@amritk/nish-x86_64-linux 0.16.0 → 0.17.0

package/std/net/tls.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1368 @@
+/**
+ * `nish/net/tls` — the server side of a TLS 1.3 handshake (RFC 8446), from
+ * the client's first ClientHello to its Finished, carrier-agnostic and
+ * sans-IO.
+ *
+ *     import { TlsServer, TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL } from "nish/net/tls";
+ *
+ *     const server = new TlsServer(config, serverRandom, x25519Private);
+ *     const alert: i32 = server.receive(TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL, bytes, 0, n);
+ *     // …and for the slot's next connection:
+ *     server.restart(nextRandom, nextPrivate);
+ *     // send server.takeOutput(TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL), install the handshake
+ *     // secrets, sign server.signatureInput(), call server.sign(signature), …
+ *
+ * **Carrier-agnostic.** The server reads and writes handshake *messages*, not
+ * records or packets. Bytes go in and come out tagged with the level they
+ * belong to — Initial (cleartext: ClientHello, ServerHello), Handshake
+ * (EncryptedExtensions through both Finished messages) or Application — and
+ * the secrets for each level are readable as soon as they are known. TLS over
+ * TCP (WP34 T2) wraps a level's bytes in records protected under that level's
+ * secret; QUIC (Q2) puts them in CRYPTO frames of the matching packet number
+ * space (RFC 9001 §4.1.3). Neither needs anything else from here.
+ *
+ * **Sans-IO.** Nothing here reads a socket, a clock or the random device. The
+ * server random and the ephemeral x25519 private key are constructor
+ * arguments, so a test injects RFC 8448's and a server draws them with
+ * `crypto.getRandomValues`. Signing is handed off the same way: once the
+ * Certificate is written the server stops at `TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE`, the
+ * caller signs `signatureInput()` with its own key (`tlsSignEcdsaP256` for a
+ * P-256 key) and hands the signature to `sign`. That keeps the private key out
+ * of this module, and it lets RFC 8448's trace, which signs with RSA-PSS, be
+ * replayed with its own signature.
+ *
+ * **What is negotiated.** TLS 1.3 only. The suites `TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256`,
+ * `TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256` and `TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384`, the first of
+ * them the client lists; the group x25519; the configuration's one signature
+ * scheme. A client that offers x25519 in `supported_groups` without a share
+ * gets one HelloRetryRequest (§4.1.4), and a second ClientHello still without
+ * the share is refused. `server_name` is read and exposed as `serverName`.
+ * ALPN picks the first of the configuration's protocols the client offers.
+ * `quic_transport_parameters` is read and written only when the configuration
+ * says the carrier is QUIC. PSKs, 0-RTT, NewSessionTicket and client
+ * authentication are not here: a PSK or early-data offer is ignored, so the
+ * client falls back to a full handshake.
+ *
+ * **Refusals are alerts.** `receive` and `sign` answer 0 or a TLS alert
+ * description (`TLS_ALERT_*` in `nish/net/tls/codec`); after one the server
+ * is in `TLS_STATE_FAILED` and answers the same alert to every call. Nothing
+ * the peer sends can make it panic.
+ *
+ * **Secrets.** The ECDHE secret, and the copy of the ephemeral key it is
+ * computed with, are `Secret`s (`nish:secret`) wiped on every path. What the
+ * server keeps in its fields — the caller's ephemeral key bytes, since a
+ * `Secret` may not be a field, and the handshake, traffic and exporter secrets
+ * its carrier reads — is wiped by its carrier, and by `restart` before the
+ * next connection uses the arrays (CLAUDE.md §Security; TLS-1 in
+ * `docs/security/tls.md`).
+ *
+ * **Memory.** A `TlsServer` keeps its state in buffers it allocates once —
+ * the messages in and out, the transcript, the secrets, the HKDF scratch —
+ * and `restart` hands them to the next connection, so a carrier that keeps
+ * one per slot runs every handshake after the first without moving the arena
+ * (TLS-3; `tests/link/net_tls_memory`). What a message allocates on the way
+ * dies inside a `using a = arena()` block or an arena scope of its own.
+ *
+ * The state is a class and a `switch`, with no closures. Written from RFC
+ * 8446, RFC 7301, RFC 6066 and RFC 9001, not ported from another
+ * implementation.
+ */
+import { Secret, expose, secret, wipe } from "nish:secret"
+import { HkdfScratch, hkdfExtractSha256, hkdfExtractSha384 } from "nish/crypto/hkdf"
+import { SHA256_SIZE } from "nish/crypto/sha256"
+import { SHA384_SIZE } from "nish/crypto/sha512"
+import { p256SignSha256 } from "nish/crypto/p256"
+import { timingSafeEqual, timingSafeEqualAt } from "nish/crypto/ct"
+import { X25519_SIZE, x25519, x25519Base } from "nish/crypto/x25519"
+import {
+  TLS_ALERT_DECODE_ERROR,
+  TLS_ALERT_DECRYPT_ERROR,
+  TLS_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE,
+  TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER,
+  TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR,
+  TLS_ALERT_MISSING_EXTENSION,
+  TLS_ALERT_NO_APPLICATION_PROTOCOL,
+  TLS_ALERT_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+  TLS_ALERT_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE,
+  TLS_GROUP_X25519,
+  TLS_HANDSHAKE_CLIENT_HELLO,
+  TLS_HANDSHAKE_FINISHED,
+  TLS_RANDOM_SIZE,
+  TLS_VERSION_13,
+  TLS_X25519_SHARE_SIZE,
+  TlsClientHelloView,
+  tlsHexInto,
+  tlsReadClientHello,
+  tlsWindowHasU16,
+  tlsWindowString,
+  tlsWriteCertificate,
+  tlsWriteCertificateVerify,
+  tlsWriteCertificateVerifyContent,
+  tlsWriteEncryptedExtensions,
+  tlsWriteFinished,
+  tlsWriteHelloRetryRequest,
+  tlsWriteServerHello,
+} from "nish/net/tls/codec"
+import {
+  TlsTranscript,
+  tlsDeriveSecretInto,
+  tlsFinishedVerifyDataInto,
+  tlsMasterSecretInto,
+  tlsSuiteHashLength,
+} from "nish/net/tls/schedule"
+
+// ---- Levels ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Cleartext: ClientHello, HelloRetryRequest and ServerHello (QUIC's Initial packets). */
+export const TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL: i32 = 0
+/** Under the handshake traffic secrets: EncryptedExtensions through both Finished messages. */
+export const TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE: i32 = 1
+/** Under the application traffic secrets. T1 writes nothing here; the level exists for its secrets. */
+export const TLS_LEVEL_APPLICATION: i32 = 2
+
+// ---- States --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Waiting for a ClientHello at the Initial level, the first or the one after a HelloRetryRequest. */
+export const TLS_STATE_WAIT_CLIENT_HELLO: i32 = 0
+/** The Certificate is written; `signatureInput()` is ready and `sign` is due. */
+export const TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE: i32 = 1
+/** The server's flight is written; waiting for the client's Finished at the Handshake level. */
+export const TLS_STATE_WAIT_FINISHED: i32 = 2
+/** The client's Finished verified. Application data may flow both ways. */
+export const TLS_STATE_CONNECTED: i32 = 3
+/** An alert was answered; `alert` holds it, and every later call answers it again. */
+export const TLS_STATE_FAILED: i32 = 4
+
+/**
+ * The longest handshake message accepted, in bytes. A ClientHello carrying a
+ * post-quantum share is a few kilobytes; nothing a client sends a TLS 1.3
+ * server comes near this, and the cap is what bounds the buffer a peer can
+ * make the server hold.
