@autobe/agent 0.30.3 → 0.30.4-dev.20260324

package/src/orchestrate/interface/utils/AutoBeJsonSchemaValidator.ts

@@ -1,763 +1,763 @@
-import { AutoBeOpenApi } from "@autobe/interface";
-import { AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker, StringUtil } from "@autobe/utils";
-import { NamingConvention } from "@typia/utils";
-import { IValidation } from "typia";
-
-import { AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory } from "./AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory";
-
-export namespace AutoBeJsonSchemaValidator {
-  export const isObjectType = (props: {
-    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
-    typeName: string;
-  }): boolean =>
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".IAuthorized") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".IRequest") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".ISummary") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".IInvert") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".ICreate") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".IUpdate") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".IJoin") ||
-    props.typeName.endsWith(".ILogin") ||
-    props.operations.some(
-      (op) =>
-        op.requestBody?.typeName === props.typeName ||
-        op.responseBody?.typeName === props.typeName,
-    );
-
-  export const isPage = (key: string): boolean =>
-    key.startsWith("IPage") === true &&
-    key.startsWith("IPage.") === false &&
-    key !== "IPage";
-
-  export const isPreset = (typeName: string): boolean =>
-    AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory.DEFAULT_SCHEMAS[typeName] !== undefined ||
-    AutoBeJsonSchemaValidator.isPage(typeName) === true;
-
-  export interface IProps {
-    errors: IValidation.IError[];
-    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
-    typeName: string;
-    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
-    path: string;
-  }
-
-  export const validateSchema = (props: IProps): void => {
-    const vo = validateObjectType({
-      errors: props.errors,
-      operations: props.operations,
-      path: props.path,
-    });
-    validateAuthorization(props);
-    validateRecursive(props);
-    validateReferenceId(props);
-    validatePropertyNames(props);
-    validateNumericRanges(props);
-    validateEmptyProperties(props);
-
-    vo(props.typeName, props.schema);
-    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
-      schema: props.schema,
-      closure: (next, accessor) => {
-        if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(next) === false) return;
-        const key: string = next.$ref.split("/").pop()!;
-        validateKey({
-          errors: props.errors,
-          path: `${accessor}.$ref`,
-          key,
-          transform: (typeName) => `#/components/schemas/${typeName}`,
-        });
-      },
-      accessor: props.path,
-    });
-  };
-
-  export const validateKey = (props: {
-    errors: IValidation.IError[];
-    key: string;
-    path: string;
-    transform?: (typeName: string) => string;
-  }): void => {
-    const transform = props.transform ?? ((typeName: string) => typeName);
-    const elements: string[] = props.key.split(".");
-    if (elements.length > 2)
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: "At most one dot(.) character allowed in type name",
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          JSON schema type name allows at most one dot(.) character to separate
-          module name and interface name.
-
-          However, current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))}
-          contains multiple dot(.) characters (${elements.length - 1} times).
-
-          Change it to a valid type name with at most one dot(.) character at the next time.
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    if (elements.every(NamingConvention.variable) === false)
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: StringUtil.trim`
-          Valid variable name
-
-          ${elements.map((s) => `- ${s}: ${NamingConvention.variable(s) ? "valid" : "invalid"}`).join("\n")}
-        `,
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          JSON schema type name must be a valid variable name.
-
-          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
-          each segment separated by dot(.) must be a valid variable name.
-
-          Current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} is not valid.
-          Change it to a valid variable name at the next time.
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    if (props.key.endsWith(".IPage")) {
-      const expected: string = `IPage${props.key.substring(0, props.key.length - 6)}`;
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: `"IPage" must be followed by another interface name. Use ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))} instead.`,
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          "IPage" is a reserved type name for pagination response.
-          The pagination data type name must be post-fixed after "IPage".
-          
-          However, you've defined ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))}, 
-          post-fixing ".IPage" after the pagination data type name.
-
-          Change it to a valid pagination type name to be
-          ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))} at the next time. 
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    }
-    if (props.key === "IPageIRequest")
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: `"IPageIRequest" is a mistake. Use "IPage.IRequest" instead.`,
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          You've taken a mistake that defines "${transform("IPageIRequest")}" as a type name.
-          However, as you've intended to define a pagination request type,
-          the correct type name is "${transform("IPage.IRequest")}" instead of "${transform("IPageIRequest")}".
-
-          Change it to "${transform("IPage.IRequest")}" at the next time.
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    if (
-      props.key.startsWith("IPage") &&
-      props.key.startsWith("IPageI") === false &&
-      props.key !== "IPage.IPagination" &&
-      props.key !== "IPage.IRequest"
-    ) {
-      const expected: string = `IPage${props.key
-        .substring(5)
-        .split(".")
-        .map((s) => (s.startsWith("I") ? s : `I${s}`))
-        .join(".")}`;
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: `Interface name starting with 'I' even after 'IPage': ${JSON.stringify(expected)}`,
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          JSON schema type name must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
-          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
-          each segment separated by dot(.) must be an interface name starting
-          with 'I'.
-
-          Even in the case of pagination response, after 'IPage' prefix,
-          the remaining part must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
-
-          Current key name ${JSON.stringify(props.key)} is not valid. Change
-          it to a valid interface name to be  ${JSON.stringify(expected)},
-          or change it to another valid interface name at the next time.
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    }
-    if (elements.some((s) => s.startsWith("I") === false) === true) {
-      const expected: string = elements
-        .map((s) => (s.startsWith("I") ? s : `I${s}`))
-        .join(".");
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: `Interface name starting with 'I': ${JSON.stringify(expected)}`,
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          JSON schema type name must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
-          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
-          each segment separated by dot(.) must be an interface name starting
-          with 'I'.
