@ai-sdk/mcp 2.0.78 → 2.0.80

package/dist/mcp-stdio/index.d.ts

@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ interface StdioConfig {
   env?: Record<string, string>;
   stderr?: IOType | Stream | number;
   cwd?: string;
+  shell?: boolean | string;
 }
 declare class StdioMCPTransport implements MCPTransport {
   readonly supportsProtocolVersionDiscovery = true;

package/dist/mcp-stdio/index.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","names":[],"sources":["../../src/tool/json-rpc-message.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-transport.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-stdio/mcp-stdio-transport.ts"],"mappings":";;;;;;cAsDa,sBAAoB,EAAA,mBAAA,EAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAK/B,EAAA,KAAA;KAEU,iBAAiB,EAAE,aAAa;;;;;;;KCjDhC;;;;EAIV,SAAS;;;;EAKT,UAAU;;;;EAKV;;;;EAKA;;;;EAKA,qBAAqB;;KAGX;;;;EAIV,SAAS;;UAGM;;;;;;;EAOf;;;;;EAMA;;;;EAKA,SAAS;;;;;;EAOT,KACE,SAAS,gBACT,UAAU,0BACT;;;;;EAMH,MAAM,UAAU,2BAA2B;;;;EAK3C;;;;EAKA,WAAW,OAAO;;;;EAKlB,aAAa,SAAS;;;;EAKtB;;;;EAKA,oBAAoB;;;;UClGL;EACf;EACA;EACA,MAAM;EACN,SAAS,SAAS;EAClB;;cAGW,6BAA6B;WAC/B;UACD;UACA;UACA;UACA;EAER;EACA,WAAW;EACX,aAAa,SAAS;EAEV,YAAA,QAAQ;EAId,SAAS;UAsDD;EAgBR,SAAS;EAMf,KAAK,SAAS,iBAAiB"}
+{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","names":[],"sources":["../../src/tool/json-rpc-message.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-transport.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-stdio/mcp-stdio-transport.ts"],"mappings":";;;;;;cAsDa,sBAAoB,EAAA,mBAAA,EAAA;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;GAK/B,EAAA,KAAA;KAEU,iBAAiB,EAAE,aAAa;;;;;;;KCjDhC;;;;EAIV,SAAS;;;;EAKT,UAAU;;;;EAKV;;;;EAKA;;;;EAKA,qBAAqB;;KAGX;;;;EAIV,SAAS;;UAGM;;;;;;;EAOf;;;;;EAMA;;;;EAKA,SAAS;;;;;;EAOT,KACE,SAAS,gBACT,UAAU,0BACT;;;;;EAMH,MAAM,UAAU,2BAA2B;;;;EAK3C;;;;EAKA,WAAW,OAAO;;;;EAKlB,aAAa,SAAS;;;;EAKtB;;;;EAKA,oBAAoB;;;;UClGL;EACf;EACA;EACA,MAAM;EACN,SAAS,SAAS;EAClB;EACA;;cAGW,6BAA6B;WAC/B;UACD;UACA;UACA;UACA;EAER;EACA,WAAW;EACX,aAAa,SAAS;EAEV,YAAA,QAAQ;EAId,SAAS;UAsDD;EAgBR,SAAS;EAMf,KAAK,SAAS,iBAAiB"}

package/dist/mcp-stdio/index.js

@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ function createChildProcess(config, signal) {
 			"pipe",
 			config.stderr ?? "inherit"
 		],
-		shell: false,
+		shell: config.shell ?? false,
 		signal,
 		windowsHide: globalThis.process.platform === "win32" && isElectron(),
 		cwd: config.cwd