+ */
+export const TLS_MAX_HANDSHAKE_MESSAGE: i32 = 65536
+
+/** SSL 3.0's version number; a ClientHello whose `legacy_version` is this or below is refused (RFC 8446 §D.5). */
+const TLS_SSL3_VERSION: i32 = 0x0300
+
+/** A typed zero for the offsets below: a bare literal is an `f64` under `--number-mode f64`. */
+const TLS_FROM: i32 = 0
+
+/**
+ * What a server is configured with, the same for every connection. An
+ * interface, so a caller writes it as an object literal.
+ */
+export interface TlsServerConfig {
+  /** DER certificates, leaf first. At least one. */
+  certificateChain: u8[][]
+  /**
+   * The ALPN protocols the server speaks, most preferred first. Empty means
+   * the server does not negotiate ALPN over TCP, and refuses every client
+   * over QUIC, where ALPN is mandatory (RFC 9001 §8.1).
+   */
+  alpn: string[]
+  /** The server's transport parameters, opaque, sent in EncryptedExtensions only when `quic`. */
+  quicTransportParameters: u8[]
+  /**
+   * Extensions this module does not interpret, already encoded (each a type,
+   * a length and a body), written first in EncryptedExtensions:
+   * `record_size_limit` is the record layer's, for one. Empty for none.
+   */
+  extraExtensions: u8[]
+  /**
+   * The signature scheme the caller's key signs with, sent in
+   * CertificateVerify: `TLS_SIGNATURE_ECDSA_SECP256R1_SHA256` for a P-256
+   * key. A client that does not list it is refused with `handshake_failure`.
+   */
+  signatureScheme: i32
+  /** Whether the carrier is QUIC, which turns `quic_transport_parameters` on both ways. */
+  quic: boolean
+}
+
+/** The most a 24-bit length can say: the bound on a handshake message's body (RFC 8446 §4). */
+const TLS_MAX_U24: i32 = 16777215
+
+/**
+ * Whether `config` can be written at all: at least one certificate, every
+ * certificate and the whole Certificate message within their 24-bit lengths,
+ * every ALPN protocol 1 to 255 bytes, and EncryptedExtensions' extensions
+ * within their 16-bit length. A configuration that breaks one would make the
+ * server write a message whose length field is wrong, so the constructor
+ * refuses it instead.
+ */
+const tlsConfigFits = (config: TlsServerConfig): boolean => {
+  if (toI32(config.certificateChain.length) === 0) {
+    return false
+  }
+  // The request context (1) and the list's length (3), then per certificate
+  // its length (3), its bytes and its empty extensions (2).
+  let certificate: i32 = 4
+  for (const der of config.certificateChain) {
+    const n: i32 = toI32(der.length)
+    if (n < 1 || n > TLS_MAX_U24 - certificate - 5) {
+      return false
+    }
+    certificate = certificate + 5 + n
+  }
+  // ALPN's type, lengths and the one name (at most 4 + 2 + 1 + 255), the
+  // server_name acknowledgement (4), and the transport parameters' type and
+  // length (4), beside what the caller passes through.
+  const extensions: i32 =
+    266 + toI32(config.extraExtensions.length) + toI32(config.quicTransportParameters.length)
+  for (const protocol of config.alpn) {
+    const n: i32 = toI32(protocol.length)
+    if (n < 1 || n > 255) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+  return extensions <= 65535
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the bytes `data[at .. at + length)` spell `text`, one character a
+ * byte: ALPN's byte-wise comparison (RFC 7301 §3.2), and the one a host name
+ * is held to against the last.
+ */
+const tlsBytesSpell = (data: u8[], at: i32, length: i32, text: string): boolean => {
+  if (toI32(text.length) !== length) {
+    return false
+  }
+  for (
+    let k: i32 = 0;
+    k < length && k < toI32(text.length) && at + k >= 0 && at + k < toI32(data.length);
+    k++
+  ) {
+    if (toI32(data[at + k]) !== toI32(text.charCodeAt(k))) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+/** The minimal DER INTEGER for an unsigned big-endian magnitude: leading zeros dropped, one added when the top bit is set. */
+const tlsDerInteger = (magnitude: u8[]): u8[] => {
+  const body: u8[] = []
+  let leading: boolean = true
+  for (const b of magnitude) {
+    if (leading && toI32(b) === 0) {
+      continue
+    }
+    if (leading && toI32(b) >= 0x80) {
+      body.push(toU8(0))
+    }
+    leading = false
+    body.push(b)
+  }
+  // Zero is one zero octet, not an empty integer (X.690 §8.3.1).
+  if (toI32(body.length) === 0) {
+    body.push(toU8(0))
+  }
+  const out: u8[] = [toU8(0x02), toU8(toI32(body.length))]
+  for (const b of body) {
+    out.push(b)
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * An ECDSA signature `r || s` (32 bytes each, as `nish/crypto/p256` answers
+ * it) as the DER `ECDSA-Sig-Value` a CertificateVerify carries (RFC 8446
+ * §4.2.3), or `null` when `rs` is not 64 bytes.
+ */
+export const tlsEcdsaDerSignature = (rs: u8[]): u8[] | null => {
+  if (toI32(rs.length) !== 64) {
+    return null
+  }
+  const r: u8[] = []
+  const s: u8[] = []
+  for (let k: i32 = 0; k < toI32(rs.length); k++) {
+    if (k < 32) {
+      r.push(rs[k])
+    } else {
+      s.push(rs[k])
+    }
+  }
+  const body: u8[] = tlsDerInteger(r)
+  for (const b of tlsDerInteger(s)) {
+    body.push(b)
+  }
+  // At most 2 * (2 + 33) = 70 bytes, so the length is one short-form byte.
+  const out: u8[] = [toU8(0x30), toU8(toI32(body.length))]
+  for (const b of body) {
+    out.push(b)
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Signs a CertificateVerify input for `ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256` with the P-256
+ * private key `priv`: `p256SignSha256` (RFC 6979's deterministic nonce), DER
+ * encoded. `null` for a malformed key. The answer is what `TlsServer.sign`
+ * takes. The key is borrowed, as every `Secret` parameter is: the caller made
+ * it, and wipes it.
+ */
+export const tlsSignEcdsaP256 = (priv: Secret<u8[]>, content: u8[]): u8[] | null => {
+  const rs: u8[] | null = p256SignSha256(priv, content)
+  if (rs === null) {
+    return null
+  }
+  return tlsEcdsaDerSignature(rs)
+}
+
+/** Whether an x25519 shared secret is all zeros, reading every byte (run inside `expose`). */
+const tlsIsZeroSecret = (shared: u8[]): boolean => timingSafeEqual(shared, new Array<u8>(X25519_SIZE))
+
+/**
+ * `Derive-Secret(early, "derived", "")` with no PSK, the salt the handshake
+ * secret is extracted under: a constant of the hash alone (RFC 8448 §3 prints
+ * the SHA-256 one; the SHA-384 one was computed with Python's hmac and
+ * hashlib). It is written out rather than derived because the functions below
+ * run on the ECDHE secret inside `expose`, and Expand-Label may panic with a
+ * computed message, which such a function may not reach.
