                 // in case there is a sequence of more than one invalid checkpoint, as we need to invalidate the first one.
                 // There is an exception though: if a checkpoint is invalidated and replaced with another invalid checkpoint,
                 // we need to update the validation result, since we need to be able to invalidate the new one.
                 // See test 'chain progresses if an invalid checkpoint is invalidated with an invalid one' for more info.
-                if (rollupStatus.validationResult?.valid !== validationResult.valid || !rollupStatus.validationResult.valid && !validationResult.valid && rollupStatus.validationResult.checkpoint.checkpointNumber === validationResult.checkpoint.checkpointNumber) {
+                // Do not update the validation result if there is a rejected ancestor, since in that case we want to keep the
+                // original invalidation, as the new checkpoint is extending from a previous invalid one.
+                const validStatusChanged = rollupStatus.validationResult?.valid !== validationResult.valid;
+                const invalidStatusWithSameCheckpointNumber = !validationResult.valid && rollupStatus.validationResult && !rollupStatus.validationResult.valid && rollupStatus.validationResult.checkpoint.checkpointNumber === validationResult.checkpoint.checkpointNumber;
+                if (!rejectedAncestor && (validStatusChanged || invalidStatusWithSameCheckpointNumber)) {
                     rollupStatus.validationResult = validationResult;
                 }
                 if (!validationResult.valid) {
@@ -1012,12 +1086,52 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                         type: L2BlockSourceEvents.InvalidAttestationsCheckpointDetected,
                         validationResult
                     });
+                    // Persist a rejected-ancestor entry so any later checkpoint that builds on this one
+                    // is detected and skipped (rather than tripping the addCheckpoints consecutive-number
+                    // check and causing the sync point to roll back in a loop).
+                    await this.stores.blocks.addRejectedCheckpoint({
+                        checkpointNumber: published.checkpoint.number,
+                        archiveRoot: published.checkpoint.archive.root,
+                        parentArchiveRoot: published.checkpoint.header.lastArchiveRoot,
+                        slotNumber: published.checkpoint.header.slotNumber,
+                        l1: published.l1,
+                        reason: 'invalid-attestations'
+                    });
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (rejectedAncestor) {
+                    const descendantInfo = published.checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo();
+                    this.log.warn(`Skipping checkpoint ${published.checkpoint.number} as it is a descendant of ` + `rejected checkpoint ${rejectedAncestor.checkpointNumber} (${rejectedAncestor.reason})`, {
+                        checkpointNumber: published.checkpoint.number,
+                        checkpointHash: published.checkpoint.hash(),
+                        l1BlockNumber: published.l1.blockNumber,
+                        l1BlockHash: published.l1.blockHash,
+                        ancestorCheckpointNumber: rejectedAncestor.checkpointNumber,
+                        ancestorArchiveRoot: rejectedAncestor.archiveRoot.toString(),
+                        ancestorReason: rejectedAncestor.reason
+                    });
+                    this.events.emit(L2BlockSourceEvents.DescendentOfInvalidAttestationsCheckpointDetected, {
+                        type: L2BlockSourceEvents.DescendentOfInvalidAttestationsCheckpointDetected,
+                        checkpoint: descendantInfo,
+                        ancestorArchiveRoot: rejectedAncestor.archiveRoot,
+                        ancestorCheckpointNumber: rejectedAncestor.checkpointNumber
+                    });
+                    // Persist this chainpoint as rejected as well, so we can construct a chain of
+                    // skipped checkpoints starting from the first one with invalid attestations.
+                    await this.stores.blocks.addRejectedCheckpoint({
+                        checkpointNumber: published.checkpoint.number,
+                        archiveRoot: published.checkpoint.archive.root,
+                        parentArchiveRoot: published.checkpoint.header.lastArchiveRoot,
+                        slotNumber: published.checkpoint.header.slotNumber,
+                        l1: published.l1,
+                        reason: 'descends-from-invalid-attestations'
+                    });
                     continue;
                 }
                 // Check the inHash of the checkpoint against the l1->l2 messages.
                 // The messages should've been synced up to the currentL1BlockNumber and must be available for the published
                 // checkpoints we just retrieved.
