@aptos-labs/ts-sdk 1.29.0-zeta.1 → 1.29.0-zeta.2

package/src/internal/move/jwks/build/jwk/sources/dependencies/AptosStdlib/bls12381_algebra.move

@@ -0,0 +1,802 @@
+/// This module defines marker types, constants and test cases for working with BLS12-381 curves
+/// using the generic API defined in `algebra.move`.
+/// See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11#name-bls-curves-for-the-128-bit-
+/// for the full specification of BLS12-381 curves.
+///
+/// Currently-supported BLS12-381 structures include `Fq12`, `Fr`, `G1`, `G2` and `Gt`,
+/// along with their widely-used serialization formats,
+/// the pairing between `G1`, `G2` and `Gt`,
+/// and the hash-to-curve operations for `G1` and `G2` defined in https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16.
+///
+/// Other unimplemented BLS12-381 structures and serialization formats are also listed here,
+/// as they help define some of the currently supported structures.
+/// Their implementation may also be added in the future.
+///
+/// `Fq`: the finite field $F_q$ used in BLS12-381 curves with a prime order $q$ equal to
+/// 0x1a0111ea397fe69a4b1ba7b6434bacd764774b84f38512bf6730d2a0f6b0f6241eabfffeb153ffffb9feffffffffaaab.
+///
+/// `FormatFqLsb`: a serialization format for `Fq` elements,
+/// where an element is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 48 with the least significant byte (LSB) coming first.
+///
+/// `FormatFqMsb`: a serialization format for `Fq` elements,
+/// where an element is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 48 with the most significant byte (MSB) coming first.
+///
+/// `Fq2`: the finite field $F_{q^2}$ used in BLS12-381 curves,
+/// which is an extension field of `Fq`, constructed as $F_{q^2}=F_q[u]/(u^2+1)$.
+///
+/// `FormatFq2LscLsb`: a serialization format for `Fq2` elements,
+/// where an element in the form $(c_0+c_1\cdot u)$ is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 96,
+/// which is a concatenation of its coefficients serialized, with the least significant coefficient (LSC) coming first:
+/// - `b[0..48]` is $c_0$ serialized using `FormatFqLsb`.
+/// - `b[48..96]` is $c_1$ serialized using `FormatFqLsb`.
+///
+/// `FormatFq2MscMsb`: a serialization format for `Fq2` elements,
+/// where an element in the form $(c_0+c_1\cdot u)$ is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 96,
+/// which is a concatenation of its coefficients serialized, with the most significant coefficient (MSC) coming first:
+/// - `b[0..48]` is $c_1$ serialized using `FormatFqLsb`.
+/// - `b[48..96]` is $c_0$ serialized using `FormatFqLsb`.
+///
+/// `Fq6`: the finite field $F_{q^6}$ used in BLS12-381 curves,
+/// which is an extension field of `Fq2`, constructed as $F_{q^6}=F_{q^2}[v]/(v^3-u-1)$.
+///
+/// `FormatFq6LscLsb`: a serialization scheme for `Fq6` elements,
+/// where an element in the form $(c_0+c_1\cdot v+c_2\cdot v^2)$ is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 288,
+/// which is a concatenation of its coefficients serialized, with the least significant coefficient (LSC) coming first:
+/// - `b[0..96]` is $c_0$ serialized using `FormatFq2LscLsb`.
+/// - `b[96..192]` is $c_1$ serialized using `FormatFq2LscLsb`.
+/// - `b[192..288]` is $c_2$ serialized using `FormatFq2LscLsb`.
+///
+/// `G1Full`: a group constructed by the points on the BLS12-381 curve $E(F_q): y^2=x^3+4$ and the point at infinity,
+/// under the elliptic curve point addition.
+/// It contains the prime-order subgroup $G_1$ used in pairing.
+///
+/// `G2Full`: a group constructed by the points on a curve $E'(F_{q^2}): y^2=x^3+4(u+1)$ and the point at infinity,
+/// under the elliptic curve point addition.
+/// It contains the prime-order subgroup $G_2$ used in pairing.
+module aptos_std::bls12381_algebra {
+    //
+    // Marker types + serialization formats begin.
+    //
+
+    /// The finite field $F_{q^12}$ used in BLS12-381 curves,
+    /// which is an extension field of `Fq6` (defined in the module documentation), constructed as $F_{q^12}=F_{q^6}[w]/(w^2-v)$.
+    struct Fq12 {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `Fq12` elements,
+    /// where an element $(c_0+c_1\cdot w)$ is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 576,
+    /// which is a concatenation of its coefficients serialized, with the least significant coefficient (LSC) coming first.
+    /// - `b[0..288]` is $c_0$ serialized using `FormatFq6LscLsb` (defined in the module documentation).
+    /// - `b[288..576]` is $c_1$ serialized using `FormatFq6LscLsb`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatFq12LscLsb {}
+
+    /// The group $G_1$ in BLS12-381-based pairing $G_1 \times G_2 \rightarrow G_t$.
