zeitwerk 2.6.6 → 2.6.13

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data/README.md

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 
 
 [![Gem Version](https://img.shields.io/gem/v/zeitwerk.svg?style=for-the-badge)](https://rubygems.org/gems/zeitwerk)
-[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/fxn/zeitwerk/CI?event=push&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk/actions?query=event%3Apush)
+[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/fxn/zeitwerk/ci.yml?branch=main&event=push&style=for-the-badge)](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Amain)
+
 
 <!-- TOC -->
 
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
   - [Setup](#setup)
     - [Generic](#generic)
     - [for_gem](#for_gem)
+    - [for_gem_extension](#for_gem_extension)
   - [Autoloading](#autoloading)
   - [Eager loading](#eager-loading)
     - [Eager load exclusions](#eager-load-exclusions)
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@
   - [Inflection](#inflection)
     - [Zeitwerk::Inflector](#zeitwerkinflector)
     - [Zeitwerk::GemInflector](#zeitwerkgeminflector)
+    - [Zeitwerk::NullInflector](#zeitwerknullinflector)
     - [Custom inflector](#custom-inflector)
   - [Callbacks](#callbacks)
     - [The on_setup callback](#the-on_setup-callback)
@@ -55,12 +58,11 @@
   - [Beware of circular dependencies](#beware-of-circular-dependencies)
   - [Reopening third-party namespaces](#reopening-third-party-namespaces)
   - [Introspection](#introspection)
+    - [`Zeitwerk::Loader#dirs`](#zeitwerkloaderdirs)
+    - [`Zeitwerk::Loader#cpath_expected_at`](#zeitwerkloadercpath_expected_at)
   - [Encodings](#encodings)
   - [Rules of thumb](#rules-of-thumb)
   - [Debuggers](#debuggers)
-    - [debug.rb](#debugrb)
-    - [Byebug](#byebug)
-    - [Break](#break)
 - [Pronunciation](#pronunciation)
 - [Supported Ruby versions](#supported-ruby-versions)
 - [Testing](#testing)
@@ -78,15 +80,15 @@
 
 Zeitwerk is an efficient and thread-safe code loader for Ruby.
 
-Given a [conventional file structure](#file-structure), Zeitwerk is able to load your project's classes and modules on demand (autoloading), or upfront (eager loading). You don't need to write `require` calls for your own files, rather, you can streamline your programming knowing that your classes and modules are available everywhere. This feature is efficient, thread-safe, and matches Ruby's semantics for constants.
+Given a [conventional file structure](#file-structure), Zeitwerk is capable of loading your project's classes and modules on demand (autoloading) or upfront (eager loading). You don't need to write `require` calls for your own files; instead, you can streamline your programming by knowing that your classes and modules are available everywhere. This feature is efficient, thread-safe, and aligns with Ruby's semantics for constants.
 
-Zeitwerk is also able to reload code, which may be handy while developing web applications. Coordination is needed to reload in a thread-safe manner. The documentation below explains how to do this.
+Zeitwerk also supports code reloading, which can be useful during web application development. However, coordination is required to reload in a thread-safe manner. The documentation below explains how to achieve this.
 
-The gem is designed so that any project, gem dependency, application, etc. can have their own independent loader, coexisting in the same process, managing their own project trees, and independent of each other. Each loader has its own configuration, inflector, and optional logger.
+The gem is designed to allow any project, gem dependency, or application to have its own independent loader. Multiple loaders can coexist in the same process, each managing its own project tree and operating independently of each other. Each loader has its own configuration, inflector, and optional logger.
 
-Internally, Zeitwerk issues `require` calls exclusively using absolute file names, so there are no costly file system lookups in `$LOAD_PATH`. Technically, the directories managed by Zeitwerk do not even need to be in `$LOAD_PATH`.
+Internally, Zeitwerk exclusively uses absolute file names when issuing `require` calls, eliminating the need for costly file system lookups in `$LOAD_PATH`. Technically, the directories managed by Zeitwerk don't even need to be in `$LOAD_PATH`.
 
-Furthermore, Zeitwerk does at most one single scan of the project tree, and it descends into subdirectories lazily, only if their namespaces are used.
+Furthermore, Zeitwerk performs a single scan of the project tree at most, lazily descending into subdirectories only when their namespaces are used.
 