-                const l1ToL2Messages = await this.store.getL1ToL2Messages(published.checkpoint.number);
+                const l1ToL2Messages = await this.stores.messages.getL1ToL2Messages(published.checkpoint.number);
                 const computedInHash = computeInHashFromL1ToL2Messages(l1ToL2Messages);
                 const publishedInHash = published.checkpoint.header.inHash;
                 if (!computedInHash.equals(publishedInHash)) {
@@ -1038,10 +1152,26 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                     blocks: published.checkpoint.blocks.map((b)=>b.getStats())
                 });
             }
+            for (const published of validCheckpoints){
+                this.instrumentation.processCheckpointL1Timing({
+                    slotNumber: published.checkpoint.header.slotNumber,
+                    l1Timestamp: published.l1.timestamp,
+                    l1Constants: this.l1Constants
+                });
+            }
             try {
                 const updatedValidationResult = rollupStatus.validationResult === initialValidationResult ? undefined : rollupStatus.validationResult;
-                const [processDuration, result] = await elapsed(()=>execInSpan(this.tracer, 'Archiver.addCheckpoints', ()=>this.updater.addCheckpoints(validCheckpoints, updatedValidationResult)));
-                this.instrumentation.processNewBlocks(processDuration / validCheckpoints.length, validCheckpoints.flatMap((c)=>c.checkpoint.blocks));
+                // Split valid checkpoints: the promoted one (if any) is persisted via the proposed-promotion path,
+                // the rest via addCheckpoints. Both paths run within the same store transaction for atomicity.
+                const [[maybeValidCheckpointToPromote], checkpointsToAdd] = partition(validCheckpoints, (c)=>c.checkpoint.number === checkpointToPromote?.checkpoint.number);
+                const [processDuration, result] = await elapsed(()=>execInSpan(this.tracer, 'Archiver.addCheckpoints', ()=>this.updater.addCheckpoints(checkpointsToAdd, updatedValidationResult, maybeValidCheckpointToPromote && {
+                            l1: lastCalldataCheckpoint.l1,
+                            attestations: lastCalldataCheckpoint.attestations,
+                            checkpoint: maybeValidCheckpointToPromote
+                        }, evictProposedFrom)));
+                if (validCheckpoints.length > 0) {
+                    this.instrumentation.processNewCheckpointedBlocks(processDuration / validCheckpoints.length, validCheckpoints.flatMap((c)=>c.checkpoint.blocks));
+                }
                 // If blocks were pruned due to conflict with L1 checkpoints, emit event
                 if (result.prunedBlocks && result.prunedBlocks.length > 0) {
                     const prunedCheckpointNumber = result.prunedBlocks[0].checkpointNumber;
@@ -1063,11 +1193,15 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
             } catch (err) {
                 if (err instanceof InitialCheckpointNumberNotSequentialError) {
                     const { previousCheckpointNumber, newCheckpointNumber } = err;
-                    const previousCheckpoint = previousCheckpointNumber ? await this.store.getCheckpointData(CheckpointNumber(previousCheckpointNumber)) : undefined;
-                    const updatedL1SyncPoint = previousCheckpoint?.l1.blockNumber ?? this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock;
-                    await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(updatedL1SyncPoint);
+                    const previousCheckpoint = previousCheckpointNumber ? await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(CheckpointNumber(previousCheckpointNumber)) : undefined;
+                    const lastFinalizedCheckpoint = await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(await this.stores.blocks.getFinalizedCheckpointNumber());
+                    const updatedL1SyncPoint = previousCheckpoint?.l1.blockNumber ?? lastFinalizedCheckpoint?.l1.blockNumber ?? this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock;
+                    await this.stores.blocks.setSynchedL1BlockNumber(updatedL1SyncPoint);
                     this.log.warn(`Attempting to insert checkpoint ${newCheckpointNumber} with previous block ${previousCheckpointNumber}. Rolling back L1 sync point to ${updatedL1SyncPoint} to try and fetch the missing blocks.`, {
                         previousCheckpointNumber,
+                        previousCheckpoint: previousCheckpoint?.header.toInspect(),
+                        lastFinalizedCheckpoint: lastFinalizedCheckpoint?.header.toInspect(),
+                        l1StartBlock: this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock,
                         newCheckpointNumber,
                         updatedL1SyncPoint
                     });
@@ -1086,45 +1220,113 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
                 });
             }
             lastRetrievedCheckpoint = validCheckpoints.at(-1) ?? lastRetrievedCheckpoint;
-            lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint = retrievedCheckpoints.at(-1)?.l1.blockNumber ?? lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint;
+            lastSeenCheckpoint = publishedCheckpoints.at(-1) ?? lastSeenCheckpoint;
         }while (searchEndBlock < currentL1BlockNumber)
         // Important that we update AFTER inserting the blocks.
         await updateProvenCheckpoint();
         return {
             ...rollupStatus,
             lastRetrievedCheckpoint,
-            lastL1BlockWithCheckpoint
+            lastSeenCheckpoint
         };
     }
+    /**
+   * Checks if a specific checkpoint matches a local pending entry, and if so, loads local data to build
+   * a synthetic published checkpoint (skipping blob fetch).
