zenlish 0.1.16 → 0.1.17

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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 # CHANGELOG
 
+## [0.1.17] - 2019-11-25
+__Zenlish__ can parse all sentences in lesson 1 and 2-A..2-H from
+ [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/).
+
+ ### Added
+ - Class `AdverbMaybe` to represent the relative pronoun `who`.
+
+ ### Changed
+ - Folder structure under `lib` and `spec`.
+ - File `zparser_spec.rb`: tests include all sentences from lesson 2-H (207 sentences in total).
+ - `ZenlishGrammar`: new production rules added (especially for linking/copular verbs).
+ - File `dictionary.rb`: new entries in lexicon `below`, `live`, `maybe`.
+ - File `README.md` Updated the metrics table
+
 ## [0.1.16] - 2019-11-23
 __Zenlish__ can parse all sentences in lesson 1 and 2-A..2-G from
  [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/).
+ 
+### Changed
 - `ZenlishGrammar`: Vast grammar reworking.
 - File `dictionary.rb`: `there` in lexicon has `ExistentialThere` as word class.
 - File `dictionary.rb`: new entries for `body`, `one` (as indefinite pronoun), `two` (as indefinite pronoun)

data/README.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ users with a language that is close enough to English.
 ### Project status
 
 The project is still in inception. Currently, zenlish is able to parse all
-sentences from lessons 1-A up to 2-G. The parser is able to cope with syntactical
+sentences from lessons 1-A up to 2-H. The parser is able to cope with syntactical
 ambiguities generating parse forests instead of parse trees.
 
 The intent is to deliver gem versions in small increments.
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Over time, the zenlish gem will contain:
 #### Some project metrics (v. 0.1.15)
 |Metric|Value|  
 |:-:|:-:|
-| Number of lemmas in dictionary        | 92  |
+| Number of lemmas in dictionary        | 102  |
 | [Coverage 100 commonest English words](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_common_words_in_English)  | 45 |
-| Number of production rules in grammar | 131 |
-| Number of lessons covered             | 15  |
-| Number of sentences in spec files     | 189 |
+| Number of production rules in grammar | 137 |
+| Number of lessons covered             | 16  |
+| Number of sentences in spec files     | 207 |
 
 
 ## Installation...
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Litmus test: a Zenlish text should be easy to read to a English reading person.
 Here a tentative roadmap:
 
 #### A) Ability to parse sentences from [Learn These Words First](http://learnthesewordsfirst.com/)
-*STARTED*. 15.6% complete  
+*STARTED*. 16.7% complete  
 This website advocates the idea of a multi-layered dictionary.
 At the core, there are about 300 essential words.  
 The choice of these words is inspired by the semantic primitives of [NSM

data/lib/zenlish/lang/dictionary.rb

@@ -34,14 +34,17 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('because', 'SubordinatingConjunction')
       add_entry('before', 'Adverb')
       add_entry('before', 'SubordinatingConjunction')
+      add_entry('below', 'Preposition')      
       add_entry('big', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('body', 'CommonNoun')
       add_entry('can', 'ModalVerbCan')
+      add_entry('die', 'RegularVerb')      
       add_entry('do', 'AuxiliaryDo')
       add_entry('do', 'IrregularVerbDo')
       add_entry('false', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('far', 'Adverb')
-      add_entry('feel', 'IrregularVerb')
+      add_entry('far from', 'Preposition')      
+      add_entry('feel', 'IrregularLinkingVerb')
       add_entry('for', 'Preposition')
       add_entry('from', 'Preposition')
       add_entry('good', 'Adjective')
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('happen', 'RegularVerb')
       add_entry('hear', 'IrregularVerb')
       add_entry('here', 'Adverb')
+      add_entry('here', 'CommonNoun') # from here (works as a pronoun of a place)     
       add_entry('I', 'PersonalPronoun')
       add_entry('if', 'SubordinatingConjunction')
       add_entry('in', 'Preposition')
@@ -56,9 +60,11 @@ unless defined?(Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary)
       add_entry('kind', 'CommonNoun')
       add_entry('know', 'IrregularVerbKnow')
       add_entry('like', 'Preposition')
+      add_entry('live', 'RegularVerb')      
       add_entry('living', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('long', 'Adjective')
       add_entry('many', 'IndefiniteQuantifier')
+      add_entry('maybe', 'AdverbMaybe')      
       add_entry('me', 'PersonalPronoun')
       add_entry('moment', 'CommonNoun')      
       add_entry('more', 'Adjective')

