@anthropic-ai/sdk 0.4.4 → 0.5.1

package/src/core.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+import * as qs from 'qs';
+import { VERSION } from './version';
+import { Stream } from './streaming';
+import { APIError, APIConnectionError, APIConnectionTimeoutError } from './error';
+import type { Readable } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/_shims/node-readable';
+import { getDefaultAgent, type Agent } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/_shims/agent';
+import {
+  fetch,
+  isPolyfilled as fetchIsPolyfilled,
+  type RequestInfo,
+  type RequestInit,
+  type Response,
+} from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/_shims/fetch';
+import { isMultipartBody } from './uploads';
+export {
+  maybeMultipartFormRequestOptions,
+  multipartFormRequestOptions,
+  createForm,
+  type Uploadable,
+} from './uploads';
+
+const MAX_RETRIES = 2;
+
+type Fetch = (url: RequestInfo, init?: RequestInit) => Promise<Response>;
+
+export abstract class APIClient {
+  baseURL: string;
+  maxRetries: number;
+  timeout: number;
+  httpAgent: Agent | undefined;
+
+  private fetch: Fetch;
+  protected idempotencyHeader?: string;
+
+  constructor({
+    baseURL,
+    maxRetries,
+    timeout = 60 * 1000, // 60s
+    httpAgent,
+  }: {
+    baseURL: string;
+    maxRetries?: number | undefined;
+    timeout: number | undefined;
+    httpAgent: Agent | undefined;
+  }) {
+    this.baseURL = baseURL;
+    this.maxRetries = validatePositiveInteger('maxRetries', maxRetries ?? MAX_RETRIES);
+    this.timeout = validatePositiveInteger('timeout', timeout);
+    this.httpAgent = httpAgent;
+
+    this.fetch = fetch;
+  }
+
+  protected authHeaders(): Headers {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Override this to add your own default headers, for example:
+   *
+   *  {
+   *    ...super.defaultHeaders(),
+   *    Authorization: 'Bearer 123',
+   *  }
+   */
+  protected defaultHeaders(): Headers {
+    return {
+      Accept: 'application/json',
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      'User-Agent': this.getUserAgent(),
+      ...getPlatformHeaders(),
+      ...this.authHeaders(),
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected abstract defaultQuery(): DefaultQuery | undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Override this to add your own headers validation:
+   */
+  protected validateHeaders(headers: Headers, customHeaders: Headers) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Override this to add your own qs.stringify options, for example:
+   *
+   *  {
+   *    ...super.qsOptions(),
+   *    strictNullHandling: true,
+   *  }
+   */
+  protected qsOptions(): qs.IStringifyOptions | undefined {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  protected defaultIdempotencyKey(): string {
+    return `stainless-node-retry-${uuid4()}`;
+  }
+
+  get<Req extends {}, Rsp>(path: string, opts?: RequestOptions<Req>): Promise<Rsp> {
+    return this.request({ method: 'get', path, ...opts });
+  }
+  post<Req extends {}, Rsp>(path: string, opts?: RequestOptions<Req>): Promise<Rsp> {
+    return this.request({ method: 'post', path, ...opts });
+  }
+  patch<Req extends {}, Rsp>(path: string, opts?: RequestOptions<Req>): Promise<Rsp> {
+    return this.request({ method: 'patch', path, ...opts });
+  }
+  put<Req extends {}, Rsp>(path: string, opts?: RequestOptions<Req>): Promise<Rsp> {
+    return this.request({ method: 'put', path, ...opts });
+  }
+  delete<Req extends {}, Rsp>(path: string, opts?: RequestOptions<Req>): Promise<Rsp> {
+    return this.request({ method: 'delete', path, ...opts });
+  }
+
+  getAPIList<Item, PageClass extends AbstractPage<Item> = AbstractPage<Item>>(
+    path: string,
+    Page: new (...args: any[]) => PageClass,
+    opts?: RequestOptions<any>,
+  ): PagePromise<PageClass> {
+    return this.requestAPIList(Page, { method: 'get', path, ...opts });
+  }
+
+  buildRequest<Req extends {}>(
+    options: FinalRequestOptions<Req>,
+  ): { req: RequestInit; url: string; timeout: number } {
+    const { method, path, query, headers: headers = {} } = options;
+
+    const body =
+      isMultipartBody(options.body) ? options.body.body
+      : options.body ? JSON.stringify(options.body, null, 2)
