@astryxdesign/core 0.6.1 → 0.6.2-canary.023c3e4

package/src/Markdown/parser.ts

@@ -2,29 +2,81 @@
 
 /**
  * @file parser.ts
- * @input Markdown string
- * @output Array of MarkdownNode AST nodes; heading slug helpers
- *   (inlineText, slugify, uniqueSlug) shared by Markdown rendering and
- *   Outline's parseOutlineFromMarkdown
- * @position Core parser; consumed by Markdown.tsx and Outline
+ * @input Markdown string, released parse options, and optional ordered plugins
+ * @output Canonical MDAST-aligned nodes for public/server consumers plus unchanged
+ *   released parser-node projections; shared heading slug helpers
+ * @position Core parser and compatibility boundary; consumed by public parser entry,
+ *   Markdown, and Outline
  */
 
+import {
+  getMarkdownAstLegacyCodeLanguage,
+  markMarkdownAstLegacyCodeLanguage,
+} from './ast';
+import type {
+  MarkdownAstBlockContent,
+  MarkdownAstList,
+  MarkdownAstListItem,
+  MarkdownAstPhrasingContent,
+  MarkdownAstPosition,
+  MarkdownAstRoot,
+  MarkdownAstTableCell,
+  MarkdownAstTableRow,
+} from './ast';
+import {
+  applyMarkdownTransforms,
+  freezeMarkdownPluginData,
+  isMarkdownPluginData,
+  prepareMarkdownPlugins,
+  reportMarkdownPluginFailure,
+} from './plugins/protocol';
+import type {
+  MarkdownExtensionNode,
+  MarkdownExtensionsOf,
+  MarkdownPluginData,
+  MarkdownPluginEntry,
+  PreparedMarkdownPlugins,
+  PreparedSyntaxContribution,
+} from './plugins/protocol';
+import {isSafeMarkdownParserUrl} from './url';
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Types
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-export type InlineNode =
+/** Nodes returned by default and legacy parser calls. */
+export type InlineNode<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> =
+  | {type: 'text'; content: string}
+  | {type: 'bold'; children: InlineNode<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'italic'; children: InlineNode<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'strikethrough'; children: InlineNode<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'code'; content: string}
+  | {type: 'link'; href: string; children: InlineNode<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'image'; src: string; alt: string}
+  | {type: 'citation'; sourceId: string}
+  | {type: 'break'}
+  | Extract<Extension, {display: 'inline'}>;
+
+/** The additional inline node returned only when parsing with `math: true`. */
+export type MathInlineNode = {type: 'math'; value: string};
+
+/** Nodes returned by an explicitly math-enabled inline parse. */
+export type InlineNodeWithMath<
+  Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never,
+> =
   | {type: 'text'; content: string}
-  | {type: 'bold'; children: InlineNode[]}
-  | {type: 'italic'; children: InlineNode[]}
-  | {type: 'strikethrough'; children: InlineNode[]}
+  | {type: 'bold'; children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'italic'; children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'strikethrough'; children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
   | {type: 'code'; content: string}
-  | {type: 'link'; href: string; children: InlineNode[]}
+  | MathInlineNode
+  | {type: 'link'; href: string; children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
   | {type: 'image'; src: string; alt: string}
   | {type: 'citation'; sourceId: string}
-  | {type: 'break'};
+  | {type: 'break'}
+  | Extract<Extension, {display: 'inline'}>;
 
-export type BlockNode = BlockNodeKind & {
+type BlockMetadata = {
   /**
    * Where this block came from in the source, when parsed with the
    * `sourceRanges` option. Top-level blocks only.
@@ -32,11 +84,15 @@ export type BlockNode = BlockNodeKind & {
   range?: SourceRange;
 };
 
-type BlockNodeKind =
-  | {type: 'heading'; level: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6; children: InlineNode[]}
-  | {type: 'paragraph'; children: InlineNode[]}
+type LegacyBlockNodeKind<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> =
+  | {
+      type: 'heading';
+      level: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6;
+      children: InlineNode<Extension>[];
+    }
+  | {type: 'paragraph'; children: InlineNode<Extension>[]}
   | {type: 'codeblock'; language: string; content: string}
-  | {type: 'blockquote'; children: BlockNode[]}
+  | {type: 'blockquote'; children: BlockNode<Extension>[]}
   | {
       type: 'list';
       ordered: boolean;
@@ -44,16 +100,57 @@ type BlockNodeKind =
       /** Ordered-list marker delimiter ('.' or ')'). Undefined for bullets. */
       delimiter?: '.' | ')';
       loose?: boolean;
-      items: ListItemNode[];
+      items: ListItemNode<Extension>[];
     }
   | {
       type: 'table';
-      headers: TableCellNode[];
+      headers: TableCellNode<Extension>[];
       alignments: TableAlignment[];
-      rows: TableCellNode[][];
+      rows: TableCellNode<Extension>[][];
     }
   | {type: 'hr'}
-  | {type: 'image'; src: string; alt: string};
+  | {type: 'image'; src: string; alt: string}
+  | Extract<Extension, {display: 'block'}>;
+
+/** Blocks returned by default and legacy parser calls. */
+export type BlockNode<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> =
+  LegacyBlockNodeKind<Extension> & BlockMetadata;
+
+/** The additional block returned only when parsing with `math: true`. */
+export type MathBlockNode = {type: 'math'; value: string} & BlockMetadata;
+
+type MathEnabledBlockNodeKind<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> =
+  | {
+      type: 'heading';
+      level: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6;
+      children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[];
+    }
+  | {type: 'paragraph'; children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
+  | {type: 'codeblock'; language: string; content: string}
+  | MathBlockNode
+  | {type: 'blockquote'; children: BlockNodeWithMath<Extension>[]}
+  | {
+      type: 'list';
+      ordered: boolean;
+      start?: number;
+      /** Ordered-list marker delimiter ('.' or ')'). Undefined for bullets. */
+      delimiter?: '.' | ')';
+      loose?: boolean;
+      items: ListItemNodeWithMath<Extension>[];
+    }
+  | {
+      type: 'table';
+      headers: TableCellNodeWithMath<Extension>[];
+      alignments: TableAlignment[];
+      rows: TableCellNodeWithMath<Extension>[][];
+    }
+  | {type: 'hr'}
+  | {type: 'image'; src: string; alt: string}
+  | Extract<Extension, {display: 'block'}>;
+
+/** Blocks returned by an explicitly math-enabled block parse. */
+export type BlockNodeWithMath<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> =
+  MathEnabledBlockNodeKind<Extension> & BlockMetadata;
 
 /**
  * Where a block sits in the source string handed to `parseMarkdown`:
@@ -66,10 +163,288 @@ type BlockNodeKind =
  */
 export type SourceRange = {readonly start: number; readonly end: number};
 
-export type ListItemNode = {checked?: boolean; children: BlockNode[]};
-export type TableCellNode = {children: InlineNode[]};
+export type ListItemNode<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> = {
+  checked?: boolean;
+  children: BlockNode<Extension>[];
+};
+type ListItemNodeWithMath<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> = {
+  checked?: boolean;
+  children: BlockNodeWithMath<Extension>[];
+};
+export type TableCellNode<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> = {
+  children: InlineNode<Extension>[];
+};
+type TableCellNodeWithMath<Extension extends MarkdownExtensionNode = never> = {
+  children: InlineNodeWithMath<Extension>[];
+};
 export type TableAlignment = 'left' | 'center' | 'right' | null;
 
+type RuntimeExtensionNode =
+  | MarkdownExtensionNode<string, string, MarkdownPluginData, 'inline'>
+  | MarkdownExtensionNode<string, string, MarkdownPluginData, 'block'>;
+type RuntimeInlineNode = InlineNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+type RuntimeBlockNode = BlockNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+
+type LegacyProjectionCache = WeakMap<object, object>;
+
+function projectRange(
+  position: MarkdownAstPosition | undefined,
+): BlockMetadata {
+  const start = position?.start.offset;
+  const end = position?.end.offset;
+  return start == null || end == null ? {} : {range: {start, end}};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Canonical nodes always carry Core-authored positions; the released block
+ * shape exposes them as `range` only when the caller passed `sourceRanges`,
+ * so this projection stays byte-for-byte what it has always returned.
+ *
+ * An extension node is the one kind the projection passes through instead of
+ * rebuilding field by field, so it is the one kind that could carry a
+ * canonical `position` out into released output. Strip it unless the caller
+ * asked for provenance, in which case the node keeps exactly the `position`
+ * it has always exposed.
+ */
+function projectExtensionNode<Node extends RuntimeExtensionNode>(
+  node: Node,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+): Node {
+  if (withRanges || node.position === undefined) {
+    return node;
+  }
+  const {position: _canonicalPosition, ...released} = node;
+  return released as Node;
+}
+
+function projectInlineNode(
+  node: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+): RuntimeInlineNode {
+  const cached = cache.get(node);
+  if (cached != null) {
+    return cached as RuntimeInlineNode;
+  }
+  let projected: RuntimeInlineNode;
+  switch (node.type) {
+    case 'text':
+      projected = {type: 'text', content: node.value};
+      break;
+    case 'strong':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'bold',
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'emphasis':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'italic',
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'delete':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'strikethrough',
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'inlineCode':
+      projected = {type: 'code', content: node.value};
+      break;
+    case 'inlineMath':
+      projected = {type: 'math', value: node.value};
+      break;
+    case 'link':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'link',
+        href: node.url,
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'image':
+      projected = {type: 'image', src: node.url, alt: node.alt};
+      break;
+    case 'citation':
+      projected = {type: 'citation', sourceId: node.sourceId};
+      break;
+    case 'break':
+      projected = {type: 'break'};
+      break;
+    case 'extension':
+      projected = projectExtensionNode(node, withRanges);
+      break;
+  }
+  cache.set(node, projected);
+  return projected;
+}
+
+function projectTableCell(
+  node: MarkdownAstTableCell<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+): TableCellNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode> {
+  const cached = cache.get(node);
+  if (cached != null) {
+    return cached as TableCellNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+  }
+  const projected = {
+    children: node.children.map(child =>
+      projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+    ),
+  };
+  cache.set(node, projected);
+  return projected;
+}
+
+function projectListItem(
+  node: MarkdownAstListItem<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+): ListItemNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode> {
+  const cached = cache.get(node);
+  if (cached != null) {
+    return cached as ListItemNodeWithMath<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+  }
+  const projected = {
+    checked: node.checked,
+    children: node.children.map(child =>
+      projectBlockNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+    ),
+  };
+  cache.set(node, projected);
+  return projected;
+}
+
+function projectBlockNode(
+  node: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+): RuntimeBlockNode {
+  const cached = cache.get(node);
+  if (cached != null) {
+    return cached as RuntimeBlockNode;
+  }
+  const metadata = withRanges ? projectRange(node.position) : {};
+  let projected: RuntimeBlockNode;
+  switch (node.type) {
+    case 'heading':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'heading',
+        level: node.depth,
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'paragraph':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'paragraph',
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectInlineNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'code':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'codeblock',
+        language: getMarkdownAstLegacyCodeLanguage(node) ?? 'plaintext',
+        content: node.value,
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'math':
+      projected = {type: 'math', value: node.value, ...metadata};
+      break;
+    case 'blockquote':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'blockquote',
+        children: node.children.map(child =>
+          projectBlockNode(child, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'list':
+      projected = {
+        type: 'list',
+        ordered: node.ordered,
+        start: node.start,
+        delimiter: node.delimiter,
+        loose: node.spread,
+        items: node.children.map(item =>
+          projectListItem(item, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    case 'table': {
+      const [header = {type: 'tableRow' as const, children: []}, ...rows] =
+        node.children;
+      projected = {
+        type: 'table',
+        headers: header.children.map(cell =>
+          projectTableCell(cell, cache, withRanges),
+        ),
+        alignments: [...node.align],
+        rows: rows.map(row =>
+          row.children.map(cell => projectTableCell(cell, cache, withRanges)),
+        ),
+        ...metadata,
+      };
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'thematicBreak':
+      projected = {type: 'hr', ...metadata};
+      break;
+    case 'image':
+      projected = {type: 'image', alt: node.alt, src: node.url, ...metadata};
+      break;
+    case 'extension':
+      projected = projectExtensionNode(node, withRanges);
+      break;
+  }
+  cache.set(node, projected);
+  return projected;
+}
+
+function projectInlineNodes(
+  nodes: ReadonlyArray<MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>>,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache = new WeakMap(),
+): RuntimeInlineNode[] {
+  return nodes.map(node => projectInlineNode(node, cache, withRanges));
+}
+
+function projectMarkdownRoot(
+  root: MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+  withRanges: boolean,
+  cache: LegacyProjectionCache = new WeakMap(),
+): RuntimeBlockNode[] {
+  return root.children.map(node => projectBlockNode(node, cache, withRanges));
+}
+
+/** Whether a caller asked for the released `range` field on its blocks. */
+function wantsLegacyRanges(
+  arg: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions | undefined,
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    arg != null &&
+    typeof (arg as {has?: unknown}).has !== 'function' &&
+    (arg as RuntimeParseOptions).sourceRanges === true
+  );
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Parse options
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,10 +456,14 @@ export type TableAlignment = 'left' | 'center' | 'right' | null;
  * `parseMarkdownIncremental` functions also accept the legacy
  * `ReadonlySet<string>` shape as the second argument.
  */
-export type ParseOptions = {
+type CommonParseOptions<
+  Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry> = readonly [],
+> = {
   /** Set of citation source ids — `[id]` / `【id】` markers in this set
    *  become citation nodes instead of plain text / links. */
   sourceIds?: ReadonlySet<string>;
+  /** Ordered opt-in Markdown extensions. */
+  plugins?: Plugins;
   /**
    * Autolink mode. When set to `'gfm'`, the parser turns bare
    * `https?://…` / `www.…` URLs, `<URL>` / `<email>` angle-bracket
@@ -109,10 +488,57 @@ export type ParseOptions = {
   sourceRanges?: boolean;
 };
 