data/lib/zenlish/lang/zenlish_grammar.rb

@@ -4,6 +4,22 @@
 require 'rley' # Load the Rley parsing library
 require_relative 'dictionary'
 
+# Carnie 2012
+# CP ➝ (C) TP
+# TP ➝ {NP/CP} (T) VP
+# VP ➝(AdvP+) V (NP)({NP/CP}) (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)
+# NP ➝ (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+) (CP)
+# PP ➝ P (NP)
+# AdjP ➝ (AdvP) Adj
+# AdvP ➝ (AdvP) Adv
+
+# Slide show on ajective and adverb phrases
+# https://www.slideshare.net/UtTramTran/advadj-phrase
+
+# A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English
+# https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag/tech-report/tech-report.html
+
+
 ########################################
 # Define a grammar for a highly English-like language
 builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
@@ -20,19 +36,20 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   # Simple sentence
   #################
   rule 'simple_sentence' => 'declarative_simple_sentence'
+  rule 'simple_sentence' => 'AdverbMaybe declarative_simple_sentence'
   rule 'declarative_simple_sentence' => 'affirmative_sentence'
   rule 'declarative_simple_sentence' => 'existential_sentence'
   rule 'declarative_simple_sentence' => 'predicative_sentence'
   rule 'declarative_simple_sentence' => 'negative_sentence'
   rule 'declarative_simple_sentence' => 'inexistential_sentence'
-  rule 'affirmative_sentence' => 'noun_phrase verb_phrase'
+  rule 'affirmative_sentence' => 'tense_phrase'
   rule 'affirmative_sentence' => 'prepositional_phrase Comma simple_sentence'
   # Case of time adjunct adverbial put in front position
   rule 'affirmative_sentence' => 'noun_phrase Adverb Comma simple_sentence'
 
   # there + (auxiliary/raising verb) + be + notional subject.
   rule 'existential_sentence' => 'ExistentialThere IrregularVerbBe existential_subject'
-  rule 'negative_sentence' => 'noun_phrase negative_verb_phrase'
+  rule 'negative_sentence' => 'negative_tense_phrase'
   rule 'negative_sentence' => 'negated_predicate_sentence'
   rule 'inexistential_sentence' => 'ExistentialThere IrregularVerbBe AdverbNot existential_subject'
   rule 'existential_subject' => 'noun_phrase adverb_phrase_opt'
@@ -44,6 +61,8 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'negated_predicate_sentence' => 'conjunctive_prefix IrregularVerbBe AdverbNot predicative_complement'
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'noun_phrase'
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'adjective_phrase comparative_clause_opt'
+  # 2-28b X is alive before this moment.
+  rule 'predicative_complement' => 'adjective_phrase adverb_phrase noun_phrase'
   # X is far from the start.
   rule 'predicative_complement' => 'adverb_phrase_opt prepositional_phrase'
 
@@ -67,7 +86,7 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'subordination_marker' => 'SubordinatingConjunction PrepositionOf'
   rule 'dependent_clause' => 'simple_sentence'
   rule 'dependent_clause' => 'noun_phrase'
-  rule 'infinitive_clause' => 'verb_phrase' # Too generic
+  rule 'infinitive_clause' => 'verb_phrase' # Too broad
   rule 'comparative_clause_opt' => 'comparative_clause'
   rule 'comparative_clause_opt' => []
   rule 'comparative_clause' => 'comparative_start noun_phrase'
@@ -79,30 +98,40 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'identifying_clause' => 'RelativePronoun verb_phrase'
 
