@anov/gis-skills-cli 0.0.0-stage → 0.3.0

package/vendor/cesiumjs-skills/skills/cesiumjs-spatial-math/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: cesiumjs-spatial-math
+description: "CesiumJS spatial math - Cartesian3, Cartographic, Matrix4, Quaternion, Transforms, Ellipsoid, BoundingSphere, projections, coordinate conversions. Use when converting between coordinate systems, computing positions on the ellipsoid, performing spatial intersection tests, building model matrices, or working with geographic projections."
+---
+# CesiumJS Spatial Math & Transforms
+
+Version baseline: CesiumJS v1.142 (2026-06-01)
+
+Mathematical foundation for every CesiumJS application: coordinate types, unit conversions, ellipsoid geometry, reference frame transforms, bounding volumes, intersection tests, and projections.
+
+## Core Concepts
+
+CesiumJS uses a right-handed Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system:
+
+- **Cartesian3** -- ECEF (x, y, z) in meters. Internal representation for all 3D positions.
+- **Cartographic** -- (longitude, latitude, height). Angles are **radians**, height in meters above ellipsoid.
+
+All angular values in core math are radians. Use `Math.toRadians()` / `Math.toDegrees()`. Math types use a **static-method-with-result** pattern: pass a `result` parameter to reuse allocations.
+
+## Cartesian3 -- Positions and Vectors
+
+```js
+import { Cartesian3, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+
+// From lon/lat degrees -- most common entry point
+const pos = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0);
+const elevated = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0, 1500.0); // with height
+
+// Batch creation: [lon, lat, lon, lat, ...]
+const ring = Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray([-105, 40, -100, 40, -100, 35]);
+
+// With heights: [lon, lat, h, lon, lat, h, ...]
+const wall = Cartesian3.fromDegreesArrayHeights([-105, 40, 500, -100, 40, 1000]);
+
+// From raw ECEF or from radians
+const raw = new Cartesian3(-1275096.0, -4797180.0, 4075270.0);
+const fromRad = Cartesian3.fromRadians(-1.8326, 0.6981, 1500.0);
+
+// Constants
+Cartesian3.ZERO;   // (0,0,0)
+Cartesian3.UNIT_X; // (1,0,0)
+Cartesian3.UNIT_Y; // (0,1,0)
+Cartesian3.UNIT_Z; // (0,0,1)
+```
+
+> **Breaking change (1.139, #8359):** `Cartesian2`, `Cartesian3`, and `Cartesian4`
+> are now ES6 classes. Calling `new` on a static **factory** method now throws --
+> `new Cartesian3.fromArray([...])` and `new Cartesian3.fromDegrees(...)` are
+> errors. Drop `new` for factory methods (`Cartesian3.fromArray([...])`); keep it
+> only for the real constructor (`new Cartesian3(x, y, z)`). More classes are
+> migrating to ES6 classes, so apply this rule everywhere.