package/dist/mcp-stdio/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"index.js","names":[],"sources":["../../src/tool/types.ts","../../src/tool/json-rpc-message.ts","../../src/error/mcp-client-error.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-stdio/get-environment.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-stdio/create-child-process.ts","../../src/tool/mcp-stdio/mcp-stdio-transport.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { z } from 'zod/v4';\nimport type { JSONObject } from '@ai-sdk/provider';\nimport type {\n  FlexibleSchema,\n  Tool,\n  ToolExecutionOptions,\n} from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';\n\nexport const LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION = '2026-07-28';\nexport const LATEST_LEGACY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = '2025-11-25';\nexport const SUPPORTED_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS = [\n  LATEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION,\n  LATEST_LEGACY_PROTOCOL_VERSION,\n  '2025-06-18',\n  '2025-03-26',\n  '2024-11-05',\n];\n\nexport type McpProviderMetadata = {\n  clientName?: string;\n  title?: string;\n  toolName?: string;\n  annotations?: McpToolAnnotations;\n  app?: JSONObject;\n};\n\n/**\n * Behavioral hints reported by an MCP server for a tool.\n *\n * These annotations are untrusted unless the server itself is trusted.\n *\n * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/schema#toolannotations\n */\nexport type McpToolAnnotations = {\n  title?: string;\n  readOnlyHint?: boolean;\n  destructiveHint?: boolean;\n  idempotentHint?: boolean;\n  openWorldHint?: boolean;\n};\n\n/** MCP tool metadata - keys should follow MCP _meta key format specification */\nconst ToolMetaSchema = z.optional(z.record(z.string(), z.unknown()));\nexport type ToolMeta = z.infer<typeof ToolMetaSchema>;\n\nexport type ToolSchemas =\n  | Record<\n      string,\n      {\n        inputSchema: FlexibleSchema<JSONObject | unknown>;\n        outputSchema?: FlexibleSchema<JSONObject | unknown>;\n      }\n    >\n  | 'automatic'\n  | undefined;\n\n/** Base MCP tool type with execute and _meta */\ntype McpToolBase<INPUT = unknown, OUTPUT = CallToolResult> = Tool<\n  INPUT,\n  OUTPUT\n> & {\n  execute: (\n    input: INPUT,\n    options?: ToolExecutionOptions<{}>,\n  ) => ReturnType<NonNullable<Tool<INPUT, OUTPUT>['execute']>>;\n  _meta?: ToolMeta;\n};\n\nexport type McpToolSet<TOOL_SCHEMAS extends ToolSchemas = 'automatic'> =\n  TOOL_SCHEMAS extends Record<\n    string,\n    { inputSchema: FlexibleSchema<any>; outputSchema?: FlexibleSchema<any> }\n  >\n    ? {\n        [K in keyof TOOL_SCHEMAS]: TOOL_SCHEMAS[K] extends {\n          inputSchema: FlexibleSchema<infer INPUT>;\n          outputSchema: FlexibleSchema<infer OUTPUT>;\n        }\n          ? McpToolBase<INPUT, OUTPUT>\n          : TOOL_SCHEMAS[K] extends {\n                inputSchema: FlexibleSchema<infer INPUT>;\n              }\n            ? McpToolBase<INPUT, CallToolResult>\n            : never;\n      }\n    : Record<string, McpToolBase<unknown, CallToolResult>>;\n\nconst ClientOrServerImplementationSchema = z.looseObject({\n  name: z.string(),\n  version: z.string(),\n  title: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\n// Maps to `Implementation` in the MCP specification\nexport type Configuration = z.infer<typeof ClientOrServerImplementationSchema>;\n\nexport const BaseParamsSchema = z.looseObject({\n  _meta: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n});\ntype BaseParams = z.infer<typeof BaseParamsSchema>;\nexport const ResultSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  resultType: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\nexport const RequestSchema = z.object({\n  method: z.string(),\n  params: z.optional(BaseParamsSchema),\n});\nexport type Request = z.infer<typeof RequestSchema>;\nexport type RequestOptions = {\n  signal?: AbortSignal;\n  timeout?: number;\n  maxTotalTimeout?: number;\n};\n\nexport type Notification = z.infer<typeof RequestSchema>;\n\n/** @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/client/elicitation */\nconst ElicitationCapabilitySchema = z\n  .object({\n    applyDefaults: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst ServerCapabilitiesSchema = z.looseObject({\n  events: z.looseObject({ listChanged: z.boolean().nullish() }).nullish(),\n  experimental: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  logging: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  completions: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  prompts: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  resources: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      subscribe: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  tools: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  elicitation: z.optional(ElicitationCapabilitySchema),\n});\n\nexport type ServerCapabilities = z.infer<typeof ServerCapabilitiesSchema>;\nexport const ClientCapabilitiesSchema = z\n  .object({\n    elicitation: z.optional(ElicitationCapabilitySchema),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport type ClientCapabilities = z.infer<typeof ClientCapabilitiesSchema>;\nexport type ElicitationCapability = z.infer<typeof ElicitationCapabilitySchema>;\n\nexport const DiscoverResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  supportedVersions: z.array(z.string()),\n  capabilities: ServerCapabilitiesSchema,\n  instructions: z.optional(z.string()),\n  ttlMs: z.optional(z.number()),\n  cacheScope: z.optional(z.union([z.literal('public'), z.literal('private')])),\n});\nexport type DiscoverResult = z.infer<typeof DiscoverResultSchema>;\n\nexport const InitializeResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  protocolVersion: z.string(),\n  capabilities: ServerCapabilitiesSchema,\n  serverInfo: ClientOrServerImplementationSchema,\n  instructions: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\nexport type InitializeResult = z.infer<typeof InitializeResultSchema>;\n\nexport type PaginatedRequest = Request & {\n  params?: BaseParams & {\n    cursor?: string;\n  };\n};\n\nconst PaginatedResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  nextCursor: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\nconst ToolSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    /**\n     * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/server/tools#tool\n     */\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    inputSchema: z.looseObject({\n      type: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n      properties: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n    }),\n    /**\n     * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/server/tools#output-schema\n     */\n    