 
+  ##############
+  # TENSE PHRASE
+  ##############
+  rule 'tense_phrase' => 'noun_phrase tense_opt verb_phrase'
+  rule 'negative_tense_phrase' => 'noun_phrase tense AdverbNot verb_phrase'  
+  rule 'tense_opt' => 'tense'
+  rule 'tense_opt' => []
+  rule 'tense' => 'AuxiliaryBe'
+  rule 'tense' => 'AuxiliaryDo'  
+  rule 'tense' => 'ModalVerbCan'
+  
   #############
   # NOUN PHRASE
   #############
   rule 'noun_phrase_opt' => 'noun_phrase'
   rule 'noun_phrase_opt' => []
-  rule 'noun_phrase' => 'pre_head_noun head_noun post_head_noun'
+  rule 'noun_phrase' => 'pre_head_np head_np post_head_np'
     # someone, somebody, something, somewhere; no one, nobody, nothing,
     # nowhere; anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere; everyone, everybody,
     # everything, everywhere, the attributive adjective phrase occurs as a postmodifier
-  rule 'pre_head_noun' => 'determiners adjective_phrase_opt'
-  rule 'head_noun' => 'CommonNoun'
-  rule 'head_noun' => 'ProperNoun'
-  rule 'head_noun' => 'PersonalPronoun'
-  rule 'head_noun' => 'DemonstrativePronoun'
-  rule 'head_noun' => 'IndefinitePronoun'  
-  # rule 'head_noun' => 'Cardinal' # ... as indefinite pronoun in complement "There were three pies. I ate one."
-  rule 'post_head_noun' => 'adjective_phrase_opt prepositional_phrases clause_noun_opt'
+  rule 'pre_head_np' => 'determiners adjective_phrase_opt'
+  rule 'head_np' => 'CommonNoun'
+  rule 'head_np' => 'ProperNoun'
+  rule 'head_np' => 'PersonalPronoun'
+  rule 'head_np' => 'DemonstrativePronoun'
+  rule 'head_np' => 'IndefinitePronoun'  
+  # rule 'head_np' => 'Cardinal' # ... as indefinite pronoun in complement "There were three pies. I ate one."
+  rule 'post_head_np' => 'adjective_phrase_opt prepositional_phrases clause_noun_opt'
   rule 'clause_noun_opt' => 'clause_noun'
   rule 'clause_noun_opt' => []
   rule 'clause_noun' => 'comparative_clause'
   rule 'clause_noun' => 'dependent_clause'
 
 
-
   #############
   # DETERMINERS
   #############
@@ -133,23 +162,24 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   #############
   # VERB PHRASE
   #############
-  rule 'verb_phrase' => 'pre_head_verb head_verb post_head_verb'
-  rule 'pre_head_verb' => 'adverb_phrase_opt'
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'lexical_verb'
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'AuxiliaryBe lexical_verb'
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'ModalVerbCan lexical_verb'
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'IrregularVerbSay direct_speech'
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'RegularVerbWant Preposition head_verb post_head_verb'
+  rule 'verb_phrase' => 'pre_head_vp head_vp post_head_vp'
+  # Rule specific to linking/copular verbs (CEG 288b). Example: I feel very bad.
+  rule 'verb_phrase' => 'pre_head_vp linking_verb adjective_phrase'  
+  rule 'pre_head_vp' => 'adverb_phrase_opt'
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'lexical_verb'
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'IrregularVerbSay direct_speech'
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'RegularVerbWant Preposition head_vp post_head_vp'
 
   # Cover case where ´that´ conjunction is dropped.
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'mental_verb dependent_clause'
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'mental_verb dependent_clause'
   # ex. 2-23c
-  rule 'head_verb' => 'mental_verb identifying_clause'  
+  rule 'head_vp' => 'mental_verb identifying_clause'  
 