+ */
+const TLS_DERIVED_SALT_SHA256: string = "6f2615a108c702c5678f54fc9dbab69716c076189c48250cebeac3576c3611ba"
+const TLS_DERIVED_SALT_SHA384: string =
+  "1591dac5cbbf0330a4a84de9c753330e92d01f0a88214b4464972fd668049e93e52f2b16fad922fdc0584478428f282b"
+
+/** The bytes of a lowercase hex constant of this module, in a fresh array. */
+const tlsHexBytes = (text: string): u8[] => {
+  const out: u8[] = new Array<u8>(toI32(text.length) >> 1)
+  tlsHexInto(text, out, TLS_FROM)
+  return out
+}
+
+/** The SHA-256 handshake secret: HKDF-Extract of the ECDHE secret under the derived salt (run inside `expose`). */
+const tlsHandshakeFromEcdhe256 = (ecdhe: u8[]): u8[] =>
+  hkdfExtractSha256(tlsHexBytes(TLS_DERIVED_SALT_SHA256), ecdhe)
+
+/** The SHA-384 handshake secret: HKDF-Extract of the ECDHE secret under the derived salt (run inside `expose`). */
+const tlsHandshakeFromEcdhe384 = (ecdhe: u8[]): u8[] =>
+  hkdfExtractSha384(tlsHexBytes(TLS_DERIVED_SALT_SHA384), ecdhe)
+
+/** The secret of `level` from one side's pair, or `null` for any other level or one not derived yet (still empty). */
+const tlsSecretAt = (level: i32, handshake: u8[], application: u8[]): u8[] | null => {
+  const chosen: u8[] = level === TLS_LEVEL_APPLICATION ? application : handshake
+  if ((level !== TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE && level !== TLS_LEVEL_APPLICATION) || toI32(chosen.length) === 0) {
+    return null
+  }
+  return chosen
+}
+
+// ---- The exchange, in a scope of its own --------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * The x25519 exchange's inputs and answers as big-endian 64-bit words: the
+ * ephemeral private key and the client's share in, the server's public key
+ * and the handshake secret out, and the alert. It is a class of numbers and
+ * nothing else on purpose. `x25519` answers its shared secret as a `Secret`,
+ * which is an allocation it stores, so neither an automatic arena scope nor a
+ * `using a = arena()` block may be put around a call to it (NL2424). A
+ * function whose every parameter is an object of numbers can be handed no
+ * memory a pointer fits in, so everything it and its callees allocate is
+ * garbage when it returns, and the compiler gives it a scope of its own
+ * (docs/LANGUAGE.md, "Memory model", item 2): `tlsExchange` takes only this.
+ *
+ * Its fields must stay numbers: one that could hold a pointer would cost
+ * `tlsExchange` that scope without a word from the compiler, and only
+ * `tests/link/net_tls_memory` would notice.
+ *
+ * The words hold secrets — the private key and the handshake secret — in
+ * fields, where `secureZero` cannot reach, so each is zeroed by an ordinary
+ * store as soon as it has been read, which stands because the words stay
+ * reachable from their `TlsServer` (TLS-1 in `docs/security/tls.md`).
+ */
+class TlsExchangeWords {
+  key0: u64 = 0
+  key1: u64 = 0
+  key2: u64 = 0
+  key3: u64 = 0
+  share0: u64 = 0
+  share1: u64 = 0
+  share2: u64 = 0
+  share3: u64 = 0
+  public0: u64 = 0
+  public1: u64 = 0
+  public2: u64 = 0
+  public3: u64 = 0
+  secret0: u64 = 0
+  secret1: u64 = 0
+  secret2: u64 = 0
+  secret3: u64 = 0
+  secret4: u64 = 0
+  secret5: u64 = 0
+  /** 32 or 48: which handshake secret to extract. */
+  hashLength: i32 = 0
+}
+
+/** The eight bytes `b[at .. at + 8)` as a big-endian word; a byte outside `b` reads as zero. */
+const tlsWordAt = (b: u8[], at: i32): u64 => {
+  let v: u64 = 0
+  for (let k: i32 = 0; k < 8; k++) {
+    const byte: u64 = at + k >= 0 && at + k < toI32(b.length) ? toU64(b[at + k]) : toU64(0)
+    v = (v << toU64(8)) | byte
+  }
+  return v
+}
+
+/** `v` big-endian into `b[at .. at + 8)`; a byte outside `b` is dropped. */
+const tlsWordInto = (b: u8[], at: i32, v: u64): void => {
+  for (let k: i32 = 0; k < 8; k++) {
+    const shift: i32 = (7 - k) << 3
+    if (at + k >= 0 && at + k < toI32(b.length)) {
+      b[at + k] = toU8(v >> toU64(shift))
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The exchange of RFC 8446 §7.4.2 on `w`: the server's public key and the
+ * handshake secret from the ephemeral key and the client's share, both
+ * written back as words, the key's words zeroed once read. Answers 0,
+ * `illegal_parameter` for a share whose shared secret is all zeros (§7.4.2,
+ * RFC 7748 §6.1), or `internal_error` when the exchange answers nothing. The
+ * copy of the key and the ECDHE secret are `Secret`s wiped on every path, and
+ * the handshake secret's bytes with `secureZero` once they are words. The
+ * compiler brackets this function with an arena scope of its own (see
+ * `TlsExchangeWords`), so what x25519 and HKDF allocate is gone when it
+ * returns.
+ */
+const tlsExchange = (w: TlsExchangeWords): i32 => {
+  const raw: u8[] = new Array<u8>(X25519_SIZE)
+  tlsWordInto(raw, 0, w.key0)
+  tlsWordInto(raw, 8, w.key1)
+  tlsWordInto(raw, 16, w.key2)
+  tlsWordInto(raw, 24, w.key3)
+  w.key0 = toU64(0)
+  w.key1 = toU64(0)
+  w.key2 = toU64(0)
+  w.key3 = toU64(0)
+  const share: u8[] = new Array<u8>(X25519_SIZE)
+  tlsWordInto(share, 0, w.share0)
+  tlsWordInto(share, 8, w.share1)
+  tlsWordInto(share, 16, w.share2)
+  tlsWordInto(share, 24, w.share3)
+  const key: Secret<u8[]> = secret(raw)
+  const serverPublic: u8[] | null = x25519Base(key)
+  const shared: Secret<u8[]> | null = x25519(key, share)
+  wipe(key)
+  if (shared === null) {
+    return TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR
+  }
+  // RFC 7748 §6.1 leaves the all-zero check to the protocol, and RFC 8446
+  // §7.4.2 makes it: a low-order client share gives the zero secret, which
+  // anybody can compute. The secret is secret, so the compare reads it all.
