zenlish 0.1.23 → 0.1.24

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 # CHANGELOG
 
+## [0.1.24] - 2019-12-05
+__Zenlish__ can parse all sentences in lesson 1, 2 and 3-A .. 3-F (323 sentences in total) from
+ [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/).
+
+### Added
+ - Class `ModalVerbCould` to represent the auxiliary verb `could`.
+ - Support module `Var2Word`: used to create variable names and assign them specific `Literal` objects.
+ 
+ ### Changed
+ - File `zparser_spec.rb` splitted. Lesson-specific test suites have their own spec file.
+ - File `lesson3_spec.rb`: tests include all sentences from lesson 3-A .. 3-F.
+ - `ZenlishGrammar`: more rules for relative clauses.
+ - File `dictionary.rb`: new entries in lexicon `change`, `could`, `surface`, `try`.
+ - File `README.md` Updated the metrics table
+
 ## [0.1.23] - 2019-12-04
 __Zenlish__ can parse all sentences in lesson 1, 2 and 3-A .. 3-E from
  [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/).

data/README.md

@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ users with a language that is close enough to English.
 ### Project status
 
 The project is still in inception. Currently, zenlish is able to parse all
-sentences from lessons 1-A up to 3-E. The parser is able to cope with syntactical
-ambiguities generating parse forests instead of parse trees.
+sentences from lessons 1-A up to 3-F from
+[Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/).   
+The parser is able to cope with syntactical ambiguities generating parse forests
+ instead of parse trees.
 
 The intent is to deliver gem versions in small increments.
 
@@ -35,14 +37,14 @@ Over time, the zenlish gem will contain:
 - A simplified ontology[TODO]
 
 
-#### Some project metrics (v. 0.1.23)
+#### Some project metrics (v. 0.1.24)
 |Metric|Value|  
 |:-:|:-:|
-| Number of lemmas in dictionary        | 126 |
-| [Coverage 100 commonest English words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_common_words_in_English)  | 59% |
-| Number of production rules in grammar | 176 |
-| Number of lessons covered             | 21  |
-| Number of sentences in spec files     | 308 |
+| Number of lemmas in dictionary        | 132 |
+| [Coverage 100 commonest English words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_common_words_in_English)  | 61% |
+| Number of production rules in grammar | 181 |
+| Number of lessons covered             | 22  |
+| Number of sentences in spec files     | 323 |
 
 
 ## Installation...
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ Litmus test: a Zenlish text should be easy to read to a English reading person.
 Here a tentative roadmap:
 
 #### A) Ability to parse sentences from [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/)
-*STARTED*. 21.9% complete  
+*STARTED*. 22.9% complete  
 This website advocates the idea of a multi-layered dictionary.
 At the core, there are about 300 essential words.  
 The choice of these words is inspired by the semantic primitives of [NSM

data/lib/zenlish/lang/dictionary.rb

@@ -45,8 +45,10 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('but', 'Coordinator')
       add_entry('can', 'ModalVerbCan')
       add_entry('cause', 'RegularVerb')
+      add_entry('change', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('contain', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('container', 'CommonNoun')
+      add_entry('could', 'ModalVerbCould')
       add_entry('die', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('different', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('do', 'AuxiliaryDo')
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('someone', 'IndefinitePronoun')
       add_entry('someplace', 'Adverb')
       add_entry('something', 'IndefinitePronoun')
+      add_entry('surface', 'CommonNoun')
       add_entry('than', 'PrepositionThan')
       add_entry('that', 'RelativePronoun')
       add_entry('the', 'DefiniteArticle')
@@ -131,16 +134,19 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('time', 'CommonNoun')
       add_entry('to', 'Preposition')
       add_entry('touch', 'RegularVerb')
+      add_entry('try', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('true', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('two', 'Cardinal')
       add_entry('two', 'IndefinitePronoun')
       add_entry('use', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('very', 'DegreeAdverb')
       add_entry('want', 'RegularVerbWant')
-      add_entry('what','ConjunctivePronoun')
-      add_entry('when','SubordinatingConjunction')
-      add_entry('who','RelativePronoun')
-      add_entry('with','Preposition')
+      add_entry('what', 'ConjunctivePronoun')
+      add_entry('when', 'SubordinatingConjunction')
+      add_entry('where', 'Adverb')
+      add_entry('where', 'SubordinatingConjunction')
+      add_entry('who', 'RelativePronoun')
+      add_entry('with', 'Preposition')
       add_entry('word', 'CommonNoun')
       add_entry('you', 'PersonalPronoun')
       add_entry('your', 'PossessiveDeterminer')