+    /// It is a subgroup of `G1Full` (defined in the module documentation) with a prime order $r$
+    /// equal to 0x73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001.
+    /// (so `Fr` is the associated scalar field).
+    struct G1 {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `G1` elements derived from
+    /// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11.html#name-zcash-serialization-format-.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the serialization procedure that takes a `G1` element `p` and outputs a byte array of size 96.
+    /// 1. Let `(x,y)` be the coordinates of `p` if `p` is on the curve, or `(0,0)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Serialize `x` and `y` into `b_x[]` and `b_y[]` respectively using `FormatFqMsb` (defined in the module documentation).
+    /// 1. Concatenate `b_x[]` and `b_y[]` into `b[]`.
+    /// 1. If `p` is the point at infinity, set the infinity bit: `b[0]: = b[0] | 0x40`.
+    /// 1. Return `b[]`.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the deserialization procedure that takes a byte array `b[]` and outputs either a `G1` element or none.
+    /// 1. If the size of `b[]` is not 96, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the compression flag as `b[0] & 0x80 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the compression flag is true, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the infinity flag as `b[0] & 0x40 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the infinity flag is set, return the point at infinity.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[0] & 0x1f, b[1], ..., b[47]]` to `x` using `FormatFqMsb`. If `x` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[48], ..., b[95]]` to `y` using `FormatFqMsb`. If `y` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y)` is on curve `E`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y)` is in the subgroup of order `r`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Return `(x,y)`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatG1Uncompr {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `G1` elements derived from
+    /// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11.html#name-zcash-serialization-format-.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the serialization procedure that takes a `G1` element `p` and outputs a byte array of size 48.
+    /// 1. Let `(x,y)` be the coordinates of `p` if `p` is on the curve, or `(0,0)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Serialize `x` into `b[]` using `FormatFqMsb` (defined in the module documentation).
+    /// 1. Set the compression bit: `b[0] := b[0] | 0x80`.
+    /// 1. If `p` is the point at infinity, set the infinity bit: `b[0]: = b[0] | 0x40`.
+    /// 1. If `y > -y`, set the lexicographical flag: `b[0] := b[0] | 0x20`.
+    /// 1. Return `b[]`.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the deserialization procedure that takes a byte array `b[]` and outputs either a `G1` element or none.
+    /// 1. If the size of `b[]` is not 48, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the compression flag as `b[0] & 0x80 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the compression flag is false, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the infinity flag as `b[0] & 0x40 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the infinity flag is set, return the point at infinity.
+    /// 1. Compute the lexicographical flag as `b[0] & 0x20 != 0`.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[0] & 0x1f, b[1], ..., b[47]]` to `x` using `FormatFqMsb`. If `x` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Solve the curve equation with `x` for `y`. If no such `y` exists, return none.
+    /// 1. Let `y'` be `max(y,-y)` if the lexicographical flag is set, or `min(y,-y)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y')` is in the subgroup of order `r`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Return `(x,y')`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatG1Compr {}
+
+    /// The group $G_2$ in BLS12-381-based pairing $G_1 \times G_2 \rightarrow G_t$.
+    /// It is a subgroup of `G2Full` (defined in the module documentation) with a prime order $r$ equal to
+    /// 0x73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001.
+    /// (so `Fr` is the scalar field).
+    struct G2 {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `G2` elements derived from
+    /// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11.html#name-zcash-serialization-format-.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the serialization procedure that takes a `G2` element `p` and outputs a byte array of size 192.
+    /// 1. Let `(x,y)` be the coordinates of `p` if `p` is on the curve, or `(0,0)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Serialize `x` and `y` into `b_x[]` and `b_y[]` respectively using `FormatFq2MscMsb` (defined in the module documentation).
+    /// 1. Concatenate `b_x[]` and `b_y[]` into `b[]`.
+    /// 1. If `p` is the point at infinity, set the infinity bit in `b[]`: `b[0]: = b[0] | 0x40`.
+    /// 1. Return `b[]`.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the deserialization procedure that takes a byte array `b[]` and outputs either a `G2` element or none.
+    /// 1. If the size of `b[]` is not 192, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the compression flag as `b[0] & 0x80 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the compression flag is true, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the infinity flag as `b[0] & 0x40 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the infinity flag is set, return the point at infinity.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[0] & 0x1f, ..., b[95]]` to `x` using `FormatFq2MscMsb`. If `x` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[96], ..., b[191]]` to `y` using `FormatFq2MscMsb`. If `y` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y)` is on the curve `E'`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y)` is in the subgroup of order `r`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Return `(x,y)`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatG2Uncompr {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `G2` elements derived from
+    /// https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11.html#name-zcash-serialization-format-.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the serialization procedure that takes a `G2` element `p` and outputs a byte array of size 96.
+    /// 1. Let `(x,y)` be the coordinates of `p` if `p` is on the curve, or `(0,0)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Serialize `x` into `b[]` using `FormatFq2MscMsb` (defined in the module documentation).
+    /// 1. Set the compression bit: `b[0] := b[0] | 0x80`.