+      : null;
+    const contentLength = typeof body === 'string' ? body.length.toString() : null;
+
+    const url = this.buildURL(path!, query);
+    const httpAgent = options.httpAgent ?? this.httpAgent ?? getDefaultAgent(url);
+    const timeout = options.timeout ?? this.timeout;
+    validatePositiveInteger('timeout', timeout);
+
+    if (this.idempotencyHeader && method !== 'get') {
+      if (!options.idempotencyKey) options.idempotencyKey = this.defaultIdempotencyKey();
+      headers[this.idempotencyHeader] = options.idempotencyKey;
+    }
+
+    const reqHeaders: Record<string, string> = {
+      ...(contentLength && { 'Content-Length': contentLength }),
+      ...this.defaultHeaders(),
+      ...headers,
+    };
+    // let builtin fetch set the Content-Type for multipart bodies
+    if (isMultipartBody(options.body) && !fetchIsPolyfilled) {
+      delete reqHeaders['Content-Type'];
+    }
+
+    // Strip any headers being explicitly omitted with null
+    Object.keys(reqHeaders).forEach((key) => reqHeaders[key] === null && delete reqHeaders[key]);
+
+    const req: RequestInit = {
+      method,
+      ...(body && { body: body as any }),
+      headers: reqHeaders,
+      ...(httpAgent && { agent: httpAgent }),
+    };
+
+    this.validateHeaders(reqHeaders, headers);
+
+    return { req, url, timeout };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used as a callback for mutating the given `RequestInit` object.
+   *
+   * This is useful for cases where you want to add certain headers based off of
+   * the request properties, e.g. `method` or `url`.
+   */
+  protected async prepareRequest(request: RequestInit, { url }: { url: string }): Promise<void> {}
+
+  protected makeStatusError(
+    status: number | undefined,
+    error: Object | undefined,
+    message: string | undefined,
+    headers: Headers | undefined,
+  ) {
+    return APIError.generate(status, error, message, headers);
+  }
+
+  async request<Req extends {}, Rsp>(
+    options: FinalRequestOptions<Req>,
+    retriesRemaining = options.maxRetries ?? this.maxRetries,
+  ): Promise<APIResponse<Rsp>> {
+    const { req, url, timeout } = this.buildRequest(options);
+    await this.prepareRequest(req, { url });
+
+    this.debug('request', url, options, req.headers);
+
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const response = await this.fetchWithTimeout(url, req, timeout, controller).catch(castToError);
+
+    if (response instanceof Error) {
+      if (retriesRemaining) return this.retryRequest(options, retriesRemaining);
+      if (response.name === 'AbortError') throw new APIConnectionTimeoutError();
+      throw new APIConnectionError({ cause: response });
+    }
+
+    const responseHeaders = createResponseHeaders(response.headers);
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      if (retriesRemaining && this.shouldRetry(response)) {
+        return this.retryRequest(options, retriesRemaining, responseHeaders);
+      }
+
+      const errText = await response.text().catch(() => 'Unknown');
+      const errJSON = safeJSON(errText);
+      const errMessage = errJSON ? undefined : errText;
+
+      this.debug('response', response.status, url, responseHeaders, errMessage);
+
+      const err = this.makeStatusError(response.status, errJSON, errMessage, responseHeaders);
+      throw err;
+    }
+
+    if (options.stream) {
+      // Note: there is an invariant here that isn't represented in the type system
+      // that if you set `stream: true` the response type must also be `Stream<T>`
+      return new Stream<Rsp>(response, controller) as any;
+    }
+
+    const contentType = response.headers.get('content-type');
+    if (contentType?.includes('application/json')) {
+      const json = await response.json();
+
+      if (typeof json === 'object' && json != null) {
+        /** @deprecated – we expect to change this interface in the near future. */
+        Object.defineProperty(json, 'responseHeaders', {
+          enumerable: false,
+          writable: false,
+          value: responseHeaders,
+        });
+      }
+
+      this.debug('response', response.status, url, responseHeaders, json);
+
+      return json as APIResponse<Rsp>;
+    }
+
+    // TODO handle blob, arraybuffer, other content types, etc.
