@ai-sdk/openai 4.0.0-beta.2 → 4.0.0-beta.21

package/src/chat/openai-chat-prepare-tools.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import {
-  LanguageModelV3CallOptions,
-  SharedV3Warning,
+  LanguageModelV4CallOptions,
+  SharedV4Warning,
   UnsupportedFunctionalityError,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 import {
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ export function prepareChatTools({
   tools,
   toolChoice,
 }: {
-  tools: LanguageModelV3CallOptions['tools'];
-  toolChoice?: LanguageModelV3CallOptions['toolChoice'];
+  tools: LanguageModelV4CallOptions['tools'];
+  toolChoice?: LanguageModelV4CallOptions['toolChoice'];
 }): {
   tools?: OpenAIChatFunctionTool[];
   toolChoice?: OpenAIChatToolChoice;
-  toolWarnings: Array<SharedV3Warning>;
+  toolWarnings: Array<SharedV4Warning>;
 } {
   // when the tools array is empty, change it to undefined to prevent errors:
   tools = tools?.length ? tools : undefined;
 
-  const toolWarnings: SharedV3Warning[] = [];
+  const toolWarnings: SharedV4Warning[] = [];
 
   if (tools == null) {
     return { tools: undefined, toolChoice: undefined, toolWarnings };

package/src/completion/convert-openai-completion-usage.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { LanguageModelV3Usage } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
+import { LanguageModelV4Usage } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 
 export type OpenAICompletionUsage = {
   prompt_tokens?: number | null;
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export type OpenAICompletionUsage = {
 
 export function convertOpenAICompletionUsage(
   usage: OpenAICompletionUsage | undefined | null,
-): LanguageModelV3Usage {
+): LanguageModelV4Usage {
   if (usage == null) {
     return {
       inputTokens: {

package/src/completion/convert-to-openai-completion-prompt.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import {
   InvalidPromptError,
-  LanguageModelV3Prompt,
+  LanguageModelV4Prompt,
   UnsupportedFunctionalityError,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export function convertToOpenAICompletionPrompt({
   user = 'user',
   assistant = 'assistant',
 }: {
-  prompt: LanguageModelV3Prompt;
+  prompt: LanguageModelV4Prompt;
   user?: string;
   assistant?: string;
 }): {

package/src/completion/map-openai-finish-reason.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { LanguageModelV3FinishReason } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
+import { LanguageModelV4FinishReason } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 
 export function mapOpenAIFinishReason(
   finishReason: string | null | undefined,
-): LanguageModelV3FinishReason['unified'] {
+): LanguageModelV4FinishReason['unified'] {
   switch (finishReason) {
     case 'stop':
       return 'stop';

package/src/completion/openai-completion-language-model.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import {
-  LanguageModelV3,
-  LanguageModelV3CallOptions,
-  LanguageModelV3FinishReason,
-  LanguageModelV3GenerateResult,
-  LanguageModelV3StreamPart,
-  LanguageModelV3StreamResult,
-  SharedV3ProviderMetadata,
-  SharedV3Warning,
+  LanguageModelV4,
+  LanguageModelV4CallOptions,
+  LanguageModelV4FinishReason,
+  LanguageModelV4GenerateResult,
+  LanguageModelV4StreamPart,
+  LanguageModelV4StreamResult,
+  SharedV4ProviderMetadata,
+  SharedV4Warning,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 import {
   combineHeaders,
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ type OpenAICompletionConfig = {
   fetch?: FetchFunction;
 };
 
-export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
-  readonly specificationVersion = 'v3';
+export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV4 {
+  readonly specificationVersion = 'v4';
 
   readonly modelId: OpenAICompletionModelId;
 
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
     toolChoice,
     seed,
     providerOptions,
-  }: LanguageModelV3CallOptions) {
-    const warnings: SharedV3Warning[] = [];
+  }: LanguageModelV4CallOptions) {
+    const warnings: SharedV4Warning[] = [];
 
     // Parse provider options
     const openaiOptions = {
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
   }
 
   async doGenerate(
-    options: LanguageModelV3CallOptions,
-  ): Promise<LanguageModelV3GenerateResult> {
+    options: LanguageModelV4CallOptions,
+  ): Promise<LanguageModelV4GenerateResult> {
     const { args, warnings } = await this.getArgs(options);
 
     const {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
 
     const choice = response.choices[0];
 