-
-          Current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} is not valid. 
-          Change it to a valid interface name to be ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))}, 
-          or change it to another valid interface name at the next time.
-
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-    }
-    if (
-      elements.length === 2 &&
-      (elements[1] === "IJoin" ||
-        elements[1] === "ILogin" ||
-        elements[1] === "IAuthorized" ||
-        elements[1] === "IRefresh") &&
-      elements[0].endsWith("Session") === true
-    )
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: JSON.stringify(
-          `${elements[0].replace("Session", "")}.${elements[1]}`,
-        ),
-        value: transform(props.key),
-        description: StringUtil.trim`
-          You have attached ${elements[1]} to a Session type ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))},
-          but this is architecturally incorrect.
-
-          In production authentication systems, Actor and Session are separate concepts:
-          - **Actor** (e.g., User, Seller, Admin): The persistent user identity that performs
-            authentication actions - joining (registering), logging in, and receiving authorized tokens.
-          - **Session** (e.g., UserSession, SellerSession): The temporary authentication state that
-            tracks active login instances. Sessions are CREATED as a result of join/login operations,
-            but they do not perform these actions themselves.
-
-          Think about it semantically: An ACTOR joins the system and logs in. A SESSION is merely
-          a record that gets created when the actor authenticates. It makes no sense for a session
-          to "join" or "login" - only actors do that.
-
-          Therefore, authentication-related DTO types (IJoin, ILogin, IAuthorized, IRefresh) MUST
-          be attached to the Actor type, NEVER to the Session type.
-
-          Change ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} to ${transform(JSON.stringify(`${elements[0].replace("Session", "")}.${elements[1]}`))} at the next time.
-
-          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-        `,
-      });
-  };
-
-  const validateAuthorization = (props: IProps): void => {
-    if (props.typeName.endsWith(".IAuthorized") === true) {
-      if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) {
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: props.path,
-          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive<AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema.IObject>`,
-          value: props.schema,
-          description: `${props.typeName} must be an object type for authorization responses. Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.`,
-        });
-      } else {
-        // Check if token property exists
-        props.schema.properties ??= {};
-        props.schema.properties["token"] = {
-          "x-autobe-specification":
-            "JWT token information for authentication. Server generates this token upon successful login/join.",
-          description: "JWT token information for authentication.",
-          $ref: "#/components/schemas/IAuthorizationToken",
-        } as AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaProperty.IReference;
-
-        props.schema.required ??= [];
-        if (props.schema.required.includes("token") === false)
-          props.schema.required.push("token");
-      }
-    }
-
-    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
-      schema: props.schema,
-      accessor: props.path,
-      closure: (next, accessor) => {
-        if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(next) === false) return;
-        const key: string = next.$ref.split("/").pop()!;
-        if (
-          key.endsWith(".IAuthorized") === false &&
-          key.endsWith(".ILogin") === false &&
-          key.endsWith(".IJoin") === false
-        )
-          return;
-        const candidates: Set<string> = new Set(
-          props.operations
-            .map((op) => [
-              op.requestBody?.typeName.endsWith(key.split(".").pop()!)
-                ? op.requestBody!.typeName
-                : null,
-              op.responseBody?.typeName.endsWith(key.split(".").pop()!)
-                ? op.responseBody!.typeName
-                : null,
-            ])
-            .flat()
-            .filter((v) => v !== null),
-        );
-        if (candidates.has(key) === false)
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: `${accessor}.$ref`,
-            expected: Array.from(candidates)
-              .map((s) => JSON.stringify(`#/components/schemas/${s}`))
-              .join(" | "),
-            value: key,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              You've referenced an authorization-related type ${JSON.stringify(key)}
-              that is not used in any operation's requestBody or responseBody.
-
-              Authorization-related types must be used in at least one operation's
-              requestBody or responseBody. Make sure to use the type appropriately
-              in your API design.
-
-              Existing authorization-related types used in operations are:
-              - ${Array.from(candidates)
-                .map((s) => `#/components/schemas/${s}`)
-                .join("\n- ")}
-
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-      },
-    });
-  };
-
-  const validateRecursive = (props: IProps): void => {
-    const report = (description: string) =>
-      props.errors.push({
-        path: props.path,
-        expected: "Non-infinite recursive schema definition",
-        value: props.schema,
-        description,
-      });
-    if (
-      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(props.schema) &&
-      props.schema.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`
-    )
-      report(StringUtil.trim`
-        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
-
-        \`\`\`typescript
-        type ${props.typeName} = ${props.typeName};
-        \`\`\`
-
-        This is an infinite recursive type definition that cannot exist in any
-        programming language. A type cannot be defined as itself - this creates
-        a circular definition with no base case, making the type impossible to
-        instantiate or validate.
-
-        If you need tree or graph structures, use explicit relationships with
-        ID references (e.g., parentId: string) instead of recursive type definitions.
-        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
-        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-      `);
-    else if (
-      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isArray(props.schema) &&
-      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(props.schema.items) &&
-      props.schema.items.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`
-    )
-      report(StringUtil.trim`
-        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
-
-        \`\`\`typescript
-        type ${props.typeName} = Array<${props.typeName}>;
-        \`\`\`
-
-        This is an infinite recursive array type that cannot exist in any
-        programming language. An array of itself creates a circular definition
-        with no base case, making the type impossible to instantiate or validate.
-
-        If you need nested structures, define explicit depth levels with separate
-        types, or use parent-child relationships with ID references.