+    const text = response.text();
+    this.debug('response', response.status, url, responseHeaders, text);
+    return text as Promise<any>;
+  }
+
+  requestAPIList<Item = unknown, PageClass extends AbstractPage<Item> = AbstractPage<Item>>(
+    Page: new (...args: ConstructorParameters<typeof AbstractPage>) => PageClass,
+    options: FinalRequestOptions,
+  ): PagePromise<PageClass> {
+    const requestPromise = this.request(options) as Promise<APIResponse<unknown>>;
+    return new PagePromise(this, requestPromise, options, Page);
+  }
+
+  buildURL<Req>(path: string, query: Req | undefined): string {
+    const url =
+      isAbsoluteURL(path) ?
+        new URL(path)
+      : new URL(this.baseURL + (this.baseURL.endsWith('/') && path.startsWith('/') ? path.slice(1) : path));
+
+    const defaultQuery = this.defaultQuery();
+    if (!isEmptyObj(defaultQuery)) {
+      query = { ...defaultQuery, ...query } as Req;
+    }
+
+    if (query) {
+      url.search = qs.stringify(query, this.qsOptions());
+    }
+
+    return url.toString();
+  }
+
+  async fetchWithTimeout(
+    url: RequestInfo,
+    init: RequestInit | undefined,
+    ms: number,
+    controller: AbortController,
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    const { signal, ...options } = init || {};
+    if (signal) signal.addEventListener('abort', () => controller.abort());
+
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), ms);
+
+    return this.getRequestClient()
+      .fetch(url, { signal: controller.signal as any, ...options })
+      .finally(() => {
+        clearTimeout(timeout);
+      });
+  }
+
+  protected getRequestClient(): RequestClient {
+    return { fetch: this.fetch };
+  }
+
+  private shouldRetry(response: Response): boolean {
+    // Note this is not a standard header.
+    const shouldRetryHeader = response.headers.get('x-should-retry');
+
+    // If the server explicitly says whether or not to retry, obey.
+    if (shouldRetryHeader === 'true') return true;
+    if (shouldRetryHeader === 'false') return false;
+
+    // Retry on lock timeouts.
+    if (response.status === 409) return true;
+
+    // Retry on rate limits.
+    if (response.status === 429) return true;
+
+    // Retry internal errors.
+    if (response.status >= 500) return true;
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private async retryRequest<Req extends {}, Rsp>(
+    options: FinalRequestOptions<Req>,
+    retriesRemaining: number,
+    responseHeaders?: Headers | undefined,
+  ): Promise<Rsp> {
+    retriesRemaining -= 1;
+
+    // About the Retry-After header: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After
+    //
+    // TODO: we may want to handle the case where the header is using the http-date syntax: "Retry-After: <http-date>".
+    // See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After#syntax for details.
+    const retryAfter = parseInt(responseHeaders?.['retry-after'] || '');
+
+    const maxRetries = options.maxRetries ?? this.maxRetries;
+    const timeout = this.calculateRetryTimeoutSeconds(retriesRemaining, retryAfter, maxRetries) * 1000;
+    await sleep(timeout);
+
+    return this.request(options, retriesRemaining);
+  }
+
+  private calculateRetryTimeoutSeconds(
+    retriesRemaining: number,
+    retryAfter: number,
+    maxRetries: number,
+  ): number {
+    const initialRetryDelay = 0.5;
+    const maxRetryDelay = 2;
+
+    // If the API asks us to wait a certain amount of time (and it's a reasonable amount),
+    // just do what it says.
+    if (Number.isInteger(retryAfter) && retryAfter <= 60) {
+      return retryAfter;
+    }
+
+    const numRetries = maxRetries - retriesRemaining;
+
+    // Apply exponential backoff, but not more than the max.
+    const sleepSeconds = Math.min(initialRetryDelay * Math.pow(numRetries - 1, 2), maxRetryDelay);
+
+    // Apply some jitter, plus-or-minus half a second.