-    const providerMetadata: SharedV3ProviderMetadata = { openai: {} };
+    const providerMetadata: SharedV4ProviderMetadata = { openai: {} };
 
     if (choice.logprobs != null) {
       providerMetadata.openai.logprobs = choice.logprobs;
@@ -211,8 +211,8 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
   }
 
   async doStream(
-    options: LanguageModelV3CallOptions,
-  ): Promise<LanguageModelV3StreamResult> {
+    options: LanguageModelV4CallOptions,
+  ): Promise<LanguageModelV4StreamResult> {
     const { args, warnings } = await this.getArgs(options);
 
     const body = {
@@ -239,11 +239,11 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
       fetch: this.config.fetch,
     });
 
-    let finishReason: LanguageModelV3FinishReason = {
+    let finishReason: LanguageModelV4FinishReason = {
       unified: 'other',
       raw: undefined,
     };
-    const providerMetadata: SharedV3ProviderMetadata = { openai: {} };
+    const providerMetadata: SharedV4ProviderMetadata = { openai: {} };
     let usage: OpenAICompletionUsage | undefined = undefined;
     let isFirstChunk = true;
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ export class OpenAICompletionLanguageModel implements LanguageModelV3 {
       stream: response.pipeThrough(
         new TransformStream<
           ParseResult<OpenAICompletionChunk>,
-          LanguageModelV3StreamPart
+          LanguageModelV4StreamPart
         >({
           start(controller) {
             controller.enqueue({ type: 'stream-start', warnings });

package/src/embedding/openai-embedding-model.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import {
-  EmbeddingModelV3,
+  EmbeddingModelV4,
   TooManyEmbeddingValuesForCallError,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 import {
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import {
 } from './openai-embedding-options';
 import { openaiTextEmbeddingResponseSchema } from './openai-embedding-api';
 
-export class OpenAIEmbeddingModel implements EmbeddingModelV3 {
-  readonly specificationVersion = 'v3';
+export class OpenAIEmbeddingModel implements EmbeddingModelV4 {
+  readonly specificationVersion = 'v4';
   readonly modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId;
   readonly maxEmbeddingsPerCall = 2048;
   readonly supportsParallelCalls = true;
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ export class OpenAIEmbeddingModel implements EmbeddingModelV3 {
     headers,
     abortSignal,
     providerOptions,
-  }: Parameters<EmbeddingModelV3['doEmbed']>[0]): Promise<
-    Awaited<ReturnType<EmbeddingModelV3['doEmbed']>>
+  }: Parameters<EmbeddingModelV4['doEmbed']>[0]): Promise<
+    Awaited<ReturnType<EmbeddingModelV4['doEmbed']>>
   > {
     if (values.length > this.maxEmbeddingsPerCall) {
       throw new TooManyEmbeddingValuesForCallError({

package/src/files/openai-files-api.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { lazySchema, zodSchema } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';
+import { z } from 'zod/v4';
+
+export const openaiFilesResponseSchema = lazySchema(() =>
+  zodSchema(
+    z.object({
+      id: z.string(),
+      object: z.string().nullish(),
+      bytes: z.number().nullish(),
+      created_at: z.number().nullish(),
+      filename: z.string().nullish(),
+      purpose: z.string().nullish(),
+      status: z.string().nullish(),
+      expires_at: z.number().nullish(),
+    }),
+  ),
+);

package/src/files/openai-files-options.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { InferSchema, lazySchema, zodSchema } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';
+import { z } from 'zod/v4';
+
+export const openaiFilesOptionsSchema = lazySchema(() =>
+  zodSchema(
+    z.object({
+      /*
+       * Required by the OpenAI API, but optional here because
+       * the SDK defaults to "assistants" — by far the most common
+       * purpose when uploading files in this context.
+       */
+      purpose: z.string().optional(),
+      expiresAfter: z.number().optional(),
+    }),
+  ),
+);
+
+export type OpenAIFilesOptions = InferSchema<typeof openaiFilesOptionsSchema>;