+
+### Vector Operations
+
+```js
+const a = new Cartesian3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
+const b = new Cartesian3(4.0, 5.0, 6.0);
+const r = new Cartesian3(); // reusable scratch
+
+Cartesian3.add(a, b, r);                // a + b
+Cartesian3.subtract(a, b, r);           // a - b
+Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(a, 2.0, r); // a * 2
+Cartesian3.negate(a, r);                // -a
+Cartesian3.cross(a, b, r);              // cross product
+Cartesian3.normalize(a, r);             // unit vector
+Cartesian3.lerp(a, b, 0.5, r);         // linear interpolation
+Cartesian3.midpoint(a, b, r);           // midpoint
+
+const dot = Cartesian3.dot(a, b);       // dot product
+const len = Cartesian3.magnitude(a);    // ||a||
+const dist = Cartesian3.distance(a, b); // Euclidean distance
+const distSq = Cartesian3.distanceSquared(a, b); // faster for comparisons
+const angle = Cartesian3.angleBetween(a, b);     // radians
+```
+
+## Cartographic -- Geographic Coordinates
+
+```js
+import { Cartographic, Cartesian3, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+
+const carto = Cartographic.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0, 1500.0);
+const cartoRad = Cartographic.fromRadians(-1.8326, 0.6981, 1500.0);
+
+// Cartesian3 <-> Cartographic
+const position = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0, 1500.0);
+const geo = Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
+const lonDeg = CesiumMath.toDegrees(geo.longitude); // -105.0
+const latDeg = CesiumMath.toDegrees(geo.latitude);  // 40.0
+const backToCart = Cartographic.toCartesian(geo);
+```
+
+## CesiumMath Utilities
+
+```js
+import { Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+
+// Degree/radian conversion
+const rad = CesiumMath.toRadians(90.0);    // PI/2
+const deg = CesiumMath.toDegrees(Math.PI); // 180
+
+// Constants: PI, TWO_PI, PI_OVER_TWO, PI_OVER_FOUR, RADIANS_PER_DEGREE
+// EPSILON1 (0.1) through EPSILON21 (1e-21)
+
+const clamped = CesiumMath.clamp(value, 0.0, 1.0);
+const interp = CesiumMath.lerp(0.0, 100.0, 0.5);          // 50
+const norm = CesiumMath.negativePiToPi(angle);              // [-PI, PI]
+const pos = CesiumMath.zeroToTwoPi(angle);                  // [0, 2*PI]
+const safeLon = CesiumMath.convertLongitudeRange(angle);    // [-PI, PI)
+const eq = CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon(a, b, CesiumMath.EPSILON7); // float compare
+```
+
+## Ellipsoid
+
+```js
+import { Ellipsoid, Cartesian3, Cartographic } from "cesium";
+
+// Built-in ellipsoids
+Ellipsoid.WGS84;       // Earth (default)
+Ellipsoid.UNIT_SPHERE;  // radius 1
+Ellipsoid.MOON;         // lunar sphere
+Ellipsoid.MARS;         // Mars (v1.133+)
+
+// Change default (affects Ellipsoid.default everywhere)
+Ellipsoid.default = Ellipsoid.MOON;
+
+// Conversions on a specific ellipsoid
+const cart = Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartographicToCartesian(
+  Cartographic.fromDegrees(-75.0, 40.0, 100.0),
+);
+const carto = Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(cart);
+
+// Surface normal at a position
+const normal = Ellipsoid.WGS84.geodeticSurfaceNormal(cart, new Cartesian3());
+
+// Project point onto ellipsoid surface
+const onSurface = Ellipsoid.WGS84.scaleToGeodeticSurface(cart, new Cartesian3());
+```
+
+## Transforms -- Reference Frames
+
+`Transforms` builds 4x4 matrices relating local frames to ECEF. The most commonly used function is `eastNorthUpToFixedFrame`.
+
+### East-North-Up (ENU)
+
+ENU: X = east, Y = north, Z = up. Standard frame for placing models on the globe.
+
+```js
+import { Cartesian3, Transforms, Matrix4 } from "cesium";
+
+const origin = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0);
+const enuMatrix = Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(origin);
+// Columns: [east, north, up, origin] in ECEF
+```
+
+### Heading-Pitch-Roll Model Matrix
+
+Standard way to position and orient a 3D model.
+
+```js
+import { Cartesian3, Transforms, HeadingPitchRoll, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+
+const position = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0, 0.0);
+const hpr = new HeadingPitchRoll(
+  CesiumMath.toRadians(90.0), // heading: 90 deg east
+  0.0,                         // pitch: level
+  0.0,                         // roll: none
+);
+const modelMatrix = Transforms.headingPitchRollToFixedFrame(position, hpr);
+
+// Just the orientation quaternion (e.g., for Entity.orientation)
+const orientation = Transforms.headingPitchRollQuaternion(position, hpr);
+```
+
+### HeadingPitchRoll
+
+Heading = rotation about -Z (compass bearing, clockwise). Pitch = about -Y. Roll = about +X. Radians.