+    const jitter = Math.random() - 0.5;
+
+    return sleepSeconds + jitter;
+  }
+
+  private getUserAgent(): string {
+    return `${this.constructor.name}/JS ${VERSION}`;
+  }
+
+  private debug(action: string, ...args: any[]) {
+    if (typeof process !== 'undefined' && process.env['DEBUG'] === 'true') {
+      console.log(`${this.constructor.name}:DEBUG:${action}`, ...args);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export class APIResource {
+  protected client: APIClient;
+  constructor(client: APIClient) {
+    this.client = client;
+
+    this.get = client.get.bind(client);
+    this.post = client.post.bind(client);
+    this.patch = client.patch.bind(client);
+    this.put = client.put.bind(client);
+    this.delete = client.delete.bind(client);
+    this.getAPIList = client.getAPIList.bind(client);
+  }
+
+  protected get: APIClient['get'];
+  protected post: APIClient['post'];
+  protected patch: APIClient['patch'];
+  protected put: APIClient['put'];
+  protected delete: APIClient['delete'];
+  protected getAPIList: APIClient['getAPIList'];
+}
+
+export type PageInfo = { url: URL } | { params: Record<string, unknown> | null };
+
+export abstract class AbstractPage<Item> implements AsyncIterable<Item> {
+  #client: APIClient;
+  protected options: FinalRequestOptions;
+
+  constructor(client: APIClient, response: APIResponse<unknown>, options: FinalRequestOptions) {
+    this.#client = client;
+    this.options = options;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use nextPageInfo instead
+   */
+  abstract nextPageParams(): Partial<Record<string, unknown>> | null;
+  abstract nextPageInfo(): PageInfo | null;
+
+  abstract getPaginatedItems(): Item[];
+
+  hasNextPage(): boolean {
+    const items = this.getPaginatedItems();
+    if (!items.length) return false;
+    return this.nextPageInfo() != null;
+  }
+
+  async getNextPage(): Promise<AbstractPage<Item>> {
+    const nextInfo = this.nextPageInfo();
+    if (!nextInfo) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'No next page expected; please check `.hasNextPage()` before calling `.getNextPage()`.',
+      );
+    }
+    const nextOptions = { ...this.options };
+    if ('params' in nextInfo) {
+      nextOptions.query = { ...nextOptions.query, ...nextInfo.params };
+    } else if ('url' in nextInfo) {
+      const params = [...Object.entries(nextOptions.query || {}), ...nextInfo.url.searchParams.entries()];
+      for (const [key, value] of params) {
+        nextInfo.url.searchParams.set(key, value);
+      }
+      nextOptions.query = undefined;
+      nextOptions.path = nextInfo.url.toString();
+    }
+    return await this.#client.requestAPIList(this.constructor as any, nextOptions);
+  }
+
+  async *iterPages() {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-this-alias
+    let page: AbstractPage<Item> = this;
+    yield page;
+    while (page.hasNextPage()) {
+      page = await page.getNextPage();
+      yield page;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+    for await (const page of this.iterPages()) {
+      for (const item of page.getPaginatedItems()) {
+        yield item;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export class PagePromise<
+    PageClass extends AbstractPage<Item>,
+    Item = ReturnType<PageClass['getPaginatedItems']>[number],
+  >
+  extends Promise<PageClass>
+  implements AsyncIterable<Item>
+{
+  /**
+   * This subclass of Promise will resolve to an instantiated Page once the request completes.
+   */
+  constructor(
+    client: APIClient,
+    requestPromise: Promise<APIResponse<unknown>>,
+    options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    Page: new (...args: ConstructorParameters<typeof AbstractPage>) => PageClass,
+  ) {
+    super((resolve, reject) =>
+      requestPromise.then((response) => resolve(new Page(client, response, options))).catch(reject),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enable subclassing Promise.
+   * Ref: https://stackoverflow.com/a/60328122
+   */
+  static get [Symbol.species]() {
+    return Promise;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allow auto-paginating iteration on an unawaited list call, eg:
+   *
+   *    for await (const item of client.items.list()) {
+   *      console.log(item)
+   *    }
+   */
+  async *[Symbol.asyncIterator]() {
+    const page = await this;
+    for await (const item of page) {
+      yield item;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export const createResponseHeaders = (
+  headers: Awaited<ReturnType<Fetch>>['headers'],
+): Record<string, string> => {
+  return new Proxy(
+    Object.fromEntries(
+      // @ts-ignore
+      headers.entries(),
+    ),
+    {
+      get(target, name) {
+        const key = name.toString();
+        return target[key.toLowerCase()] || target[key];
+      },
+    },
+  );
+};
+
+type HTTPMethod = 'get' | 'post' | 'put' | 'patch' | 'delete';
+
+export type RequestClient = { fetch: Fetch };
+export type Headers = Record<string, string | null | undefined>;
+export type DefaultQuery = Record<string, string | undefined>;
+export type KeysEnum<T> = { [P in keyof Required<T>]: true };
+
+export type RequestOptions<Req extends {} = Record<string, unknown> | Readable> = {
+  method?: HTTPMethod;
+  path?: string;
+  query?: Req | undefined;
+  body?: Req | undefined;
+  headers?: Headers | undefined;
+
+  maxRetries?: number;
+  stream?: boolean | undefined;
+  timeout?: number;
+  httpAgent?: Agent;
+  idempotencyKey?: string;
+};
+
+// This is required so that we can determine if a given object matches the RequestOptions
+// type at runtime. While this requires duplication, it is enforced by the TypeScript
+// compiler such that any missing / extraneous keys will cause an error.