-  rule 'post_head_verb' => 'noun_phrase_opt adverb_phrase_opt prepositional_phrases adverb_phrase_opt'
+  rule 'post_head_vp' => 'noun_phrase_opt adverb_phrase_opt prepositional_phrases adverb_phrase_opt'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'RegularVerb'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'RegularVerbWant'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerb'
+  rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularLinkingVerb'  
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerbBe'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerbDo'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerbHave'
@@ -157,19 +187,15 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerbSay'
   rule 'lexical_verb' => 'IrregularVerbThink'
 
+
+  rule 'linking_verb' => 'IrregularLinkingVerb'
+
   rule 'mental_verb' => 'IrregularVerbKnow'
   rule 'mental_verb' => 'IrregularVerbThink'
   rule 'direct_speech' => 'Colon Quote declarative_simple_sentence Period Quote'
   rule 'direct_speech' => 'Preposition noun_phrase Colon Quote declarative_simple_sentence Period Quote'
   rule 'direct_speech' => 'Colon declarative_simple_sentence'
 
-
-  #############
-  # NEGATIVE VERB PHRASE
-  #############
-  rule 'negative_verb_phrase' => 'AuxiliaryDo AdverbNot head_verb post_head_verb'
-  rule 'negative_verb_phrase' => 'ModalVerbCan AdverbNot head_verb post_head_verb'
-
   ##################
   # ADJECTIVE PHRASE
   ##################
@@ -180,6 +206,7 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'head_adjective' => 'head_adjective Adjective' # sequence of adjectives (rem: could be comma separated or anded)
   rule 'head_adjective' => 'Adjective'
   rule 'postmodifiers_adj' => 'prepositional_phrase' # TODO: multiple prepositional phrases, gerund and to + infinitive
+  # Adverbs such as enough, indeed can post-modify an adjective
   rule 'postmodifiers_adj' => []
 
   ################
@@ -209,7 +236,7 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   rule 'preposition_object' => 'noun_phrase' # (noun and pronoun)
 
   # complementation by a verb: gerund -ing form...
-  rule 'preposition_object' => 'noun_phrase_opt lexical_verb post_head_verb'
+  rule 'preposition_object' => 'noun_phrase_opt lexical_verb post_head_vp'
   # preposition_object => "a gerund (a verb form ending in "-ing") that acts as a noun # Example: He beat Lee without overly trying.
   rule 'preposition_object' => 'conjunctive_prefix'		# It's obvious from _what he said_.
   rule 'preposition_object' => []
@@ -218,13 +245,6 @@ builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
   # REMAINING RULES
   ######################
   rule 'numeral' => 'Cardinal'
-
-
-
-  ######################
-  # DUMMY RULE
-  ######################
-  rule 'dummy' => "ConjunctivePronoun RelativePronoun"
 end
 
 # And now build the grammar...

data/lib/zenlish/lex/empty_lexicon_factory.rb

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module Zenlish
       def add_word_classes(aLexicon)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::Adjective.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::Adverb.new.freeze)
+        aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::AdverbMaybe.new.freeze)        
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::AdverbNot.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::AuxiliaryBe.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::AuxiliaryDo.new.freeze)
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ module Zenlish
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::ConjunctivePronoun.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::DemonstrativePronoun.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IndefinitePronoun.new.freeze)
+        aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IrregularLinkingVerb.new.freeze)        
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IrregularVerb.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IrregularVerbBe.new.freeze)
         aLexicon.add_terminal(WClasses::IrregularVerbDo.new.freeze)

data/lib/zenlish/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Zenlish
-  VERSION = '0.1.16'
+  VERSION = '0.1.17'
 end

data/lib/zenlish/wclasses/adverb_maybe.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative 'adverb'
+
+module Zenlish
+  module WClasses
+    # The adverb maybe expresses uncertainty and is often placed in front 
+    # of clauses.
+    class AdverbMaybe < Adverb
+    end # class
+  end # module
+end # module