+    /// 1. If `p` is the point at infinity, set the infinity bit: `b[0]: = b[0] | 0x40`.
+    /// 1. If `y > -y`, set the lexicographical flag: `b[0] := b[0] | 0x20`.
+    /// 1. Return `b[]`.
+    ///
+    /// Below is the deserialization procedure that takes a byte array `b[]` and outputs either a `G2` element or none.
+    /// 1. If the size of `b[]` is not 96, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the compression flag as `b[0] & 0x80 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the compression flag is false, return none.
+    /// 1. Compute the infinity flag as `b[0] & 0x40 != 0`.
+    /// 1. If the infinity flag is set, return the point at infinity.
+    /// 1. Compute the lexicographical flag as `b[0] & 0x20 != 0`.
+    /// 1. Deserialize `[b[0] & 0x1f, b[1], ..., b[95]]` to `x` using `FormatFq2MscMsb`. If `x` is none, return none.
+    /// 1. Solve the curve equation with `x` for `y`. If no such `y` exists, return none.
+    /// 1. Let `y'` be `max(y,-y)` if the lexicographical flag is set, or `min(y,-y)` otherwise.
+    /// 1. Check if `(x,y')` is in the subgroup of order `r`. If not, return none.
+    /// 1. Return `(x,y')`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatG2Compr {}
+
+    /// The group $G_t$ in BLS12-381-based pairing $G_1 \times G_2 \rightarrow G_t$.
+    /// It is a multiplicative subgroup of `Fq12`,
+    /// with a prime order $r$ equal to 0x73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001.
+    /// (so `Fr` is the scalar field).
+    /// The identity of `Gt` is 1.
+    struct Gt {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `Gt` elements.
+    ///
+    /// To serialize, it treats a `Gt` element `p` as an `Fq12` element and serialize it using `FormatFq12LscLsb`.
+    ///
+    /// To deserialize, it uses `FormatFq12LscLsb` to try deserializing to an `Fq12` element then test the membership in `Gt`.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0.
+    struct FormatGt {}
+
+    /// The finite field $F_r$ that can be used as the scalar fields
+    /// associated with the groups $G_1$, $G_2$, $G_t$ in BLS12-381-based pairing.
+    struct Fr {}
+
+    /// A serialization format for `Fr` elements,
+    /// where an element is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 32 with the least significant byte (LSB) coming first.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0, blst-0.3.7.
+    struct FormatFrLsb {}
+
+    /// A serialization scheme for `Fr` elements,
+    /// where an element is represented by a byte array `b[]` of size 32 with the most significant byte (MSB) coming first.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: other implementation(s) using this format: ark-bls12-381-0.4.0, blst-0.3.7.
+    struct FormatFrMsb {}
+
+    //
+    // (Marker types + serialization formats end here.)
+    // Hash-to-structure suites begin.
+    //
+
+    /// The hash-to-curve suite `BLS12381G1_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_` that hashes a byte array into `G1` elements.
+    ///
+    /// Full specification is defined in https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16#name-bls12-381-g1.
+    struct HashG1XmdSha256SswuRo {}
+
+    /// The hash-to-curve suite `BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_` that hashes a byte array into `G2` elements.
+    ///
+    /// Full specification is defined in https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16#name-bls12-381-g2.
+    struct HashG2XmdSha256SswuRo {}
+
+    //
+    // (Hash-to-structure suites end here.)
+    // Tests begin.
+    //
+
+    #[test_only]
+    const FQ12_VAL_0_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FQ12_VAL_1_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FQ12_VAL_7_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FQ12_VAL_7_NEG_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"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";
+    #[test_only]
+    const Q12_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"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";
+
+    #[test_only]
+    fun rand_vector<S>(num: u64): vector<Element<S>> {
+        let elements = vector[];
+        while (num > 0) {
+            std::vector::push_back(&mut elements, rand_insecure<S>());
+            num = num - 1;
+        };
+        elements
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_fq12(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Constants.
+        assert!(Q12_SERIALIZED == order<Fq12>(), 1);
+
+        // Serialization/deserialization.
+        let val_0 = zero<Fq12>();
+        let val_1 = one<Fq12>();
+        assert!(FQ12_VAL_0_SERIALIZED == serialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&val_0), 1);
+        assert!(FQ12_VAL_1_SERIALIZED == serialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&val_1), 1);
+        let val_7 = from_u64<Fq12>(7);
+        let val_7_another = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&FQ12_VAL_7_SERIALIZED));
+        assert!(eq(&val_7, &val_7_another), 1);
+        assert!(FQ12_VAL_7_SERIALIZED == serialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&val_7), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&x"ffff")), 1);
+
+        // Negation.
+        let val_minus_7 = neg(&val_7);
+        assert!(FQ12_VAL_7_NEG_SERIALIZED == serialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&val_minus_7), 1);
+
+        // Addition.
+        let val_9 = from_u64<Fq12>(9);
+        let val_2 = from_u64<Fq12>(2);
+        assert!(eq(&val_2, &add(&val_minus_7, &val_9)), 1);
+
+        // Subtraction.