+  if (serverPublic === null || expose(shared, tlsIsZeroSecret)) {
+    wipe(shared)
+    return serverPublic === null ? TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR : TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
+  }
+  const handshake: u8[] =
+    w.hashLength === SHA384_SIZE
+      ? expose(shared, tlsHandshakeFromEcdhe384)
+      : expose(shared, tlsHandshakeFromEcdhe256)
+  wipe(shared)
+  w.public0 = tlsWordAt(serverPublic, 0)
+  w.public1 = tlsWordAt(serverPublic, 8)
+  w.public2 = tlsWordAt(serverPublic, 16)
+  w.public3 = tlsWordAt(serverPublic, 24)
+  w.secret0 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 0)
+  w.secret1 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 8)
+  w.secret2 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 16)
+  w.secret3 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 24)
+  w.secret4 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 32)
+  w.secret5 = tlsWordAt(handshake, 40)
+  secureZero(handshake)
+  return 0
+}
+
+// ---- Buffers -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** The first input buffer: room for the ClientHello of every common client. It grows only for a longer one. */
+const TLS_INPUT_START: i32 = 2048
+/** The Initial output: a HelloRetryRequest and a ServerHello, each with a 32-byte session id, fit with room. */
+const TLS_INITIAL_OUTPUT_SIZE: i32 = 256
+/** The longest DER ECDSA P-256 signature, what the flight is first sized for: two 33-byte integers and their headers. */
+const TLS_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_MAX: i32 = 72
+/** Which secret each of a server's secret arrays holds, by index into `secrets256` and `secrets384`. */
+const TLS_SECRET_HANDSHAKE: i32 = 0
+const TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_HANDSHAKE: i32 = 1
+const TLS_SECRET_SERVER_HANDSHAKE: i32 = 2
+const TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_APPLICATION: i32 = 3
+const TLS_SECRET_SERVER_APPLICATION: i32 = 4
+const TLS_SECRET_EXPORTER: i32 = 5
+const TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_FINISHED: i32 = 6
+/** The CertificateVerify input sits beside them: 98 bytes and the transcript hash. */
+const TLS_SECRET_TO_BE_SIGNED: i32 = 7
+const TLS_SECRET_COUNT: i32 = 8
+/** What CertificateVerify signs besides the hash (RFC 8446 §4.4.3): 64 spaces, the 33-byte context and a zero. */
+const TLS_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_PREFIX: i32 = 98
+
+/**
+ * The most the server's Handshake-level flight under `config` takes with an
+ * ECDSA P-256 signature: EncryptedExtensions with every extension it may
+ * carry and the longest configured ALPN protocol, the Certificate, a
+ * CertificateVerify and a SHA-384 Finished.
+ */
+const tlsFlightCapacity = (config: TlsServerConfig): i32 => {
+  const none: u8[] = []
+  let longest: string = ""
+  for (const protocol of config.alpn) {
+    if (toI32(protocol.length) > toI32(longest.length)) {
+      longest = protocol
+    }
+  }
+  const extensions: i32 = tlsWriteEncryptedExtensions(
+    none,
+    TLS_FROM,
+    config.extraExtensions,
+    longest,
+    true,
+    config.quic ? config.quicTransportParameters : null
+  )
+  const certificate: i32 = tlsWriteCertificate(none, TLS_FROM, config.certificateChain)
+  return extensions + certificate + 8 + TLS_ECDSA_SIGNATURE_MAX + 4 + SHA384_SIZE
+}
+
+/**
+ * One TLS 1.3 server handshake. Make one per connection, or one per slot and
+ * `restart` it for each connection the slot takes; feed it what the client
+ * sends with `receive`, send what `takeOutput` answers (or what the output
+ * buffers hold, for a carrier that reads them in place), and sign when the
+ * state says so.
+ *
+ * The fields are readable: `state` and `alert`, the negotiated `suite`,
+ * `serverName`, `alpn` and the client's `clientTransportParameters`, and the
+ * traffic secrets. `readSecret` and `writeSecret` answer the last by level.
+ *
+ * **What it allocates.** Everything it keeps is allocated by the constructor
+ * and reused by `restart`: the input and output buffers, the transcript's
+ * hashers, the HKDF scratch, and an array of exactly HashLen bytes for every
+ * secret under each hash, which the secret fields point at as each is
+ * derived and away from again when the next connection starts. `receive` and
+ * `sign` do their work inside `using a = arena()` blocks, so the compiler has
+ * proved that what they allocate on the way dies before they return. Four
+ * things grow or are made outside those blocks: the input buffer, doubled up
+ * to the largest message when a ClientHello does not fit (once per slot);
+ * the Handshake-level output, when a signature is longer than an ECDSA one;
+ * the `serverName` string, made when the client's host name differs from the
+ * last one this server held; and, over QUIC only, a copy of the client's
+ * transport parameters (TLS-3).
+ */
+export class TlsServer {
+  config: TlsServerConfig
+  serverRandom: u8[]
+  ephemeralPrivate: u8[]
+  /** The client's `host_name`, or empty. */
+  serverName: string = ""
+  /** The ALPN protocol chosen, one of the configuration's, or empty. */
+  alpn: string = ""
+  /** The last host name a client of this server sent, kept across `restart` so that the next one naming it reuses the string. */
+  lastServerName: string = ""
+  /** The client's `quic_transport_parameters`, opaque; empty unless the carrier is QUIC. */
+  clientTransportParameters: u8[]
+  transcript: TlsTranscript
+  /** The bytes received at the current level and not yet a whole message: `input[0 .. inputLength)`. */
+  input: u8[]
+  /** What the server has written at the Initial level and not handed on: `outputInitial[0 .. outputInitialLength)`. */
+  outputInitial: u8[]
+  /** What the server has written at the Handshake level and not handed on: `outputHandshake[0 .. outputHandshakeLength)`. */
+  outputHandshake: u8[]
+  handshakeSecret: u8[]
+  clientHandshakeSecret: u8[]
+  serverHandshakeSecret: u8[]
+  clientApplicationSecret: u8[]
+  serverApplicationSecret: u8[]
+  /** `exporter_master_secret` (RFC 8446 §7.5), for a caller's own exporters. */
+  exporterSecret: u8[]
+  /** The CertificateVerify input while `state` is `TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE`. */
+  toBeSigned: u8[]
+  /** The client Finished's `verify_data`, known once the server's Finished is written. */
+  expectedClientFinished: u8[]
+  /** The empty array every secret field points at until its secret is derived. */
+  none: u8[]
+  /** The arrays the secret fields point into: `TLS_SECRET_COUNT` of each hash's lengths. */
+  secrets256: u8[][]
+  secrets384: u8[][]
+  /** The ClientHello last read, as windows into `input`. */
+  hello: TlsClientHelloView
+  /** Where every HKDF and HMAC of the schedule runs. */
+  kdf: HkdfScratch
+  /** The exchange's words (`tlsExchange`). */
+  exchange: TlsExchangeWords
+  /** The server's x25519 public key, unpacked from the exchange's words for the ServerHello. */
+  serverPublic: u8[]
+  /** A transcript hash on its way into the schedule: HashLen bytes of it. */
+  hashes: u8[]
+  state: i32 = 0
+  /** The alert the server failed with, or 0. */
+  alert: i32 = 0
+  /** The negotiated cipher suite, or 0 before the first ClientHello is read. */
+  suite: i32 = 0
+  hashLength: i32 = 0
+  inputLength: i32 = 0
+  outputInitialLength: i32 = 0
+  outputHandshakeLength: i32 = 0
+  /** Whether a HelloRetryRequest was sent, so a second miss is fatal. */
+  retried: boolean = false
+  /** Whether `config` passed `tlsConfigFits`, decided once by the constructor. */
+  configFits: boolean = false
+
+  /**
+   * A server for one connection under `config`, with the 32-byte server
+   * random and the 32-byte x25519 private key drawn for it. A random or key of
+   * another length, or a configuration `tlsConfigFits` refuses, leaves the
+   * server failed with `internal_error` before it reads anything.