+const requestOptionsKeys: KeysEnum<RequestOptions> = {
+  method: true,
+  path: true,
+  query: true,
+  body: true,
+  headers: true,
+
+  maxRetries: true,
+  stream: true,
+  timeout: true,
+  httpAgent: true,
+  idempotencyKey: true,
+};
+
+export const isRequestOptions = (obj: unknown): obj is RequestOptions => {
+  return (
+    typeof obj === 'object' &&
+    obj !== null &&
+    !isEmptyObj(obj) &&
+    Object.keys(obj).every((k) => hasOwn(requestOptionsKeys, k))
+  );
+};
+
+export type FinalRequestOptions<Req extends {} = Record<string, unknown> | Readable> = RequestOptions<Req> & {
+  method: HTTPMethod;
+  path: string;
+};
+
+export type APIResponse<T> = T & {
+  /** @deprecated - we plan to add a different way to access raw response information shortly. */
+  responseHeaders: Headers;
+};
+
+declare const Deno: any;
+declare const EdgeRuntime: any;
+type Arch = 'x32' | 'x64' | 'arm' | 'arm64' | `other:${string}` | 'unknown';
+type PlatformName =
+  | 'MacOS'
+  | 'Linux'
+  | 'Windows'
+  | 'FreeBSD'
+  | 'OpenBSD'
+  | 'iOS'
+  | 'Android'
+  | `Other:${string}`
+  | 'Unknown';
+type PlatformProperties = {
+  'X-Stainless-Lang': 'js';
+  'X-Stainless-Package-Version': string;
+  'X-Stainless-OS': PlatformName;
+  'X-Stainless-Arch': Arch;
+  'X-Stainless-Runtime': 'node' | 'deno' | 'edge' | 'unknown';
+  'X-Stainless-Runtime-Version': string;
+};
+const getPlatformProperties = (): PlatformProperties => {
+  if (typeof Deno !== 'undefined' && Deno.build != null) {
+    return {
+      'X-Stainless-Lang': 'js',
+      'X-Stainless-Package-Version': VERSION,
+      'X-Stainless-OS': normalizePlatform(Deno.build.os),
+      'X-Stainless-Arch': normalizeArch(Deno.build.arch),
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime': 'deno',
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime-Version': Deno.version,
+    };
+  }
+  if (typeof EdgeRuntime !== 'undefined') {
+    return {
+      'X-Stainless-Lang': 'js',
+      'X-Stainless-Package-Version': VERSION,
+      'X-Stainless-OS': 'Unknown',
+      'X-Stainless-Arch': `other:${EdgeRuntime}`,
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime': 'edge',
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime-Version': process.version,
+    };
+  }
+  // Check if Node.js
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(typeof process !== 'undefined' ? process : 0) === '[object process]') {
+    return {
+      'X-Stainless-Lang': 'js',
+      'X-Stainless-Package-Version': VERSION,
+      'X-Stainless-OS': normalizePlatform(process.platform),
+      'X-Stainless-Arch': normalizeArch(process.arch),
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime': 'node',
+      'X-Stainless-Runtime-Version': process.version,
+    };
+  }
+  // TODO add support for Cloudflare workers, browsers, etc.