-        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
-        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-      `);
-    else if (
-      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isOneOf(props.schema) &&
-      props.schema.oneOf.some(
-        (v) =>
-          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(v) &&
-          v.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`,
-      ) === true
-    )
-      report(StringUtil.trim`
-        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
-
-        \`\`\`typescript
-        type ${props.typeName} = ${props.typeName} | ...;
-        \`\`\`
-
-        This is an infinite recursive union type that cannot exist in any
-        programming language. A union that includes itself as a variant creates
-        a circular definition with no base case, making the type impossible to
-        instantiate or validate.
-
-        If you need polymorphic hierarchies, define separate concrete types for
-        each variant without including the union type itself as a variant.
-        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
-        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-      `);
-    else if (
-      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) &&
-      props.schema.properties &&
-      props.schema.required &&
-      Object.entries(props.schema.properties).some(
-        ([k, v]) =>
-          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(v) &&
-          v.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}` &&
-          (props.schema as AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema.IObject).required.includes(
-            k,
-          ),
-      )
-    )
-      report(StringUtil.trim`
-        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
-
-        \`\`\`typescript
-        interface ${props.typeName} {
-          someProperty: ${props.typeName}; // required, non-nullable
-        }
-        \`\`\`
-
-        This is an infinite recursive object type that cannot exist in any
-        programming language. A required non-nullable property referencing its
-        own type creates a circular definition with no base case, making the
-        type impossible to instantiate.
-
-        To create an instance of ${props.typeName}, you would need an instance of ${props.typeName},
-        which requires another instance of ${props.typeName}, infinitely. This is logically
-        impossible.
-
-        If you need parent-child or graph relationships, make the self-referencing
-        property either nullable or optional, or use ID references (e.g., parentId: string).
-        Remove the required self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
-        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-      `);
-  };
-
-  const validateObjectType = (props: {
-    errors: IValidation.IError[];
-    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
-    path: string;
-  }) => {
-    const root: Set<string> = new Set();
-    for (const o of props.operations) {
-      if (o.requestBody) root.add(o.requestBody.typeName);
-      if (o.responseBody) root.add(o.responseBody.typeName);
-    }
-    return (key: string, schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema): void => {
-      if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(schema) === true) return;
-      if (root.has(key))
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: props.path,
-          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive.IObject`,
-          value: schema,
-          description: StringUtil.trim`
-            Root schema types (used in requestBody or responseBody of operations)
-            must be defined as object types. 
-            
-            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent API design and to facilitate easier data handling.
-            Even though you think that defining a non-object type is more convenient for your specific use case,
-            just follow the rule without any resistance.
-
-            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-
-            If current type is hard to be defined as an object type, just wrap it in an object type like below:
-
-            \`\`\`typescript
-            {
-              value: T;
-            }
-            \`\`\`
-          `,
-        });
-      else if (
-        key.endsWith(".IRequest") ||
-        key.endsWith(".ISummary") ||
-        key.endsWith(".IInvert") ||
-        key.endsWith(".ICreate") ||
-        key.endsWith(".IUpdate") ||
-        key.endsWith(".IJoin") ||
-        key.endsWith(".ILogin") ||
-        key.endsWith(".IAuthorized")
-      )
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: props.path,
-          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive.IObject`,
-          value: schema,
-          description: StringUtil.trim`
-            DTO type of .${key.split(".").pop()} suffix must be defined as an object type.
-
-            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent API design and to facilitate easier data handling.
-            Even though you think that defining a non-object type is more convenient for your specific use case,
-            just follow the rule without any resistance.
-
-            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-
-            If current type is hard to be defined as an object type, just wrap it in an object type like below:
-
-            \`\`\`typescript
-            {
-              value: T;
-            }
-            \`\`\`
-          `,
-        });
-    };
-  };
-
-  const validateReferenceId = (props: {
-    errors: IValidation.IError[];
-    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
-    path: string;
-  }): void => {
-    if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
-    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(props.schema.properties)) {
-      if (key !== "id" && key.endsWith("_id") === false) continue;
-
-      const accessor: string = `${props.path}.properties${
-        NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`
-      }`;
-      const inspect = (schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema): boolean =>
-        AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isString(schema) ||
-        AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isNull(schema) ||
-        (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isOneOf(schema) &&
-          schema.oneOf.every((v) => inspect(v)));
-      if (inspect(value) === false)
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: accessor,
-          expected: StringUtil.trim`
-            | { type: "string"; format: "uuid"; description: string; } 
-            | {
-                oneOf: [
-                  { type: "string"; format: "uuid"; },
-                  { type: "null"; },
-                ];
-                description: string;
-              }`,
-          value,
-          description: StringUtil.trim`
-            Property names "id" or ending with "_id" must be defined as 
-            UUID string type, or nullable UUID string type.
-
-            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent identification of 
-            resources across the API. Even though you think that defining a 
-            different type is more convenient for your specific use case,
-            just follow the rule without any resistance.
-
-            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you 
-            must follow.
-          `,
-        });
-    }
-  };
-
-  const validatePropertyNames = (props: {
-    errors: IValidation.IError[];
-    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
-    path: string;
-  }): void => {
-    if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
-    for (const key of Object.keys(props.schema.properties)) {
-      if (NamingConvention.reserved(key))
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: `${props.path}.properties${NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`}`,
-          expected: `none system reserved word`,
-          value: key,
-          description: StringUtil.trim`
-            Property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} is a system reserved word.
-
-            Avoid using system reserved words as property names to prevent
-            potential conflicts and ensure clarity in your API design.
-
-            Change the property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} to a non-reserved
-            word at the next time.
-
-            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you
-            must follow.
-          `,
-        });
-      else if (NamingConvention.variable(key) === false)
-        props.errors.push({
-          path: `${props.path}.properties${NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`}`,
-          expected: `valid variable name`,
-          value: key,
-          description: StringUtil.trim`
-            Property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} must be a valid variable name.