+        assert!(eq(&val_9, &sub(&val_2, &val_minus_7)), 1);
+
+        // Multiplication.
+        let val_63 = from_u64<Fq12>(63);
+        assert!(eq(&val_63, &mul(&val_7, &val_9)), 1);
+
+        // division.
+        let val_0 = from_u64<Fq12>(0);
+        assert!(eq(&val_7, &std::option::extract(&mut div(&val_63, &val_9))), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&div(&val_63, &val_0)), 1);
+
+        // Inversion.
+        assert!(eq(&val_minus_7, &neg(&val_7)), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&inv(&val_0)), 1);
+
+        // Squaring.
+        let val_x = rand_insecure<Fq12>();
+        assert!(eq(&mul(&val_x, &val_x), &sqr(&val_x)), 1);
+
+        // Downcasting.
+        assert!(eq(&zero<Gt>(), &std::option::extract(&mut downcast<Fq12, Gt>(&val_1))), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test_only]
+    const R_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"01000000fffffffffe5bfeff02a4bd5305d8a10908d83933487d9d2953a7ed73";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"97f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"17f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb08b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e1";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"b928f3beb93519eecf0145da903b40a4c97dca00b21f12ac0df3be9116ef2ef27b2ae6bcd4c5bc2d54ef5a70627efcb7";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"1928f3beb93519eecf0145da903b40a4c97dca00b21f12ac0df3be9116ef2ef27b2ae6bcd4c5bc2d54ef5a70627efcb7108dadbaa4b636445639d5ae3089b3c43a8a1d47818edd1839d7383959a41c10fdc66849cfa1b08c5a11ec7e28981a1c";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"9928f3beb93519eecf0145da903b40a4c97dca00b21f12ac0df3be9116ef2ef27b2ae6bcd4c5bc2d54ef5a70627efcb7";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"1928f3beb93519eecf0145da903b40a4c97dca00b21f12ac0df3be9116ef2ef27b2ae6bcd4c5bc2d54ef5a70627efcb70973642f94c9b055f4e1d20812c1f91329ed2e3d71f635a72d599a679d0cda1320e597b4e1b24f735fed1381d767908f";
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_g1affine(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Constants.
+        assert!(R_SERIALIZED == order<G1>(), 1);
+        let point_at_infinity = zero<G1>();
+        let generator = one<G1>();
+
+        // Serialization/deserialization.
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&generator), 1);
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&generator), 1);
+        let generator_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP
+        ));
+        let generator_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&G1_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP
+        ));
+        assert!(eq(&generator, &generator_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(eq(&generator, &generator_from_uncomp), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of correct size but the value is not a member.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&x"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of wrong size.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fq12, FormatFq12LscLsb>(&x"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")), 1);
+
+        assert!(
+            G1_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&point_at_infinity), 1);
+        assert!(G1_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&point_at_infinity), 1);
+        let inf_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&G1_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP
+        ));
+        let inf_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&G1_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP
+        ));
+        assert!(eq(&point_at_infinity, &inf_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(eq(&point_at_infinity, &inf_from_uncomp), 1);
+
+        let point_7g_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP
+        ));
+        let point_7g_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP
+        ));
+        assert!(eq(&point_7g_from_comp, &point_7g_from_uncomp), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a point on the curve but off its prime-order subgroup, e.g., `(0,2)`.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a valid point in (Fq,Fq) but not on the curve.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"8959e137e0719bf872abb08411010f437a8955bd42f5ba20fca64361af58ce188b1adb96ef229698bb7860b79e24ba12000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given an invalid point (x not in Fq).
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffa76e9853b35f5c9b2002d9e5833fd8f9ab4cd3934a4722a06f6055bfca720c91629811e2ecae7f0cf301b6d07898a90f")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"9fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of wrong size.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab")), 1);
+
+        // Scalar multiplication.
+        let scalar_7 = from_u64<Fr>(7);
+        let point_7g_calc = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_7);
+        assert!(eq(&point_7g_calc, &point_7g_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&point_7g_calc), 1);
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>( &point_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Multi-scalar multiplication.
+        let num_entries = 1;
+        while (num_entries < 10) {
+            let scalars = rand_vector<Fr>(num_entries);
+            let elements = rand_vector<G1>(num_entries);
+
+            let expected = zero<G1>();
+            let i = 0;
+            while (i < num_entries) {
+                let element = std::vector::borrow(&elements, i);
+                let scalar = std::vector::borrow(&scalars, i);
+                expected = add(&expected, &scalar_mul(element, scalar));
+                i = i + 1;
+            };
+
+            let actual = multi_scalar_mul(&elements, &scalars);
+            assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+
+            num_entries = num_entries + 1;
+        };
+
+        // Doubling.
+        let scalar_2 = from_u64<Fr>(2);
+        let point_2g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_2);
+        let point_double_g = double(&generator);
+        assert!(eq(&point_2g, &point_double_g), 1);
+
+        // Negation.