 <a id="markdown-synopsis" name="synopsis"></a>
 ## Synopsis
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ Zeitwerk::Loader.eager_load_all
 <a id="markdown-the-idea-file-paths-match-constant-paths" name="the-idea-file-paths-match-constant-paths"></a>
 ### The idea: File paths match constant paths
 
-To have a file structure Zeitwerk can work with, just name files and directories after the name of the classes and modules they define:
+For Zeitwerk to work with your file structure, simply name files and directories after the classes and modules they define:
 
 ```
 lib/my_gem.rb         -> MyGem
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ lib/my_gem/bar_baz.rb -> MyGem::BarBaz
 lib/my_gem/woo/zoo.rb -> MyGem::Woo::Zoo
 ```
 
-You can tune that a bit by [collapsing directories](#collapsing-directories), or by [ignoring parts of the project](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), but that is the main idea.
+You can fine-tune this behavior by [collapsing directories](#collapsing-directories) or [ignoring specific parts of the project](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), but that is the main idea.
 
 <a id="markdown-inner-simple-constants" name="inner-simple-constants"></a>
 ### Inner simple constants
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ class HttpCrawler
 end
 ```
 
-The first example needs a custom [inflection](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#inflection) rule:
+The first example needs a custom [inflection](#inflection) rule:
 
 ```ruby
 loader.inflector.inflect("max_retries" => "MAX_RETRIES")
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ serializers/user_serializer.rb -> UserSerializer
 <a id="markdown-custom-root-namespaces" name="custom-root-namespaces"></a>
 #### Custom root namespaces
 
-While `Object` is by far the most common root namespace, you can associate a different one to a particular root directory. The method `push_dir` accepts a non-anonymous class or module object in the optional `namespace` keyword argument.
+Although `Object` is the most common root namespace, you have the flexibility to associate a different one with a specific root directory. The `push_dir` method accepts a non-anonymous class or module object as the optional `namespace` keyword argument.
 
 For example, given:
 
@@ -229,14 +231,14 @@ a file defining `ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::MyQueueAdapter` does not need the con
 adapters/my_queue_adapter.rb -> ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::MyQueueAdapter
 ```
 
-Please, note that the given root namespace must be non-reloadable, though autoloaded constants in that namespace can be. That is, if you associate `app/api` with an existing `Api` module, that module should not be reloadable. However, if the project defines and autoloads the class `Api::Deliveries`, that one can be reloaded.
+Please note that the provided root namespace must be non-reloadable, while allowing autoloaded constants within that namespace to be reloadable. This means that if you associate the `app/api` directory with an existing `Api` module, the module itself should not be reloadable. However, if the project defines and autoloads the `Api::Deliveries` class, that class can be reloaded.
 
 <a id="markdown-nested-root-directories" name="nested-root-directories"></a>
 #### Nested root directories
 
-Root directories should not be ideally nested, but Zeitwerk supports them because in Rails, for example, both `app/models` and `app/models/concerns` belong to the autoload paths.
+Root directories are recommended not to be nested; however, Zeitwerk provides support for nested root directories since in frameworks like Rails, both `app/models` and `app/models/concerns` belong to the autoload paths.
 
-Zeitwerk detects nested root directories, and treats them as roots only. In the example above, `concerns` is not considered to be a namespace below `app/models`. For example, the file:
+Zeitwerk identifies nested root directories and treats them as independent roots. In the given example, `concerns` is not considered a namespace within `app/models`. For instance, consider the following file:
 
 ```
 app/models/concerns/geolocatable.rb
@@ -247,9 +249,9 @@ should define `Geolocatable`, not `Concerns::Geolocatable`.
 <a id="markdown-implicit-namespaces" name="implicit-namespaces"></a>
 ### Implicit namespaces
 
-If a namespace is just a simple module with no code, you do not need to define it in a file: Directories without a matching Ruby file get modules created automatically on your behalf.
+If a namespace consists only of a simple module without any code, there is no need to explicitly define it in a separate file. Zeitwerk automatically creates modules on your behalf for directories without a corresponding Ruby file.
 