outputSchema: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n    annotations: z.optional(\n      z\n        .object({\n          title: z.optional(z.string()),\n          readOnlyHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          destructiveHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          idempotentHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          openWorldHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n        })\n        .loose(),\n    ),\n    _meta: ToolMetaSchema,\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPTool = z.infer<typeof ToolSchema>;\nexport const ListToolsResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  tools: z.array(ToolSchema),\n});\nexport type ListToolsResult = z.infer<typeof ListToolsResultSchema>;\n\nconst TextContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('text'),\n    text: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst ImageContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('image'),\n    data: z.base64(),\n    mimeType: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport const ResourceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    uri: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n    size: z.optional(z.number()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPResource = z.infer<typeof ResourceSchema>;\n\nexport const ListResourcesResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  resources: z.array(ResourceSchema),\n});\nexport type ListResourcesResult = z.infer<typeof ListResourcesResultSchema>;\n\nconst ResourceContentsSchema = z\n  .object({\n    /**\n     * The URI of this resource.\n     */\n    uri: z.string(),\n    /**\n     * Optional display name of the resource content.\n     */\n    name: z.optional(z.string()),\n    /**\n     * Optional human readable title.\n     */\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    /**\n     * The MIME type of this resource, if known.\n     */\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst TextResourceContentsSchema = ResourceContentsSchema.extend({\n  text: z.string(),\n});\nconst BlobResourceContentsSchema = ResourceContentsSchema.extend({\n  blob: z.base64(),\n});\nconst EmbeddedResourceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('resource'),\n    resource: z.union([TextResourceContentsSchema, BlobResourceContentsSchema]),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst ResourceLinkContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('resource_link'),\n    uri: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst UnknownContentSchema = z\n  .object({ type: z.string() })\n  .loose()\n  .refine(\n    content =>\n      !['text', 'image', 'resource', 'resource_link'].includes(content.type),\n    { message: 'Known content types must match their schema' },\n  );\n\nconst CallToolResultWithContentSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  content: z.array(\n    z.union([\n      TextContentSchema,\n      ImageContentSchema,\n      EmbeddedResourceSchema,\n      ResourceLinkContentSchema,\n      UnknownContentSchema,\n    ]),\n  ),\n  /**\n   * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/server/tools#structured-content\n   */\n  structuredContent: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n  isError: z.boolean().default(false).optional(),\n});\n\nconst CallToolResultWithStructuredContentSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  content: z.never().optional(),\n  structuredContent: z.json(),\n  isError: z.boolean().default(false).optional(),\n})\n  .transform(\n    (result): z.infer<typeof CallToolResultWithContentSchema> => ({\n      ...result,\n      content: [\n        {\n          type: 'text',\n          text: JSON.stringify(result.structuredContent),\n        },\n      ],\n    }),\n  )\n  .pipe(CallToolResultWithContentSchema);\n\nexport const CallToolResultSchema = CallToolResultWithContentSchema.or(\n  CallToolResultWithStructuredContentSchema,\n).or(\n  ResultSchema.extend({\n    toolResult: z.unknown().nonoptional(),\n  }),\n);\nexport type CallToolResult = z.infer<typeof CallToolResultSchema>;\n\nconst ResourceTemplateSchema = z\n  .object({\n    uriTemplate: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const ListResourceTemplatesResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  resourceTemplates: z.array(ResourceTemplateSchema),\n});\nexport type ListResourceTemplatesResult = z.infer<\n  typeof ListResourceTemplatesResultSchema\n>;\n\nexport const ReadResourceResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  contents: z.array(\n    z.union([TextResourceContentsSchema, BlobResourceContentsSchema]),\n  ),\n});\nexport type ReadResourceResult = z.infer<typeof ReadResourceResultSchema>;\n\n// Completions\nconst PromptReferenceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('ref/prompt'),\n    name: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst ResourceReferenceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('ref/resource'),\n    uri: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst CompletionArgumentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    value: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const CompleteRequestParamsSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  ref: z.union([PromptReferenceSchema, ResourceReferenceSchema]),\n  argument: CompletionArgumentSchema,\n  context: z.optional(\n    z\n      .object({\n        arguments: z.record(z.string(), z.string()),\n      })\n      .loose(),\n  ),\n});\nexport type CompleteRequestParams = z.infer<typeof CompleteRequestParamsSchema>;\n\nexport const CompleteResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  completion: z\n    .object({\n      values: z.array(z.string()).max(100),\n      total: z.optional(z.number().int()),\n      hasMore: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    })\n    .loose(),\n});\nexport type CompleteResult = z.infer<typeof CompleteResultSchema>;\n\n// Prompts\nconst PromptArgumentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    required: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const PromptSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    arguments: z.optional(z.array(PromptArgumentSchema)),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPPrompt = z.infer<typeof PromptSchema>;\n\nexport const ListPromptsResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  prompts: z.array(PromptSchema),\n});\nexport type ListPromptsResult = z.infer<typeof ListPromptsResultSchema>;\n\nconst PromptMessageSchema = z\n  .object({\n    role: z.union([z.literal('user'), z.literal('assistant')]),\n    content: z.union([\n      TextContentSchema,\n      ImageContentSchema,\n      EmbeddedResourceSchema,\n      