+        let point_minus_7g_calc = neg(&point_7g_calc);
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&point_minus_7g_calc), 1);
+        assert!(G1_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&point_minus_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Addition.
+        let scalar_9 = from_u64<Fr>(9);
+        let point_9g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_9);
+        let point_2g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_2);
+        let point_2g_calc = add(&point_minus_7g_calc, &point_9g);
+        assert!(eq(&point_2g, &point_2g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Subtraction.
+        assert!(eq(&point_9g, &sub(&point_2g, &point_minus_7g_calc)), 1);
+
+        // Hash-to-group using suite `BLS12381G1_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_`.
+        // Test vectors source: https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16.html#name-bls12381g1_xmdsha-256_sswu_
+        let actual = hash_to<G1, HashG1XmdSha256SswuRo>(&b"QUUX-V01-CS02-with-BLS12381G1_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_", &b"");
+        let expected = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"052926add2207b76ca4fa57a8734416c8dc95e24501772c814278700eed6d1e4e8cf62d9c09db0fac349612b759e79a108ba738453bfed09cb546dbb0783dbb3a5f1f566ed67bb6be0e8c67e2e81a4cc68ee29813bb7994998f3eae0c9c6a265"));
+        assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+        let actual = hash_to<G1, HashG1XmdSha256SswuRo>(&b"QUUX-V01-CS02-with-BLS12381G1_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_", &b"abcdef0123456789");
+        let expected = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"11e0b079dea29a68f0383ee94fed1b940995272407e3bb916bbf268c263ddd57a6a27200a784cbc248e84f357ce82d9803a87ae2caf14e8ee52e51fa2ed8eefe80f02457004ba4d486d6aa1f517c0889501dc7413753f9599b099ebcbbd2d709"));
+        assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"c00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"13e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be0ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"93e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb8";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"0d0273f6bf31ed37c3b8d68083ec3d8e20b5f2cc170fa24b9b5be35b34ed013f9a921f1cad1644d4bdb14674247234c8049cd1dbb2d2c3581e54c088135fef36505a6823d61b859437bfc79b617030dc8b40e32bad1fa85b9c0f368af6d38d3c05ecf93654b7a1885695aaeeb7caf41b0239dc45e1022be55d37111af2aecef87799638bec572de86a7437898efa702008b7ae4dbf802c17a6648842922c9467e460a71c88d393ee7af356da123a2f3619e80c3bdcc8e2b1da52f8cd9913ccdd";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"8d0273f6bf31ed37c3b8d68083ec3d8e20b5f2cc170fa24b9b5be35b34ed013f9a921f1cad1644d4bdb14674247234c8049cd1dbb2d2c3581e54c088135fef36505a6823d61b859437bfc79b617030dc8b40e32bad1fa85b9c0f368af6d38d3c";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP: vector<u8> = x"0d0273f6bf31ed37c3b8d68083ec3d8e20b5f2cc170fa24b9b5be35b34ed013f9a921f1cad1644d4bdb14674247234c8049cd1dbb2d2c3581e54c088135fef36505a6823d61b859437bfc79b617030dc8b40e32bad1fa85b9c0f368af6d38d3c141418b3e4c84511f485fcc78b80b8bc623d6f3f1282e6da09f9c1860402272ba7129c72c4fcd2174f8ac87671053a8b1149639c79ffba82a4b71f73b11f186f8016a4686ab17ed0ec3d7bc6e476c6ee04c3f3c2d48b1d4ddfac073266ebddce";
+    #[test_only]
+    const G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_COMP: vector<u8> = x"ad0273f6bf31ed37c3b8d68083ec3d8e20b5f2cc170fa24b9b5be35b34ed013f9a921f1cad1644d4bdb14674247234c8049cd1dbb2d2c3581e54c088135fef36505a6823d61b859437bfc79b617030dc8b40e32bad1fa85b9c0f368af6d38d3c";
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_g2affine(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Special constants.
+        assert!(R_SERIALIZED == order<G2>(), 1);
+        let point_at_infinity = zero<G2>();
+        let generator = one<G2>();
+
+        // Serialization/deserialization.