-For example, if a project has an `admin` directory:
+For instance, suppose a project includes an `admin` directory:
 
 ```
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb -> Admin::UsersController
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb -> Admin::UsersController
 
 and does not have a file called `admin.rb`, Zeitwerk automatically creates an `Admin` module on your behalf the first time `Admin` is used.
 
-For this to happen, the directory has to contain non-ignored Ruby files with extension `.rb`, directly or recursively, otherwise it is ignored. This condition is evaluated again on reloads.
+To trigger this behavior, the directory must contain non-ignored Ruby files with the `.rb` extension, either directly or recursively. Otherwise, the directory is ignored. This condition is reevaluated during reloads.
 
 <a id="markdown-explicit-namespaces" name="explicit-namespaces"></a>
 ### Explicit namespaces
@@ -372,7 +374,7 @@ require "zeitwerk"
 loader = Zeitwerk::Loader.new
 loader.tag = File.basename(__FILE__, ".rb")
 loader.inflector = Zeitwerk::GemInflector.new(__FILE__)
-loader.push_dir(__dir__)
+loader.push_dir(File.dirname(__FILE__))
 ```
 
 If the main module references project constants at the top-level, Zeitwerk has to be ready to load them. Their definitions, in turn, may reference other project constants. And this is recursive. Therefore, it is important that the `setup` call happens above the main module definition:
@@ -391,6 +393,12 @@ module MyGem
 end
 ```
 
+Due to technical reasons, the entry point of the gem has to be loaded with `Kernel#require`, which is the standard way to load a gem. Loading that file with `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require_relative` won't generally work.
+
+`Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem` is idempotent when invoked from the same file, to support gems that want to reload (unlikely).
+
+If the entry point of your gem lives in a subdirectory of `lib` because it is reopening a namespace defined somewhere else, please use the generic API to setup the loader, and make sure you check the section [_Reopening third-party namespaces_](#reopening-third-party-namespaces) down below.
+
 Loaders returned by `Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem` issue warnings if `lib` has extra Ruby files or directories.
 
 For example, if the gem has Rails generators under `lib/generators`, by convention that directory defines a `Generators` Ruby module. If `generators` is just a container for non-autoloadable code and templates, not acting as a project namespace, you need to setup things accordingly.
@@ -407,9 +415,64 @@ Otherwise, there's a flag to say the extra stuff is OK:
 Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem(warn_on_extra_files: false)
 ```
 
-This method is idempotent when invoked from the same file, to support gems that want to reload (unlikely).
+<a id="markdown-for_gem_extension" name="for_gem_extension"></a>
+#### for_gem_extension
+
+Let's suppose you are writing a gem to extend `Net::HTTP` with some niche feature. By [convention](https://guides.rubygems.org/name-your-gem/):
+
+* The gem should be called `net-http-niche_feature`. That is, hyphens for the extended part, a hyphen, and underscores for yours.
+* The namespace should be `Net::HTTP::NicheFeature`.
+* The entry point should be `lib/net/http/niche_feature.rb`.
+* Optionally, the gem could have a top-level `lib/net-http-niche_feature.rb`, but, if defined, that one should have just a `require` call for the entry point.
+
+The top-level file mentioned in the last point is optional. In particular, from
+
+```ruby
+gem "net-http-niche_feature"
+```
+
+if the hyphenated file does not exist, Bundler notes the conventional hyphenated pattern and issues a `require` for `net/http/niche_feature`.
+
+Gem extensions following the conventions above have a dedicated loader constructor: `Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem_extension`.
 
-If the entry point of your gem lives in a subdirectory of `lib` because it is reopening a namespace defined somewhere else, please use the generic API to setup the loader, and make sure you check the section [_Reopening third-party namespaces_](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#reopening-third-party-namespaces) down below.
+The structure of the gem would be like this:
+
+```ruby
+# lib/net-http-niche_feature.rb (optional)
+
+# For technical reasons, this cannot be require_relative.
+require "net/http/niche_feature"
+
+
+# lib/net/http/niche_feature.rb
+
+require "net/http"
+require "zeitwerk"
+
+loader = Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem_extension(Net::HTTP)
+loader.setup
+
+module Net::HTTP::NicheFeature
+  # Since the setup has been performed, at this point we are already able
+  # to reference project constants, in this case Net::HTTP::NicheFeature::MyMixin.
+  include MyMixin
+end
+
+
+# lib/net/http/niche_feature/version.rb
+
+module Net::HTTP::NicheFeature
+  VERSION = "1.0.0"
+end
+```
+
+`Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem_extension` expects as argument the namespace being extended, which has to be a non-anonymous class or module object.
+
+If it exists, `lib/net/http/niche_feature/version.rb` is expected to define `Net::HTTP::NicheFeature::VERSION`.
+
+Due to technical reasons, the entry point of the gem has to be loaded with `Kernel#require`. Loading that file with `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require_relative` won't generally work. This is important if you load the entry point from the optional hyphenated top-level file.
+
+`Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem_extension` is idempotent when invoked from the same file, to support gems that want to reload (unlikely).
 