ResourceLinkContentSchema,\n    ]),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPPromptMessage = z.infer<typeof PromptMessageSchema>;\n\nexport const GetPromptResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  description: z.optional(z.string()),\n  messages: z.array(PromptMessageSchema),\n});\nexport type GetPromptResult = z.infer<typeof GetPromptResultSchema>;\n\nconst ElicitationRequestParamsSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  message: z.string(),\n  requestedSchema: z.unknown(),\n});\n\nexport const ElicitationRequestSchema = RequestSchema.extend({\n  method: z.literal('elicitation/create'),\n  params: ElicitationRequestParamsSchema,\n});\n\nexport type ElicitationRequest = z.infer<typeof ElicitationRequestSchema>;\n\nexport const ElicitResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  action: z.union([\n    z.literal('accept'),\n    z.literal('decline'),\n    z.literal('cancel'),\n  ]),\n  content: z.optional(z.record(z.string(), z.unknown())),\n});\n\nexport type ElicitResult = z.infer<typeof ElicitResultSchema>;\n","import { parseJSON } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';\nimport { z } from 'zod/v4';\nimport { BaseParamsSchema, RequestSchema, ResultSchema } from './types';\n\nconst JSONRPC_VERSION = '2.0';\n\nconst JSONRPCRequestSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()]),\n  })\n  .merge(RequestSchema)\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCRequest = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCRequestSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCResponseSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()]),\n    result: ResultSchema,\n  })\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCResponse = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCResponseSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCErrorSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.optional(z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()])),\n    error: z.object({\n      code: z.number().int(),\n      message: z.string(),\n      data: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n    }),\n  })\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCError = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCErrorSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCNotificationSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n  })\n  .merge(\n    z.object({\n      method: z.string(),\n      params: z.optional(BaseParamsSchema),\n    }),\n  )\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCNotification = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCNotificationSchema>;\n\nexport const JSONRPCMessageSchema = z.union([\n  JSONRPCRequestSchema,\n  JSONRPCNotificationSchema,\n  JSONRPCResponseSchema,\n  JSONRPCErrorSchema,\n]);\n\nexport type JSONRPCMessage = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCMessageSchema>;\n\nexport function validateJSONRPCMessage(message: unknown): JSONRPCMessage {\n  return JSONRPCMessageSchema.parse(message);\n}\n\nexport async function parseJSONRPCMessage(\n  text: string,\n): Promise<JSONRPCMessage> {\n  return validateJSONRPCMessage(await parseJSON({ text }));\n}\n","import { AISDKError } from '@ai-sdk/provider';\n\nconst name = 'AI_MCPClientError';\nconst marker = `vercel.ai.error.${name}`;\nconst symbol = Symbol.for(marker);\n\n/**\n * An error occurred with the MCP client.\n */\nexport class MCPClientError extends AISDKError {\n  private readonly [symbol] = true;\n  readonly data?: unknown;\n\n  /**\n   * JSON-RPC error code from the server response, per the JSON-RPC 2.0\n   * spec (e.g. `-32601` method-not-found, `-32602` invalid-params, or\n   * MCP-specific codes such as `-32002` resource-not-found). This is the\n   * application-level error code populated from `error.code` in the\n   * server's JSON-RPC error payload. Distinct from `statusCode`, which\n   * is the HTTP transport status.\n   */\n  readonly code?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * HTTP status code from the failed response, when the error originated\n   * from an HTTP-based transport. Undefined for stdio transport\n   * errors and for failures that do not have an associated response\n   * status (e.g. network errors, abort). Distinct from `code`, which is\n   * the JSON-RPC application error code.\n   */\n  readonly statusCode?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * URL of the MCP endpoint the failing request was sent to, when the\n   * error originated from an HTTP transport failure.\n   */\n  readonly url?: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Body of the failing HTTP response, decoded as text, when available.\n   * Undefined when the body could not be read or the error did not have\n   * an associated response.\n   */\n  readonly responseBody?: string;\n\n  constructor({\n    name = 'MCPClientError',\n    message,\n    cause,\n    data,\n    code,\n    statusCode,\n    url,\n    responseBody,\n  }: {\n    name?: string;\n    message: string;\n    cause?: unknown;\n    data?: unknown;\n    code?: number;\n    statusCode?: number;\n    url?: string;\n    responseBody?: string;\n  }) {\n    super({ name, message, cause });\n    this.data = data;\n    this.code = code;\n    this.statusCode = statusCode;\n    this.url = url;\n    this.responseBody = responseBody;\n  }\n\n  static isInstance(error: unknown): error is MCPClientError {\n    return AISDKError.hasMarker(error, marker);\n  }\n}\n","/**\n * Constructs the environment variables for the child process.\n *\n * @param customEnv - Custom environment variables to merge with default environment variables.\n * @returns The environment variables for the child process.\n */\nexport function getEnvironment(\n  customEnv?: Record<string, string>,\n): Record<string, string> {\n  const isWindows = globalThis.process.platform === 'win32';\n  const DEFAULT_INHERITED_ENV_VARS = isWindows\n    ? [\n        'APPDATA',\n        'HOMEDRIVE',\n        'HOMEPATH',\n        'LOCALAPPDATA',\n        'PATH',\n        'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE',\n        'SYSTEMDRIVE',\n        'SYSTEMROOT',\n        'TEMP',\n        'USERNAME',\n        'USERPROFILE',\n      ]\n    : ['HOME', 'LOGNAME', 'PATH', 'SHELL', 'TERM', 'USER'];\n\n  const env: Record<string, string> = customEnv ? { ...customEnv } : {};\n  const customEnvKeys = new Set(\n    Object.keys(env).map(key => (isWindows ? key.toUpperCase() : key)),\n  );\n\n  for (const key of DEFAULT_INHERITED_ENV_VARS) {\n    if (customEnvKeys.has(key)) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    const value = globalThis.process.env[key];\n    if (value === undefined) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (value.startsWith('()')) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    env[key] = value;\n  }\n\n  return env;\n}\n","import type { ChildProcess } from 'node:child_process';\nimport spawn from 'cross-spawn';\nimport { getEnvironment } from './get-environment';\nimport type { StdioConfig } from './mcp-stdio-transport';\n\nexport function createChildProcess(\n  config: StdioConfig,\n  signal: AbortSignal,\n): ChildProcess {\n  if (\n    globalThis.process.platform === 'win32' &&\n    [config.command, ...