+/** Options for default and legacy parser results. */
+export type ParseOptions<
+  Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry> = readonly [],
+> = CommonParseOptions<Plugins> & {math?: false | undefined};
+
+/**
+ * Options that explicitly parse `$…$` and `$$…$$` into math-enabled result
+ * unions. Keeping this separate prevents a legacy `ParseOptions` annotation
+ * from silently widening an exhaustive node switch.
+ */
+export type MathParseOptions<
+  Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry> = readonly [],
+> = CommonParseOptions<Plugins> & {math: true};
+
+export type IncrementalParseOptions<
+  Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry> = readonly [],
+> = ParseOptions<Plugins> & {
+  /** False while more source may arrive; true for the terminal snapshot. */
+  readonly isFinal?: boolean;
+};
+
+export type IncrementalMathParseOptions<
+  Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry> = readonly [],
+> = MathParseOptions<Plugins> & {
+  /** False while more source may arrive; true for the terminal snapshot. */
+  readonly isFinal?: boolean;
+};
+
+type RuntimeParseOptions = CommonParseOptions<
+  ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>
+> & {
+  math?: boolean;
+  isFinal?: boolean;
+};
+
 type ResolvedOptions = {
   readonly sourceIds: ReadonlySet<string> | undefined;
   readonly autolink: 'gfm' | undefined;
+  readonly math?: boolean;
+  /** Whether the caller asked for the released `range` projection. */
   readonly sourceRanges?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether this parse authors canonical `position` offsets on its blocks.
+   * Internal only, and independent of `sourceRanges`: the canonical tree
+   * transforms observe always carries provenance, while `sourceRanges` alone
+   * decides whether the released projection exposes it as `range`.
+   */
+  readonly astPositions?: boolean;
+  readonly plugins?: PreparedMarkdownPlugins;
+  readonly isFinal: boolean;
+  readonly allowBlockSyntax?: boolean;
   /**
    * Offset of this parse's input within the document the ranges are reported
    * against. Internal only — the incremental parser parses slices and needs
@@ -128,13 +554,42 @@ type ResolvedOptions = {
   readonly linkDefs?: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
 };
 
-const EMPTY_OPTS: ResolvedOptions = {sourceIds: undefined, autolink: undefined};
+/**
+ * Every resolved options object is built here, so all of them share one key
+ * set in one order — and therefore one hidden class. The parser reads these
+ * fields in its hottest loops; letting an omitted-options parse and an
+ * options-bag parse produce differently-shaped objects makes those reads
+ * polymorphic in any process that does both, which is exactly what a caller
+ * comparing an empty pipeline against a configured one does.
+ */
+function makeResolvedOptions(
+  fields: Partial<ResolvedOptions> & {readonly isFinal: boolean},
+): ResolvedOptions {
+  return {
+    sourceIds: fields.sourceIds,
+    autolink: fields.autolink,
+    math: fields.math,
+    sourceRanges: fields.sourceRanges,
+    astPositions: fields.astPositions ?? true,
+    plugins: fields.plugins,
+    isFinal: fields.isFinal,
+    allowBlockSyntax: fields.allowBlockSyntax ?? true,
+    baseOffset: fields.baseOffset,
+    linkDefs: fields.linkDefs,
+  };
+}
+
+const EMPTY_OPTS: ResolvedOptions = makeResolvedOptions({isFinal: true});
+const EMPTY_INCREMENTAL_OPTS: ResolvedOptions = makeResolvedOptions({
+  isFinal: false,
+});
 
 function resolveOptions(
-  arg: ReadonlySet<string> | ParseOptions | undefined,
+  arg: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions | undefined,
+  incremental = false,
 ): ResolvedOptions {
   if (arg == null) {
-    return EMPTY_OPTS;
+    return incremental ? EMPTY_INCREMENTAL_OPTS : EMPTY_OPTS;
   }
   // Duck-type the legacy `ReadonlySet<string>` form: any object whose
   // `.has` is callable is treated as the legacy sourceIds set. This is
@@ -142,14 +597,23 @@ function resolveOptions(
   // or polyfilled `ReadonlySet` implementations as a `ParseOptions` bag
   // and silently lose citation resolution.
   if (typeof (arg as {has?: unknown}).has === 'function') {
-    return {sourceIds: arg as ReadonlySet<string>, autolink: undefined};
+    return makeResolvedOptions({
+      sourceIds: arg as ReadonlySet<string>,
+      isFinal: !incremental,
+    });
   }
-  const opts = arg as ParseOptions;
-  return {
+  const opts = arg as RuntimeParseOptions;
+  return makeResolvedOptions({
     sourceIds: opts.sourceIds,
     autolink: opts.autolink,
+    math: opts.math === true ? true : undefined,
     sourceRanges: opts.sourceRanges,
-  };
+    plugins:
+      opts.plugins != null && opts.plugins.length > 0
+        ? prepareMarkdownPlugins(opts.plugins)
+        : undefined,
+    isFinal: incremental ? opts.isFinal === true : true,
+  });
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -175,6 +639,149 @@ function normalizeLinkLabel(label: string): string {
   return label.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ').toLowerCase();
 }
 
+type DisplayMathContainer = {
+  outerQuoteDepth: number;
+  listBaseIndent: number | null;
+  innerQuoteDepth: number;
+};
+
+type DisplayMathMatch = {
+  value: string;
+  nextIndex: number;
+  endLine: number;
+};
+
+function stripBlockquoteMarkers(line: string): {
+  content: string;
+  quoteDepth: number;
+} {
+  let content = line.endsWith('\r') ? line.slice(0, -1) : line;
+  let quoteDepth = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    const marker = /^ {0,3}> ?/.exec(content);
+    if (marker == null) {
+      return {content, quoteDepth};
+    }
+    content = content.slice(marker[0].length);
+    quoteDepth++;
+  }
+}
+
+function stripExactBlockquoteDepth(
+  line: string,
+  quoteDepth: number,
+): string | null {
+  let content = line;
+  for (let depth = 0; depth < quoteDepth; depth++) {
+    const marker = /^ {0,3}> ?/.exec(content);
+    if (marker == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    content = content.slice(marker[0].length);
+  }
+  return content;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recognize a standalone display-math marker at the current container boundary.
+ * A list opener carries its base indent so an indented continuation marker can
+ * close it; blockquotes must keep the same quote depth.
+ */
+function displayMathContainer(line: string): DisplayMathContainer | null {
+  const outer = stripBlockquoteMarkers(line);
+  const listMarker = /^( {0,9})(?:[-*+]|\d+[.)]) +(.*)$/.exec(outer.content);
+  if (listMarker != null) {
+    const taskMarker = /^\[[ xX]\] +(.*)$/.exec(listMarker[2]);
+    const inner = stripBlockquoteMarkers(taskMarker?.[1] ?? listMarker[2]);
+    return inner.content.trim() === '$$'
+      ? {
+          outerQuoteDepth: outer.quoteDepth,
+          listBaseIndent: listMarker[1].length,
+          innerQuoteDepth: inner.quoteDepth,
+        }
+      : null;
+  }
+  return outer.content.trim() === '$$'
+    ? {
+        outerQuoteDepth: outer.quoteDepth,
+        listBaseIndent: null,
+        innerQuoteDepth: 0,
+      }
+    : null;
+}
+
+type DisplayMathLineState = 'close' | 'inside' | 'outside';
+
+function displayMathLineState(
+  line: string,
+  container: DisplayMathContainer,
+): DisplayMathLineState {
+  const outerContent = stripExactBlockquoteDepth(
+    line,
+    container.outerQuoteDepth,
+  );
+  if (outerContent == null) {
+    return 'outside';
+  }
+
+  if (container.listBaseIndent == null) {
+    // A deeper quote starts a different container. It cannot close or continue
+    // the math expression owned by the shallower quote.
+    if (/^ {0,3}> ?/.test(outerContent)) {
+      return 'outside';
+    }
+    return outerContent.trim() === '$$' ? 'close' : 'inside';
+  }
+
+  const continuationIndent =
+    outerContent.length - outerContent.trimStart().length;
+  if (continuationIndent <= container.listBaseIndent) {
+    return 'outside';
+  }
+  const innerContent = stripExactBlockquoteDepth(
+    outerContent.trimStart(),
+    container.innerQuoteDepth,
+  );
+  if (innerContent == null || /^ {0,3}> ?/.test(innerContent)) {
+    return 'outside';
+  }
+  return innerContent.trim() === '$$' ? 'close' : 'inside';
+}
+
+/** Match a complete `$$…$$` display-math block without consuming partial input. */
+function matchDisplayMathBlock(
+  lines: string[],
+  lineIndex: number,
+): DisplayMathMatch | null {
+  const trimmed = lines[lineIndex].trim();
+  if (
+    trimmed.length > 4 &&
+    trimmed.startsWith('$$') &&
+    trimmed.endsWith('$$')
+  ) {
+    const value = trimmed.slice(2, -2);
+    return value.trim() === ''
+      ? null
+      : {value, nextIndex: lineIndex + 1, endLine: lineIndex};
+  }
+  if (trimmed !== '$$') {
+    return null;
+  }
+  for (let index = lineIndex + 1; index < lines.length; index++) {
+    if (lines[index].trim() === '$$') {
+      const value = lines.slice(lineIndex + 1, index).join('\n');
+      return value.trim() === ''
+        ? null
+        : {
+            value,
+            nextIndex: index + 1,
+            endLine: index,
+          };
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
 function matchLinkDefinition(
   line: string,
 ): {label: string; destination: string; hasTitle: boolean} | null {
@@ -211,7 +818,10 @@ function matchLinkDefinition(
  * where every definition is global. Separating a footer definition block with
  * a blank line — the usual form — always works.
  */
-function extractLinkDefinitions(input: string): {
+function extractLinkDefinitions(
+  input: string,
+  math = false,
+): {
   defs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
   cleaned: string;
   /**
@@ -240,6 +850,16 @@ function extractLinkDefinitions(input: string): {
       }
       continue;
     }
+    if (math) {
+      const displayMath = matchDisplayMathBlock(lines, index);
+      if (displayMath != null) {
+        // Math is opaque Markdown content: definition-shaped TeX must not leak
+        // into the document-wide link-definition map.
+        index = displayMath.endLine;
+        atBoundary = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
     const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
     if (fenceMatch) {
       inFence = true;
@@ -290,6 +910,15 @@ function extractLinkDefinitions(input: string): {
   return {defs, cleaned, lineMap};
 }
 