+   */
+  constructor(config: TlsServerConfig, serverRandom: u8[], ephemeralPrivate: u8[]) {
+    this.config = config
+    this.serverRandom = serverRandom
+    this.ephemeralPrivate = ephemeralPrivate
+    this.none = []
+    this.clientTransportParameters = this.none
+    this.transcript = new TlsTranscript(0)
+    this.configFits = tlsConfigFits(config)
+    this.input = new Array<u8>(TLS_INPUT_START)
+    this.outputInitial = new Array<u8>(TLS_INITIAL_OUTPUT_SIZE)
+    this.outputHandshake = new Array<u8>(this.configFits ? tlsFlightCapacity(config) : TLS_FROM)
+    this.secrets256 = []
+    this.secrets384 = []
+    for (let k: i32 = 0; k < TLS_SECRET_COUNT; k++) {
+      const extra: i32 = k === TLS_SECRET_TO_BE_SIGNED ? TLS_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_PREFIX : 0
+      this.secrets256.push(new Array<u8>(SHA256_SIZE + extra))
+      this.secrets384.push(new Array<u8>(SHA384_SIZE + extra))
+    }
+    this.hello = new TlsClientHelloView()
+    this.kdf = new HkdfScratch()
+    this.exchange = new TlsExchangeWords()
+    this.serverPublic = new Array<u8>(X25519_SIZE)
+    this.hashes = new Array<u8>(SHA384_SIZE)
+    this.handshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.clientHandshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.serverHandshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.clientApplicationSecret = this.none
+    this.serverApplicationSecret = this.none
+    this.exporterSecret = this.none
+    this.toBeSigned = this.none
+    this.expectedClientFinished = this.none
+    this.restart(serverRandom, ephemeralPrivate)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Starts the next connection in this server's buffers, with its own
+   * 32-byte random and x25519 private key, as a fresh `TlsServer` would:
+   * every secret the last connection left in them is wiped with `secureZero`
+   * and every secret field points at nothing again. The two arrays are kept,
+   * not copied, as the constructor keeps them. A random or key of another
+   * length, or a configuration `tlsConfigFits` refused, leaves the server
+   * failed with `internal_error`.
+   */
+  restart(serverRandom: u8[], ephemeralPrivate: u8[]): void {
+    this.serverRandom = serverRandom
+    this.ephemeralPrivate = ephemeralPrivate
+    this.state = TLS_STATE_WAIT_CLIENT_HELLO
+    this.alert = 0
+    this.suite = 0
+    this.hashLength = 0
+    this.retried = false
+    this.serverName = ""
+    this.alpn = ""
+    this.clientTransportParameters = this.none
+    this.inputLength = 0
+    this.outputInitialLength = 0
+    this.outputHandshakeLength = 0
+    for (let k: i32 = 0; k < toI32(this.secrets256.length) && k < toI32(this.secrets384.length); k++) {
+      secureZero(this.secrets256[k])
+      secureZero(this.secrets384[k])
+    }
+    this.handshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.clientHandshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.serverHandshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.clientApplicationSecret = this.none
+    this.serverApplicationSecret = this.none
+    this.exporterSecret = this.none
+    this.toBeSigned = this.none
+    this.expectedClientFinished = this.none
+    if (
+      toI32(serverRandom.length) !== TLS_RANDOM_SIZE ||
+      toI32(ephemeralPrivate.length) !== X25519_SIZE ||
+      !this.configFits
+    ) {
+      this.state = TLS_STATE_FAILED
+      this.alert = TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Fails the handshake with `alert` and answers it. */
+  fail(alert: i32): i32 {
+    this.state = TLS_STATE_FAILED
+    this.alert = alert
+    return alert
+  }
+
+  /** The array secret `index` lives in under the negotiated hash: exactly HashLen bytes (the CertificateVerify input, 98 more). */
+  secretArray(index: i32): u8[] {
+    const pool: u8[][] = this.hashLength === SHA384_SIZE ? this.secrets384 : this.secrets256
+    return index >= 0 && index < toI32(pool.length) ? pool[index] : this.none
+  }
+
+  /** The level the client's next bytes must arrive at, or -1 when the state expects none. */
+  expectedLevel(): i32 {
+    switch (this.state) {
+      case TLS_STATE_WAIT_CLIENT_HELLO:
+        return TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL
+      case TLS_STATE_WAIT_FINISHED:
+        return TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE
+      default:
+        return -1
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Makes `input` hold at least `need` bytes, keeping the ones it holds. It
+   * doubles, so a slot grows it at most a handful of times however its
+   * clients cut their messages, and never past the largest message `receive`
+   * takes.
+   */
+  reserveInput(need: i32): void {
+    const capacity: i32 = toI32(this.input.length)
+    if (need <= capacity) {
+      return
+    }
+    let size: i32 = capacity
+    while (size < need) {
+      size = size * 2
+    }
+    const most: i32 = TLS_MAX_HANDSHAKE_MESSAGE + 4
+    const grown: u8[] = new Array<u8>(size > most ? most : size)
+    for (let k: i32 = 0; k < this.inputLength && k < toI32(grown.length) && k < capacity; k++) {
+      grown[k] = this.input[k]
+    }
+    this.input = grown
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Makes the output of `level` hold at least `need` bytes, keeping the ones
+   * it holds. Both are sized by the constructor for what this configuration
+   * writes with an ECDSA signature, so only a longer signature grows the
+   * Handshake level's, once per slot.
+   */
+  reserveOutput(level: i32, need: i32): void {
+    const initial: boolean = level === TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL
+    const buffer: u8[] = initial ? this.outputInitial : this.outputHandshake
+    const held: i32 = initial ? this.outputInitialLength : this.outputHandshakeLength
+    const capacity: i32 = toI32(buffer.length)
+    if (need <= capacity) {
+      return
+    }
+    const grown: u8[] = new Array<u8>(need)
+    for (let k: i32 = 0; k < held && k < toI32(buffer.length) && k < toI32(grown.length); k++) {
+      grown[k] = buffer[k]
+    }
+    if (initial) {
+      this.outputInitial = grown
+    } else {
+      this.outputHandshake = grown
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Takes the handshake bytes `data[off .. off + len)` the client sent at
+   * `level`, a whole message, part of one or several, and handles every
+   * message they complete. Answers 0, or the alert the server fails with.