package/src/files/openai-files.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import {
+  FilesV4,
+  FilesV4UploadFileCallOptions,
+  FilesV4UploadFileResult,
+} from '@ai-sdk/provider';
+import {
+  combineHeaders,
+  convertBase64ToUint8Array,
+  createJsonResponseHandler,
+  FetchFunction,
+  parseProviderOptions,
+  postFormDataToApi,
+} from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';
+import { openaiFailedResponseHandler } from '../openai-error';
+import { openaiFilesResponseSchema } from './openai-files-api';
+import {
+  openaiFilesOptionsSchema,
+  OpenAIFilesOptions,
+} from './openai-files-options';
+
+interface OpenAIFilesConfig {
+  provider: string;
+  baseURL: string;
+  headers: () => Record<string, string | undefined>;
+  fetch?: FetchFunction;
+}
+
+export class OpenAIFiles implements FilesV4 {
+  readonly specificationVersion = 'v4';
+
+  get provider(): string {
+    return this.config.provider;
+  }
+
+  constructor(private readonly config: OpenAIFilesConfig) {}
+
+  async uploadFile({
+    data,
+    mediaType,
+    filename,
+    providerOptions,
+  }: FilesV4UploadFileCallOptions): Promise<FilesV4UploadFileResult> {
+    const openaiOptions = (await parseProviderOptions({
+      provider: 'openai',
+      providerOptions,
+      schema: openaiFilesOptionsSchema,
+    })) as OpenAIFilesOptions | undefined;
+
+    const fileBytes =
+      data instanceof Uint8Array ? data : convertBase64ToUint8Array(data);
+
+    const blob = new Blob([fileBytes], {
+      type: mediaType,
+    });
+
+    const formData = new FormData();
+    if (filename != null) {
+      formData.append('file', blob, filename);
+    } else {
+      formData.append('file', blob);
+    }
+    formData.append('purpose', openaiOptions?.purpose ?? 'assistants');
+
+    if (openaiOptions?.expiresAfter != null) {
+      formData.append('expires_after', String(openaiOptions.expiresAfter));
+    }
+
+    const { value: response } = await postFormDataToApi({
+      url: `${this.config.baseURL}/files`,
+      headers: combineHeaders(this.config.headers()),
+      formData,
+      failedResponseHandler: openaiFailedResponseHandler,
+      successfulResponseHandler: createJsonResponseHandler(
+        openaiFilesResponseSchema,
+      ),
+      fetch: this.config.fetch,
+    });
+
+    return {
+      warnings: [],
+      providerReference: { openai: response.id },
+      ...((response.filename ?? filename)
+        ? { filename: response.filename ?? filename }
+        : {}),
+      ...(mediaType != null ? { mediaType } : {}),
+      providerMetadata: {
+        openai: {
+          ...(response.filename != null ? { filename: response.filename } : {}),
+          ...(response.purpose != null ? { purpose: response.purpose } : {}),
+          ...(response.bytes != null ? { bytes: response.bytes } : {}),
+          ...(response.created_at != null
+            ? { createdAt: response.created_at }
+            : {}),
+          ...(response.status != null ? { status: response.status } : {}),
+          ...(response.expires_at != null
+            ? { expiresAt: response.expires_at }
+            : {}),
+        },
+      },
+    };
+  }
+}

package/src/image/openai-image-model.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
-  ImageModelV3,
-  ImageModelV3File,
-  SharedV3Warning,
+  ImageModelV4,
+  ImageModelV4File,
+  SharedV4Warning,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 import {
   combineHeaders,
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ interface OpenAIImageModelConfig extends OpenAIConfig {
   };
 }
 
-export class OpenAIImageModel implements ImageModelV3 {
-  readonly specificationVersion = 'v3';
+export class OpenAIImageModel implements ImageModelV4 {
+  readonly specificationVersion = 'v4';
 
   get maxImagesPerCall(): number {
     return modelMaxImagesPerCall[this.modelId] ?? 1;
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ export class OpenAIImageModel implements ImageModelV3 {
     providerOptions,
     headers,
     abortSignal,
-  }: Parameters<ImageModelV3['doGenerate']>[0]): Promise<
-    Awaited<ReturnType<ImageModelV3['doGenerate']>>
+  }: Parameters<ImageModelV4['doGenerate']>[0]): Promise<
+    Awaited<ReturnType<ImageModelV4['doGenerate']>>
   > {
-    const warnings: Array<SharedV3Warning> = [];
+    const warnings: Array<SharedV4Warning> = [];
 
     if (aspectRatio != null) {
       warnings.push({
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ type OpenAIImageEditInput = {
 };
 
 async function fileToBlob(
-  file: ImageModelV3File | undefined,
+  file: ImageModelV4File | undefined,
 ): Promise<Blob | undefined> {
   if (!file) return undefined;
 