data/lib/zenlish/lang/zenlish_grammar.rb

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'affirmation' => 'IrregularVerbBe predicative_complement'
   rule 'negation' => 'IrregularVerbBe AdverbNot predicative_complement'
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'noun_phrase'
+  # 3-22b:  X is not the same as before.
+  rule 'predicative_complement' => 'noun_phrase ComparativeParticle Adverb'
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'adjective_phrase comparative_clause_opt'
   # 3-02d J is one that does this.
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'adjective_phrase relative_clause_opt'
@@ -66,6 +68,10 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'complex_sentence' => 'main_clause comma_opt subordinated_clause'
   rule 'complex_sentence' => 'main_clause comma_opt relative_clause'
   rule 'complex_sentence' => 'main_clause comma_opt coordinate_clause'
+  # 3-22d: ..., it changed what I thought about them.
+  rule 'complex_sentence' => 'main_clause conjunctive_prefix'
+  # 3-22d: I cannot see what is inside.
+  rule 'complex_sentence' => 'main_clause ConjunctivePronoun verb_phrase'
   rule 'complex_sentence' => 'subordinated_clause Comma main_clause'
   # 3-03b If J is not true, then K is true.
   rule 'complex_sentence' => 'subordinated_clause Comma LinkingAdverb main_clause'
@@ -124,6 +130,7 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'tense' => 'AuxiliaryBe'
   rule 'tense' => 'AuxiliaryDo'
   rule 'tense' => 'ModalVerbCan'
+  rule 'tense' => 'ModalVerbCould'
 
   #############
   # NOUN PHRASE
@@ -207,6 +214,8 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
 
   # Cover case where ´that´ conjunction is dropped.
   rule 'head_vp' => 'mental_verb dependent_clause'
+  # 3-21b: ...that you think can cause X to happen.
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'mental_verb tense_verb_phrase'
   # ex. 2-23c
   rule 'head_vp' => 'mental_verb identifying_clause'
 

data/lib/zenlish/lex/empty_lexicon_factory.rb

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ module Zenlish
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IrregularVerbThink.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::LinkingAdverb.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::ModalVerbCan.new.freeze)
+        aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::ModalVerbCould.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::PersonalPronoun.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::PossessiveDeterminer.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::Preposition.new.freeze)

data/lib/zenlish/lex/lexicon.rb

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ module Zenlish
         @name2terminal = {}
       end
 
+      # @param aLemma[String] retrieve the lexeme form the given "head word".
       def get_lexeme(aLemma, aWordClass = nil)
         if aWordClass
           lexeme = nil
@@ -38,7 +39,12 @@ module Zenlish
 
           lexeme
         else
-          lemma2entry.fetch(aLemma).lexemes.first
+          begin
+            lemma2entry.fetch(aLemma).lexemes.first
+          rescue NoMethodError => exc
+            $stderr.puts "Multiple lexemes for #{aLemma}"
+            raise exc
+          end
         end
       end
 

data/lib/zenlish/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Zenlish
-  VERSION = '0.1.23'
+  VERSION = '0.1.24'.freeze
 end

data/lib/zenlish/wclasses/all_word_classes.rb

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ require_relative 'indefinite_article'
 require_relative 'indefinite_pronoun'
 require_relative 'linking_adverb'
 require_relative 'modal_verb_can'
+require_relative 'modal_verb_could'
 require_relative 'personal_pronoun'
 require_relative 'possessive_determiner'
 require_relative 'preposition'