data/lib/zenlish/wclasses/all_word_classes.rb

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 require_relative 'adjective'
 require_relative 'adverb'
+require_relative 'adverb_maybe'
 require_relative 'adverb_not'
 require_relative 'auxiliary_be'
 require_relative 'auxiliary_do'
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ require_relative 'definite_article'
 require_relative 'existential_there'
 require_relative 'pronoun'
 require_relative 'proper_noun'
+require_relative 'irregular_linking_verb'
 require_relative 'irregular_verb'
 require_relative 'irregular_verb_be'
 require_relative 'irregular_verb_do'

data/lib/zenlish/wclasses/irregular_linking_verb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require_relative 'irregular_verb'
+
+module Zenlish
+  module WClasses
+    # Linking verbs (also known as copulae or copular verbs) describe
+    # the state of being of the subject of the clause.
+    class IrregularLinkingVerb < IrregularVerb
+    end # class
+  end # module
+end # module

data/spec/zenlish/parser/zparser_spec.rb

@@ -47,18 +47,24 @@ module Zenlish
       literal2var('because', 'because')
       def before_adverb ; Lex::Literal.new('before', get_lexeme('before', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end
       def before ; Lex::Literal.new('before', get_lexeme('before', WClasses::SubordinatingConjunction), 0) ; end
+      literal2var('below', 'below')
       literal2var('big', 'big')
       literal2var('big', 'bigger')
       literal2var('body', 'body')
       literal2var('can', 'can')
       def did ; Lex::Literal.new('did', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end
+      literal2var('die', 'died')
+      literal2var('die', 'dies')
       def do_ ; Lex::Literal.new('do', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end
+      def do_aux ; Lex::Literal.new('do', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::AuxiliaryDo), 0) ; end
       def does ; Lex::Literal.new('does', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end
       def does_aux ; Lex::Literal.new('does', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::AuxiliaryDo), 0) ; end
       literal2var('false', 'false', '_')
       literal2var('far', 'far')
+      literal2var('far from', 'far_from')
       literal2var('feel', 'feel')
       literal2var('feel', 'feels')
+      literal2var('feel', 'felt')
       literal2var('for', 'for', '_')
       literal2var('from', 'from')
       literal2var('good', 'good')
@@ -69,7 +75,8 @@ module Zenlish
       literal2var('have', 'has')
       literal2var('have', 'have')
       literal2var('hear', 'hears')
-      literal2var('here', 'here')
+      def here ;     Lex::Literal.new('here', get_lexeme('here', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end
+      def here_as_noun ;  Lex::Literal.new('here', get_lexeme('here', WClasses::CommonNoun), 0) ; end
       def i_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('I', get_lexeme('I'), 0) ; end
       literal2var('if', 'if', '_')
       literal2var('in', 'in', '_')
@@ -84,15 +91,18 @@ module Zenlish
       literal2var('know', 'knows')
       literal2var('like', 'like')
       literal2var('Lisa', 'Lisa')
+      literal2var('live', 'lived')
       literal2var('living', 'living')
       literal2var('long', 'long')
       literal2var('many', 'many')
+      literal2var('maybe', 'maybe')
       literal2var('me', 'me')
       literal2var('moment', 'moment')
       def more ; Lex::Literal.new('more', get_lexeme('more', WClasses::Adjective), 0) ; end
       def more_as_adverb ; Lex::Literal.new('more', get_lexeme('more', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end
       literal2var('move', 'move')
       literal2var('move', 'moved')
+      literal2var('move', 'moving')      
       literal2var('move', 'moves')
       literal2var('much', 'much')
       literal2var('near', 'near')
@@ -102,7 +112,7 @@ module Zenlish
       literal2var('of', 'of')
       literal2var('on', 'on')
       def one ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::Cardinal), 0) ; end
-      def one_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end      
+      def one_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end
       literal2var('other', 'other')
       literal2var('part', 'part')
       literal2var('part', 'parts')
@@ -138,10 +148,11 @@ module Zenlish
       literal2var('time', 'time')
       literal2var('to', 'to')
       literal2var('Tony', 'Tony')
+      literal2var('touch', 'touch')
       literal2var('touch', 'touching')
       literal2var('true', 'true', '_')
       def two ; Lex::Literal.new('two', get_lexeme('two', WClasses::Cardinal), 0) ; end
-      def two_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('two', get_lexeme('two', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end        
+      def two_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('two', get_lexeme('two', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end
       literal2var('very', 'very')
       literal2var('want', 'want')
       literal2var('want', 'wants')
@@ -212,7 +223,7 @@ module Zenlish
 