-
-            Valid variable names start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($),
-            followed by letters, digits, underscores, or dollar signs. They cannot
-            contain spaces or special characters.
-
-            Change the property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} to a valid variable
-            name at the next time.
-
-            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you
-            must follow.
-          `,
-        });
-    }
-  };
-
-  const validateNumericRanges = (props: IProps): void => {
-    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
-      schema: props.schema,
-      accessor: `${props.path}[${JSON.stringify(props.typeName)}]`,
-      closure: (schema, accessor) => {
-        if (
-          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isInteger(schema) === false &&
-          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isNumber(schema) === false
-        )
-          return;
-
-        const { minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum } = schema;
-
-        // Case 1: minimum > maximum
-        if (minimum !== undefined && maximum !== undefined && minimum > maximum)
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "minimum <= maximum",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid numeric range: minimum (${minimum}) is greater than maximum (${maximum}).
-
-              This creates an impossible range where no value can satisfy both constraints.
-              Either increase maximum or decrease minimum to create a valid range.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-
-        // Case 2: exclusiveMinimum >= exclusiveMaximum
-        if (
-          exclusiveMinimum !== undefined &&
-          exclusiveMaximum !== undefined &&
-          exclusiveMinimum >= exclusiveMaximum
-        )
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "exclusiveMinimum < exclusiveMaximum",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid numeric range: exclusiveMinimum (${exclusiveMinimum}) is greater than
-              or equal to exclusiveMaximum (${exclusiveMaximum}).
-
-              This creates an impossible range where no value can satisfy both constraints.
-              Either increase exclusiveMaximum or decrease exclusiveMinimum to create a valid range.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-
-        // Case 3: minimum >= exclusiveMaximum
-        if (
-          minimum !== undefined &&
-          exclusiveMaximum !== undefined &&
-          minimum >= exclusiveMaximum
-        )
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "minimum < exclusiveMaximum",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid numeric range: minimum (${minimum}) is greater than or equal to
-              exclusiveMaximum (${exclusiveMaximum}).
-
-              This creates an impossible range. A value cannot be >= ${minimum} and < ${exclusiveMaximum}
-              at the same time when minimum >= exclusiveMaximum.
-              Either increase exclusiveMaximum or decrease minimum to create a valid range.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-
-        // Case 4: exclusiveMinimum >= maximum
-        if (
-          exclusiveMinimum !== undefined &&
-          maximum !== undefined &&
-          exclusiveMinimum >= maximum
-        )
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "exclusiveMinimum < maximum",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid numeric range: exclusiveMinimum (${exclusiveMinimum}) is greater than
-              or equal to maximum (${maximum}).
-
-              This creates an impossible range. A value cannot be > ${exclusiveMinimum} and <= ${maximum}
-              at the same time when exclusiveMinimum >= maximum.
-              Either increase maximum or decrease exclusiveMinimum to create a valid range.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-
-        // Case 5: minimum === maximum with exclusive constraints
-        if (
-          minimum !== undefined &&
-          maximum !== undefined &&
-          minimum === maximum &&
-          (exclusiveMinimum !== undefined || exclusiveMaximum !== undefined)
-        )
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "no exclusive constraints when minimum equals maximum",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid numeric range: minimum equals maximum (${minimum}), but exclusive
-              constraints are also defined.
-
-              When minimum === maximum, the only valid value is exactly ${minimum}.
-              Adding exclusiveMinimum or exclusiveMaximum makes this impossible.
-              Remove the exclusive constraints or adjust minimum/maximum to create a valid range.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-
-        // Case 6: negative multipleOf
-        if (schema.multipleOf !== undefined && schema.multipleOf <= 0)
-          props.errors.push({
-            path: accessor,
-            expected: "multipleOf > 0",
-            value: schema,
-            description: StringUtil.trim`
-              Invalid multipleOf value: ${schema.multipleOf}.
-
-              The multipleOf constraint must be a positive number greater than zero.
-              Change multipleOf to a positive value.
-              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-            `,
-          });
-      },
-    });
-  };
-
-  const validateEmptyProperties = (props: IProps): void => {
-    if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
-    if (Object.keys(props.schema.properties).length !== 0) return;
-    if (
-      isObjectType({
-        operations: props.operations,
-        typeName: props.typeName,
-      }) === false
-    )
-      return;
-
-    props.errors.push({
-      path: props.path,
-      expected: "At least 1 property in properties",
-      value: props.schema,
-      description: StringUtil.trim`
-        Schema ${JSON.stringify(props.typeName)} has zero properties but is used
-        as a request body or response body in API operations.
-
-        Empty properties will cause TypeScript compilation errors (TS2339) in the
-        downstream Realize stage because implementation code will try to access
-        properties that don't exist on the type.