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&generator), 1);
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&generator), 1);
+        let generator_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP
+        ));
+        let generator_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&G2_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED_COMP
+        ));
+        assert!(eq(&generator, &generator_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(eq(&generator, &generator_from_uncomp), 1);
+        assert!(G2_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&point_at_infinity), 1);
+        assert!(G2_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&point_at_infinity), 1);
+        let inf_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&G2_INF_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP));
+        let inf_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&G2_INF_SERIALIZED_COMP));
+        assert!(eq(&point_at_infinity, &inf_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(eq(&point_at_infinity, &inf_from_uncomp), 1);
+        let point_7g_from_uncomp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP
+        ));
+        let point_7g_from_comp = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP
+        ));
+        assert!(eq(&point_7g_from_comp, &point_7g_from_uncomp), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a point on the curve but not in the prime-order subgroup.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"f037d4ccd5ee751eba1c1fd4c7edbb76d2b04c3a1f3f554827cf37c3acbc2dbb7cdb320a2727c2462d6c55ca1f637707b96eeebc622c1dbe7c56c34f93887c8751b42bd04f29253a82251c192ef27ece373993b663f4360505299c5bd18c890ddd862a6308796bf47e2265073c1f7d81afd69f9497fc1403e2e97a866129b43b672295229c21116d4a99f3e5c2ae720a31f181dbed8a93e15f909c20cf69d11a8879adbbe6890740def19814e6d4ed23fb0dcbd79291655caf48b466ac9cae04")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"f037d4ccd5ee751eba1c1fd4c7edbb76d2b04c3a1f3f554827cf37c3acbc2dbb7cdb320a2727c2462d6c55ca1f637707b96eeebc622c1dbe7c56c34f93887c8751b42bd04f29253a82251c192ef27ece373993b663f4360505299c5bd18c890d")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a valid point in (Fq2,Fq2) but not on the curve.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"f037d4ccd5ee751eba1c1fd4c7edbb76d2b04c3a1f3f554827cf37c3acbc2dbb7cdb320a2727c2462d6c55ca1f637707b96eeebc622c1dbe7c56c34f93887c8751b42bd04f29253a82251c192ef27ece373993b663f4360505299c5bd18c890d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given an invalid point (x not in Fq2).
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffdd862a6308796bf47e2265073c1f7d81afd69f9497fc1403e2e97a866129b43b672295229c21116d4a99f3e5c2ae720a31f181dbed8a93e15f909c20cf69d11a8879adbbe6890740def19814e6d4ed23fb0dcbd79291655caf48b466ac9cae04")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of wrong size.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Uncompr>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<G1, FormatG1Compr>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab")), 1);
+
+        // Scalar multiplication.
+        let scalar_7 = from_u64<Fr>(7);
+        let point_7g_calc = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_7);
+        assert!(eq(&point_7g_calc, &point_7g_from_comp), 1);
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&point_7g_calc), 1);
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&point_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Multi-scalar multiplication.
+        let num_entries = 1;
+        while (num_entries < 10) {
+            let scalars = rand_vector<Fr>(num_entries);
+            let elements = rand_vector<G2>(num_entries);
+
+            let expected = zero<G2>();
+            let i = 0;
+            while (i < num_entries) {
+                let element = std::vector::borrow(&elements, i);
+                let scalar = std::vector::borrow(&scalars, i);
+                expected = add(&expected, &scalar_mul(element, scalar));
+                i = i + 1;
+            };
+
+            let actual = multi_scalar_mul(&elements, &scalars);
+            assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+
+            num_entries = num_entries + 1;
+        };
+
+        // Doubling.
+        let scalar_2 = from_u64<Fr>(2);
+        let point_2g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_2);
+        let point_double_g = double(&generator);
+        assert!(eq(&point_2g, &point_double_g), 1);
+
+        // Negation.
+        let point_minus_7g_calc = neg(&point_7g_calc);
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_COMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Compr>(&point_minus_7g_calc), 1);
+        assert!(G2_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_UNCOMP == serialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&point_minus_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Addition.
+        let scalar_9 = from_u64<Fr>(9);
+        let point_9g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_9);
+        let point_2g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_2);
+        let point_2g_calc = add(&point_minus_7g_calc, &point_9g);
+        assert!(eq(&point_2g, &point_2g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Subtraction.
+        assert!(eq(&point_9g, &sub(&point_2g, &point_minus_7g_calc)), 1);
+
+        // Hash-to-group using suite `BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_`.
+        // Test vectors source: https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16.html#name-bls12381g2_xmdsha-256_sswu_
+        let actual = hash_to<G2, HashG2XmdSha256SswuRo>(&b"QUUX-V01-CS02-with-BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_", &b"");
+        let expected = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&x"05cb8437535e20ecffaef7752baddf98034139c38452458baeefab379ba13dff5bf5dd71b72418717047f5b0f37da03d0141ebfbdca40eb85b87142e130ab689c673cf60f1a3e98d69335266f30d9b8d4ac44c1038e9dcdd5393faf5c41fb78a12424ac32561493f3fe3c260708a12b7c620e7be00099a974e259ddc7d1f6395c3c811cdd19f1e8dbf3e9ecfdcbab8d60503921d7f6a12805e72940b963c0cf3471c7b2a524950ca195d11062ee75ec076daf2d4bc358c4b190c0c98064fdd92"));
+        assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+        let actual = hash_to<G2, HashG2XmdSha256SswuRo>(&b"QUUX-V01-CS02-with-BLS12381G2_XMD:SHA-256_SSWU_RO_", &b"abcdef0123456789");
+        let expected = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<G2, FormatG2Uncompr>(&x"190d119345b94fbd15497bcba94ecf7db2cbfd1e1fe7da034d26cbba169fb3968288b3fafb265f9ebd380512a71c3f2c121982811d2491fde9ba7ed31ef9ca474f0e1501297f68c298e9f4c0028add35aea8bb83d53c08cfc007c1e005723cd00bb5e7572275c567462d91807de765611490205a941a5a6af3b1691bfe596c31225d3aabdf15faff860cb4ef17c7c3be05571a0f8d3c08d094576981f4a3b8eda0a8e771fcdcc8ecceaf1356a6acf17574518acb506e435b639353c2e14827c8"));
+        assert!(eq(&expected, &actual), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test_only]
+    const FQ12_ONE_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const GT_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"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";
+    #[test_only]
+    const GT_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"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";
+    #[test_only]
+    const GT_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED: vector<u8> = x"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";
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_gt(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Special constants.