 <a id="markdown-autoloading" name="autoloading"></a>
 ### Autoloading
@@ -445,7 +508,7 @@ loader.eager_load
 
 That skips [ignored files and directories](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project).
 
-In gems, the method needs to be invoked after the main namespace has been defined, as shown in [Synopsis](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#synopsis).
+In gems, the method needs to be invoked after the main namespace has been defined, as shown in [Synopsis](#synopsis).
 
 Eager loading is synchronized and idempotent.
 
@@ -486,7 +549,7 @@ This is useful when the loader is not eager loading the entire project, but you
 
 Both strings and `Pathname` objects are supported as arguments. If the argument is not a directory managed by the receiver, the method raises `Zeitwerk::Error`.
 
-[Eager load exclusions](#eager-load-exclusions), [ignored files and directories](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), and [shadowed files](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#shadowed-files) are not eager loaded.
+[Eager load exclusions](#eager-load-exclusions), [ignored files and directories](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), and [shadowed files](#shadowed-files) are not eager loaded.
 
 `Zeitwerk::Loader#eager_load_dir` is idempotent, but compatible with reloading. If you eager load a directory and then reload, eager loading that directory will load its (current) contents again.
 
@@ -517,13 +580,13 @@ root_dir2/my_app/routes
 root_dir3/my_app/routes
 ```
 
-where `root_directory{1,2,3}` are root directories, eager loading `MyApp::Routes` will eager load the contents of the three corresponding directories.
+where `root_dir{1,2,3}` are root directories, eager loading `MyApp::Routes` will eager load the contents of the three corresponding directories.
 
-There might exist external source trees implementing part of the namespace. This happens routinely, because top-level constants are stored in the globally shared `Object`. It happens also when deliberately [reopening third-party namespaces](reopening-third-party-namespaces). Such external code is not eager loaded, the implementation is carefully scoped to what the receiver manages to avoid side-effects elsewhere.
+There might exist external source trees implementing part of the namespace. This happens routinely, because top-level constants are stored in the globally shared `Object`. It happens also when deliberately [reopening third-party namespaces](#reopening-third-party-namespaces). Such external code is not eager loaded, the implementation is carefully scoped to what the receiver manages to avoid side-effects elsewhere.
 
 This method is flexible about what it accepts. Its semantics have to be interpreted as: "_If_ you manage this namespace, or part of this namespace, please eager load what you got". In particular, if the receiver does not manage the namespace, it will simply do nothing, this is not an error condition.
 
-[Eager load exclusions](#eager-load-exclusions), [ignored files and directories](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), and [shadowed files](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#shadowed-files) are not eager loaded.
+[Eager load exclusions](#eager-load-exclusions), [ignored files and directories](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), and [shadowed files](#shadowed-files) are not eager loaded.
 
 `Zeitwerk::Loader#eager_load_namespace` is idempotent, but compatible with reloading. If you eager load a namespace and then reload, eager loading that namespace will load its (current) descendants again.
 
@@ -576,7 +639,7 @@ loader.load_file("#{__dir__}/custom_web_app/routes.rb")
 
 This is useful when the loader is not eager loading the entire project, but you still need an individual file to be loaded for things to function properly.
 
-Both strings and `Pathname` objects are supported as arguments. The method raises `Zeitwerk::Error` if the argument is not a Ruby file, is [ignored](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), is [shadowed](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#shadowed-files), or is not managed by the receiver.
+Both strings and `Pathname` objects are supported as arguments. The method raises `Zeitwerk::Error` if the argument is not a Ruby file, is [ignored](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), is [shadowed](#shadowed-files), or is not managed by the receiver.
 
 `Zeitwerk::Loader#load_file` is idempotent, but compatible with reloading. If you load a file and then reload, a new call will load its (current) contents again.
 
@@ -674,9 +737,34 @@ loader.inflector.inflect "html_parser" => "HTMLParser"
 loader.inflector.inflect "mysql_adapter" => "MySQLAdapter"
 ```
 