+   *
+   * Returns { diverged: true, fromCheckpointNumber } when the L1 checkpoint does NOT match local pending
+   * data for that number, so the caller can evict the entire pending suffix >= fromCheckpointNumber
+   * (those entries chain off the now-invalid local state) within the same addCheckpoints transaction.
+   */ async tryBuildPublishedCheckpointFromProposed(calldataCheckpoint) {
+        if (this.config.skipPromoteProposedCheckpointDuringL1Sync || !calldataCheckpoint) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        // Look up the specific pending entry for the checkpoint being mined, not just the tip
+        const proposed = await this.stores.blocks.getProposedCheckpointByNumber(calldataCheckpoint.checkpointNumber);
+        if (!proposed) {
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        if (!proposed.header.equals(calldataCheckpoint.header) || !proposed.archive.root.equals(calldataCheckpoint.archiveRoot)) {
+            this.log.warn(`Local proposed checkpoint ${proposed.checkpointNumber} does not match checkpoint retrieved from L1, overriding with L1 data`, {
+                proposedCheckpointNumber: proposed.checkpointNumber,
+                proposedHeader: proposed.header.toInspect(),
+                proposedArchiveRoot: proposed.archive.root.toString(),
+                calldataCheckpointNumber: calldataCheckpoint.checkpointNumber,
+                calldataHeader: calldataCheckpoint.header.toInspect(),
+                calldataArchiveRoot: calldataCheckpoint.archiveRoot.toString()
+            });
+            // Both the locally-proposed checkpoint and the L1-confirmed one are signed by the
+            // slot proposer; emit a divergence event so the slasher can attribute equivocation.
+            // Only emit when the slots match — uncheckpointed entries are pruned above so this
+            // should always hold, but guard defensively to avoid mis-attributing a slash.
+            if (proposed.header.slotNumber === calldataCheckpoint.header.slotNumber) {
+                this.events.emit(L2BlockSourceEvents.CheckpointEquivocationDetected, {
+                    type: L2BlockSourceEvents.CheckpointEquivocationDetected,
+                    slotNumber: calldataCheckpoint.header.slotNumber,
+                    checkpointNumber: calldataCheckpoint.checkpointNumber,
+                    l1ArchiveRoot: calldataCheckpoint.archiveRoot,
+                    proposedArchiveRoot: proposed.archive.root
+                });
+            }
+            // Return a divergence signal so the caller can evict pending >= this number
+            return {
+                diverged: true,
+                fromCheckpointNumber: proposed.checkpointNumber
+            };
+        }
+        this.log.debug(`Building published checkpoint from proposed ${calldataCheckpoint.checkpointNumber} (skipping blob fetch)`, {
+            proposedHeader: proposed.header.toInspect(),
+            proposedArchiveRoot: proposed.archive.root.toString()
+        });
+        const blocks = await this.stores.blocks.getBlocks({
+            from: BlockNumber(proposed.startBlock),
+            limit: proposed.blockCount
+        });
+        if (blocks.length !== proposed.blockCount) {
+            this.log.warn(`Local proposed checkpoint ${proposed.checkpointNumber} has wrong block count (expected ${proposed.blockCount} blocks starting at ${proposed.startBlock} but got ${blocks.length})`, {
+                proposedCheckpointNumber: proposed.checkpointNumber,
+                proposedStartBlock: proposed.startBlock,
+                proposedBlockCount: proposed.blockCount,
+                retrievedBlocks: blocks.map((b)=>b.number)
+            });
+            return undefined;
+        }
+        const checkpoint = Checkpoint.from({
+            archive: proposed.archive,
+            header: proposed.header,
+            blocks,
+            number: proposed.checkpointNumber,
+            feeAssetPriceModifier: proposed.feeAssetPriceModifier
+        });
+        const promotedCheckpoint = PublishedCheckpoint.from({
+            checkpoint,
+            l1: calldataCheckpoint.l1,
+            attestations: calldataCheckpoint.attestations
+        });
+        this.instrumentation.processCheckpointPromoted();
+        return promotedCheckpoint;
+    }
     async checkForNewCheckpointsBeforeL1SyncPoint(status, blocksSynchedTo, currentL1BlockNumber) {
-        const { lastRetrievedCheckpoint, pendingCheckpointNumber } = status;
-        // Compare the last checkpoint we have (either retrieved in this round or loaded from store) with what the
-        // rollup contract told us was the latest one (pinned at the currentL1BlockNumber).