+   *
+   * A level other than the one the state expects is `unexpected_message`, as
+   * is a byte left over once a message ends the client's flight: each of the
+   * three messages a client sends here (two ClientHellos and a Finished) is
+   * the last of its flight, and RFC 8446 §5.1 forbids a message to straddle a
+   * key change. A window outside `data` is `internal_error`, the caller's
+   * fault and not the peer's. Once the handshake is done, any further bytes
+   * are `unexpected_message` too: the post-handshake messages a client may
+   * send (KeyUpdate) belong to the record layer, which handles them itself.
+   */
+  receive(level: i32, data: u8[], off: i32, len: i32): i32 {
+    if (this.state === TLS_STATE_FAILED) {
+      return this.alert
+    }
+    if (off < 0 || len < 0 || off > toI32(data.length) - len) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR)
+    }
+    if (len === 0) {
+      return 0
+    }
+    if (level !== this.expectedLevel()) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE)
+    }
+    // The buffer only ever holds one message, so bytes that would take it
+    // past the largest one allowed are refused before they are copied.
+    if (len > TLS_MAX_HANDSHAKE_MESSAGE + 4 - this.inputLength) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_DECODE_ERROR)
+    }
+    this.reserveInput(this.inputLength + len)
+    for (
+      let k: i32 = 0;
+      k < len && off + k < toI32(data.length) && this.inputLength < toI32(this.input.length);
+      k++
+    ) {
+      this.input[this.inputLength] = data[off + k]
+      this.inputLength = this.inputLength + 1
+    }
+    // Every message a client sends here ends its flight, so the buffer holds
+    // at most one: a byte past its end is refused below.
+    if (this.inputLength < 4) {
+      return 0
+    }
+    const length: i32 = (toI32(this.input[1]) << 16) | (toI32(this.input[2]) << 8) | toI32(this.input[3])
+    if (length > TLS_MAX_HANDSHAKE_MESSAGE) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_DECODE_ERROR)
+    }
+    const whole: i32 = 4 + length
+    if (this.inputLength < whole) {
+      return 0
+    }
+    if (this.inputLength > whole) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE)
+    }
+    // The message stays where it is while it is handled; the buffer is
+    // empty again for whatever comes next.
+    this.inputLength = 0
+    const alert: i32 = this.handleMessage(length)
+    if (alert !== 0) {
+      return this.fail(alert)
+    }
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dispatches one whole message, `input[0 .. 4 + length)`. `receive`
+   * admits bytes only in the two states that expect them, so the state is
+   * one of those two here.
+   */
+  handleMessage(length: i32): i32 {
+    const type: i32 = toI32(this.input[0])
+    if (this.state === TLS_STATE_WAIT_CLIENT_HELLO) {
+      return type === TLS_HANDSHAKE_CLIENT_HELLO
+        ? this.handleClientHello(length)
+        : TLS_ALERT_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE
+    }
+    return type === TLS_HANDSHAKE_FINISHED ? this.handleFinished(length) : TLS_ALERT_UNEXPECTED_MESSAGE
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The first suite the client lists that this module negotiates, or 0
+   * (§4.1.1: the server picks; following the client's order is the choice
+   * RFC 8448's server makes).
+   */
+  chooseSuite(hello: TlsClientHelloView): i32 {
+    const data: u8[] = hello.data
+    const end: i32 = hello.suitesAt + hello.suitesLength
+    for (
+      let k: i32 = hello.suitesAt;
+      k + 1 < end && k >= 0 && k < toI32(data.length) && k + 1 < toI32(data.length);
+      k += 2
+    ) {
+      const suite: i32 = (toI32(data[k]) << 8) | toI32(data[k + 1])
+      if (tlsSuiteHashLength(suite) > 0) {
+        return suite
+      }
+    }
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ALPN (RFC 7301 §3.2): the first configured protocol the client offers.
+   * Answers 0 with `alpn` set, or empty when nothing is negotiated, or
+   * `no_application_protocol`.
+   */
+  chooseAlpn(hello: TlsClientHelloView): i32 {
+    this.alpn = ""
+    if (hello.hasAlpn && toI32(this.config.alpn.length) > 0) {
+      const data: u8[] = hello.data
+      const end: i32 = hello.alpnAt + hello.alpnLength
+      for (const protocol of this.config.alpn) {
+        let at: i32 = hello.alpnAt
+        while (at < end && at >= 0 && at < toI32(data.length)) {
+          const n: i32 = toI32(data[at])
+          if (tlsBytesSpell(data, at + 1, n, protocol)) {
+            this.alpn = protocol
+            return 0
+          }
+          at = at + 1 + n
+        }
+      }
+      return TLS_ALERT_NO_APPLICATION_PROTOCOL
+    }
+    return this.config.quic ? TLS_ALERT_NO_APPLICATION_PROTOCOL : 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `serverName` for the host name the hello carries: kept as it is when it
+   * already spells those bytes, so a slot whose clients name one host makes
+   * the string once, and made again only when the name changes.
+   */
+  takeServerName(hello: TlsClientHelloView): void {
+    if (!hello.hasServerName) {
+      this.serverName = ""
+      return
+    }
+    if (!tlsBytesSpell(hello.data, hello.serverNameAt, hello.serverNameLength, this.lastServerName)) {
+      this.lastServerName = tlsWindowString(hello.data, hello.serverNameAt, hello.serverNameLength)
+    }
+    this.serverName = this.lastServerName
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A ClientHello, the first or the second: refuse it, answer it with a
+   * HelloRetryRequest, or answer it with ServerHello, EncryptedExtensions and
+   * Certificate and wait for the signature. The checks run in the order a
+   * reader of RFC 8446 would make them: the structure, then the version, then
+   * the suite, the extensions §9.2 requires, the group, the signature scheme,
+   * the share itself, and the application protocol.
+   */
+  handleClientHello(length: i32): i32 {
+    const hello: TlsClientHelloView = this.hello
+    const data: u8[] = this.input
+    tlsReadClientHello(hello, data, 4, length)
+    if (hello.alert !== 0) {
+      return hello.alert
+    }
+    // §4.2.1: the version is negotiated by `supported_versions` alone, and
+    // `legacy_version` is not consulted for it. The one exception is SSL 3.0
+    // or below, which §D.5 lets a server refuse outright. Without
+    // `supported_versions` the client offers TLS 1.2 or earlier, which this
+    // server does not speak.
+    if (hello.legacyVersion <= TLS_SSL3_VERSION) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_PROTOCOL_VERSION
+    }
+    if (
+      !hello.hasSupportedVersions ||
+      !tlsWindowHasU16(data, hello.versionsAt, hello.versionsLength, TLS_VERSION_13)
+    ) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_PROTOCOL_VERSION
+    }
+    if (!hello.nullCompressionOnly) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
+    }
+    const suite: i32 = this.chooseSuite(hello)
+    if (suite === 0) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
+    }
+    // §4.1.4: the second ClientHello must allow the suite the
+    // HelloRetryRequest chose, since the transcript is already under its hash.
+    if (this.retried && suite !== this.suite) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
+    }
+    // §9.2: a certificate-authenticated handshake needs all three, and
+    // `supported_groups` and `key_share` come as a pair.