+
+```js
+import { HeadingPitchRoll, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+const hpr = new HeadingPitchRoll(CesiumMath.toRadians(45.0), CesiumMath.toRadians(-10.0), 0.0);
+const hprDeg = HeadingPitchRoll.fromDegrees(45.0, -10.0, 0.0); // convenience
+```
+
+### Other Local Frames
+
+```js
+import { Transforms, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";
+const origin = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0);
+
+Transforms.northEastDownToFixedFrame(origin);  // NED (aviation)
+Transforms.northUpEastToFixedFrame(origin);     // NUE
+
+// Custom frame from any combo of east|north|up|west|south|down
+const customFn = Transforms.localFrameToFixedFrameGenerator("north", "west");
+const matrix = customFn(origin);
+
+// Recover heading/pitch/roll from an existing model matrix
+const hpr = Transforms.fixedFrameToHeadingPitchRoll(modelMatrix);
+```
+
+## Matrix4 -- 4x4 Transforms
+
+Column-major storage (WebGL convention). Constructor takes row-major for readability.
+
+```js
+import { Matrix4, Matrix3, Cartesian3, Quaternion } from "cesium";
+
+// Factory methods
+Matrix4.fromTranslation(new Cartesian3(10, 20, 30));
+Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(Matrix3.fromRotationZ(Math.PI / 4), new Cartesian3(100, 0, 0));
+Matrix4.fromTranslationQuaternionRotationScale(
+  new Cartesian3(0, 0, 0), Quaternion.IDENTITY, new Cartesian3(2, 2, 2),
+);
+Matrix4.fromUniformScale(5.0);
+
+// Combine, transform, invert
+const combined = Matrix4.multiply(matA, matB, new Matrix4());
+const worldPt = Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enuMatrix, new Cartesian3(100, 0, 0), new Cartesian3());
+const inv = Matrix4.inverseTransformation(enuMatrix, new Matrix4()); // rigid-body only
+
+// Decompose
+Matrix4.getTranslation(enuMatrix, new Cartesian3());
+Matrix4.getMatrix3(enuMatrix, new Matrix3());
+Matrix4.getScale(enuMatrix, new Cartesian3());
+```
+
+## Quaternion -- Rotation
+
+```js
+import { Quaternion, Cartesian3, HeadingPitchRoll, Math as CesiumMath, Matrix3 } from "cesium";
+
+Quaternion.IDENTITY; // (0, 0, 0, 1)
+const q1 = Quaternion.fromAxisAngle(Cartesian3.UNIT_Z, CesiumMath.toRadians(45.0));
+const q2 = Quaternion.fromHeadingPitchRoll(new HeadingPitchRoll(CesiumMath.toRadians(90), 0, 0));
+const q3 = Quaternion.fromRotationMatrix(Matrix3.fromRotationZ(Math.PI / 2));
+const mid = Quaternion.slerp(q1, q2, 0.5, new Quaternion());       // interpolate
+const composed = Quaternion.multiply(q1, q2, new Quaternion());     // compose
+```
+
+## Geodesic Distance
+
+```js
+import { Cartographic, EllipsoidGeodesic, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";
+
+// Surface distance (great-circle via Vincenty)
+const geodesic = new EllipsoidGeodesic(
+  Cartographic.fromDegrees(-73.985, 40.758),  // New York
+  Cartographic.fromDegrees(-0.1276, 51.5074), // London
+);
+const surfaceDist = geodesic.surfaceDistance;              // ~5,570 km
+const midCarto = geodesic.interpolateUsingFraction(0.5);  // midpoint on surface
+
+// Chord (straight-line) distance
+const chord = Cartesian3.distance(Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105, 40), Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-104, 40));
+```
+
+## BoundingSphere
+
+```js
+import { BoundingSphere, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";
+
+const sphere = BoundingSphere.fromPoints(
+  Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray([-105, 40, -100, 40, -100, 35]),
+); // sphere.center (Cartesian3), sphere.radius (number)
+
+const inside = Cartesian3.distance(sphere.center, Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-102, 37.5)) <= sphere.radius;
+```
+
+## Ray and Intersection Tests
+
+```js
+import { Ray, IntersectionTests, Plane, Cartesian3, Ellipsoid } from "cesium";
+
+const ray = new Ray(new Cartesian3(0, 0, 6378137), new Cartesian3(0, 0, -1)); // auto-normalized
+const ptOnRay = Ray.getPoint(ray, 1000.0, new Cartesian3());
+
+// Ray-plane: returns Cartesian3 or undefined