(config.args ?? [])].some(value => /[\\r\\n]/.test(value))\n  ) {\n    throw new TypeError(\n      'Stdio MCP commands and arguments must not contain line breaks on Windows.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  return spawn(config.command, config.args ?? [], {\n    env: getEnvironment(config.env),\n    stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', config.stderr ?? 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McpToolBase<INPUT, OUTPUT>\n          : TOOL_SCHEMAS[K] extends {\n                inputSchema: FlexibleSchema<infer INPUT>;\n              }\n            ? McpToolBase<INPUT, CallToolResult>\n            : never;\n      }\n    : Record<string, McpToolBase<unknown, CallToolResult>>;\n\nconst ClientOrServerImplementationSchema = z.looseObject({\n  name: z.string(),\n  version: z.string(),\n  title: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\n// Maps to `Implementation` in the MCP specification\nexport type Configuration = z.infer<typeof ClientOrServerImplementationSchema>;\n\nexport const BaseParamsSchema = z.looseObject({\n  _meta: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n});\ntype BaseParams = z.infer<typeof BaseParamsSchema>;\nexport const ResultSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  resultType: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\nexport const RequestSchema = z.object({\n  method: z.string(),\n  params: z.optional(BaseParamsSchema),\n});\nexport type Request = z.infer<typeof RequestSchema>;\nexport type RequestOptions = {\n  signal?: AbortSignal;\n  timeout?: number;\n  maxTotalTimeout?: number;\n};\n\nexport type Notification = z.infer<typeof RequestSchema>;\n\n/** @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/client/elicitation */\nconst ElicitationCapabilitySchema = z\n  .object({\n    applyDefaults: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst ServerCapabilitiesSchema = z.looseObject({\n  events: z.looseObject({ listChanged: z.boolean().nullish() }).nullish(),\n  experimental: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  logging: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  completions: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n  prompts: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  resources: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      subscribe: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  tools: z.optional(\n    z.looseObject({\n      listChanged: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    }),\n  ),\n  elicitation: z.optional(ElicitationCapabilitySchema),\n});\n\nexport type ServerCapabilities = z.infer<typeof ServerCapabilitiesSchema>;\nexport const ClientCapabilitiesSchema = z\n  .object({\n    elicitation: z.optional(ElicitationCapabilitySchema),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport type ClientCapabilities = z.infer<typeof ClientCapabilitiesSchema>;\nexport type ElicitationCapability = z.infer<typeof ElicitationCapabilitySchema>;\n\nexport const DiscoverResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  supportedVersions: z.array(z.string()),\n  capabilities: ServerCapabilitiesSchema,\n  instructions: z.optional(z.string()),\n  ttlMs: z.optional(z.number()),\n  cacheScope: z.optional(z.union([z.literal('public'), z.literal('private')])),\n});\nexport type DiscoverResult = z.infer<typeof DiscoverResultSchema>;\n\nexport const InitializeResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  protocolVersion: z.string(),\n  capabilities: ServerCapabilitiesSchema,\n  serverInfo: ClientOrServerImplementationSchema,\n  instructions: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\nexport type InitializeResult = z.infer<typeof InitializeResultSchema>;\n\nexport type PaginatedRequest = Request & {\n  params?: BaseParams & {\n    cursor?: string;\n  };\n};\n\nconst PaginatedResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  nextCursor: z.optional(z.string()),\n});\n\nconst ToolSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    /**\n     * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-11-25/server/tools#tool\n     */\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    inputSchema: z.looseObject({\n      type: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n      properties: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n    }),\n    /**\n     * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/server/tools#output-schema\n     */\n    outputSchema: z.optional(z.object({}).loose()),\n    annotations: z.optional(\n      z\n        .object({\n          title: z.optional(z.string()),\n          readOnlyHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          destructiveHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          idempotentHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n          openWorldHint: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n        })\n        .loose(),\n    ),\n    _meta: ToolMetaSchema,\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPTool = z.infer<typeof ToolSchema>;\nexport const ListToolsResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  tools: z.array(ToolSchema),\n});\nexport type ListToolsResult = z.infer<typeof ListToolsResultSchema>;\n\nconst TextContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('text'),\n    text: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst ImageContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('image'),\n    data: z.base64(),\n    mimeType: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport const ResourceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    uri: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n    size: z.optional(z.number()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPResource = z.infer<typeof ResourceSchema>;\n\nexport const ListResourcesResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  resources: z.array(ResourceSchema),\n});\nexport type ListResourcesResult = z.infer<typeof ListResourcesResultSchema>;\n\nconst ResourceContentsSchema = z\n  .object({\n    /**\n     * The URI of this resource.\n     */\n    uri: z.string(),\n    /**\n     * Optional display name of the resource content.\n     */\n    name: z.optional(z.string()),\n    /**\n     * Optional human readable title.