-        const latestLocalCheckpointNumber = lastRetrievedCheckpoint?.checkpoint.number ?? await this.store.getSynchedCheckpointNumber();
+        const { lastSeenCheckpoint, pendingCheckpointNumber } = status;
+        // Compare the last checkpoint (valid or not) we have (either retrieved in this round or loaded from store)
+        // with what the rollup contract told us was the latest one (pinned at the currentL1BlockNumber).
+        const latestLocalCheckpointNumber = lastSeenCheckpoint?.checkpoint.number ?? CheckpointNumber.max(await this.stores.blocks.getLatestCheckpointNumber(), await this.stores.blocks.getLatestRejectedCheckpointNumber()) ?? CheckpointNumber.ZERO;
         if (latestLocalCheckpointNumber < pendingCheckpointNumber) {
             // Here we have consumed all logs until the `currentL1Block` we pinned at the beginning of the archiver loop,
             // but still haven't reached the pending checkpoint according to the call to the rollup contract.
             // We suspect an L1 reorg that added checkpoints *behind* us. If that is the case, it must have happened between
             // the last checkpoint we saw and the current one, so we reset the last synched L1 block number. In the edge case
             // we don't have one, we go back 2 L1 epochs, which is the deepest possible reorg (assuming Casper is working).
-            let latestLocalCheckpointArchive = undefined;
-            let targetL1BlockNumber = maxBigint(currentL1BlockNumber - 64n, 0n);
-            if (lastRetrievedCheckpoint) {
-                latestLocalCheckpointArchive = lastRetrievedCheckpoint.checkpoint.archive.root.toString();
-                targetL1BlockNumber = lastRetrievedCheckpoint.l1.blockNumber;
-            } else if (latestLocalCheckpointNumber > 0) {
-                const checkpoint = await this.store.getRangeOfCheckpoints(latestLocalCheckpointNumber, 1).then(([c])=>c);
-                latestLocalCheckpointArchive = checkpoint.archive.root.toString();
-                targetL1BlockNumber = checkpoint.l1.blockNumber;
-            }
+            const latestLocalCheckpoint = lastSeenCheckpoint ?? await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(latestLocalCheckpointNumber) ?? await this.stores.blocks.getRejectedCheckpointByNumber(latestLocalCheckpointNumber);
+            const targetL1BlockNumber = latestLocalCheckpoint?.l1.blockNumber ?? maxBigint(currentL1BlockNumber - 64n, this.l1Constants.l1StartBlock, 0n);
             this.log.warn(`Failed to reach checkpoint ${pendingCheckpointNumber} at ${currentL1BlockNumber} (latest is ${latestLocalCheckpointNumber}). ` + `Rolling back last synched L1 block number to ${targetL1BlockNumber}.`, {
                 latestLocalCheckpointNumber,
-                latestLocalCheckpointArchive,
+                latestLocalCheckpointL1: latestLocalCheckpoint?.l1,
                 blocksSynchedTo,
                 currentL1BlockNumber,
                 ...status
             });
-            await this.store.setCheckpointSynchedL1BlockNumber(targetL1BlockNumber);
+            await this.stores.blocks.setSynchedL1BlockNumber(targetL1BlockNumber);
         } else {
             this.log.trace(`No new checkpoints behind L1 sync point to retrieve.`, {
                 latestLocalCheckpointNumber,
@@ -1133,7 +1335,7 @@ _dec = trackSpan('Archiver.syncFromL1'), _dec1 = trackSpan('Archiver.handleEpoch
         }
     }
     async getCheckpointHeader(number) {
-        const checkpoint = await this.store.getCheckpointData(number);
+        const checkpoint = await this.stores.blocks.getCheckpointData(number);
         if (!checkpoint) {
             return undefined;
         }