+/** Order-independent signature of a citation-source set, for cache checks. */
+function sourceIdsSignature(
+  sourceIds: ReadonlySet<string> | undefined,
+): string {
+  return sourceIds == null || sourceIds.size === 0
+    ? ''
+    : [...sourceIds].sort().join('\u0000');
+}
+
 /** Order-independent signature of a link-definition set, for cache checks. */
 function linkDefsSignature(defs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>): string {
   if (defs.size === 0) {
@@ -307,12 +936,19 @@ function linkDefsSignature(defs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>): string {
  * Returns the node plus the index just past the reference, or null when it is
  * not a resolvable reference (caller falls through to literal handling).
  */
+function protectedInlineOptions(opts: ResolvedOptions): ResolvedOptions {
+  return opts.plugins == null ? opts : {...opts, plugins: undefined};
+}
+
 function matchReferenceLink(
   text: string,
   start: number,
   linkDefs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>,
   opts: ResolvedOptions,
-): {node: InlineNode; end: number} | null {
+): {
+  node: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+  end: number;
+} | null {
   const textClose = text.indexOf(']', start + 1);
   if (textClose === -1) {
     return null;
@@ -328,9 +964,13 @@ function matchReferenceLink(
       // matches nothing.
       const label = rawLabel === '' ? linkText : rawLabel;
       const href = linkDefs.get(normalizeLinkLabel(label));
-      if (href != null && isSafeUrl(href)) {
+      if (href != null && isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(href)) {
         return {
-          node: {type: 'link', href, children: parseInlineImpl(linkText, opts)},
+          node: {
+            type: 'link',
+            url: href,
+            children: parseInlineImpl(linkText, protectedInlineOptions(opts)),
+          },
           end: labelClose + 1,
         };
       }
@@ -343,11 +983,15 @@ function matchReferenceLink(
     return null;
   }
   const href = linkDefs.get(normalizeLinkLabel(linkText));
-  if (href == null || !isSafeUrl(href)) {
+  if (href == null || !isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(href)) {
     return null;
   }
   return {
-    node: {type: 'link', href, children: parseInlineImpl(linkText, opts)},
+    node: {
+      type: 'link',
+      url: href,
+      children: parseInlineImpl(linkText, protectedInlineOptions(opts)),
+    },
     end: textClose + 1,
   };
 }
@@ -357,7 +1001,10 @@ function matchReferenceImage(
   text: string,
   start: number,
   linkDefs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>,
-): {node: InlineNode; end: number} | null {
+): {
+  node: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>;
+  end: number;
+} | null {
   const altClose = text.indexOf(']', start + 2);
   if (altClose === -1) {
     return null;
@@ -369,8 +1016,8 @@ function matchReferenceImage(
       const rawLabel = text.slice(altClose + 2, labelClose);
       const label = rawLabel === '' ? alt : rawLabel;
       const src = linkDefs.get(normalizeLinkLabel(label));
-      if (src != null && isSafeUrl(src)) {
-        return {node: {type: 'image', src, alt}, end: labelClose + 1};
+      if (src != null && isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(src)) {
+        return {node: {type: 'image', url: src, alt}, end: labelClose + 1};
       }
       // No match — fall back to a shortcut `![alt]`.
     }
@@ -379,10 +1026,10 @@ function matchReferenceImage(
     return null;
   }
   const src = linkDefs.get(normalizeLinkLabel(alt));
-  if (src == null || !isSafeUrl(src)) {
+  if (src == null || !isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(src)) {
     return null;
   }
-  return {node: {type: 'image', src, alt}, end: altClose + 1};
+  return {node: {type: 'image', url: src, alt}, end: altClose + 1};
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -412,31 +1059,65 @@ function isWordChar(ch: string | undefined): boolean {
   return /\w/.test(ch);
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// URL scheme sanitization
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/** True when the character at `index` is preceded by an odd backslash run. */
+function isEscaped(text: string, index: number): boolean {
+  let backslashes = 0;
+  for (let i = index - 1; i >= 0 && text[i] === '\\'; i--) {
+    backslashes++;
+  }
+  return backslashes % 2 === 1;
+}
 
 /**
- * Reject URLs with dangerous schemes (javascript:, vbscript:, data:) that
- * could execute arbitrary code when rendered as link hrefs or image srcs.
- * Returns true if the URL is safe to use, false otherwise.
+ * Find the closing delimiter for `$…$` math on the same line.
+ *
+ * The whitespace and numeric-edge rules mirror common dollar-math parsers:
+ * whitespace cannot hug the delimiters, a digit cannot sit immediately before
+ * the opener or after the closer, and `$$` is reserved for display math. The
+ * numeric guard prevents ordinary prose such as "$20 and $30" from becoming a
+ * formula even in a math-enabled document.
  */
-function isSafeUrl(url: string): boolean {
-  // Trim and collapse whitespace/control chars that browsers tolerate but
-  // could bypass a naive prefix check (e.g. "java\nscript:alert(1)").
-  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex -- control chars are the bypass
-  const normalized = url.replace(/[\x00-\x1f\x7f]/g, '').trim();
-  const lower = normalized.toLowerCase();
-  if (
-    lower.startsWith('javascript:') ||
-    lower.startsWith('vbscript:') ||
-    lower.startsWith('data:text/html')
-  ) {
-    return false;
+function isInlineMathStart(text: string, index: number): boolean {
+  return (
+    text[index] === '$' &&
+    text[index - 1] !== '$' &&
+    text[index + 1] !== '$' &&
+    text[index + 1] != null &&
+    !/\s/.test(text[index + 1]) &&
+    !/\d/.test(text[index - 1] ?? '') &&
+    !isEscaped(text, index)
+  );
+}
+
+function findInlineMathEnd(text: string, start: number): number {
+  if (!isInlineMathStart(text, start)) {
+    return -1;
   }
-  return true;
+
+  for (let index = start + 1; index < text.length; index++) {
+    if (text[index] === '\n') {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (text[index] !== '$' || isEscaped(text, index)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // An unescaped dollar ends this candidate: it either forms a valid closer
+    // or makes the whole span literal. Never skip over one and pair with a
+    // later dollar, which would swallow currency or another expression.
+    if (
+      text[index - 1] === '$' ||
+      text[index + 1] === '$' ||
+      /\s/.test(text[index - 1]) ||
+      /\d/.test(text[index + 1] ?? '')
+    ) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return index;
+  }
+  return -1;
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Inline parser
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -490,16 +1171,246 @@ function matchBracketCitation(
   return {sourceId: id, end: closeIndex + 1};
 }
 