+        assert!(R_SERIALIZED == order<Gt>(), 1);
+        let identity = zero<Gt>();
+        let generator = one<Gt>();
+
+        // Serialization/deserialization.
+        assert!(GT_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED == serialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&generator), 1);
+        let generator_from_deser = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&GT_GENERATOR_SERIALIZED));
+        assert!(eq(&generator, &generator_from_deser), 1);
+        assert!(FQ12_ONE_SERIALIZED == serialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&identity), 1);
+        let identity_from_deser = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&FQ12_ONE_SERIALIZED));
+        assert!(eq(&identity, &identity_from_deser), 1);
+        let element_7g_from_deser = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&GT_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED
+        ));
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&x"ffff")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given an element in Fq12 but not in the prime-order subgroup.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of wrong size.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&x"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab")), 1);
+
+        // Element scalar multiplication.
+        let scalar_7 = from_u64<Fr>(7);
+        let element_7g_calc = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_7);
+        assert!(eq(&element_7g_calc, &element_7g_from_deser), 1);
+        assert!(GT_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_SERIALIZED == serialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&element_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Element negation.
+        let element_minus_7g_calc = neg(&element_7g_calc);
+        assert!(GT_GENERATOR_MUL_BY_7_NEG_SERIALIZED == serialize<Gt, FormatGt>(&element_minus_7g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Element addition.
+        let scalar_9 = from_u64<Fr>(9);
+        let element_9g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_9);
+        let scalar_2 = from_u64<Fr>(2);
+        let element_2g = scalar_mul(&generator, &scalar_2);
+        let element_2g_calc = add(&element_minus_7g_calc, &element_9g);
+        assert!(eq(&element_2g, &element_2g_calc), 1);
+
+        // Subtraction.
+        assert!(eq(&element_9g, &sub(&element_2g, &element_minus_7g_calc)), 1);
+
+        // Upcasting to Fq12.
+        assert!(eq(&one<Fq12>(), &upcast<Gt, Fq12>(&identity)), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test_only]
+    use aptos_std::crypto_algebra::{zero, one, from_u64, eq, deserialize, serialize, neg, add, sub, mul, div, inv, rand_insecure, sqr, order, scalar_mul, multi_scalar_mul, double, hash_to, upcast, enable_cryptography_algebra_natives, pairing, multi_pairing, downcast, Element};
+
+    #[test_only]
+    const FR_VAL_0_SERIALIZED_LSB: vector<u8> = x"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FR_VAL_1_SERIALIZED_LSB: vector<u8> = x"0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_LSB: vector<u8> = x"0700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_MSB: vector<u8> = x"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007";
+    #[test_only]
+    const FR_VAL_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_LSB: vector<u8> = x"fafffffffefffffffe5bfeff02a4bd5305d8a10908d83933487d9d2953a7ed73";
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_fr(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Constants.
+        assert!(R_SERIALIZED == order<Fr>(), 1);
+
+        // Serialization/deserialization.
+        let val_0 = zero<Fr>();
+        let val_1 = one<Fr>();
+        assert!(FR_VAL_0_SERIALIZED_LSB == serialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&val_0), 1);
+        assert!(FR_VAL_1_SERIALIZED_LSB == serialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&val_1), 1);
+        let val_7 = from_u64<Fr>(7);
+        let val_7_2nd = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_LSB));
+        let val_7_3rd = std::option::extract(&mut deserialize<Fr, FormatFrMsb>(&FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_MSB));
+        assert!(eq(&val_7, &val_7_2nd), 1);
+        assert!(eq(&val_7, &val_7_3rd), 1);
+        assert!(FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_LSB == serialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&val_7), 1);
+        assert!(FR_VAL_7_SERIALIZED_MSB == serialize<Fr, FormatFrMsb>(&val_7), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of right size but the value is not a member.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&x"01000000fffffffffe5bfeff02a4bd5305d8a10908d83933487d9d2953a7ed73")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrMsb>(&x"73eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001")), 1);
+
+        // Deserialization should fail if given a byte array of wrong size.
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&x"01000000fffffffffe5bfeff02a4bd5305d8a10908d83933487d9d2953a7ed7300")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrMsb>(&x"0073eda753299d7d483339d80809a1d80553bda402fffe5bfeffffffff00000001")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&x"ffff")), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&deserialize<Fr, FormatFrMsb>(&x"ffff")), 1);
+
+        // Negation.
+        let val_minus_7 = neg(&val_7);
+        assert!(FR_VAL_7_NEG_SERIALIZED_LSB == serialize<Fr, FormatFrLsb>(&val_minus_7), 1);
+
+        // Addition.