           # Sentence 1-04: "Lisa sees the other thing."
           sentence_literals = [lisa, sees, the, other, thing, dot]
-          expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error         
+          expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-B' do
@@ -248,7 +259,7 @@ module Zenlish
           # same is an adjective of equality comparison
           # as is part of same ... as combination
           # it introduces a comparative clause
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error        
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-C' do
@@ -271,7 +282,7 @@ module Zenlish
           # Sentence: "Lisa does not see people inside the other thing."
           literals = [lisa, does_aux, not_, see, people, inside, the, other, thing, dot]
           # Ambiguous parse...
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error         
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-D' do
@@ -308,7 +319,7 @@ module Zenlish
           literals = [there, are, more, people, inside, the, other, thing,
                       than, there, are, inside, this, thing, dot]
           # Ambiguous parse
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error 
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-E' do
@@ -371,7 +382,7 @@ module Zenlish
           expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
           # Sentence 1-20c: "One of these is not the same kind as the other two."
-          literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, not_, the, same, kind, 
+          literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, not_, the, same, kind,
             as, the, other, two_as_pronoun, dot]
           expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
@@ -407,7 +418,7 @@ module Zenlish
 
           # Sentence 1-24: "Tony is near to Lisa."
           literals = [tony, is, near_to, lisa, dot]
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error          
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-G' do
@@ -454,7 +465,7 @@ module Zenlish
           # Sentence 1-27c: "Tony is touching one side of this thing."
           literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, one, side, of, this, thing, dot]
           # Ambiguous parse
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error         
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-H' do
@@ -539,7 +550,7 @@ module Zenlish
 
           # Sentence 2-Ax: "What Tony has is like what Lisa has."
           literals = [what, tony, has, is, like, what, lisa, has, dot]
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error         
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-B' do
@@ -638,7 +649,7 @@ module Zenlish
 
           # Sentence 2-10e: "Lisa cannot do this."
           literals = [lisa, can, not_, do_, this_as_pronoun, dot]
-          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error          
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
         it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-D' do
@@ -675,7 +686,7 @@ module Zenlish
           # Sentence 2-Dx: "Lisa thinks about something bad happening to this
           # living thing. Thinking about this feels bad for Lisa."
           literals = [lisa, thinks, about, something, bad, happening, to, this,
-            living, thing, dot, 
+            living, thing, dot,
             #thinking, about, this_as_pronoun, feels, bad,
             #for_, lisa, dot
           ]
@@ -739,7 +750,7 @@ module Zenlish
           expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
         end
 
-        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-F' do       
+        it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-F' do
           # Sentence 2-19a: 'Tony says: "I did X.".'
           literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, did, x_as_noun, dot, quote, dot]
           expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
@@ -921,31 +932,70 @@ module Zenlish
           # Sentence 2-27a definiendum: 'X is the body of this person.'
           literals = [x_as_noun, is, the, body, of, this, person, dot]
           expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
-        end
-=begin
-TODO
-Lesson 2-H
-2-27. body, bodies, the body of, the bodies of.
-[X is the body of this person.] = Parts of this person can touch other things. Parts of this person can touch other parts inside this person. X is all of these parts of this person.
-[One part of the body of this person felt very bad.]
 