\n     */\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    /**\n     * The MIME type of this resource, if known.\n     */\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst TextResourceContentsSchema = ResourceContentsSchema.extend({\n  text: z.string(),\n});\nconst BlobResourceContentsSchema = ResourceContentsSchema.extend({\n  blob: z.base64(),\n});\nconst EmbeddedResourceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('resource'),\n    resource: z.union([TextResourceContentsSchema, BlobResourceContentsSchema]),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst ResourceLinkContentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('resource_link'),\n    uri: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\nconst UnknownContentSchema = z\n  .object({ type: z.string() })\n  .loose()\n  .refine(\n    content =>\n      !['text', 'image', 'resource', 'resource_link'].includes(content.type),\n    { message: 'Known content types must match their schema' },\n  );\n\nconst CallToolResultWithContentSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  content: z.array(\n    z.union([\n      TextContentSchema,\n      ImageContentSchema,\n      EmbeddedResourceSchema,\n      ResourceLinkContentSchema,\n      UnknownContentSchema,\n    ]),\n  ),\n  /**\n   * @see https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/server/tools#structured-content\n   */\n  structuredContent: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n  isError: z.boolean().default(false).optional(),\n});\n\nconst CallToolResultWithStructuredContentSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  content: z.never().optional(),\n  structuredContent: z.json(),\n  isError: z.boolean().default(false).optional(),\n})\n  .transform(\n    (result): z.infer<typeof CallToolResultWithContentSchema> => ({\n      ...result,\n      content: [\n        {\n          type: 'text',\n          text: JSON.stringify(result.structuredContent),\n        },\n      ],\n    }),\n  )\n  .pipe(CallToolResultWithContentSchema);\n\nexport const CallToolResultSchema = CallToolResultWithContentSchema.or(\n  CallToolResultWithStructuredContentSchema,\n).or(\n  ResultSchema.extend({\n    toolResult: z.unknown().nonoptional(),\n  }),\n);\nexport type CallToolResult = z.infer<typeof CallToolResultSchema>;\n\nconst ResourceTemplateSchema = z\n  .object({\n    uriTemplate: z.string(),\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    mimeType: z.optional(z.string()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const ListResourceTemplatesResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  resourceTemplates: z.array(ResourceTemplateSchema),\n});\nexport type ListResourceTemplatesResult = z.infer<\n  typeof ListResourceTemplatesResultSchema\n>;\n\nexport const ReadResourceResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  contents: z.array(\n    z.union([TextResourceContentsSchema, BlobResourceContentsSchema]),\n  ),\n});\nexport type ReadResourceResult = z.infer<typeof ReadResourceResultSchema>;\n\n// Completions\nconst PromptReferenceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('ref/prompt'),\n    name: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst ResourceReferenceSchema = z\n  .object({\n    type: z.literal('ref/resource'),\n    uri: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nconst CompletionArgumentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    value: z.string(),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const CompleteRequestParamsSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  ref: z.union([PromptReferenceSchema, ResourceReferenceSchema]),\n  argument: CompletionArgumentSchema,\n  context: z.optional(\n    z\n      .object({\n        arguments: z.record(z.string(), z.string()),\n      })\n      .loose(),\n  ),\n});\nexport type CompleteRequestParams = z.infer<typeof CompleteRequestParamsSchema>;\n\nexport const CompleteResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  completion: z\n    .object({\n      values: z.array(z.string()).max(100),\n      total: z.optional(z.number().int()),\n      hasMore: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n    })\n    .loose(),\n});\nexport type CompleteResult = z.infer<typeof CompleteResultSchema>;\n\n// Prompts\nconst PromptArgumentSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    required: z.optional(z.boolean()),\n  })\n  .loose();\n\nexport const PromptSchema = z\n  .object({\n    name: z.string(),\n    title: z.optional(z.string()),\n    description: z.optional(z.string()),\n    arguments: z.optional(z.array(PromptArgumentSchema)),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPPrompt = z.infer<typeof PromptSchema>;\n\nexport const ListPromptsResultSchema = PaginatedResultSchema.extend({\n  prompts: z.array(PromptSchema),\n});\nexport type ListPromptsResult = z.infer<typeof ListPromptsResultSchema>;\n\nconst PromptMessageSchema = z\n  .object({\n    role: z.union([z.literal('user'), z.literal('assistant')]),\n    content: z.union([\n      TextContentSchema,\n      ImageContentSchema,\n      EmbeddedResourceSchema,\n      ResourceLinkContentSchema,\n    ]),\n  })\n  .loose();\nexport type MCPPromptMessage = z.infer<typeof PromptMessageSchema>;\n\nexport const GetPromptResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  description: z.optional(z.string()),\n  messages: z.array(PromptMessageSchema),\n});\nexport type GetPromptResult = z.infer<typeof GetPromptResultSchema>;\n\nconst ElicitationRequestParamsSchema = BaseParamsSchema.extend({\n  message: z.string(),\n  requestedSchema: z.unknown(),\n});\n\nexport const ElicitationRequestSchema = RequestSchema.extend({\n  method: z.literal('elicitation/create'),\n  params: ElicitationRequestParamsSchema,\n});\n\nexport type ElicitationRequest = z.infer<typeof ElicitationRequestSchema>;\n\nexport const ElicitResultSchema = ResultSchema.extend({\n  action: z.union([\n    z.literal('accept'),\n    z.literal('decline'),\n    z.literal('cancel'),\n  ]),\n  content: z.optional(z.record(z.string(), z.unknown())),\n});\n\nexport type ElicitResult = z.infer<typeof ElicitResultSchema>;\n","import { parseJSON } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';\nimport { z } from 'zod/v4';\nimport { BaseParamsSchema, RequestSchema, ResultSchema } from './types';\n\nconst JSONRPC_VERSION = '2.0';\n\nconst JSONRPCRequestSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()]),\n  })\n  .merge(RequestSchema)\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCRequest = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCRequestSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCResponseSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()]),\n    result: ResultSchema,\n  })\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCResponse = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCResponseSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCErrorSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n    id: z.optional(z.union([z.string(), z.number().int()])),\n    error: z.object({\n      code: z.number().int(),\n      message: z.string(),\n      data: z.optional(z.unknown()),\n    }),\n  })\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCError = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCErrorSchema>;\n\nconst JSONRPCNotificationSchema = z\n  .object({\n    jsonrpc: z.literal(JSONRPC_VERSION),\n  })\n  .merge(\n    z.object({\n      method: z.string(),\n      params: z.optional(BaseParamsSchema),\n    }),\n  )\n  .strict();\n\nexport type JSONRPCNotification = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCNotificationSchema>;\n\nexport const JSONRPCMessageSchema = z.union([\n  JSONRPCRequestSchema,\n  JSONRPCNotificationSchema,\n  JSONRPCResponseSchema,\n  JSONRPCErrorSchema,\n]);\n\nexport type JSONRPCMessage = z.infer<typeof JSONRPCMessageSchema>;\n\nexport function validateJSONRPCMessage(message: unknown): JSONRPCMessage {\n  return JSONRPCMessageSchema.parse(message);\n}\n\nexport async function parseJSONRPCMessage(\n  text: string,\n): Promise<JSONRPCMessage> {\n  return validateJSONRPCMessage(await parseJSON({ text }));\n}\n","import { AISDKError } from '@ai-sdk/provider';\n\nconst name = 'AI_MCPClientError';\nconst marker = `vercel.ai.error.${name}`;\nconst symbol = Symbol.for(marker);\n\n/**\n * An error occurred with the MCP client.\n */\nexport class MCPClientError extends AISDKError {\n  private readonly [symbol] = true;\n  readonly data?: unknown;\n\n  /**\n   * JSON-RPC error code from the server response, per the JSON-RPC 2.0\n   * spec (e.g. `-32601` method-not-found, `-32602` invalid-params, or\n   * MCP-specific codes such as `-32002` resource-not-found). This is the\n   * application-level error code populated from `error.code` in the\n   * server's JSON-RPC error payload. Distinct from `statusCode`, which\n   * is the HTTP transport status.\n   */\n  readonly code?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * HTTP status code from the failed response, when the error originated\n   * from an HTTP-based transport. Undefined for stdio transport\n   * errors and for failures that do not have an associated response\n   * status (e.g. network errors, abort). Distinct from `code`, which is\n   * the JSON-RPC application error code.\n   */\n  readonly statusCode?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * URL of the MCP endpoint the failing request was sent to, when the\n   * error originated from an HTTP transport failure.\n   */\n  readonly url?: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Body of the failing HTTP response, decoded as text, when available.\n   * Undefined when the body could not be read or the error did not have\n   * an associated response.\n   */\n  readonly responseBody?: string;\n\n  constructor({\n    name = 'MCPClientError',\n    message,\n    cause,\n    data,\n    code,\n    statusCode,\n    url,\n    responseBody,\n  }: {\n    name?: string;\n    message: string;\n    cause?: unknown;\n    data?: unknown;\n    code?: number;\n    statusCode?: number;\n    url?: string;\n    responseBody?: string;\n  }) {\n    super({ name, message, cause });\n    this.data = data;\n    this.code = code;\n    this.statusCode = statusCode;\n    this.url = url;\n    this.responseBody = responseBody;\n  }\n\n  static isInstance(error: unknown): error is MCPClientError {\n    return AISDKError.hasMarker(error, marker);\n  }\n}\n","/**\n * Constructs the environment variables for the child process.\n *\n * @param customEnv - Custom environment variables to merge with default environment variables.\n * @returns The environment variables for the child process.\n */\nexport function getEnvironment(\n  customEnv?: Record<string, string>,\n): Record<string, string> {\n  const isWindows = globalThis.process.platform === 'win32';\n  const DEFAULT_INHERITED_ENV_VARS = isWindows\n    ? [\n        'APPDATA',\n        'HOMEDRIVE',\n        'HOMEPATH',\n        'LOCALAPPDATA',\n        'PATH',\n        'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE',\n        'SYSTEMDRIVE',\n        'SYSTEMROOT',\n        'TEMP',\n        'USERNAME',\n        'USERPROFILE',\n      ]\n    : ['HOME', 'LOGNAME', 'PATH', 'SHELL', 'TERM', 'USER'];\n\n  const env: Record<string, string> = customEnv ? { ...customEnv } : {};\n  const customEnvKeys = new Set(\n    Object.keys(env).map(key => (isWindows ? key.toUpperCase() : key)),\n  );\n\n  for (const key of DEFAULT_INHERITED_ENV_VARS) {\n    if (customEnvKeys.has(key)) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    const value = globalThis.process.env[key];\n    if (value === undefined) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    if (value.startsWith('()')) {\n      continue;\n    }\n\n    env[key] = value;\n  }\n\n  return env;\n}\n","import type { ChildProcess } from 'node:child_process';\nimport spawn from 'cross-spawn';\nimport { getEnvironment } from './get-environment';\nimport type { StdioConfig } from './mcp-stdio-transport';\n\nexport function createChildProcess(\n  config: StdioConfig,\n  signal: AbortSignal,\n): ChildProcess {\n  if (\n    globalThis.process.platform === 'win32' &&\n    [config.command, ...(config.args ?? [])].some(value => /[\\r\\n]/.test(value))\n  ) {\n    throw new TypeError(\n      'Stdio MCP commands and arguments must not contain line breaks on Windows.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  return spawn(config.command, config.args ?? [], {\n    env: getEnvironment(config.env),\n    stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', config.stderr ?? 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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@ai-sdk/mcp",
-  "version": "2.0.78",
+  "version": "2.0.80",
   "type": "module",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "sideEffects": false,
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
     }
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "@ai-sdk/provider": "4.0.29",
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "5.0.62",
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "4.0.31",
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "5.0.64",
     "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6",
     "pkce-challenge": "^5.0.1"
   },
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
     "@types/cross-spawn": "^6.0.6",
     "@types/node": "22.19.19",
     "@vercel/ai-tsconfig": "0.0.0",
+    "@vercel/ai-tsdown-config": "0.0.0",
     "tsdown": "^0.23.0",
     "typescript": "6.0.3",
     "vitest": "^4.1.11",