+const plane = Plane.fromPointNormal(Cartesian3.ZERO, Cartesian3.UNIT_Z);
+const hit = IntersectionTests.rayPlane(ray, plane);
+
+// Ray-ellipsoid: returns Interval {start, stop} or undefined
+const camRay = new Ray(new Cartesian3(0, 0, 20000000), new Cartesian3(0, 0, -1));
+const interval = IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(camRay, Ellipsoid.WGS84);
+if (interval) {
+  const nearPt = Ray.getPoint(camRay, interval.start, new Cartesian3());
+}
+
+// Ray-triangle: returns parametric t or undefined
+const t = IntersectionTests.rayTriangleParametric(ray, p0, p1, p2, true);
+```
+
+## SceneTransforms -- World to Screen
+
+```js
+import { SceneTransforms, Cartesian3 } from "cesium";
+// World -> pixel coordinates (Cartesian2 or undefined if off-screen)
+const winPos = SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(viewer.scene, Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105, 40));
+// High-DPI aware variant
+const bufPos = SceneTransforms.worldToDrawingBufferCoordinates(viewer.scene, worldPos);
+```
+
+## Geographic Projections
+
+```js
+import { GeographicProjection, WebMercatorProjection, Cartographic, Ellipsoid } from "cesium";
+const carto = Cartographic.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0);
+
+// Plate Carree: project/unproject between Cartographic and Cartesian3
+const geoProj = new GeographicProjection(Ellipsoid.WGS84);
+const xy = geoProj.project(carto);           // Cartesian3
+const back = geoProj.unproject(xy);          // Cartographic
+
+// Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
+const merc = new WebMercatorProjection(Ellipsoid.WGS84);
+const mercXY = merc.project(carto);
+```
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Offset a Position in Local ENU
+
+```js
+import { Cartesian3, Transforms, Matrix4 } from "cesium";
+
+const origin = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0, 0.0);
+const enu = Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(origin);
+// Move 500m east, 200m north, 100m up in local frame
+const worldPt = Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, new Cartesian3(500, 200, 100), new Cartesian3());
+```
+
+### Compare Positions with Tolerance
+
+```js
+import { Cartesian3, Math as CesiumMath } from "cesium";
+const a = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0, 40.0);
+const b = Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-105.0001, 40.0001);
+Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(a, b, CesiumMath.EPSILON7); // preferred over ===
+if (Cartesian3.distance(a, b) < 10.0) { /* within 10m */ }
+```
+
+## Performance Tips
+
+1. **Reuse scratch variables.** Pre-allocate `result` objects outside loops to avoid GC pauses.
+2. **Use `distanceSquared`** instead of `distance` when comparing -- avoids `Math.sqrt`.
+3. **Prefer `Cartesian3.fromDegrees`** over manual Cartographic creation then conversion.
+4. **Cache model matrices.** Call `Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame` once if position is static.
+5. **Use `Matrix4.inverseTransformation`** for rigid-body transforms -- faster and more stable than `inverse`.
+6. **Batch position creation** with `fromDegreesArray` / `fromDegreesArrayHeights` instead of looping `fromDegrees`.
+7. **Guard `Cartesian3.normalize`** -- it throws on zero-length vectors. Check magnitude first.
+8. **Use `equalsEpsilon`** for float comparisons. `CesiumMath.EPSILON7` is a good default tolerance.
+9. **Pre-compute HPR** outside render loops. Convert to quaternion/matrix only when orientation changes.
+10. **Choose the right distance.** `Cartesian3.distance` = chord through Earth. `EllipsoidGeodesic.surfaceDistance` = great-circle.
+
+## See Also
+
+- **cesiumjs-camera** -- Camera positioning and flight animations that consume these coordinate types
+- **cesiumjs-primitives** -- Geometry and Primitive API that uses model matrices from Transforms
+- **cesiumjs-terrain-environment** -- Terrain height queries and globe surface interactions