package/src/index.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ export type { OpenAILanguageModelCompletionOptions } from './completion/openai-c
 export type { OpenAIEmbeddingModelOptions } from './embedding/openai-embedding-options';
 export type { OpenAISpeechModelOptions } from './speech/openai-speech-options';
 export type { OpenAITranscriptionModelOptions } from './transcription/openai-transcription-options';
+export type { OpenAIFilesOptions } from './files/openai-files-options';
 export type {
+  OpenaiResponsesCompactionProviderMetadata,
   OpenaiResponsesProviderMetadata,
   OpenaiResponsesReasoningProviderMetadata,
   OpenaiResponsesTextProviderMetadata,

package/src/openai-config.ts

@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ export type OpenAIConfig = {
   fetch?: FetchFunction;
   generateId?: () => string;
   /**
-   * File ID prefixes used to identify file IDs in Responses API.
-   * When undefined, all file data is treated as base64 content.
+   * This is soft-deprecated. Use provider references (e.g. `{ openai: 'file-abc123' }`)
+   * in file part data instead. File ID prefixes used to identify file IDs
+   * in Responses API. When undefined, all string file data is treated as
+   * base64 content.
    *
-   * Examples:
-   * - OpenAI: ['file-'] for IDs like 'file-abc123'
-   * - Azure OpenAI: ['assistant-'] for IDs like 'assistant-abc123'
+   * TODO: remove in v8
    */
   fileIdPrefixes?: readonly string[];
 };

package/src/openai-language-model-capabilities.ts

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ export function getOpenAILanguageModelCapabilities(
 
   const supportsPriorityProcessing =
     modelId.startsWith('gpt-4') ||
-    modelId.startsWith('gpt-5-mini') ||
     (modelId.startsWith('gpt-5') &&
       !modelId.startsWith('gpt-5-nano') &&
-      !modelId.startsWith('gpt-5-chat')) ||
+      !modelId.startsWith('gpt-5-chat') &&
+      !modelId.startsWith('gpt-5.4-nano')) ||
     modelId.startsWith('o3') ||
     modelId.startsWith('o4-mini');
 
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ export function getOpenAILanguageModelCapabilities(
   const supportsNonReasoningParameters =
     modelId.startsWith('gpt-5.1') ||
     modelId.startsWith('gpt-5.2') ||
+    modelId.startsWith('gpt-5.3') ||
     modelId.startsWith('gpt-5.4');
 
   const systemMessageMode = isReasoningModel ? 'developer' : 'system';

package/src/openai-provider.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import {
-  EmbeddingModelV3,
-  ImageModelV3,
-  LanguageModelV3,
-  ProviderV3,
-  SpeechModelV3,
-  TranscriptionModelV3,
+  EmbeddingModelV4,
+  FilesV4,
+  ImageModelV4,
+  LanguageModelV4,
+  ProviderV4,
+  SpeechModelV4,
+  TranscriptionModelV4,
 } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 import {
   FetchFunction,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import { OpenAIChatModelId } from './chat/openai-chat-options';
 import { OpenAICompletionLanguageModel } from './completion/openai-completion-language-model';
 import { OpenAICompletionModelId } from './completion/openai-completion-options';
 import { OpenAIEmbeddingModel } from './embedding/openai-embedding-model';
+import { OpenAIFiles } from './files/openai-files';
 import { OpenAIEmbeddingModelId } from './embedding/openai-embedding-options';
 import { OpenAIImageModel } from './image/openai-image-model';
 import { OpenAIImageModelId } from './image/openai-image-options';
@@ -30,68 +32,73 @@ import { OpenAITranscriptionModel } from './transcription/openai-transcription-m
 import { OpenAITranscriptionModelId } from './transcription/openai-transcription-options';
 import { VERSION } from './version';
 
-export interface OpenAIProvider extends ProviderV3 {
-  (modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV3;
+export interface OpenAIProvider extends ProviderV4 {
+  (modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates an OpenAI model for text generation.
    */
-  languageModel(modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV3;
+  languageModel(modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates an OpenAI chat model for text generation.
    */
-  chat(modelId: OpenAIChatModelId): LanguageModelV3;
+  chat(modelId: OpenAIChatModelId): LanguageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates an OpenAI responses API model for text generation.
    */
-  responses(modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV3;
+  responses(modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId): LanguageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates an OpenAI completion model for text generation.
    */
-  completion(modelId: OpenAICompletionModelId): LanguageModelV3;
+  completion(modelId: OpenAICompletionModelId): LanguageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for text embeddings.
    */
-  embedding(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV3;
+  embedding(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for text embeddings.
    */
-  embeddingModel(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV3;
+  embeddingModel(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV4;
 