+    if (!hello.hasSignatureAlgorithms || !hello.hasSupportedGroups || !hello.hasKeyShare) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_MISSING_EXTENSION
+    }
+    if (this.config.quic && !hello.hasQuicTransportParameters) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_MISSING_EXTENSION
+    }
+    if (!tlsWindowHasU16(data, hello.groupsAt, hello.groupsLength, TLS_GROUP_X25519)) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
+    }
+    if (!tlsWindowHasU16(data, hello.schemesAt, hello.schemesLength, this.config.signatureScheme)) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_HANDSHAKE_FAILURE
+    }
+    if (!this.retried) {
+      this.suite = suite
+      this.hashLength = tlsSuiteHashLength(suite)
+      this.transcript.reset(this.hashLength)
+    }
+    this.transcript.update(data, TLS_FROM, 4 + length)
+    if (!hello.hasX25519Share) {
+      // §4.1.4: one HelloRetryRequest; a second ClientHello without the share
+      // the first one asked for is `illegal_parameter`.
+      if (this.retried) {
+        return TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
+      }
+      this.retried = true
+      const none: u8[] = []
+      this.reserveOutput(
+        TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL,
+        tlsWriteHelloRetryRequest(
+          none,
+          this.outputInitialLength,
+          data,
+          hello.sessionIdAt,
+          hello.sessionIdLength,
+          suite,
+          TLS_GROUP_X25519
+        )
+      )
+      using _scope = arena()
+      this.transcript.restartWithMessageHash()
+      const at: i32 = this.outputInitialLength
+      const end: i32 = tlsWriteHelloRetryRequest(
+        this.outputInitial,
+        at,
+        data,
+        hello.sessionIdAt,
+        hello.sessionIdLength,
+        this.suite,
+        TLS_GROUP_X25519
+      )
+      this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL, at, end)
+      return 0
+    }
+    if (hello.x25519ShareLength !== TLS_X25519_SHARE_SIZE) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER
+    }
+    const alpnAlert: i32 = this.chooseAlpn(hello)
+    if (alpnAlert !== 0) {
+      return alpnAlert
+    }
+    this.takeServerName(hello)
+    if (this.config.quic) {
+      const parameters: u8[] = new Array<u8>(hello.quicLength)
+      for (
+        let k: i32 = 0;
+        k < toI32(parameters.length) && hello.quicAt + k >= 0 && hello.quicAt + k < toI32(data.length);
+        k++
+      ) {
+        parameters[k] = data[hello.quicAt + k]
+      }
+      this.clientTransportParameters = parameters
+    }
+    const exchangeAlert: i32 = this.exchangeKeys()
+    if (exchangeAlert !== 0) {
+      return exchangeAlert
+    }
+    this.writeServerFlight()
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs the x25519 exchange on the caller's ephemeral key and the client's
+   * share (`tlsExchange`), outside any arena block since its scope is its
+   * own, and unpacks the server's public key and the handshake secret from
+   * the words, zeroing them. The ephemeral key is held as the caller's plain
+   * bytes, because a `Secret` may not live in a field (NL2430); the record
+   * layer wipes them once the ServerHello is written (TLS-1).
+   */
+  exchangeKeys(): i32 {
+    const w: TlsExchangeWords = this.exchange
+    const key: u8[] = this.ephemeralPrivate
+    const share: u8[] = this.input
+    const at: i32 = this.hello.x25519ShareAt
+    w.key0 = tlsWordAt(key, 0)
+    w.key1 = tlsWordAt(key, 8)
+    w.key2 = tlsWordAt(key, 16)
+    w.key3 = tlsWordAt(key, 24)
+    w.share0 = tlsWordAt(share, at)
+    w.share1 = tlsWordAt(share, at + 8)
+    w.share2 = tlsWordAt(share, at + 16)
+    w.share3 = tlsWordAt(share, at + 24)
+    w.hashLength = this.hashLength
+    const alert: i32 = tlsExchange(w)
+    if (alert !== 0) {
+      return alert
+    }
+    const pub: u8[] = this.serverPublic
+    tlsWordInto(pub, 0, w.public0)
+    tlsWordInto(pub, 8, w.public1)
+    tlsWordInto(pub, 16, w.public2)
+    tlsWordInto(pub, 24, w.public3)
+    this.handshakeSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_HANDSHAKE)
+    const handshake: u8[] = this.handshakeSecret
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 0, w.secret0)
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 8, w.secret1)
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 16, w.secret2)
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 24, w.secret3)
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 32, w.secret4)
+    tlsWordInto(handshake, 40, w.secret5)
+    w.secret0 = toU64(0)
+    w.secret1 = toU64(0)
+    w.secret2 = toU64(0)
+    w.secret3 = toU64(0)
+    w.secret4 = toU64(0)
+    w.secret5 = toU64(0)
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ServerHello at the Initial level, the handshake traffic secrets, and
+   * EncryptedExtensions and Certificate at the Handshake level, then the
+   * CertificateVerify input: all in place, inside one arena block.
+   */
+  writeServerFlight(): void {
+    const hello: TlsClientHelloView = this.hello
+    const h: i32 = this.hashLength
+    // Room for the messages first, outside the block, measured by writing
+    // them over nothing; the constructor sized both buffers for these, so
+    // neither grows.
+    const none: u8[] = []
+    this.reserveOutput(
+      TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL,
+      tlsWriteServerHello(
+        none,
+        this.outputInitialLength,
+        this.serverRandom,
+        hello.data,
+        hello.sessionIdAt,
+        hello.sessionIdLength,
+        this.suite,
+        this.serverPublic
+      )
+    )
+    const extensionsEnd: i32 = tlsWriteEncryptedExtensions(
+      none,
+      this.outputHandshakeLength,
+      this.config.extraExtensions,
+      this.alpn,
+      hello.hasServerName,
+      this.config.quic ? this.config.quicTransportParameters : null
+    )
+    this.reserveOutput(
+      TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE,
+      tlsWriteCertificate(none, extensionsEnd, this.config.certificateChain)
+    )
+    // The secrets' arrays are the slot's, chosen before the block opens.
+    this.clientHandshakeSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_HANDSHAKE)
+    this.serverHandshakeSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_SERVER_HANDSHAKE)
+    this.toBeSigned = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_TO_BE_SIGNED)
+    using _scope = arena()
+    const helloAt: i32 = this.outputInitialLength
+    const helloEnd: i32 = tlsWriteServerHello(
+      this.outputInitial,
+      helloAt,
+      this.serverRandom,
+      hello.data,
+      hello.sessionIdAt,
+      hello.sessionIdLength,
+      this.suite,
+      this.serverPublic
+    )
+    this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL, helloAt, helloEnd)
+
+    this.transcript.hashInto(this.hashes, TLS_FROM)
+    tlsDeriveSecretInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      this.handshakeSecret,
+      "c hs traffic",
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.clientHandshakeSecret
+    )
+    tlsDeriveSecretInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      this.handshakeSecret,
+      "s hs traffic",
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.serverHandshakeSecret
+    )
+
+    const extensionsAt: i32 = this.outputHandshakeLength
+    const written: i32 = tlsWriteEncryptedExtensions(
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      extensionsAt,
+      this.config.extraExtensions,
+      this.alpn,
+      hello.hasServerName,
+      this.config.quic ? this.config.quicTransportParameters : null
+    )
+    this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE, extensionsAt, written)
+    const certificateEnd: i32 = tlsWriteCertificate(
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      written,
+      this.config.certificateChain
+    )
+    this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE, written, certificateEnd)
+
+    this.transcript.hashInto(this.hashes, TLS_FROM)
+    tlsWriteCertificateVerifyContent(this.toBeSigned, TLS_FROM, this.hashes, TLS_FROM, h)
+    this.state = TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * What CertificateVerify signs (RFC 8446 §4.4.3), while the state is
+   * `TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE`; `null` at any other time.