+type ExtensionMatch =
+  | {readonly status: 'none'}
+  | {readonly status: 'defer'}
+  | {
+      readonly status: 'match';
+      readonly node: RuntimeExtensionNode;
+      readonly end: number;
+    };
+
+function currentLineStart(source: string, offset: number): number {
+  return source.lastIndexOf('\n', offset - 1) + 1;
+}
+
+function matchExtensionSyntax(
+  source: string,
+  offset: number,
+  context: 'inline' | 'block',
+  opts: ResolvedOptions,
+): ExtensionMatch {
+  const byFirstCharacter =
+    context === 'inline'
+      ? opts.plugins?.inlineByFirstCharacter
+      : opts.allowBlockSyntax === false
+        ? undefined
+        : opts.plugins?.blockByFirstCharacter;
+  const candidates = byFirstCharacter?.get(source[offset]);
+  if (candidates == null) {
+    return {status: 'none'};
+  }
+
+  const seen = new Set<PreparedSyntaxContribution>();
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (seen.has(candidate)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    seen.add(candidate);
+    let fullPrefix = false;
+    for (const prefix of candidate.contribution.startsWith) {
+      if (source.startsWith(prefix, offset)) {
+        fullPrefix = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!opts.isFinal) {
+        const remaining = source.slice(offset);
+        if (remaining.length < prefix.length && prefix.startsWith(remaining)) {
+          return {status: 'defer'};
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!fullPrefix) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const end = Math.min(
+      source.length,
+      offset + candidate.contribution.maxSpan,
+    );
+    let result: ReturnType<typeof candidate.contribution.tokenize>;
+    try {
+      result = candidate.contribution.tokenize({
+        source: end === source.length ? source : source.slice(0, end),
+        offset,
+        end,
+        isFinal: opts.isFinal,
+        context,
+        lineStart: currentLineStart(source, offset),
+        column: offset - currentLineStart(source, offset),
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      reportMarkdownPluginFailure(candidate.pluginName, 'syntax', error);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (
+      result == null ||
+      typeof result !== 'object' ||
+      typeof (result as {then?: unknown}).then === 'function'
+    ) {
+      reportMarkdownPluginFailure(
+        candidate.pluginName,
+        'syntax',
+        new TypeError('Tokenizer returned an invalid result'),
+      );
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (result.status === 'no-match') {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (result.status === 'defer') {
+      return !opts.isFinal &&
+        end === source.length &&
+        source.length - offset < candidate.contribution.maxSpan
+        ? {status: 'defer'}
+        : {status: 'none'};
+    }
+    if (
+      result.status !== 'match' ||
+      !Number.isInteger(result.end) ||
+      result.end <= offset ||
+      result.end > end ||
+      result.node.type !== 'extension' ||
+      result.node.plugin !== candidate.pluginName ||
+      result.node.display !== context ||
+      result.node.name.trim() === '' ||
+      !isMarkdownPluginData(result.node.data) ||
+      !opts.plugins?.renderers.has(
+        `${candidate.pluginName}\0${result.node.name}`,
+      )
+    ) {
+      reportMarkdownPluginFailure(
+        candidate.pluginName,
+        'syntax',
+        new TypeError('Tokenizer returned an invalid extension node'),
+      );
+      continue;
+    }
+    const rawNode = result.node as typeof result.node & {
+      readonly source?: unknown;
+      readonly position?: unknown;
+    };
+    const {
+      source: _ignoredSource,
+      position: _ignoredPosition,
+      ...safeNode
+    } = rawNode;
+    const absoluteStart = (opts.baseOffset ?? 0) + offset;
+    const absoluteEnd = (opts.baseOffset ?? 0) + result.end;
+    return {
+      status: 'match',
+      end: result.end,
+      node: Object.freeze({
+        ...safeNode,
+        data: freezeMarkdownPluginData(result.node.data),
+        source: source.slice(offset, result.end),
+        ...(opts.sourceRanges && context === 'block'
+          ? {
+              position: Object.freeze({
+                start: Object.freeze({offset: absoluteStart}),
+                end: Object.freeze({offset: absoluteEnd}),
+              }),
+            }
+          : null),
+      }) as RuntimeExtensionNode,
+    };
+  }
+  return {status: 'none'};
+}
+
+type ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins = Omit<ParseOptions, 'plugins'>;
+type MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins = Omit<MathParseOptions, 'plugins'>;
+type IncrementalParseOptionsWithoutPlugins = Omit<
+  IncrementalParseOptions,
+  'plugins'
+>;
+type IncrementalMathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins = Omit<
+  IncrementalMathParseOptions,
+  'plugins'
+>;
+
 export function parseInline(
   text: string,
   sourceIds?: ReadonlySet<string>,
 ): InlineNode[];
-export function parseInline(text: string, options: ParseOptions): InlineNode[];
 export function parseInline(
   text: string,
-  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | ParseOptions,
-): InlineNode[] {
-  return parseInlineEntry(text, resolveOptions(arg));
+  options: MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): InlineNodeWithMath[];
+export function parseInline(
+  text: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): InlineNode[];
+export function parseInline<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  text: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): InlineNode<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
+export function parseInline<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  text: string,
+  options: MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): InlineNodeWithMath<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
+export function parseInline(
+  text: string,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): RuntimeInlineNode[] {
+  return projectInlineNodes(
+    parseInlineAstRuntime(text, arg),
+    wantsLegacyRanges(arg),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse inline Markdown into the canonical immutable Astryx AST.
+ *
+ * Unlike `parseInline`, this returns MDAST-aligned node names and fields. Math
+ * nodes are present only when `math: true`, and plugin extension nodes are
+ * inferred from the ordered `plugins` tuple.
+ */
+export function parseInlineAst(
+  text: string,
+  sourceIds?: ReadonlySet<string>,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent[];
+export function parseInlineAst(
+  text: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins | MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent[];
+export function parseInlineAst<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  text: string,
+  options: (ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins | MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins) & {
+    plugins: Plugins;
+  },
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
+export function parseInlineAst(
+  text: string,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
+  return parseInlineAstRuntime(text, arg);
+}
+
+function parseInlineAstRuntime(
+  text: string,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
+  const opts = resolveOptions(arg);
+  const nodes = parseInlineEntry(text, opts);
+  if ((opts.plugins?.transforms.length ?? 0) === 0) {
+    return nodes;
+  }
+  const transformed = applyMarkdownTransforms(
+    {type: 'root', children: [{type: 'paragraph', children: nodes}]},
+    opts.plugins,
+    text,
+    opts.isFinal,
+    'inline',
+  );
+  const paragraph = transformed.children[0];
+  return paragraph?.type === 'paragraph' ? [...paragraph.children] : nodes;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -509,21 +1420,35 @@ export function parseInline(
  * wrapper and call `parseInlineImpl` directly so the transform runs only on
  * the outermost block's inline tree — letting `transformAutolinks` decide
  * which subtrees to descend into (text, bold, italic, strikethrough) and
- * which to skip (link, code, image, citation, break).
+ * which to skip (link, code, math, image, citation, break).
  */
-function parseInlineEntry(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
+function parseInlineEntry(
+  text: string,
+  opts: ResolvedOptions,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
   const nodes = parseInlineImpl(text, opts);
   return opts.autolink === 'gfm' ? transformAutolinks(nodes) : nodes;
 }
 
-function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
-  const nodes: InlineNode[] = [];
+function parseInlineImpl(
+  text: string,
+  opts: ResolvedOptions,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
+  const nodes: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
+  // Only a plugin that actually contributes INLINE syntax may cost anything
+  // per source position. A transform-only list contributes none, so it takes
+  // the same path as an omitted or empty one: no candidate probe per
+  // position, and no map lookup per character in the plain-text scan below.
+  const inlineExtensionStarts =
+    opts.plugins != null && opts.plugins.inlineByFirstCharacter.size > 0
+      ? opts.plugins.inlineByFirstCharacter
+      : undefined;
   let i = 0;
 
   while (i < text.length) {
     // --- Escape ---
     if (text[i] === '\\' && i + 1 < text.length) {
-      nodes.push({type: 'text', content: text[i + 1]});
+      nodes.push({type: 'text', value: text[i + 1]});
       i += 2;
       continue;
     }
@@ -534,12 +1459,28 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
       const openIndex = i + tickCount;
       const closeIndex = text.indexOf('`'.repeat(tickCount), openIndex);
       if (closeIndex !== -1) {
-        nodes.push({type: 'code', content: text.slice(openIndex, closeIndex)});
+        nodes.push({
+          type: 'inlineCode',
+          value: text.slice(openIndex, closeIndex),
+        });
         i = closeIndex + tickCount;
         continue;
       }
     }
 
+    // --- Inline math (opt-in; code takes precedence) ---
+    if (opts.math && text[i] === '$') {
+      const closeIndex = findInlineMathEnd(text, i);
+      if (closeIndex !== -1) {
+        nodes.push({
+          type: 'inlineMath',
+          value: text.slice(i + 1, closeIndex),
+        });
+        i = closeIndex + 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
     // --- Citation: fullwidth 【id】 ---
     {
       const citation = matchFullwidthCitation(text, i, opts);
@@ -557,13 +1498,13 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
         const srcClose = findClosingParen(text, altClose + 2);
         if (srcClose !== -1) {
           const src = text.slice(altClose + 2, srcClose);
-          if (!isSafeUrl(src)) {
+          if (!isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(src)) {
             // Dangerous scheme — emit as plain text.
-            nodes.push({type: 'text', content: text.slice(i, srcClose + 1)});
+            nodes.push({type: 'text', value: text.slice(i, srcClose + 1)});
           } else {
             nodes.push({
               type: 'image',
-              src,
+              url: src,
               alt: text.slice(i + 2, altClose),
             });
           }
@@ -600,14 +1541,17 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
         const urlClose = findClosingParen(text, textClose + 2);
         if (urlClose !== -1) {
           const href = text.slice(textClose + 2, urlClose);
-          if (!isSafeUrl(href)) {
+          if (!isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(href)) {
             // Dangerous scheme — emit as plain text instead of a link.
-            nodes.push({type: 'text', content: text.slice(i, urlClose + 1)});
+            nodes.push({type: 'text', value: text.slice(i, urlClose + 1)});
           } else {
             nodes.push({
               type: 'link',
-              href,
-              children: parseInlineImpl(text.slice(i + 1, textClose), opts),
+              url: href,
+              children: parseInlineImpl(
+                text.slice(i + 1, textClose),
+                protectedInlineOptions(opts),
+              ),
             });
           }
           i = urlClose + 1;
@@ -642,10 +1586,10 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
           (!isUnderscore || !isWordChar(text[closeIndex + 3]))
         ) {
           nodes.push({
-            type: 'bold',
+            type: 'strong',
             children: [
               {
-                type: 'italic',
+                type: 'emphasis',
                 children: parseInlineImpl(text.slice(i + 3, closeIndex), opts),
               },
             ],
@@ -672,7 +1616,7 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
           (!isUnderscore || !isWordChar(text[closeIndex + 2]))
         ) {
           nodes.push({
-            type: 'bold',
+            type: 'strong',
             children: parseInlineImpl(text.slice(i + 2, closeIndex), opts),
           });
           i = closeIndex + 2;
@@ -686,7 +1630,7 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
       const closeIndex = text.indexOf('~~', i + 2);
       if (closeIndex !== -1) {
         nodes.push({
-          type: 'strikethrough',
+          type: 'delete',
           children: parseInlineImpl(text.slice(i + 2, closeIndex), opts),
         });
         i = closeIndex + 2;
@@ -707,7 +1651,7 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
           (!isUnderscore || !isWordChar(text[closeIndex + 1]))
         ) {
           nodes.push({
-            type: 'italic',
+            type: 'emphasis',
             children: parseInlineImpl(text.slice(i + 1, closeIndex), opts),
           });
           i = closeIndex + 1;
@@ -716,9 +1660,30 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
       }
     }
 
+    // --- Extension syntax (built-ins and protected contexts win) ---
+    if (inlineExtensionStarts !== undefined) {
+      const extension = matchExtensionSyntax(text, i, 'inline', opts);
+      if (extension.status === 'match') {
+        nodes.push(
+          extension.node as Extract<RuntimeExtensionNode, {display: 'inline'}>,
+        );
+        i = extension.end;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (extension.status === 'defer') {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
     // --- Plain text (with line-break detection) ---
     let end = i + 1;
-    while (end < text.length && !'*_~`[!\\\n\u3010'.includes(text[end])) {
+    while (
+      end < text.length &&
+      !'*_~`[!\\\n\u3010'.includes(text[end]) &&
+      !(opts.math && text[end] === '$') &&
+      (inlineExtensionStarts === undefined ||
+        !inlineExtensionStarts.has(text[end]))
+    ) {
       end++;
     }
 