+  return {
+    'X-Stainless-Lang': 'js',
+    'X-Stainless-Package-Version': VERSION,
+    'X-Stainless-OS': 'Unknown',
+    'X-Stainless-Arch': 'unknown',
+    'X-Stainless-Runtime': 'unknown',
+    'X-Stainless-Runtime-Version': 'unknown',
+  };
+};
+
+const normalizeArch = (arch: string): Arch => {
+  // Node docs:
+  // - https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processarch
+  // Deno docs:
+  // - https://doc.deno.land/deno/stable/~/Deno.build
+  if (arch === 'x32') return 'x32';
+  if (arch === 'x86_64' || arch === 'x64') return 'x64';
+  if (arch === 'arm') return 'arm';
+  if (arch === 'aarch64' || arch === 'arm64') return 'arm64';
+  if (arch) return `other:${arch}`;
+  return 'unknown';
+};
+
+const normalizePlatform = (platform: string): PlatformName => {
+  // Node platforms:
+  // - https://nodejs.org/api/process.html#processplatform
+  // Deno platforms:
+  // - https://doc.deno.land/deno/stable/~/Deno.build
+  // - https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/14799
+
+  platform = platform.toLowerCase();
+
+  // NOTE: this iOS check is untested and may not work
+  // Node does not work natively on IOS, there is a fork at
+  // https://github.com/nodejs-mobile/nodejs-mobile
+  // however it is unknown at the time of writing how to detect if it is running
+  if (platform.includes('ios')) return 'iOS';
+  if (platform === 'android') return 'Android';
+  if (platform === 'darwin') return 'MacOS';
+  if (platform === 'win32') return 'Windows';
+  if (platform === 'freebsd') return 'FreeBSD';
+  if (platform === 'openbsd') return 'OpenBSD';
+  if (platform === 'linux') return 'Linux';
+  if (platform) return `Other:${platform}`;
+  return 'Unknown';
+};
+
+let _platformHeaders: PlatformProperties;
+const getPlatformHeaders = () => {
+  return (_platformHeaders ??= getPlatformProperties());
+};
+
+export const safeJSON = (text: string) => {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(text);
+  } catch (err) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+};
+
+// https://stackoverflow.com/a/19709846
+const startsWithSchemeRegexp = new RegExp('^(?:[a-z]+:)?//', 'i');
+const isAbsoluteURL = (url: string): boolean => {
+  return startsWithSchemeRegexp.test(url);
+};
+
+const sleep = (ms: number) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+
+const validatePositiveInteger = (name: string, n: number) => {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(n)) {
+    throw new Error(`${name} must be an integer`);
+  }
+  if (n < 0) {
+    throw new Error(`${name} must be a positive integer`);
+  }
+  return n;
+};
+
+export const castToError = (err: any): Error => {
+  if (err instanceof Error) return err;
+  return new Error(err);
+};
+
+export const ensurePresent = <T>(value: T | null | undefined): T => {
+  if (value == null) throw new Error(`Expected a value to be given but received ${value} instead.`);
+  return value;
+};
+
+export const coerceInteger = (value: unknown): number => {
+  if (typeof value === 'number') return Math.round(value);
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return parseInt(value, 10);
+
+  throw new Error(`Could not coerce ${value} (type: ${typeof value}) into a number`);
+};
+
+export const coerceFloat = (value: unknown): number => {
+  if (typeof value === 'number') return value;
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return parseFloat(value);
+
+  throw new Error(`Could not coerce ${value} (type: ${typeof value}) into a number`);
+};
+
+export const coerceBoolean = (value: unknown): boolean => {
+  if (typeof value === 'boolean') return value;
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return value === 'true';
+  return Boolean(value);
+};
+
+// https://stackoverflow.com/a/34491287
+export function isEmptyObj(obj: Object | null | undefined): boolean {
+  if (!obj) return true;
+  for (const _k in obj) return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// https://eslint.org/docs/latest/rules/no-prototype-builtins
+export function hasOwn(obj: Object, key: string): boolean {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+}
+
+/**
+ * https://stackoverflow.com/a/2117523
+ */
+const uuid4 = () => {
+  return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, (c) => {
+    const r = (Math.random() * 16) | 0;
+    const v = c === 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3) | 0x8;
+    return v.toString(16);
+  });
+};
+
+export interface HeadersProtocol {
+  get: (header: string) => string | null | undefined;
+}
+export type HeadersLike = Record<string, string | string[] | undefined> | HeadersProtocol;
+
+export const isHeadersProtocol = (headers: any): headers is HeadersProtocol => {
+  return typeof headers?.get === 'function';
+};
+
+export const getHeader = (headers: HeadersLike, key: string): string | null | undefined => {
+  const lowerKey = key.toLowerCase();
+  if (isHeadersProtocol(headers)) return headers.get(key) || headers.get(lowerKey);
+  const value = headers[key] || headers[lowerKey];
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    if (value.length <= 1) return value[0];
+    console.warn(`Received ${value.length} entries for the ${key} header, using the first entry.`);
+    return value[0];
+  }
+  return value;
+};