+   */
+  signatureInput(): u8[] | null {
+    if (this.state !== TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE) {
+      return null
+    }
+    return this.toBeSigned
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Takes the signature over `signatureInput()`, as it goes on the wire (DER
+   * for ECDSA), and writes CertificateVerify and the server's Finished, after
+   * which the application secrets are known. Answers 0, or `internal_error`
+   * when called in another state or with an empty or over-long signature.
+   * The signature is not checked here: a wrong one is the caller's bug, and
+   * the client's verification is what catches it.
+   */
+  sign(signature: u8[]): i32 {
+    if (this.state === TLS_STATE_FAILED) {
+      return this.alert
+    }
+    const signatureLength: i32 = toI32(signature.length)
+    if (this.state !== TLS_STATE_WAIT_SIGNATURE || signatureLength === 0 || signatureLength > 65535) {
+      return this.fail(TLS_ALERT_INTERNAL_ERROR)
+    }
+    const h: i32 = this.hashLength
+    this.reserveOutput(TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE, this.outputHandshakeLength + 8 + signatureLength + 4 + h)
+    // The secrets' arrays are the slot's, chosen before the block opens.
+    this.clientApplicationSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_APPLICATION)
+    this.serverApplicationSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_SERVER_APPLICATION)
+    this.exporterSecret = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_EXPORTER)
+    this.expectedClientFinished = this.secretArray(TLS_SECRET_CLIENT_FINISHED)
+    using _scope = arena()
+    const verifyAt: i32 = this.outputHandshakeLength
+    const verifyEnd: i32 = tlsWriteCertificateVerify(
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      verifyAt,
+      this.config.signatureScheme,
+      signature
+    )
+    this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE, verifyAt, verifyEnd)
+    this.transcript.hashInto(this.hashes, TLS_FROM)
+    // The Finished's verify_data goes straight into its place in the flight.
+    tlsFinishedVerifyDataInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      this.serverHandshakeSecret,
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      verifyEnd + 4
+    )
+    const finishedEnd: i32 = tlsWriteFinished(
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      verifyEnd,
+      this.outputHandshake,
+      verifyEnd + 4,
+      h
+    )
+    this.sent(TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE, verifyEnd, finishedEnd)
+
+    this.transcript.hashInto(this.hashes, TLS_FROM)
+    const master: u8[] = new Array<u8>(h)
+    tlsMasterSecretInto(this.kdf, h, this.handshakeSecret, master)
+    tlsDeriveSecretInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      master,
+      "c ap traffic",
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.clientApplicationSecret
+    )
+    tlsDeriveSecretInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      master,
+      "s ap traffic",
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.serverApplicationSecret
+    )
+    tlsDeriveSecretInto(this.kdf, h, master, "exp master", this.hashes, TLS_FROM, this.exporterSecret)
+    tlsFinishedVerifyDataInto(
+      this.kdf,
+      h,
+      this.clientHandshakeSecret,
+      this.hashes,
+      TLS_FROM,
+      this.expectedClientFinished,
+      TLS_FROM
+    )
+    secureZero(master)
+    this.toBeSigned = this.none
+    this.state = TLS_STATE_WAIT_FINISHED
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The client's Finished (§4.4.4), `input[0 .. 4 + length)`: its
+   * `verify_data` is HashLen bytes and must equal the HMAC the server
+   * computed, compared in constant time. A wrong length is `decode_error`, a
+   * wrong value `decrypt_error`.
+   */
+  handleFinished(length: i32): i32 {
+    if (length !== this.hashLength) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_DECODE_ERROR
+    }
+    if (!timingSafeEqualAt(this.input, 4, this.expectedClientFinished, TLS_FROM, this.hashLength)) {
+      return TLS_ALERT_DECRYPT_ERROR
+    }
+    this.transcript.update(this.input, TLS_FROM, 4 + length)
+    // The handshake secret has done its work: wiped, and no longer held.
+    secureZero(this.handshakeSecret)
+    this.handshakeSecret = this.none
+    this.state = TLS_STATE_CONNECTED
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A message the server wrote at `level`, `output[at .. end)` of that
+   * level's buffer, goes into the transcript and stays on the output.
+   */
+  sent(level: i32, at: i32, end: i32): void {
+    if (level === TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL) {
+      this.transcript.update(this.outputInitial, at, end - at)
+      this.outputInitialLength = end
+    } else {
+      this.transcript.update(this.outputHandshake, at, end - at)
+      this.outputHandshakeLength = end
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The handshake bytes written at `level` since the last call, in a fresh
+   * array, and forgets them. Bytes are only ever written at a level whose
+   * secrets are already known, so a carrier that installs keys as they appear
+   * can always protect what this answers. A carrier that reads the output
+   * buffers in place calls `clearOutput` instead, and allocates nothing.
+   */
+  takeOutput(level: i32): u8[] {
+    const none: u8[] = []
+    switch (level) {
+      case TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL: {
+        const out: u8[] = new Array<u8>(this.outputInitialLength)
+        for (let k: i32 = 0; k < toI32(out.length) && k < toI32(this.outputInitial.length); k++) {
+          out[k] = this.outputInitial[k]
+        }
+        this.outputInitialLength = 0
+        return out
+      }
+      case TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE: {
+        const out: u8[] = new Array<u8>(this.outputHandshakeLength)
+        for (let k: i32 = 0; k < toI32(out.length) && k < toI32(this.outputHandshake.length); k++) {
+          out[k] = this.outputHandshake[k]
+        }
+        this.outputHandshakeLength = 0
+        return out
+      }
+      default:
+        // Nothing is written at the Application level before NewSessionTicket, which is out of scope.
+        return none
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Forgets the handshake bytes written at `level`, which a carrier has read out of the buffer itself. */
+  clearOutput(level: i32): void {
+    if (level === TLS_LEVEL_INITIAL) {
+      this.outputInitialLength = 0
+    } else if (level === TLS_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE) {
+      this.outputHandshakeLength = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The secret the server *reads* `level` under — the client's traffic secret
+   * — or `null` while it is not known yet. The Initial level has none: it is
+   * cleartext in TLS, and QUIC derives its own from the connection id.
+   */
+  readSecret(level: i32): u8[] | null {
+    return tlsSecretAt(level, this.clientHandshakeSecret, this.clientApplicationSecret)
+  }
+
+  /** The secret the server *writes* `level` under — its own traffic secret — or `null` while it is not known yet. */
+  writeSecret(level: i32): u8[] | null {
+    return tlsSecretAt(level, this.serverHandshakeSecret, this.serverApplicationSecret)
+  }
+}