@@ -731,9 +1696,12 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
         if (trimmed.length > 0) {
           const last = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
           if (last?.type === 'text') {
-            last.content += trimmed;
+            nodes[nodes.length - 1] = {
+              ...last,
+              value: last.value + trimmed,
+            };
           } else {
-            nodes.push({type: 'text', content: trimmed});
+            nodes.push({type: 'text', value: trimmed});
           }
         }
         nodes.push({type: 'break'});
@@ -744,9 +1712,9 @@ function parseInlineImpl(text: string, opts: ResolvedOptions): InlineNode[] {
 
     const last = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
     if (last?.type === 'text') {
-      last.content += content;
+      nodes[nodes.length - 1] = {...last, value: last.value + content};
     } else {
-      nodes.push({type: 'text', content});
+      nodes.push({type: 'text', value: content});
     }
     i = end;
   }
@@ -871,7 +1839,7 @@ function scanAutolinksInText(text: string): AutolinkMatch[] {
     while ((m = re.exec(text)) !== null) {
       const url = m[1];
       // Skip dangerous URL schemes (javascript:, vbscript:, data:text/html)
-      if (!isSafeUrl(url)) {
+      if (!isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(url)) {
         continue;
       }
       matches.push({
@@ -991,26 +1959,28 @@ function scanAutolinksInText(text: string): AutolinkMatch[] {
  * Split a text-node `content` string into a sequence of text + link nodes
  * based on autolink matches.
  */
-function splitTextOnAutolinks(content: string): InlineNode[] {
+function splitTextOnAutolinks(
+  content: string,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
   const matches = scanAutolinksInText(content);
   if (matches.length === 0) {
-    return [{type: 'text', content}];
+    return [{type: 'text', value: content}];
   }
-  const out: InlineNode[] = [];
+  const out: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
   let cursor = 0;
   for (const m of matches) {
     if (m.start > cursor) {
-      out.push({type: 'text', content: content.slice(cursor, m.start)});
+      out.push({type: 'text', value: content.slice(cursor, m.start)});
     }
     out.push({
       type: 'link',
-      href: m.href,
-      children: [{type: 'text', content: m.display}],
+      url: m.href,
+      children: [{type: 'text', value: m.display}],
     });
     cursor = m.end;
   }
   if (cursor < content.length) {
-    out.push({type: 'text', content: content.slice(cursor)});
+    out.push({type: 'text', value: content.slice(cursor)});
   }
   return out;
 }
@@ -1023,23 +1993,25 @@ function splitTextOnAutolinks(content: string): InlineNode[] {
  * `image` alt text, `citation`, or `break`. Runs only on the outermost
  * block's inline tree (see `parseInlineEntry`).
  */
-function transformAutolinks(nodes: InlineNode[]): InlineNode[] {
-  const out: InlineNode[] = [];
+function transformAutolinks(
+  nodes: ReadonlyArray<MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>>,
+): MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
+  const out: MarkdownAstPhrasingContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
   for (const node of nodes) {
     if (node.type === 'text') {
-      const split = splitTextOnAutolinks(node.content);
+      const split = splitTextOnAutolinks(node.value);
       for (const seg of split) {
         const last = out[out.length - 1];
         if (seg.type === 'text' && last?.type === 'text') {
-          last.content += seg.content;
+          out[out.length - 1] = {...last, value: last.value + seg.value};
         } else {
           out.push(seg);
         }
       }
     } else if (
-      node.type === 'bold' ||
-      node.type === 'italic' ||
-      node.type === 'strikethrough'
+      node.type === 'strong' ||
+      node.type === 'emphasis' ||
+      node.type === 'delete'
     ) {
       out.push({...node, children: transformAutolinks(node.children)});
     } else {
@@ -1122,7 +2094,16 @@ function isTableSeparator(line: string): boolean {
  * offset into it would not address the document.
  */
 function nested(opts: ResolvedOptions): ResolvedOptions {
-  return opts.sourceRanges ? {...opts, sourceRanges: false} : opts;
+  const nestedOptions =
+    opts.allowBlockSyntax === false ? opts : {...opts, allowBlockSyntax: false};
+  return nestedOptions.sourceRanges || nestedOptions.astPositions
+    ? {...nestedOptions, sourceRanges: false, astPositions: false}
+    : nestedOptions;
+}
+
+function blockExtensionColumn(line: string): number | null {
+  const indentation = line.length - line.trimStart().length;
+  return indentation <= 3 ? indentation : null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1198,10 +2179,10 @@ function parseTable(
   lines: string[],
   lineIndex: number,
   opts: ResolvedOptions,
-): {node: BlockNode; nextIndex: number} {
-  const headers: TableCellNode[] = splitTableRow(lines[lineIndex]).map(
-    cell => ({children: parseInlineEntry(cell, opts)}),
-  );
+): {node: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>; nextIndex: number} {
+  const headers: MarkdownAstTableCell<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = splitTableRow(
+    lines[lineIndex],
+  ).map(cell => ({type: 'tableCell', children: parseInlineEntry(cell, opts)}));
   const alignments: TableAlignment[] = splitTableRow(lines[lineIndex + 1]).map(
     cell => {
       const trimmed = cell.trim();
@@ -1216,22 +2197,32 @@ function parseTable(
             : null;
     },
   );
-  const rows: TableCellNode[][] = [];
+  const rows: MarkdownAstTableRow<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
   let rowIndex = lineIndex + 2;
   while (
     rowIndex < lines.length &&
     lines[rowIndex].includes('|') &&
     lines[rowIndex].trim() !== ''
   ) {
-    rows.push(
-      splitTableRow(lines[rowIndex]).map(cell => ({
+    rows.push({
+      type: 'tableRow',
+      children: splitTableRow(lines[rowIndex]).map(cell => ({
+        type: 'tableCell',
         children: parseInlineEntry(cell, opts),
       })),
-    );
+    });
     rowIndex++;
   }
+  const header: MarkdownAstTableRow<RuntimeExtensionNode> = {
+    type: 'tableRow',
+    children: headers,
+  };
   return {
-    node: {type: 'table', headers, alignments, rows},
+    node: {
+      type: 'table',
+      align: alignments,
+      children: [header, ...rows],
+    },
     nextIndex: rowIndex,
   };
 }
@@ -1241,8 +2232,8 @@ function parseList(
   startIndex: number,
   ordered: boolean,
   opts: ResolvedOptions,
-): {node: BlockNode; nextIndex: number} {
-  const items: ListItemNode[] = [];
+): {node: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>; nextIndex: number} {
+  const items: MarkdownAstListItem<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
   const baseIndent = getIndent(lines[startIndex]);
   // Ordered lists may use either '.' or ')' as the marker delimiter
   // (CommonMark 5.2). Capture which one this list starts with so its items
@@ -1296,7 +2287,11 @@ function parseList(
       itemText += '\n' + deindented.join('\n');
     }
 
-    items.push({checked, children: parseMarkdownImpl(itemText, nested(opts))});
+    items.push({
+      type: 'listItem',
+      checked,
+      children: parseMarkdownImpl(itemText, nested(opts)),
+    });
 
     // CommonMark loose list: blank line(s) between items of the same style
     // and indent still form one list. Skip the blanks and continue if the
@@ -1314,17 +2309,15 @@ function parseList(
       index = lookahead;
     }
   }
-  return {
-    node: {
-      type: 'list',
-      ordered,
-      start,
-      delimiter: ordered ? (delim as '.' | ')') : undefined,
-      loose: loose || undefined,
-      items,
-    },
-    nextIndex: index,
+  const node: MarkdownAstList<RuntimeExtensionNode> = {
+    type: 'list',
+    ordered,
+    start,
+    delimiter: ordered ? (delim as '.' | ')') : undefined,
+    spread: loose || undefined,
+    children: items,
   };
+  return {node, nextIndex: index};
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1337,19 +2330,89 @@ export function parseMarkdown(
 ): BlockNode[];
 export function parseMarkdown(
   input: string,
-  options: ParseOptions,
+  options: MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): BlockNodeWithMath[];
+export function parseMarkdown(
+  input: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
 ): BlockNode[];
+export function parseMarkdown<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  input: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): BlockNode<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
+export function parseMarkdown<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  input: string,
+  options: MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): BlockNodeWithMath<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
 export function parseMarkdown(
   input: string,
-  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | ParseOptions,
-): BlockNode[] {
-  return parseMarkdownImpl(input, resolveOptions(arg));
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): RuntimeBlockNode[] {
+  return projectMarkdownRoot(
+    parseMarkdownAstInternal(input, arg, true),
+    wantsLegacyRanges(arg),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse block Markdown into the canonical immutable Astryx AST.
+ *
+ * Unlike `parseMarkdown`, this returns the MDAST-aligned root used by Markdown,
+ * transforms, and Outline. Math nodes are present only when `math: true`, and
+ * plugin extension nodes are inferred from the ordered `plugins` tuple.
+ */
+export function parseMarkdownAst(
+  input: string,
+  sourceIds?: ReadonlySet<string>,
+): MarkdownAstRoot;
+export function parseMarkdownAst(
+  input: string,
+  options: ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins | MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): MarkdownAstRoot;
+export function parseMarkdownAst<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  input: string,
+  options: (ParseOptionsWithoutPlugins | MathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins) & {
+    plugins: Plugins;
+  },
+): MarkdownAstRoot<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>;
+export function parseMarkdownAst(
+  input: string,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode> {
+  return parseMarkdownAstInternal(input, arg, true);
+}
+
+/** @internal Full-parse entry point with streaming finality for Outline. */
+export function parseMarkdownAstInternal(
+  input: string,
+  arg: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions | undefined,
+  isFinal: boolean,
+): MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode> {
+  const resolved = resolveOptions(arg);
+  const opts = isFinal ? resolved : {...resolved, isFinal: false};
+  const root: MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode> = {
+    type: 'root',
+    children: parseMarkdownImpl(input, opts),
+  };
+  return applyMarkdownTransforms(
+    root,
+    opts.plugins,
+    input,
+    opts.isFinal,
+    'block',
+  );
 }
 
 function parseMarkdownImpl(
   input: string,
   baseOpts: ResolvedOptions,
-): BlockNode[] {
+): MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
   // Collect this input's link reference definitions and strip their lines,
   // then merge them with any definitions inherited from an enclosing parse
   // (the incremental parser passes the whole document's definitions in; a
@@ -1357,7 +2420,7 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
   // definitions win on conflict, matching CommonMark's first-definition-wins
   // in document order; locally-nested definitions still resolve within this
   // parse.
-  const {defs, cleaned, lineMap} = extractLinkDefinitions(input);
+  const {defs, cleaned, lineMap} = extractLinkDefinitions(input, baseOpts.math);
   const inherited = baseOpts.linkDefs;
   let linkDefs: ReadonlyMap<string, string> | undefined;
   if (defs.size === 0) {
@@ -1370,18 +2433,35 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
   const opts: ResolvedOptions =
     linkDefs != null ? {...baseOpts, linkDefs} : baseOpts;
   const lines = cleaned.split('\n');
-  const blocks: BlockNode[] = [];
+  const hasBlockExtensionSyntax =
+    opts.allowBlockSyntax !== false &&
+    (opts.plugins?.blockByFirstCharacter.size ?? 0) > 0;
+  // Derived from the already-split lines rather than a second character
+  // scan: every line contributes its own length plus the newline it ended on.
+  const lineOffsets = [0];
+  if (opts.astPositions === true || hasBlockExtensionSyntax) {
+    let offset = 0;
+    for (let index = 0; index < lines.length; index++) {
+      offset += lines[index].length + 1;
+      lineOffsets.push(offset);
+    }
+  }
+  const blockExtensionMatches = new Map<number, ExtensionMatch>();
+  const blocks: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] = [];
   // The line each block started on, parallel to `blocks`. Only collected when
   // ranges were asked for; a block's end is resolved after the loop, since the
   // branch that produced it has already moved `index` past whatever it read.
-  const blockStartLines: number[] | null = opts.sourceRanges ? [] : null;
+  const blockStartLines: number[] | null =
+    opts.astPositions === true ? [] : null;
   // Set only by a block that consumes blank lines as content, where the
   // positional end derivation would trim them away.
-  const blockEndLines: (number | undefined)[] | null = opts.sourceRanges
-    ? []
-    : null;
+  const blockEndLines: (number | undefined)[] | null =
+    opts.astPositions === true ? [] : null;
   let blockStartLine = 0;
-  const pushBlock = (node: BlockNode, endLine?: number) => {
+  const pushBlock = (
+    node: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>,
+    endLine?: number,
+  ) => {
     blocks.push(node);
     blockStartLines?.push(blockStartLine);
     blockEndLines?.push(endLine);
@@ -1397,10 +2477,16 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
     }
 