data/lib/zenlish/wclasses/modal_verb_could.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require_relative 'auxiliary'
+
+module Zenlish
+  module WClasses
+    # The modal verb `could`
+    class ModalVerbCould < Auxiliary
+    end # class
+  end # module
+end # module

data/spec/zenlish/parser/lesson1_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+require_relative '../../spec_helper' # Use the RSpec framework
+require_relative '../support/var2word'
+require_relative '../../../lib/zenlish/parser/zparser' # Load the class under test
+
+module Zenlish
+  module Parser
+    describe ZParser do
+      include Var2Word
+
+      subject { ZParser.new }
+
+      context 'Parsing lesson 1:' do
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-A' do
+          # Sentence 1-01: "Tony sees Lisa."
+          # in absence of a tokenizer, we create a sequence of literals by hand...
+          # prox_tony = ZProxy.new(tony)
+          literals = [tony, sees, lisa, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-02a: "Tony sees something."
+          sentence_literals = [tony, sees, something, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-02b: "Lisa sees something."
+          sentence_literals = [lisa, sees, something, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-03: "Tony sees this thing."
+          sentence_literals = [tony, sees, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-04: "Lisa sees the other thing."
+          sentence_literals = [lisa, sees, the, other, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-B' do
+          # Sentence 1-05a: "Lisa sees the same thing."
+          literals = [lisa, sees, the, same, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-05b: "Lisa sees the same thing as Tony sees."
+          literals = [lisa, sees, the, same, thing, as, tony, sees, dot]
+          # same is an adjective of equality comparison
+          # as is part of same ... as combination
+          # it introduces a comparative clause
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-06: "Tony sees one thing."
+          literals = [tony, sees, one, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-07: "Lisa sees two things."
+          literals = [lisa, sees, two, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-08a: "Tony sees one person."
+          literals = [tony, sees, one, person, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-08b: "Lisa sees two people."
+          literals = [lisa, sees, two, people, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-05b: "Tony sees the same person as Lisa sees."
+          literals = [tony, sees, the, same, person, as, lisa, sees, dot]
+          # same is an adjective of equality comparison
+          # as is part of same ... as combination
+          # it introduces a comparative clause
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-C' do
+          # Sentence 1-09a: "Tony sees many things."
+          literals = [tony, sees, many, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-09b: "Lisa sees many people."
+          literals = [lisa, sees, many, people, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-10: "Tony is inside this thing."
+          literals = [tony, is, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-11: "Lisa is not inside this thing."
+          literals = [lisa, is, not_, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence: "Lisa does not see people inside the other thing."
+          literals = [lisa, does_aux, not_, see, people, inside, the, other, thing, dot]
+          # Ambiguous parse...
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-D' do
+          # Sentence 1-12a: "Some of these people are inside this thing."
+          literals = [some, of, these, people, are, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-12b: "Some of these people are not inside this thing."
+          literals = [some, of, these, people, are, not_, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-13: "All of these people are inside this thing."
+          literals = [all, of, these, people, are, not_, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-14a: "There are two people inside one of these things."
+          literals = [there, are, two, people, inside, one, of, these, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-14b: "There are not people inside the other thing."
+          literals = [there, are, not_, people, inside, the, other, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-15a: "There are many people inside this thing."
+          literals = [there, are, many, people, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-15b: "There are more people inside this thing."
+          literals = [there, are, more, people, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-15c: "There are more people inside the other thing
+          # than there are inside this thing."
+          literals = [there, are, more, people, inside, the, other, thing,
+                      than, there, are, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          # Ambiguous parse
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-E' do
+          # Sentence 1-16a: "Two of these things are alive."
+          literals = [two, of, these, things, are, alive, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-16b: "One of these things is not alive."
+          literals = [one, of, these, things, is, not_, alive, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-17a: "Tony sees some living things."
+          literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-17b: "Two of these things are big."
+          literals = [two, of, these, things, are, big, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-17c: "One of these things is not big."
+          literals = [one, of, these, things, is, not_, big, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-18a: "Tony sees some living things."
+          literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-18b: "One of these is big."
+          literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, big, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-18c: "Two of these are small."