   /**
    * @deprecated Use `embedding` instead.
    */
-  textEmbedding(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV3;
+  textEmbedding(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV4;
 
   /**
    * @deprecated Use `embeddingModel` instead.
    */
-  textEmbeddingModel(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV3;
+  textEmbeddingModel(modelId: OpenAIEmbeddingModelId): EmbeddingModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for image generation.
    */
-  image(modelId: OpenAIImageModelId): ImageModelV3;
+  image(modelId: OpenAIImageModelId): ImageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for image generation.
    */
-  imageModel(modelId: OpenAIImageModelId): ImageModelV3;
+  imageModel(modelId: OpenAIImageModelId): ImageModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for transcription.
    */
-  transcription(modelId: OpenAITranscriptionModelId): TranscriptionModelV3;
+  transcription(modelId: OpenAITranscriptionModelId): TranscriptionModelV4;
 
   /**
    * Creates a model for speech generation.
    */
-  speech(modelId: OpenAISpeechModelId): SpeechModelV3;
+  speech(modelId: OpenAISpeechModelId): SpeechModelV4;
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a FilesV4 interface for uploading files to OpenAI.
+   */
+  files(): FilesV4;
 
   /**
    * OpenAI-specific tools.
@@ -216,6 +223,14 @@ export function createOpenAI(
       fetch: options.fetch,
     });
 
+  const createFiles = () =>
+    new OpenAIFiles({
+      provider: `${providerName}.files`,
+      baseURL,
+      headers: getHeaders,
+      fetch: options.fetch,
+    });
+
   const createLanguageModel = (modelId: OpenAIResponsesModelId) => {
     if (new.target) {
       throw new Error(
@@ -232,6 +247,7 @@ export function createOpenAI(
       url: ({ path }) => `${baseURL}${path}`,
       headers: getHeaders,
       fetch: options.fetch,
+      // Soft-deprecated. TODO: remove in v8
       fileIdPrefixes: ['file-'],
     });
   };
@@ -240,7 +256,7 @@ export function createOpenAI(
     return createLanguageModel(modelId);
   };
 
-  provider.specificationVersion = 'v3' as const;
+  provider.specificationVersion = 'v4' as const;
   provider.languageModel = createLanguageModel;
   provider.chat = createChatModel;
   provider.completion = createCompletionModel;
@@ -259,6 +275,8 @@ export function createOpenAI(
   provider.speech = createSpeechModel;
   provider.speechModel = createSpeechModel;
 
+  provider.files = createFiles;
+
   provider.tools = openaiTools;
 
   return provider as OpenAIProvider;

package/src/openai-tools.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { fileSearch } from './tool/file-search';
 import { imageGeneration } from './tool/image-generation';
 import { localShell } from './tool/local-shell';
 import { shell } from './tool/shell';
+import { toolSearch } from './tool/tool-search';
 import { webSearch } from './tool/web-search';
 import { webSearchPreview } from './tool/web-search-preview';
 import { mcp } from './tool/mcp';
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ export const openaiTools = {
    * Lark syntax). The model returns a `custom_tool_call` output item whose
    * `input` field is a string matching the specified grammar.
    *
-   * @param name - The name of the custom tool.
    * @param description - An optional description of the tool.
    * @param format - The output format constraint (grammar type, syntax, and definition).
    */
@@ -123,4 +123,15 @@ export const openaiTools = {
    * @param serverUrl - URL for the MCP server.
    */
   mcp,
+
+  /**
+   * Tool search allows the model to dynamically search for and load deferred
+   * tools into the model's context as needed. This helps reduce overall token
+   * usage, cost, and latency by only loading tools when the model needs them.
+   *
+   * To use tool search, mark functions or namespaces with `defer_loading: true`
+   * in the tools array. The model will use tool search to load these tools
+   * when it determines they are needed.
+   */
+  toolSearch,
 };

package/src/responses/convert-openai-responses-usage.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { LanguageModelV3Usage } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
+import { LanguageModelV4Usage } from '@ai-sdk/provider';
 
 export type OpenAIResponsesUsage = {
   input_tokens: number;
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export type OpenAIResponsesUsage = {
 
 export function convertOpenAIResponsesUsage(
   usage: OpenAIResponsesUsage | undefined | null,
-): LanguageModelV3Usage {
+): LanguageModelV4Usage {
   if (usage == null) {
     return {
       inputTokens: {