-2-28. die, dies, to die, dying, died, dead, is dead.
-[X dies.] = Something happens to X in a moment. X is alive before this moment. X is not alive after this moment.
-[After this person lived for a long time, this person died.]
+          # Sentence 2-27b "Parts of this person can touch other things.
+          #  Parts of this person can touch other parts inside this person.
+          #  X is all of these parts of this person."
+          # [One part of the body of this person felt very bad.]
+          literals = [ parts, of, this, person, can, touch, other, things, dot,
+            parts, of, this, person, can, touch, other, parts, inside,
+              this, person, dot,
+            x_as_noun, is, all, of, these, parts, of, this, person, dot,
+            one, part, of, the, body, of, this, person, felt, very, bad, dot
+          ]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 2-28a definiendum "X dies."
+          literals = [x_as_noun, dies, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_ptree(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
-2-29. maybe.
-[You think maybe X is true.] = You think something like X can be true. You do not know X is true. You do not know X is not true.
-[Maybe some people far from here can see me.]
+          # Sentence 2-28b definiens "Something happens to X in a moment.
+          # X is alive before this moment. X is not alive after this moment.
+          # [After this person lived for a long time, this person died."
+          literals = [ something, happens, to, x_as_noun, in_, a_as_art,
+              moment, dot,
+            x_as_noun, is, alive, before_adverb, this, moment, dot,
+            x_as_noun, is, not_, alive, after_adverb, this, moment, dot,
+            after_, this, person, lived, for_, a_as_art, long, time, comma,
+              this, person, died, dot
+          ]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
-2-30. below, is below.
-[J is below K.] = K is above J.
-[I am touching this thing below me.]
+          # Sentence 2-29a definiendum "You think maybe X is true."
+          literals = [you, think, maybe, x_as_noun, is, true_, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_ptree(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+
+          # Sentence 2-29b definiens "You think something like X
+          # can be true. You do not know X is true.
+          # You do not know X is not true.
+          # [Maybe some people far from here can see me.]"
+          literals = [  you, do_aux, not_, know, x_as_noun, is, true_, dot,
+            you, do_aux, not_, know, x_as_noun, is, not_, true_, dot,
+            maybe, some, people, far_from, here_as_noun, can, see, me, dot
+          ]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
-Someone sees this thing.
-The body of this thing is not moving.
-Maybe this thing __________.
-is far below this person
+          # Sentence 2-30a definiendum "J is below K."
+          literals = [j_, is, below, k_, dot]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
+          
+          # Sentence 2-30b definiens "K is above J.
+          # [I am touching this thing below me.]
+          literals = [  j_, is, below, k_, dot,
+            i_pronoun, am, touching, this, thing, below, me, dot
+          ]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error
 
+          # Sentence 2-H extra "Someone sees this thing.
+          #   The body of this thing is not moving.
+          #   Maybe this thing is dead."
+          literals = [ someone, sees, thing, dot,
+            the, body, of, this, thing, is_aux, not_, moving, dot
+          ]
+          expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error             
+        end
+=begin
+TODO
 Lesson 2.C
 
 	Xtra:

metadata

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: zenlish
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.1.16
+  version: 0.1.17
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Dimitri Geshef
 autorequire: 
 bindir: exe
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2019-11-23 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2019-11-25 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: rley
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ files:
 - lib/zenlish/version.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/adjective.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/adverb.rb
+- lib/zenlish/wclasses/adverb_maybe.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/adverb_not.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/all_word_classes.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/article.rb
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ files:
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/indefinite_article.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/indefinite_pronoun.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/indefinite_quantifier.rb
+- lib/zenlish/wclasses/irregular_linking_verb.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/irregular_verb.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/irregular_verb_be.rb
 - lib/zenlish/wclasses/irregular_verb_do.rb