+          literals = [two, of, these_as_pronoun, are, small, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-19a: "Tony sees one living thing."
+          literals = [tony, sees, one, living, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-19b: "This one is very big."
+          literals = [this_one, is, very, big, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence: "This thing is bigger than the other thing."
+          literals = [this, thing, is, bigger, than, the, other, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence: "This thing is smaller than the other thing."
+          literals = [this, thing, is, smaller, than, the, other, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-F' do
+          # Sentence 1-20a: "Tony sees some living things."
+          literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-20b: "Two of these are the same kind of living thing."
+          literals = [these_as_pronoun, are, the, same, kind, of, living, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-20c: "One of these is not the same kind as the other two."
+          literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, not_, the, same, kind,
+            as, the, other, two_as_pronoun, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-21a: "There is one person inside this thing."
+          literals = [there, is, one, person, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-21b: "If Tony is not inside this thing, then another person is inside."
+          literals = [if_, tony, is, not_, inside, this, thing, comma, then_,
+            another, person, is, inside, dot]
+          # Ambiguous parse
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-22a: "Tony is touching something."
+          literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, something, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-22b: "Lisa is touching Tony."
+          literals = [lisa, is_aux, touching, tony, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-23a: "Tony is far from Lisa."
+          literals = [tony, is, far, from, lisa, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-23b: "Lisa is far from Tony."
+          literals = [lisa, is, far, from, tony, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-23c: "Tony is not far from Lisa."
+          literals = [tony, is, far, from, lisa, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-24: "Tony is near to Lisa."
+          literals = [tony, is, near_to, lisa, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-G' do
+          # Sentence 1-25a: "Lisa is in this place."
+          literals = [lisa, is, in_, this, place, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-25b: "There are two other things in this place."
+          literals = [there, are, two, other, things, in_, this, place, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-25c: "Lisa is in the same place as these two other things."
+          literals = [lisa, is, in_, the, same, place, as, these, two, other, things, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-25d: "Tony is not in this place."
+          literals = [tony, is, not_, in_, this, place, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-25e: "Tony is in another place."
+          literals = [tony, is, in_, another, place, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-26a: "Lisa is inside this thing."
+          literals = [lisa, is, inside, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-26b: "Tony is above this thing."
+          literals = [tony, is, above, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-26c: "Tony is above lisa."
+          literals = [tony, is, above, lisa, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-27a: "Tony is on one side of this thing."
+          literals = [tony, is, on, one, side, of, this, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-27b: "Lisa is on the other side."
+          literals = [lisa, is, on, the, other, side, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-27c: "Tony is touching one side of this thing."
+          literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, one, side, of, this, thing, dot]
+          # Ambiguous parse
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-H' do
+          # Sentence 1-28: "Tony hears something."
+          literals = [tony, hears, something, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-29a: "Tony says something."
+          literals = [tony, says, something, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-29b: "Tony says something to Lisa."
+          literals = [tony, says, something, to, lisa, dot]
+          # Ambiguous parse
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-29c: "Tony says something about this living thing."
+          literals = [tony, says, something, about, this, living, thing, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-29d: 'Tony says: "This living thing is small."'
+          literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, this, living, thing, is, small, dot, quote, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-30a: "Tony says some words."
+          literals = [tony, says, some, words, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-30b: "Lisa says more words."
+          literals = [lisa, says, more, words, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-31a: 'Tony says: "There are two people inside this thing."'
+          literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, there, are, two, people, inside,
+            this, thing, dot, quote, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-31b: 'Lisa says: "There is one person inside this thing."'
+          literals = [lisa, says, colon, quote, there, is, one, person, inside,
+            this, thing, dot, quote, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-31c: "What Tony says is not true."
+          literals = [what, tony, says, is, not_, true_, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 1-31d: "What Lisa says is true."
+          literals = [what, lisa, says, is, true_, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+        end
+      end # context
+    end # describe
+  end # module
+end # module