package/src/tool/mcp-sse-transport.ts

@@ -164,7 +164,8 @@ export class SseMCPTransport implements MCPTransport {
           }
 
           if (!response.ok || !response.body) {
-            let errorMessage = `MCP SSE Transport Error: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}`;
+            const text = await response.text().catch(() => null);
+            let errorMessage = `MCP SSE Transport Error: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}${text ? `: ${text}` : ''}`;
 
             if (response.status === 405) {
               errorMessage +=
@@ -173,6 +174,9 @@ export class SseMCPTransport implements MCPTransport {
 
             const error = new MCPClientError({
               message: errorMessage,
+              statusCode: response.status,
+              url: this.url.href,
+              responseBody: text ?? undefined,
             });
             this.onerror?.(error);
             return reject(error);

package/src/tool/mcp-stdio/create-child-process.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function createChildProcess(
   return spawn(config.command, config.args ?? [], {
     env: getEnvironment(config.env),
     stdio: ['pipe', 'pipe', config.stderr ?? 'inherit'],
-    shell: false,
+    shell: config.shell ?? false,
     signal,
     windowsHide: globalThis.process.platform === 'win32' && isElectron(),
     cwd: config.cwd,

package/src/tool/mcp-stdio/mcp-stdio-transport.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ export interface StdioConfig {
   env?: Record<string, string>;
   stderr?: IOType | Stream | number;
   cwd?: string;
+  shell?: boolean | string;
 }
 
 export class StdioMCPTransport implements MCPTransport {

package/src/tool/oauth.ts

@@ -94,6 +94,11 @@ export interface OAuthClientProvider {
   ): void | Promise<void>;
   get redirectUrl(): string | URL;
   get clientMetadata(): OAuthClientMetadata;
+  /**
+   * Returns client credentials. Pre-registered confidential clients must specify
+   * their authorization server's `issuer` or provide stored authorization server
+   * information. `validateAuthorizationServerURL` does not replace this binding.
+   */
   clientInformation():
     | OAuthClientInformation
     | undefined
@@ -121,6 +126,7 @@ export interface OAuthClientProvider {
   /**
    * Validates an authorization server URL discovered from MCP protected resource
    * metadata before the client fetches its OAuth metadata.
+   * This additional restriction does not bind client credentials to that server.
    */
   validateAuthorizationServerURL?(
     serverUrl: string | URL,
@@ -1299,11 +1305,20 @@ export async function auth(
       await provider.invalidateCredentials?.('all');
       return await authInternal(provider, options);
     } else if (error instanceof InvalidGrantError && refreshAttempt.tokens) {
+      // Keep the binding validated before the refresh, even when deleting the
+      // rejected tokens removes the provider's only copy of that binding.
+      const retryAuthorizationServerInformation =
+        getAuthorizationServerInformationFromCredentials(refreshAttempt.tokens);
       // Only invalidate the tokens used by a failed refresh.
       await provider.invalidateCredentials?.('tokens', {
         tokens: refreshAttempt.tokens,
       });
-      return await authInternal(provider, options);
+      return await authInternal(
+        provider,
+        options,
+        undefined,
+        retryAuthorizationServerInformation,
+      );
     }
 
     throw error;
@@ -1361,6 +1376,7 @@ async function authInternal(
     fetchFn?: FetchFunction;
   },
   refreshAttempt?: { tokens?: OAuthTokens },
+  retryAuthorizationServerInformation?: OAuthAuthorizationServerInformation,
 ): Promise<AuthResult> {
   let resourceMetadata: OAuthProtectedResourceMetadata | undefined;
   let authorizationServerUrl: string | URL | undefined;
@@ -1451,6 +1467,12 @@ async function authInternal(
   );
   const currentAuthorizationServerInformation =
     createAuthorizationServerInformation(authorizationServerUrl, metadata);
+  if (retryAuthorizationServerInformation) {
+    assertAuthorizationServerInformationMatches({
+      storedAuthorizationServerInformation: retryAuthorizationServerInformation,
+      currentAuthorizationServerInformation,
+    });
+  }
   const clientMetadata = provider.clientMetadata;
   const selectedScope = selectScope({
     scope,
@@ -1462,19 +1484,58 @@ async function authInternal(
   if (authorizationCode === undefined) {
     clientInformation = await Promise.resolve(provider.clientInformation());
   }
-  if (clientInformation?.issuer != null) {
+  const tokens =
+    authorizationCode === undefined ? await provider.tokens() : undefined;
+  if (clientInformation) {
+    // A flow pin must never override the issuer attached to the credentials.
+    if (
+      clientInformation.issuer != null &&
+      clientInformation.issuer !== currentAuthorizationServerInformation.issuer
+    ) {
+      throw new AuthorizationServerMismatchError({
+        message:
+          'OAuth authorization server does not match the issuer of the client credentials',
+      });
+    }
+
+    const clientAuthorizationServerInformation =
+      getAuthorizationServerInformationFromCredentials(clientInformation);
+    if (clientAuthorizationServerInformation) {
+      assertAuthorizationServerInformationMatches({
+        storedAuthorizationServerInformation:
+          clientAuthorizationServerInformation,
+        currentAuthorizationServerInformation,
+      });
+    }
+
     const storedAuthorizationServerInformation =
       callbackAuthorizationServerInformation ??
       (await getStoredAuthorizationServerInformation({
         provider,
         clientInformation,
-      }));
+        tokens,
+      })) ??
+      retryAuthorizationServerInformation;
     if (storedAuthorizationServerInformation) {
       assertAuthorizationServerInformationMatches({
         storedAuthorizationServerInformation,
         currentAuthorizationServerInformation,
       });
     }
+
+    // Do not turn an MCP server's choice of AS into a trust binding for an
+    // existing secret. Dynamic registration below binds newly issued credentials.
+    if (
+      (clientInformation.client_secret != null ||
+        provider.addClientAuthentication) &&
+      clientInformation.issuer == null &&
+      !storedAuthorizationServerInformation
+    ) {
+      throw new AuthorizationServerMismatchError({
+        message:
+          'OAuth client credentials must be bound to an authorization server: configure their issuer or store authorization server information',
+      });
+    }
   }
 
   if (!clientInformation) {
@@ -1562,8 +1623,6 @@ async function authInternal(
     return 'AUTHORIZED';
   }
 
-  const tokens = await provider.tokens();
-
   /** Refresh only when stored credentials match the current AS pin */
   if (tokens?.refresh_token) {
     const storedAuthorizationServerInformation =