     // --- Fenced code block ---
-    const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})(\w*)/);
+    const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
     if (fenceMatch) {
       const fence = fenceMatch[1];
-      const language = fenceMatch[2] || 'plaintext';
+      const info = line.slice(fence.length);
+      const language = info.match(/^(\S+)/)?.[1] ?? null;
+      const legacyLanguage = info.match(/^(\w*)/)?.[1] || null;
+      const meta =
+        language == null
+          ? undefined
+          : info.slice(language.length).trim() || undefined;
       const codeLines: string[] = [];
       index++;
       while (index < lines.length && !lines[index].startsWith(fence)) {
@@ -1412,18 +2498,39 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
       // can end on them, so it states its own end rather than letting the
       // positional derivation trim them off.
       pushBlock(
-        {type: 'codeblock', language, content: codeLines.join('\n')},
+        markMarkdownAstLegacyCodeLanguage(
+          {
+            type: 'code',
+            lang: language,
+            ...(meta == null ? {} : {meta}),
+            value: codeLines.join('\n'),
+          },
+          legacyLanguage,
+        ),
         Math.min(index, lines.length) - 1,
       );
       continue;
     }
 
+    // --- Display math (opt-in; fenced code takes precedence) ---
+    if (opts.math) {
+      const displayMath = matchDisplayMathBlock(lines, index);
+      if (displayMath != null) {
+        pushBlock(
+          {type: 'math', value: displayMath.value},
+          displayMath.endLine,
+        );
+        index = displayMath.nextIndex;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
     // --- Heading ---
     const headingMatch = line.match(/^(#{1,6}) +(.*)/);
     if (headingMatch) {
       pushBlock({
         type: 'heading',
-        level: headingMatch[1].length as 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6,
+        depth: headingMatch[1].length as 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6,
         children: parseInlineEntry(headingMatch[2], opts),
       });
       index++;
@@ -1432,7 +2539,7 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
 
     // --- HR (must precede list check to handle `- - -`, `* * *`, `_ _ _`) ---
     if (isHorizontalRule(line)) {
-      pushBlock({type: 'hr'});
+      pushBlock({type: 'thematicBreak'});
       index++;
       continue;
     }
@@ -1444,9 +2551,9 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
     if (
       imageMatch &&
       line.trim() === imageMatch[0] &&
-      isSafeUrl(imageMatch[2])
+      isSafeMarkdownParserUrl(imageMatch[2])
     ) {
-      pushBlock({type: 'image', alt: imageMatch[1], src: imageMatch[2]});
+      pushBlock({type: 'image', alt: imageMatch[1], url: imageMatch[2]});
       index++;
       continue;
     }
@@ -1496,15 +2603,80 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
       continue;
     }
 
+    // --- Extension block syntax (built-in blocks take precedence) ---
+    if (hasBlockExtensionSyntax) {
+      const extensionColumn = blockExtensionColumn(line);
+      const extensionOffset =
+        extensionColumn == null
+          ? lineOffsets[index]
+          : lineOffsets[index] + extensionColumn;
+      const extension =
+        blockExtensionMatches.get(extensionOffset) ??
+        (extensionColumn == null
+          ? {status: 'none' as const}
+          : matchExtensionSyntax(cleaned, extensionOffset, 'block', opts));
+      blockExtensionMatches.delete(extensionOffset);
+      if (extension.status === 'match') {
+        const consumedEnd = extension.end;
+        const consumed = cleaned.slice(lineOffsets[index], consumedEnd);
+        if (
+          consumedEnd < cleaned.length &&
+          cleaned[consumedEnd] !== '\n' &&
+          cleaned[consumedEnd - 1] !== '\n'
+        ) {
+          reportMarkdownPluginFailure(
+            extension.node.plugin,
+            'syntax',
+            new TypeError('Block syntax must consume complete lines'),
+          );
+        } else {
+          const newlineCount = consumed.split('\n').length - 1;
+          const consumedLines = Math.max(
+            1,
+            newlineCount + (consumed.endsWith('\n') ? 0 : 1),
+          );
+          pushBlock(
+            extension.node as Extract<RuntimeExtensionNode, {display: 'block'}>,
+            index + consumedLines - 1,
+          );
+          index += consumedLines;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      if (extension.status === 'defer') {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
     // --- Paragraph ---
     const paraLines: string[] = [line];
     index++;
-    while (
-      index < lines.length &&
-      !isBlockStart(lines[index]) &&
-      lines[index].trim() !== ''
-    ) {
-      paraLines.push(lines[index]);
+    while (index < lines.length) {
+      const nextLine = lines[index];
+      if (
+        isBlockStart(nextLine) ||
+        (opts.math && matchDisplayMathBlock(lines, index) != null) ||
+        nextLine.trim() === ''
+      ) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (hasBlockExtensionSyntax) {
+        const extensionColumn = blockExtensionColumn(nextLine);
+        if (extensionColumn != null) {
+          const extensionOffset = lineOffsets[index] + extensionColumn;
+          const extension = matchExtensionSyntax(
+            cleaned,
+            extensionOffset,
+            'block',
+            opts,
+          );
+          if (extension.status !== 'none') {
+            blockExtensionMatches.set(extensionOffset, extension);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      paraLines.push(nextLine);
       index++;
     }
     pushBlock({
@@ -1536,7 +2708,7 @@ function parseMarkdownImpl(
  * `lineMap` says which input line each surviving line came from.
  */
 function stampSourceRanges(
-  blocks: BlockNode[],
+  blocks: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[],
   blockStartLines: number[],
   blockEndLines: (number | undefined)[],
   lines: string[],
@@ -1573,7 +2745,13 @@ function stampSourceRanges(
     // range that dropped it would slice to something that re-parses
     // differently.
     const end = lineStart(endLine) + lines[endLine].length;
-    blocks[i] = {...blocks[i], range: {start: lineStart(startLine), end}};
+    blocks[i] = {
+      ...blocks[i],
+      position: {
+        start: {offset: lineStart(startLine)},
+        end: {offset: end},
+      },
+    };
   }
 }
 
@@ -1581,10 +2759,17 @@ function stampSourceRanges(
 // Incremental parsing
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-export interface IncrementalState {
+type IncrementalBlockNode<MathEnabled extends boolean> =
+  MathEnabled extends true ? BlockNodeWithMath : BlockNode;
+
+declare const incrementalStateMode: unique symbol;
+
+export interface IncrementalState<MathEnabled extends boolean = false> {
+  /** @internal Nominally couples a factory-created cache to its node union. */
+  readonly [incrementalStateMode]: MathEnabled;
   prevInput: string;
   settledText: string;
-  settledBlocks: BlockNode[];
+  settledBlocks: IncrementalBlockNode<MathEnabled>[];
   settledUpTo: number;
   /**
    * The `autolink` option the cached `settledBlocks` were parsed with.
@@ -1593,12 +2778,18 @@ export interface IncrementalState {
    * with newly-arriving content.
    */
   autolink?: 'gfm';
+  /** Whether the cached settled blocks were parsed with math enabled. */
+  math?: MathEnabled;
   /**
    * The `sourceRanges` option the cached `settledBlocks` were parsed with.
    * Flipping it invalidates them the same way `autolink` does: they either
    * lack the ranges the caller now asks for, or carry ones it did not.
    */
   sourceRanges?: boolean;
+  /** Identity of citation sources used by settled nodes. */
+  sourceIdsKey?: string;
+  /** Ordered syntax-only identity used by settled nodes. */
+  pluginSyntaxIdentity?: string;
   /**
    * Signature of the link reference definitions the cached `settledBlocks`
    * were parsed with. Definitions are document-global and typically arrive
@@ -1629,19 +2820,36 @@ type IncrementalCache = {
   /** The effective document-global definitions used by slice parses. */
   linkDefs: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
   linkDefsKey: string;
+  /** Canonical settled blocks shared by rendering and compatibility projection. */
+  settledAstBlocks: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[];
+  settledRevision: number;
+  projectedRevision: number;
+  projectedSettledBlocks: RuntimeBlockNode[];
+  /** Preserves released settled-node identity across projected snapshots. */
+  projectionCache: LegacyProjectionCache;
   work: IncrementalWork;
 };
 
-const incrementalCaches = new WeakMap<IncrementalState, IncrementalCache>();
+const incrementalCaches = new WeakMap<
+  IncrementalState<boolean>,
+  IncrementalCache
+>();
 
-function makeIncrementalCache(state: IncrementalState): IncrementalCache {
-  const {defs} = extractLinkDefinitions(state.settledText);
+function makeIncrementalCache(
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
+): IncrementalCache {
+  const {defs} = extractLinkDefinitions(state.settledText, state.math);
   const cache: IncrementalCache = {
     settledEnd: state.settledText.length,
     settledLinkDefs: new Map(defs),
     tailLinkDefs: new Map(),
     linkDefs: defs,
     linkDefsKey: linkDefsSignature(defs),
+    settledAstBlocks: [],
+    settledRevision: 0,
+    projectedRevision: -1,
+    projectedSettledBlocks: [],
+    projectionCache: new WeakMap(),
     work: {
       splitCharacters: 0,
       boundaryLines: 0,
@@ -1653,13 +2861,19 @@ function makeIncrementalCache(state: IncrementalState): IncrementalCache {
   return cache;
 }
 
-export function createIncrementalState(): IncrementalState {
-  const state: IncrementalState = {
+/**
+ * Create an incremental parser cache. Use the `<true>` type argument with
+ * `MathParseOptions` so the cache and returned nodes share the math contract.
+ */
+export function createIncrementalState<
+  MathEnabled extends boolean = false,
+>(): IncrementalState<MathEnabled> {
+  const state = {
     prevInput: '',
     settledText: '',
     settledBlocks: [],
     settledUpTo: 0,
-  };
+  } as unknown as IncrementalState<MathEnabled>;
   makeIncrementalCache(state);
   return state;
 }
@@ -1669,7 +2883,7 @@ export function createIncrementalState(): IncrementalState {
  * @internal Exported from this module for performance regression tests only.
  */
 export function getIncrementalParseWork(
-  state: IncrementalState,
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
 ): IncrementalWork {
   return (
     incrementalCaches.get(state)?.work ?? {
@@ -1695,47 +2909,91 @@ export function getIncrementalParseWork(
  * the boundary to -1 even though the content before the fence opened cannot be
  * changed by anything typed inside it.
  */
-function findSettledBoundary(lines: string[]): {
+function findSettledBoundary(
+  lines: string[],
+  math = false,
+): {
   boundary: number;
   openFence: boolean;
+  openMath: boolean;
 } {
   let inFence = false;
   let fenceMarker = '';
+  let mathContainer: DisplayMathContainer | null = null;
+  let suppressMathUntilBoundary = false;
   let lastBoundary = -1;
   let boundaryBeforeFence = -1;
+  let boundaryBeforeMath = -1;
 
   for (let lineIndex = 0; lineIndex < lines.length; lineIndex++) {
     const line = lines[lineIndex];
 