-
-        You MUST define at least one property in the schema. Load the database
-        schema and add the appropriate properties based on the DTO type:
-        - ICreate: User-provided business fields (exclude id, timestamps, actor FKs)
-        - IUpdate: All mutable business fields (all optional)
-        - ISummary: Essential display fields for list views
-        - IEntity (root): All public fields including relations
-        - IRequest: Pagination and filter parameters
-        - IJoin/ILogin: Credentials and session context fields
-
-        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
-      `,
-    });
-  };
-}
+import { AutoBeOpenApi } from "@autobe/interface";
+import { AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker, StringUtil } from "@autobe/utils";
+import { NamingConvention } from "@typia/utils";
+import { IValidation } from "typia";
+
+import { AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory } from "./AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory";
+
+export namespace AutoBeJsonSchemaValidator {
+  export const isObjectType = (props: {
+    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
+    typeName: string;
+  }): boolean =>
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".IAuthorized") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".IRequest") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".ISummary") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".IInvert") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".ICreate") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".IUpdate") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".IJoin") ||
+    props.typeName.endsWith(".ILogin") ||
+    props.operations.some(
+      (op) =>
+        op.requestBody?.typeName === props.typeName ||
+        op.responseBody?.typeName === props.typeName,
+    );
+
+  export const isPage = (key: string): boolean =>
+    key.startsWith("IPage") === true &&
+    key.startsWith("IPage.") === false &&
+    key !== "IPage";
+
+  export const isPreset = (typeName: string): boolean =>
+    AutoBeJsonSchemaFactory.DEFAULT_SCHEMAS[typeName] !== undefined ||
+    AutoBeJsonSchemaValidator.isPage(typeName) === true;
+
+  export interface IProps {
+    errors: IValidation.IError[];
+    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
+    typeName: string;
+    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
+    path: string;
+  }
+
+  export const validateSchema = (props: IProps): void => {
+    const vo = validateObjectType({
+      errors: props.errors,
+      operations: props.operations,
+      path: props.path,
+    });
+    validateAuthorization(props);
+    validateRecursive(props);
+    validateReferenceId(props);
+    validatePropertyNames(props);
+    validateNumericRanges(props);
+    // validateEmptyProperties(props);
+
+    vo(props.typeName, props.schema);
+    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
+      schema: props.schema,
+      closure: (next, accessor) => {
+        if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(next) === false) return;
+        const key: string = next.$ref.split("/").pop()!;
+        validateKey({
+          errors: props.errors,
+          path: `${accessor}.$ref`,
+          key,
+          transform: (typeName) => `#/components/schemas/${typeName}`,
+        });
+      },
+      accessor: props.path,
+    });
+  };
+
+  export const validateKey = (props: {
+    errors: IValidation.IError[];
+    key: string;
+    path: string;
+    transform?: (typeName: string) => string;
+  }): void => {
+    const transform = props.transform ?? ((typeName: string) => typeName);
+    const elements: string[] = props.key.split(".");
+    if (elements.length > 2)
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: "At most one dot(.) character allowed in type name",
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          JSON schema type name allows at most one dot(.) character to separate
+          module name and interface name.
+
+          However, current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))}
+          contains multiple dot(.) characters (${elements.length - 1} times).
+
+          Change it to a valid type name with at most one dot(.) character at the next time.
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    if (elements.every(NamingConvention.variable) === false)
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: StringUtil.trim`
+          Valid variable name
+
+          ${elements.map((s) => `- ${s}: ${NamingConvention.variable(s) ? "valid" : "invalid"}`).join("\n")}
+        `,
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          JSON schema type name must be a valid variable name.
+
+          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
+          each segment separated by dot(.) must be a valid variable name.
+
+          Current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} is not valid.
+          Change it to a valid variable name at the next time.
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    if (props.key.endsWith(".IPage")) {
+      const expected: string = `IPage${props.key.substring(0, props.key.length - 6)}`;
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: `"IPage" must be followed by another interface name. Use ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))} instead.`,
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          "IPage" is a reserved type name for pagination response.
+          The pagination data type name must be post-fixed after "IPage".
+          
+          However, you've defined ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))}, 
+          post-fixing ".IPage" after the pagination data type name.
+
+          Change it to a valid pagination type name to be
+          ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))} at the next time. 
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    }
+    if (props.key === "IPageIRequest")
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: `"IPageIRequest" is a mistake. Use "IPage.IRequest" instead.`,
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          You've taken a mistake that defines "${transform("IPageIRequest")}" as a type name.
+          However, as you've intended to define a pagination request type,
+          the correct type name is "${transform("IPage.IRequest")}" instead of "${transform("IPageIRequest")}".
+
+          Change it to "${transform("IPage.IRequest")}" at the next time.
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    if (
+      props.key.startsWith("IPage") &&
+      props.key.startsWith("IPageI") === false &&
+      props.key !== "IPage.IPagination" &&
+      props.key !== "IPage.IRequest"
+    ) {
+      const expected: string = `IPage${props.key
+        .substring(5)
+        .split(".")
+        .map((s) => (s.startsWith("I") ? s : `I${s}`))
+        .join(".")}`;
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: `Interface name starting with 'I' even after 'IPage': ${JSON.stringify(expected)}`,
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          JSON schema type name must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
+          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
+          each segment separated by dot(.) must be an interface name starting
+          with 'I'.
+
+          Even in the case of pagination response, after 'IPage' prefix,
+          the remaining part must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
+
+          Current key name ${JSON.stringify(props.key)} is not valid. Change
+          it to a valid interface name to be  ${JSON.stringify(expected)},
+          or change it to another valid interface name at the next time.
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    }
+    if (elements.some((s) => s.startsWith("I") === false) === true) {
+      const expected: string = elements
+        .map((s) => (s.startsWith("I") ? s : `I${s}`))
+        .join(".");
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: `Interface name starting with 'I': ${JSON.stringify(expected)}`,
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          JSON schema type name must be an interface name starting with 'I'.
+          Even though JSON schema type name allows dot(.) character, but
+          each segment separated by dot(.) must be an interface name starting
+          with 'I'.
+
+          Current key name ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} is not valid. 
+          Change it to a valid interface name to be ${transform(JSON.stringify(expected))}, 
+          or change it to another valid interface name at the next time.