+        let val_9 = from_u64<Fr>(9);
+        let val_2 = from_u64<Fr>(2);
+        assert!(eq(&val_2, &add(&val_minus_7, &val_9)), 1);
+
+        // Subtraction.
+        assert!(eq(&val_9, &sub(&val_2, &val_minus_7)), 1);
+
+        // Multiplication.
+        let val_63 = from_u64<Fr>(63);
+        assert!(eq(&val_63, &mul(&val_7, &val_9)), 1);
+
+        // division.
+        let val_0 = from_u64<Fr>(0);
+        assert!(eq(&val_7, &std::option::extract(&mut div(&val_63, &val_9))), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&div(&val_63, &val_0)), 1);
+
+        // Inversion.
+        assert!(eq(&val_minus_7, &neg(&val_7)), 1);
+        assert!(std::option::is_none(&inv(&val_0)), 1);
+
+        // Squaring.
+        let val_x = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        assert!(eq(&mul(&val_x, &val_x), &sqr(&val_x)), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_pairing(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // pairing(a*P,b*Q) == (a*b)*pairing(P,Q)
+        let element_p = rand_insecure<G1>();
+        let element_q = rand_insecure<G2>();
+        let a = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let b = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let gt_element = pairing<G1, G2,Gt>(&scalar_mul(&element_p, &a), &scalar_mul(&element_q, &b));
+        let gt_element_another = scalar_mul(&pairing<G1, G2,Gt>(&element_p, &element_q), &mul(&a, &b));
+        assert!(eq(&gt_element, &gt_element_another), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_multi_pairing(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+
+        // Will compute e(a0*P0,b0*Q0)+e(a1*P1,b1*Q1)+e(a2*P2,b2*Q2).
+        let a0 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let a1 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let a2 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let element_p0 = rand_insecure<G1>();
+        let element_p1 = rand_insecure<G1>();
+        let element_p2 = rand_insecure<G1>();
+        let p0_a0 = scalar_mul(&element_p0, &a0);
+        let p1_a1 = scalar_mul(&element_p1, &a1);
+        let p2_a2 = scalar_mul(&element_p2, &a2);
+        let b0 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let b1 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let b2 = rand_insecure<Fr>();
+        let element_q0 = rand_insecure<G2>();
+        let element_q1 = rand_insecure<G2>();
+        let element_q2 = rand_insecure<G2>();
+        let q0_b0 = scalar_mul(&element_q0, &b0);
+        let q1_b1 = scalar_mul(&element_q1, &b1);
+        let q2_b2 = scalar_mul(&element_q2, &b2);
+
+        // Naive method.
+        let n0 = pairing<G1, G2,Gt>(&p0_a0, &q0_b0);
+        let n1 = pairing<G1, G2,Gt>(&p1_a1, &q1_b1);
+        let n2 = pairing<G1, G2,Gt>(&p2_a2, &q2_b2);
+        let n = zero<Gt>();
+        n = add(&n, &n0);
+        n = add(&n, &n1);
+        n = add(&n, &n2);
+
+        // Efficient API.
+        let m = multi_pairing<G1, G2, Gt>(&vector[p0_a0, p1_a1, p2_a2], &vector[q0_b0, q1_b1, q2_b2]);
+        assert!(eq(&n, &m), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    #[expected_failure(abort_code = 0x010002, location = aptos_std::crypto_algebra)]
+    fun test_multi_pairing_should_abort_when_sizes_mismatch(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+        let g1_elements = vector[rand_insecure<G1>()];
+        let g2_elements = vector[rand_insecure<G2>(), rand_insecure<G2>()];
+        multi_pairing<G1, G2, Gt>(&g1_elements, &g2_elements);
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    #[expected_failure(abort_code = 0x010002, location = aptos_std::crypto_algebra)]
+    fun test_multi_scalar_mul_should_abort_when_sizes_mismatch(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+        let elements = vector[rand_insecure<G1>()];
+        let scalars = vector[rand_insecure<Fr>(), rand_insecure<Fr>()];
+        multi_scalar_mul(&elements, &scalars);
+    }
+
+    #[test_only]
+    /// The maximum number of `G1` elements that can be created in a transaction,
+    /// calculated by the current memory limit (1MB) and the in-mem G1 representation size (144 bytes per element).
+    const G1_NUM_MAX: u64 = 1048576 / 144;
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    fun test_memory_limit(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+        let remaining = G1_NUM_MAX;
+        while (remaining > 0) {
+            zero<G1>();
+            remaining = remaining - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test(fx = @std)]
+    #[expected_failure(abort_code = 0x090003, location = std::crypto_algebra)]
+    fun test_memory_limit_exceeded_with_g1(fx: signer) {
+        enable_cryptography_algebra_natives(&fx);
+        let remaining = G1_NUM_MAX + 1;
+        while (remaining > 0) {
+            zero<G1>();
+            remaining = remaining - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //
+    // (Tests end here.)
+    //
+}