-    // Fence open / close — match the specific marker character and length
-    const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
-    if (fenceMatch) {
-      if (!inFence) {
-        inFence = true;
-        fenceMarker = fenceMatch[1];
-        boundaryBeforeFence = lastBoundary;
-      } else if (
+    if (inFence) {
+      const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
+      if (
+        fenceMatch &&
         fenceMatch[1].startsWith(fenceMarker[0]) &&
         fenceMatch[1].length >= fenceMarker.length
       ) {
         inFence = false;
         fenceMarker = '';
       }
+      continue;
     }
 
-    if (
-      !inFence &&
-      line.trim() === '' &&
-      lineIndex > 0 &&
-      lineIndex < lines.length - 1
-    ) {
-      lastBoundary = lineIndex;
+    if (mathContainer != null) {
+      const state = displayMathLineState(line, mathContainer);
+      if (state === 'close') {
+        mathContainer = null;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (state === 'inside') {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // The list item or blockquote ended before a closer arrived. The parser
+      // treats that unmatched opener literally, so resume ordinary boundary
+      // detection on this first line outside the container.
+      mathContainer = null;
+      suppressMathUntilBoundary = true;
+    }
+
+    // A complete same-line `$$…$$` expression never changes boundary state.
+    // A standalone marker may belong to the top level, a blockquote, or one
+    // list item; remember that container so its continuation marker closes the
+    // same expression instead of opening a new one.
+    if (math && !suppressMathUntilBoundary) {
+      const container = displayMathContainer(line);
+      if (container != null) {
+        mathContainer = container;
+        boundaryBeforeMath = lastBoundary;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const fenceMatch = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
+    if (fenceMatch) {
+      inFence = true;
+      fenceMarker = fenceMatch[1];
+      boundaryBeforeFence = lastBoundary;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (line.trim() === '') {
+      suppressMathUntilBoundary = false;
+      if (lineIndex > 0 && lineIndex < lines.length - 1) {
+        lastBoundary = lineIndex;
+      }
     }
   }
 
   return {
-    boundary: inFence ? boundaryBeforeFence : lastBoundary,
+    boundary: inFence
+      ? boundaryBeforeFence
+      : mathContainer != null
+        ? boundaryBeforeMath
+        : lastBoundary,
     openFence: inFence,
+    openMath: mathContainer != null,
   };
 }
 
@@ -1743,10 +3001,55 @@ function findSettledBoundary(lines: string[]): {
  * Strip trailing incomplete inline syntax that appears during streaming.
  * Only affects the tail of the last line — safe to apply to the full string.
  */
-export function trimStreamingArtifacts(input: string): string {
-  const lastNL = input.lastIndexOf('\n');
-  const prefix = lastNL === -1 ? '' : input.slice(0, lastNL + 1);
-  let tail = lastNL === -1 ? input : input.slice(lastNL + 1);
+export function trimStreamingArtifacts(
+  input: string,
+  options?: {math?: boolean},
+): string {
+  // First remove an incomplete display expression as one structural unit. This
+  // full-input scan distinguishes a terminal nested closer from a new opener;
+  // looking only at the final `$$` line cannot.
+  const displayTrimmed = options?.math ? trimOpenDisplayMath(input) : input;
+  const lastNL = displayTrimmed.lastIndexOf('\n');
+  const prefix = lastNL === -1 ? '' : displayTrimmed.slice(0, lastNL + 1);
+  let tail = lastNL === -1 ? displayTrimmed : displayTrimmed.slice(lastNL + 1);
+
+  if (options?.math) {
+    // Hold an unmatched inline opener so raw TeX syntax does not flash while
+    // streaming. If another unescaped dollar is already present but fails the
+    // closing-boundary rule, keep both literal (the currency case).
+    for (let index = 0; index < tail.length; index++) {
+      if (
+        tail[index] === '$' &&
+        tail[index + 1] == null &&
+        tail[index - 1] !== '$' &&
+        !/\d/.test(tail[index - 1] ?? '') &&
+        !isEscaped(tail, index)
+      ) {
+        tail = tail.slice(0, index);
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!isInlineMathStart(tail, index)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const close = findInlineMathEnd(tail, index);
+      if (close !== -1) {
+        index = close;
+        continue;
+      }
+      let laterDollar = -1;
+      for (let next = index + 1; next < tail.length; next++) {
+        if (tail[next] === '$' && !isEscaped(tail, next)) {
+          laterDollar = next;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (laterDollar === -1) {
+        tail = tail.slice(0, index);
+        break;
+      }
+      index = laterDollar;
+    }
+  }
 
   // Scan backwards for unclosed syntax markers — no regex to avoid ReDoS
   // Find the last unclosed [ or ![ (link/image start)
@@ -1904,6 +3207,67 @@ export function trimStreamingArtifacts(input: string): string {
  * Once a table is established (header + separator exist), new data rows
  * render immediately — no suppression.
  */
+function trimOpenDisplayMath(text: string): string {
+  const lines = text.split('\n');
+  let inFence = false;
+  let fenceMarker = '';
+  let mathContainer: DisplayMathContainer | null = null;
+  let suppressMathUntilBoundary = false;
+  let mathStartLine = -1;
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < lines.length; index++) {
+    const line = lines[index];
+    if (inFence) {
+      const fence = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
+      if (
+        fence != null &&
+        fence[1].startsWith(fenceMarker[0]) &&
+        fence[1].length >= fenceMarker.length
+      ) {
+        inFence = false;
+        fenceMarker = '';
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (mathContainer != null) {
+      const state = displayMathLineState(line, mathContainer);
+      if (state === 'close') {
+        mathContainer = null;
+        mathStartLine = -1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (state === 'inside') {
+        continue;
+      }
+      mathContainer = null;
+      mathStartLine = -1;
+      suppressMathUntilBoundary = true;
+    }
+
+    if (line.trim() === '') {
+      suppressMathUntilBoundary = false;
+    }
+
+    const fence = line.match(/^(`{3,}|~{3,})/);
+    if (fence != null) {
+      inFence = true;
+      fenceMarker = fence[1];
+      continue;
+    }
+    const container = suppressMathUntilBoundary
+      ? null
+      : displayMathContainer(line);
+    if (container != null) {
+      mathContainer = container;
+      mathStartLine = index;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return mathContainer != null && mathStartLine >= 0
+    ? lines.slice(0, mathStartLine).join('\n').trimEnd()
+    : text;
+}
+
 function trimUnsettledStructural(text: string): string {
   const lines = text.split('\n');
 
@@ -1970,7 +3334,7 @@ function trimUnsettledStructural(text: string): string {
  * rather than into the slice.
  */
 function atOffset(opts: ResolvedOptions, offset: number): ResolvedOptions {
-  return opts.sourceRanges ? {...opts, baseOffset: offset} : opts;
+  return opts.astPositions === true ? {...opts, baseOffset: offset} : opts;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1981,9 +3345,9 @@ function atOffset(opts: ResolvedOptions, offset: number): ResolvedOptions {
  * lists even though the full-text parser joins them per CommonMark §5.3.
  */
 function mergeSettledBlocks(
-  prev: BlockNode[],
-  delta: BlockNode[],
-): BlockNode[] {
+  prev: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[],
+  delta: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[],
+): MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
   if (prev.length === 0 || delta.length === 0) {
     return [...prev, ...delta];
   }
@@ -1995,17 +3359,21 @@ function mergeSettledBlocks(
     prevLast.ordered === deltaFirst.ordered &&
     prevLast.delimiter === deltaFirst.delimiter
   ) {
-    const merged: BlockNode = {
+    const merged: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode> = {
       type: 'list',
       ordered: prevLast.ordered,
       start: prevLast.start,
       delimiter: prevLast.delimiter,
-      loose: true,
-      items: [...prevLast.items, ...deltaFirst.items],
-      // One list now, so one range: from where the first half started to
-      // where the second half ended.
-      ...(prevLast.range != null && deltaFirst.range != null
-        ? {range: {start: prevLast.range.start, end: deltaFirst.range.end}}
+      spread: true,
+      children: [...prevLast.children, ...deltaFirst.children],
+      // One list now, so one position spans both halves.
+      ...(prevLast.position != null && deltaFirst.position != null
+        ? {
+            position: {
+              start: prevLast.position.start,
+              end: deltaFirst.position.end,
+            },
+          }
         : null),
     };
     return [...prev.slice(0, -1), merged, ...delta.slice(1)];
@@ -2014,13 +3382,16 @@ function mergeSettledBlocks(
 }
 
 /** Append a newly-settled slice without copying the already-settled prefix. */
-function appendSettledBlocks(prev: BlockNode[], delta: BlockNode[]): void {
+function appendSettledBlocks(
+  prev: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[],
+  delta: MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[],
+): boolean {
   if (delta.length === 0) {
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
   if (prev.length === 0) {
     prev.push(...delta);
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
   const prevLast = prev[prev.length - 1];
   const deltaFirst = delta[0];
@@ -2035,16 +3406,22 @@ function appendSettledBlocks(prev: BlockNode[], delta: BlockNode[]): void {
       ordered: prevLast.ordered,
       start: prevLast.start,
       delimiter: prevLast.delimiter,
-      loose: true,
-      items: [...prevLast.items, ...deltaFirst.items],
-      ...(prevLast.range != null && deltaFirst.range != null
-        ? {range: {start: prevLast.range.start, end: deltaFirst.range.end}}
+      spread: true,
+      children: [...prevLast.children, ...deltaFirst.children],
+      ...(prevLast.position != null && deltaFirst.position != null
+        ? {
+            position: {
+              start: prevLast.position.start,
+              end: deltaFirst.position.end,
+            },
+          }
         : null),
     };
     prev.push(...delta.slice(1));
-    return;
+    return true;
   }
   prev.push(...delta);
+  return false;
 }
 
 function sameUnsettledDefinitions(
@@ -2066,7 +3443,7 @@ function sameUnsettledDefinitions(
 }
 