+
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+    }
+    if (
+      elements.length === 2 &&
+      (elements[1] === "IJoin" ||
+        elements[1] === "ILogin" ||
+        elements[1] === "IAuthorized" ||
+        elements[1] === "IRefresh") &&
+      elements[0].endsWith("Session") === true
+    )
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: JSON.stringify(
+          `${elements[0].replace("Session", "")}.${elements[1]}`,
+        ),
+        value: transform(props.key),
+        description: StringUtil.trim`
+          You have attached ${elements[1]} to a Session type ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))},
+          but this is architecturally incorrect.
+
+          In production authentication systems, Actor and Session are separate concepts:
+          - **Actor** (e.g., User, Seller, Admin): The persistent user identity that performs
+            authentication actions - joining (registering), logging in, and receiving authorized tokens.
+          - **Session** (e.g., UserSession, SellerSession): The temporary authentication state that
+            tracks active login instances. Sessions are CREATED as a result of join/login operations,
+            but they do not perform these actions themselves.
+
+          Think about it semantically: An ACTOR joins the system and logs in. A SESSION is merely
+          a record that gets created when the actor authenticates. It makes no sense for a session
+          to "join" or "login" - only actors do that.
+
+          Therefore, authentication-related DTO types (IJoin, ILogin, IAuthorized, IRefresh) MUST
+          be attached to the Actor type, NEVER to the Session type.
+
+          Change ${transform(JSON.stringify(props.key))} to ${transform(JSON.stringify(`${elements[0].replace("Session", "")}.${elements[1]}`))} at the next time.
+
+          Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+        `,
+      });
+  };
+
+  const validateAuthorization = (props: IProps): void => {
+    if (props.typeName.endsWith(".IAuthorized") === true) {
+      if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) {
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: props.path,
+          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive<AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema.IObject>`,
+          value: props.schema,
+          description: `${props.typeName} must be an object type for authorization responses. Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.`,
+        });
+      } else {
+        // Check if token property exists
+        props.schema.properties ??= {};
+        props.schema.properties["token"] = {
+          "x-autobe-specification":
+            "JWT token information for authentication. Server generates this token upon successful login/join.",
+          description: "JWT token information for authentication.",
+          $ref: "#/components/schemas/IAuthorizationToken",
+        } as AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaProperty.IReference;
+
+        props.schema.required ??= [];
+        if (props.schema.required.includes("token") === false)
+          props.schema.required.push("token");
+      }
+    }
+
+    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
+      schema: props.schema,
+      accessor: props.path,
+      closure: (next, accessor) => {
+        if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(next) === false) return;
+        const key: string = next.$ref.split("/").pop()!;
+        if (
+          key.endsWith(".IAuthorized") === false &&
+          key.endsWith(".ILogin") === false &&
+          key.endsWith(".IJoin") === false
+        )
+          return;
+        const candidates: Set<string> = new Set(
+          props.operations
+            .map((op) => [
+              op.requestBody?.typeName.endsWith(key.split(".").pop()!)
+                ? op.requestBody!.typeName
+                : null,
+              op.responseBody?.typeName.endsWith(key.split(".").pop()!)
+                ? op.responseBody!.typeName
+                : null,
+            ])
+            .flat()
+            .filter((v) => v !== null),
+        );
+        if (candidates.has(key) === false)
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: `${accessor}.$ref`,
+            expected: Array.from(candidates)
+              .map((s) => JSON.stringify(`#/components/schemas/${s}`))
+              .join(" | "),
+            value: key,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              You've referenced an authorization-related type ${JSON.stringify(key)}
+              that is not used in any operation's requestBody or responseBody.
+
+              Authorization-related types must be used in at least one operation's
+              requestBody or responseBody. Make sure to use the type appropriately
+              in your API design.
+
+              Existing authorization-related types used in operations are:
+              - ${Array.from(candidates)
+                .map((s) => `#/components/schemas/${s}`)
+                .join("\n- ")}
+
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+      },
+    });
+  };
+
+  const validateRecursive = (props: IProps): void => {
+    const report = (description: string) =>
+      props.errors.push({
+        path: props.path,
+        expected: "Non-infinite recursive schema definition",
+        value: props.schema,
+        description,
+      });
+    if (
+      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(props.schema) &&
+      props.schema.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`
+    )
+      report(StringUtil.trim`
+        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
+
+        \`\`\`typescript
+        type ${props.typeName} = ${props.typeName};
+        \`\`\`
+
+        This is an infinite recursive type definition that cannot exist in any
+        programming language. A type cannot be defined as itself - this creates
+        a circular definition with no base case, making the type impossible to
+        instantiate or validate.
+
+        If you need tree or graph structures, use explicit relationships with
+        ID references (e.g., parentId: string) instead of recursive type definitions.
+        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
+        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+      `);
+    else if (
+      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isArray(props.schema) &&
+      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(props.schema.items) &&
+      props.schema.items.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`
+    )
+      report(StringUtil.trim`
+        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
+
+        \`\`\`typescript
+        type ${props.typeName} = Array<${props.typeName}>;
+        \`\`\`
+
+        This is an infinite recursive array type that cannot exist in any
+        programming language. An array of itself creates a circular definition
+        with no base case, making the type impossible to instantiate or validate.
+
+        If you need nested structures, define explicit depth levels with separate
+        types, or use parent-child relationships with ID references.
+        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
+        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+      `);
+    else if (
+      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isOneOf(props.schema) &&
+      props.schema.oneOf.some(
+        (v) =>
+          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(v) &&
+          v.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}`,
+      ) === true
+    )
+      report(StringUtil.trim`
+        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
+
+        \`\`\`typescript
+        type ${props.typeName} = ${props.typeName} | ...;
+        \`\`\`
+
+        This is an infinite recursive union type that cannot exist in any
+        programming language. A union that includes itself as a variant creates
+        a circular definition with no base case, making the type impossible to
+        instantiate or validate.