 function resetIncrementalCache(
-  state: IncrementalState,
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
   cache: IncrementalCache,
 ): void {
   state.prevInput = '';
@@ -2074,11 +3451,19 @@ function resetIncrementalCache(
   state.settledBlocks = [];
   state.settledUpTo = 0;
   state.linkDefsKey = undefined;
+  state.sourceIdsKey = undefined;
+  state.pluginSyntaxIdentity = undefined;
+  state.math = undefined;
   cache.settledEnd = 0;
   cache.settledLinkDefs.clear();
   cache.tailLinkDefs = new Map();
   cache.linkDefs = new Map();
   cache.linkDefsKey = '';
+  cache.settledAstBlocks = [];
+  cache.settledRevision++;
+  cache.projectedRevision = -1;
+  cache.projectedSettledBlocks = [];
+  cache.projectionCache = new WeakMap();
   cache.work = {
     splitCharacters: 0,
     boundaryLines: 0,
@@ -2100,39 +3485,108 @@ function resetIncrementalCache(
  */
 export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   input: string,
-  state: IncrementalState,
+  state: IncrementalState<false>,
   sourceIds?: ReadonlySet<string>,
 ): BlockNode[];
 export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   input: string,
-  state: IncrementalState,
-  options: ParseOptions,
+  state: IncrementalState<true>,
+  options: IncrementalMathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
+): BlockNodeWithMath[];
+export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
+  input: string,
+  state: IncrementalState<false>,
+  options: IncrementalParseOptionsWithoutPlugins,
 ): BlockNode[];
+export function parseMarkdownIncremental<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  input: string,
+  state: IncrementalState<false>,
+  options: IncrementalParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): BlockNode<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
+export function parseMarkdownIncremental<
+  const Plugins extends ReadonlyArray<MarkdownPluginEntry>,
+>(
+  input: string,
+  state: IncrementalState<true>,
+  options: IncrementalMathParseOptionsWithoutPlugins & {plugins: Plugins},
+): BlockNodeWithMath<MarkdownExtensionsOf<Plugins>>[];
 export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   input: string,
-  state: IncrementalState,
-  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | ParseOptions,
-): BlockNode[] {
-  const opts = resolveOptions(arg);
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): RuntimeBlockNode[] {
+  const withRanges = wantsLegacyRanges(arg);
+  const root = parseMarkdownAstIncremental(input, state, arg);
+  const cache = incrementalCaches.get(state) ?? makeIncrementalCache(state);
+  const projected = projectMarkdownRoot(
+    root,
+    withRanges,
+    cache.projectionCache,
+  );
+  if (cache.projectedRevision !== cache.settledRevision) {
+    cache.projectedSettledBlocks = cache.settledAstBlocks.map(block =>
+      projectBlockNode(block, cache.projectionCache, withRanges),
+    );
+    cache.projectedRevision = cache.settledRevision;
+  }
+  state.settledBlocks =
+    cache.projectedSettledBlocks as typeof state.settledBlocks;
+  return projected;
+}
+
+/** @internal Canonical incremental parse used by Markdown rendering. */
+export function parseMarkdownAstIncremental(
+  input: string,
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
+  arg?: ReadonlySet<string> | RuntimeParseOptions,
+): MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode> {
+  const opts = resolveOptions(arg, true);
+  const root: MarkdownAstRoot<RuntimeExtensionNode> = {
+    type: 'root',
+    children: parseMarkdownIncrementalAstBlocks(input, state, opts),
+  };
+  return applyMarkdownTransforms(
+    root,
+    opts.plugins,
+    input,
+    opts.isFinal,
+    'block',
+  );
+}
+
+function parseMarkdownIncrementalAstBlocks(
+  input: string,
+  state: IncrementalState<boolean>,
+  opts: ResolvedOptions,
+): MarkdownAstBlockContent<RuntimeExtensionNode>[] {
   const cache = incrementalCaches.get(state) ?? makeIncrementalCache(state);
   let reparseSettled = false;
 
-  // Invalidate cache when the autolink or sourceRanges option flips — cached
+  const nextSourceIdsKey = sourceIdsSignature(opts.sourceIds);
+  const nextPluginSyntaxIdentity = opts.plugins?.syntaxIdentity ?? '';
+  // Invalidate cache when an option that changes parsed nodes flips — cached
   // settled blocks were parsed with the previous setting and would otherwise
   // be reused unchanged.
   if (
     state.autolink !== opts.autolink ||
-    Boolean(state.sourceRanges) !== Boolean(opts.sourceRanges)
+    state.math !== opts.math ||
+    Boolean(state.sourceRanges) !== Boolean(opts.sourceRanges) ||
+    state.sourceIdsKey !== nextSourceIdsKey ||
+    state.pluginSyntaxIdentity !== nextPluginSyntaxIdentity
   ) {
     reparseSettled = true;
     state.autolink = opts.autolink;
+    state.math = opts.math;
     state.sourceRanges = opts.sourceRanges;
+    state.sourceIdsKey = nextSourceIdsKey;
+    state.pluginSyntaxIdentity = nextPluginSyntaxIdentity;
   }
   if (input === '') {
     resetIncrementalCache(state, cache);
     return [];
   }
-
   // The settled prefix is only reusable while the input still contains it
   // verbatim. Lengths alone cannot tell: a same-length or longer replacement
   // (new args after reusing a state) disagrees with the prefix without ever
@@ -2147,7 +3601,10 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   ) {
     resetIncrementalCache(state, cache);
     state.autolink = opts.autolink;
+    state.math = opts.math;
     state.sourceRanges = opts.sourceRanges;
+    state.sourceIdsKey = nextSourceIdsKey;
+    state.pluginSyntaxIdentity = nextPluginSyntaxIdentity;
   }
 
   // The recurring parse costs are confined to the mutable suffix: splitting,
@@ -2156,7 +3613,10 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   const oldSettledEnd = cache.settledEnd;
   const tailRaw = input.slice(oldSettledEnd);
   const tailLines = tailRaw.split('\n');
-  const {boundary, openFence} = findSettledBoundary(tailLines);
+  const {boundary, openFence, openMath} = findSettledBoundary(
+    tailLines,
+    opts.math,
+  );
   const settledDelta =
     boundary >= 0 ? tailLines.slice(0, boundary).join('\n') : '';
   const nextSettledEnd = oldSettledEnd + settledDelta.length;
@@ -2168,7 +3628,7 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
   // blocks: document-global references may precede their footer definition.
   let definitionsChanged = false;
   if (settledDelta !== '') {
-    const {defs: deltaDefs} = extractLinkDefinitions(settledDelta);
+    const {defs: deltaDefs} = extractLinkDefinitions(settledDelta, opts.math);
     for (const [label, destination] of deltaDefs) {
       if (!cache.settledLinkDefs.has(label)) {
         cache.settledLinkDefs.set(label, destination);
@@ -2178,7 +3638,10 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
       }
     }
   }
-  const {defs: tailLinkDefs} = extractLinkDefinitions(unsettledInput);
+  const {defs: tailLinkDefs} = extractLinkDefinitions(
+    unsettledInput,
+    opts.math,
+  );
   if (
     !sameUnsettledDefinitions(
       cache.tailLinkDefs,
@@ -2209,36 +3672,69 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
     cache.settledEnd = nextSettledEnd;
   }
 
-  const unsettledRaw = unsettledInput.trim();
+  const trimmedUnsettledInput = unsettledInput.trim();
+  // String#trim removes the CR that belongs to the final content line of a
+  // CRLF snapshot along with trailing blank lines. Keep that one byte so
+  // source ranges and delimiter content remain identical to a full parse.
+  const unsettledRaw =
+    trimmedUnsettledInput !== '' && /\r(?:\n[\s]*)?$/.test(unsettledInput)
+      ? `${trimmedUnsettledInput}\r`
+      : trimmedUnsettledInput;
   // Structural trimming holds back lines that look like an incomplete list or
   // table, which inside a fence is ordinary code: a TypeScript union or a `- `
   // would disappear from the code block as it streams.
   const unsettledText = openFence
     ? unsettledRaw
-    : trimUnsettledStructural(unsettledRaw);
+    : openMath
+      ? trimOpenDisplayMath(unsettledRaw)
+      : trimUnsettledStructural(unsettledRaw);
 
+  const legacyRanges = opts.sourceRanges === true;
   let parsedSettledBlocks = 0;
   if (reparseSettled) {
-    state.settledBlocks = state.settledText
+    cache.settledAstBlocks = state.settledText
       ? parseMarkdownImpl(state.settledText, parseOpts)
       : [];
-    parsedSettledBlocks = state.settledBlocks.length;
+    parsedSettledBlocks = cache.settledAstBlocks.length;
+    cache.settledRevision++;
+    cache.projectedSettledBlocks = cache.settledAstBlocks.map(block =>
+      projectBlockNode(block, cache.projectionCache, legacyRanges),
+    );
+    cache.projectedRevision = cache.settledRevision;
   } else if (settledDelta !== '') {
     const deltaBlocks = parseMarkdownImpl(
       settledDelta,
       atOffset(parseOpts, oldSettledEnd),
     );
-    appendSettledBlocks(state.settledBlocks, deltaBlocks);
+    const mergeIndex = cache.settledAstBlocks.length - 1;
+    const mergedList = appendSettledBlocks(cache.settledAstBlocks, deltaBlocks);
     parsedSettledBlocks = deltaBlocks.length;
+    cache.settledRevision++;
+    const projectedDelta = deltaBlocks.map(block =>
+      projectBlockNode(block, cache.projectionCache, legacyRanges),
+    );
+    if (mergedList) {
+      const canonicalMerged = cache.settledAstBlocks[mergeIndex];
+      const projectedMerged = projectBlockNode(
+        canonicalMerged,
+        cache.projectionCache,
+        legacyRanges,
+      );
+      cache.projectedSettledBlocks[mergeIndex] = projectedMerged;
+      cache.projectedSettledBlocks.push(...projectedDelta.slice(1));
+    } else {
+      cache.projectedSettledBlocks.push(...projectedDelta);
+    }
+    cache.projectedRevision = cache.settledRevision;
   }
 
   // The unsettled tail is trimmed before parsing, so its offset in the
   // document is where that trimmed text actually starts — not the boundary,
-  // which is a line index. If it somehow can't be located, parse it without
-  // ranges rather than report wrong ones. Only worth searching for when
-  // ranges were asked for: this runs on every streamed chunk.
+  // which is a line index. If it somehow cannot be located, parse it without
+  // positions rather than report wrong ones. The search starts at the
+  // settled end, so it scans the tail and never the prefix.
   const unsettledStart =
-    unsettledText && opts.sourceRanges
+    unsettledText && opts.astPositions === true
       ? input.indexOf(unsettledText, cache.settledEnd)
       : -1;
   const unsettledBlocks = unsettledText
@@ -2263,7 +3759,7 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
     definitionCharacters: settledDelta.length + unsettledInput.length,
     renderedBlocks: parsedSettledBlocks + unsettledBlocks.length,
   };
-  return mergeSettledBlocks(state.settledBlocks, unsettledBlocks);
+  return mergeSettledBlocks(cache.settledAstBlocks, unsettledBlocks);
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2274,29 +3770,6 @@ export function parseMarkdownIncremental(
 // derives its item ids from the same functions, so outline hash links always
 // resolve to a rendered heading by construction.
 
-/** Flatten inline nodes into their plain text content. */
-export function inlineText(nodes: InlineNode[]): string {
-  return nodes
-    .map(node => {
-      switch (node.type) {
-        case 'text':
-        case 'code':
-          return node.content;
-        case 'bold':
-        case 'italic':
-        case 'strikethrough':
-        case 'link':
-          return inlineText(node.children);
-        case 'image':
-          return node.alt;
-        case 'citation':
-        case 'break':
-          return '';
-      }
-    })
-    .join('');
-}
-
 /** Turn heading text into a URL-safe slug (lowercase, hyphen-separated). */
 export function slugify(value: string): string {
   return value