+
+        If you need polymorphic hierarchies, define separate concrete types for
+        each variant without including the union type itself as a variant.
+        Remove the self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
+        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+      `);
+    else if (
+      AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) &&
+      props.schema.properties &&
+      props.schema.required &&
+      Object.entries(props.schema.properties).some(
+        ([k, v]) =>
+          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isReference(v) &&
+          v.$ref === `#/components/schemas/${props.typeName}` &&
+          (props.schema as AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema.IObject).required.includes(
+            k,
+          ),
+      )
+    )
+      report(StringUtil.trim`
+        You have defined a nonsensible type like below:
+
+        \`\`\`typescript
+        interface ${props.typeName} {
+          someProperty: ${props.typeName}; // required, non-nullable
+        }
+        \`\`\`
+
+        This is an infinite recursive object type that cannot exist in any
+        programming language. A required non-nullable property referencing its
+        own type creates a circular definition with no base case, making the
+        type impossible to instantiate.
+
+        To create an instance of ${props.typeName}, you would need an instance of ${props.typeName},
+        which requires another instance of ${props.typeName}, infinitely. This is logically
+        impossible.
+
+        If you need parent-child or graph relationships, make the self-referencing
+        property either nullable or optional, or use ID references (e.g., parentId: string).
+        Remove the required self-reference and redesign the schema at the next time.
+        Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+      `);
+  };
+
+  const validateObjectType = (props: {
+    errors: IValidation.IError[];
+    operations: AutoBeOpenApi.IOperation[];
+    path: string;
+  }) => {
+    const root: Set<string> = new Set();
+    for (const o of props.operations) {
+      if (o.requestBody) root.add(o.requestBody.typeName);
+      if (o.responseBody) root.add(o.responseBody.typeName);
+    }
+    return (key: string, schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema): void => {
+      if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(schema) === true) return;
+      if (root.has(key))
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: props.path,
+          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive.IObject`,
+          value: schema,
+          description: StringUtil.trim`
+            Root schema types (used in requestBody or responseBody of operations)
+            must be defined as object types. 
+            
+            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent API design and to facilitate easier data handling.
+            Even though you think that defining a non-object type is more convenient for your specific use case,
+            just follow the rule without any resistance.
+
+            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+
+            If current type is hard to be defined as an object type, just wrap it in an object type like below:
+
+            \`\`\`typescript
+            {
+              value: T;
+            }
+            \`\`\`
+          `,
+        });
+      else if (
+        key.endsWith(".IRequest") ||
+        key.endsWith(".ISummary") ||
+        key.endsWith(".IInvert") ||
+        key.endsWith(".ICreate") ||
+        key.endsWith(".IUpdate") ||
+        key.endsWith(".IJoin") ||
+        key.endsWith(".ILogin") ||
+        key.endsWith(".IAuthorized")
+      )
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: props.path,
+          expected: `AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchemaDescriptive.IObject`,
+          value: schema,
+          description: StringUtil.trim`
+            DTO type of .${key.split(".").pop()} suffix must be defined as an object type.
+
+            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent API design and to facilitate easier data handling.
+            Even though you think that defining a non-object type is more convenient for your specific use case,
+            just follow the rule without any resistance.
+
+            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+
+            If current type is hard to be defined as an object type, just wrap it in an object type like below:
+
+            \`\`\`typescript
+            {
+              value: T;
+            }
+            \`\`\`
+          `,
+        });
+    };
+  };
+
+  const validateReferenceId = (props: {
+    errors: IValidation.IError[];
+    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
+    path: string;
+  }): void => {
+    if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(props.schema.properties)) {
+      if (key !== "id" && key.endsWith("_id") === false) continue;
+
+      const accessor: string = `${props.path}.properties${
+        NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`
+      }`;
+      const inspect = (schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema): boolean =>
+        AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isString(schema) ||
+        AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isNull(schema) ||
+        (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isOneOf(schema) &&
+          schema.oneOf.every((v) => inspect(v)));
+      if (inspect(value) === false)
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: accessor,
+          expected: StringUtil.trim`
+            | { type: "string"; format: "uuid"; description: string; } 
+            | {
+                oneOf: [
+                  { type: "string"; format: "uuid"; },
+                  { type: "null"; },
+                ];
+                description: string;
+              }`,
+          value,
+          description: StringUtil.trim`
+            Property names "id" or ending with "_id" must be defined as 
+            UUID string type, or nullable UUID string type.
+
+            This is the rule enforced to ensure consistent identification of 
+            resources across the API. Even though you think that defining a 
+            different type is more convenient for your specific use case,
+            just follow the rule without any resistance.
+
+            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you 
+            must follow.
+          `,
+        });
+    }
+  };
+
+  const validatePropertyNames = (props: {
+    errors: IValidation.IError[];
+    schema: AutoBeOpenApi.IJsonSchema;
+    path: string;
+  }): void => {
+    if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
+    for (const key of Object.keys(props.schema.properties)) {
+      if (NamingConvention.reserved(key))
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: `${props.path}.properties${NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`}`,
+          expected: `none system reserved word`,
+          value: key,
+          description: StringUtil.trim`
+            Property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} is a system reserved word.
+
+            Avoid using system reserved words as property names to prevent
+            potential conflicts and ensure clarity in your API design.
+
+            Change the property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} to a non-reserved
+            word at the next time.
+
+            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you
+            must follow.
+          `,
+        });
+      else if (NamingConvention.variable(key) === false)
+        props.errors.push({
+          path: `${props.path}.properties${NamingConvention.variable(key) ? `.${key}` : `[${JSON.stringify(key)}]`}`,
+          expected: `valid variable name`,
+          value: key,
+          description: StringUtil.trim`
+            Property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} must be a valid variable name.
+
+            Valid variable names start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($),
+            followed by letters, digits, underscores, or dollar signs. They cannot
+            contain spaces or special characters.
+
+            Change the property name ${JSON.stringify(key)} to a valid variable
+            name at the next time.
+
+            Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you
+            must follow.
+          `,
+        });
+    }
+  };
+
+  const validateNumericRanges = (props: IProps): void => {
+    AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.skim({
+      schema: props.schema,
+      accessor: `${props.path}[${JSON.stringify(props.typeName)}]`,
+      closure: (schema, accessor) => {
+        if (
+          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isInteger(schema) === false &&
+          AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isNumber(schema) === false
+        )
+          return;
+
+        const { minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum } = schema;
+
+        // Case 1: minimum > maximum
+        if (minimum !== undefined && maximum !== undefined && minimum > maximum)
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "minimum <= maximum",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid numeric range: minimum (${minimum}) is greater than maximum (${maximum}).
+
+              This creates an impossible range where no value can satisfy both constraints.
+              Either increase maximum or decrease minimum to create a valid range.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+
+        // Case 2: exclusiveMinimum >= exclusiveMaximum
+        if (
+          exclusiveMinimum !== undefined &&
+          exclusiveMaximum !== undefined &&
+          exclusiveMinimum >= exclusiveMaximum
+        )
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "exclusiveMinimum < exclusiveMaximum",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid numeric range: exclusiveMinimum (${exclusiveMinimum}) is greater than
+              or equal to exclusiveMaximum (${exclusiveMaximum}).
+
+              This creates an impossible range where no value can satisfy both constraints.
+              Either increase exclusiveMaximum or decrease exclusiveMinimum to create a valid range.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+
+        // Case 3: minimum >= exclusiveMaximum
+        if (
+          minimum !== undefined &&
+          exclusiveMaximum !== undefined &&
+          minimum >= exclusiveMaximum
+        )
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "minimum < exclusiveMaximum",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid numeric range: minimum (${minimum}) is greater than or equal to
+              exclusiveMaximum (${exclusiveMaximum}).
+
+              This creates an impossible range. A value cannot be >= ${minimum} and < ${exclusiveMaximum}
+              at the same time when minimum >= exclusiveMaximum.
+              Either increase exclusiveMaximum or decrease minimum to create a valid range.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+
+        // Case 4: exclusiveMinimum >= maximum
+        if (
+          exclusiveMinimum !== undefined &&
+          maximum !== undefined &&
+          exclusiveMinimum >= maximum
+        )
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "exclusiveMinimum < maximum",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid numeric range: exclusiveMinimum (${exclusiveMinimum}) is greater than
+              or equal to maximum (${maximum}).
+
+              This creates an impossible range. A value cannot be > ${exclusiveMinimum} and <= ${maximum}
+              at the same time when exclusiveMinimum >= maximum.
+              Either increase maximum or decrease exclusiveMinimum to create a valid range.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+
+        // Case 5: minimum === maximum with exclusive constraints
+        if (
+          minimum !== undefined &&
+          maximum !== undefined &&
+          minimum === maximum &&
+          (exclusiveMinimum !== undefined || exclusiveMaximum !== undefined)
+        )
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "no exclusive constraints when minimum equals maximum",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid numeric range: minimum equals maximum (${minimum}), but exclusive
+              constraints are also defined.
+
+              When minimum === maximum, the only valid value is exactly ${minimum}.
+              Adding exclusiveMinimum or exclusiveMaximum makes this impossible.
+              Remove the exclusive constraints or adjust minimum/maximum to create a valid range.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+
+        // Case 6: negative multipleOf
+        if (schema.multipleOf !== undefined && schema.multipleOf <= 0)
+          props.errors.push({
+            path: accessor,
+            expected: "multipleOf > 0",
+            value: schema,
+            description: StringUtil.trim`
+              Invalid multipleOf value: ${schema.multipleOf}.
+
+              The multipleOf constraint must be a positive number greater than zero.
+              Change multipleOf to a positive value.
+              Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+            `,
+          });
+      },
+    });
+  };
+
+  // const validateEmptyProperties = (props: IProps): void => {
+  //   if (AutoBeOpenApiTypeChecker.isObject(props.schema) === false) return;
+  //   if (Object.keys(props.schema.properties).length !== 0) return;
+  //   if (
+  //     isObjectType({
+  //       operations: props.operations,
+  //       typeName: props.typeName,
+  //     }) === false
+  //   )
+  //     return;
+
+  //   props.errors.push({
+  //     path: `${props.path}.properties`,
+  //     expected: "At least 1 property in properties",
+  //     value: props.schema.properties,
+  //     description: StringUtil.trim`
+  //       Schema ${JSON.stringify(props.typeName)} has zero properties but is used
+  //       as a request body or response body in API operations.
+
+  //       Empty properties will cause TypeScript compilation errors (TS2339) in the
+  //       downstream Realize stage because implementation code will try to access
+  //       properties that don't exist on the type.
+
+  //       You MUST define at least one property in the schema. Load the database
+  //       schema and add the appropriate properties based on the DTO type:
+  //       - ICreate: User-provided business fields (exclude id, timestamps, actor FKs)
+  //       - IUpdate: All mutable business fields (all optional)
+  //       - ISummary: Essential display fields for list views
+  //       - IEntity (root): All public fields including relations
+  //       - IRequest: Pagination and filter parameters
+  //       - IJoin/ILogin: Credentials and session context fields
+
+  //       Note that, this is not a recommendation, but an instruction you must follow.
+  //     `,
+  //   });
+  // };
+}