+Overrides have to match exactly directory or file (without extension) _basenames_. For example, if you configure
+
+```ruby
+loader.inflector.inflect("xml" => "XML")
+```
+
+then the following constants are expected:
+
+```
+xml.rb         -> XML
+foo/xml        -> Foo::XML
+foo/bar/xml.rb -> Foo::Bar::XML
+```
+
+As you see, any directory whose basename is exactly `xml`, and any file whose basename is exactly `xml.rb` are expected to define the constant `XML` in the corresponding namespace. On the other hand, partial matches are ignored. For example, `xml_parser.rb` would be inflected as `XmlParser` because `xml_parser` is not equal to `xml`. You'd need an additional override:
+
+```ruby
+loader.inflector.inflect(
+  "xml"        => "XML",
+  "xml_parser" => "XMLParser"
+)
+```
+
+If you need more flexibility, you can define a custom inflector, as explained down below.
+
 Overrides need to be configured before calling `setup`.
 
- The inflectors of different loaders are independent of each other. There are no global inflection rules or global configuration that can affect this inflector. It is deterministic.
+The inflectors of different loaders are independent of each other. There are no global inflection rules or global configuration that can affect this inflector. It is deterministic.
 
 <a id="markdown-zeitwerkgeminflector" name="zeitwerkgeminflector"></a>
 #### Zeitwerk::GemInflector
@@ -687,6 +775,31 @@ This inflector is like the basic one, except it expects `lib/my_gem/version.rb`
 
 The inflectors of different loaders are independent of each other. There are no global inflection rules or global configuration that can affect this inflector. It is deterministic.
 
+<a id="markdown-zeitwerknullinflector" name="zeitwerknullinflector"></a>
+#### Zeitwerk::NullInflector
+
+This is an experimental inflector that simply returns its input unchanged.
+
+```ruby
+loader.inflector = Zeitwerk::NullInflector.new
+```
+
+In a project using this inflector, the names of files and directories are equal to the constants they define:
+
+```
+User.rb       -> User
+HTMLParser.rb -> HTMLParser
+Admin/Role.rb -> Admin::Role
+```
+
+Point is, you think less. Names that typically need custom configuration like acronyms no longer require your attention. What you see is what you get, simple.
+
+This inflector is experimental since Ruby usually goes for snake case in files and directories. But hey, if you fancy giving it a whirl, go for it!
+
+The null inflector cannot be used in Rails applications because the `main` autoloader also manages engines. However, you could subclass the default inflector and override `camelize` to return the basename untouched if it starts with an uppercase letter. Generators would not create the expected file names, but you could still experiment to see how far this approach takes you.
+
+In case-insensitive file systems, this inflector works as long as directory listings return the expected strings. Zeitwerk lists directories using Ruby APIs like `Dir.children` or `Dir.entries`.
+
 <a id="markdown-custom-inflector" name="custom-inflector"></a>
 #### Custom inflector
 
@@ -919,7 +1032,7 @@ Zeitwerk::Loader.default_logger = method(:puts)
 
 If there is a logger configured, you'll see traces when autoloads are set, files loaded, and modules autovivified. While reloading, removed autoloads and unloaded objects are also traced.
 
-As a curiosity, if your project has namespaces you'll notice in the traces Zeitwerk sets autoloads for _directories_. That's a technique used to be able to descend into subdirectories on demand, avoiding that way unnecessary tree walks.
+As a curiosity, if your project has namespaces you'll notice in the traces Zeitwerk sets autoloads for _directories_. This allows descending into subdirectories on demand, thus avoiding unnecessary tree walks.
 
 <a id="markdown-loader-tag" name="loader-tag"></a>
 #### Loader tag
@@ -945,12 +1058,14 @@ Zeitwerk@my_gem: constant MyGem::Foo loaded from ...
 <a id="markdown-ignoring-parts-of-the-project" name="ignoring-parts-of-the-project"></a>
 ### Ignoring parts of the project
 
-Zeitwerk ignores automatically any file or directory whose name starts with a dot, and any files that do not have extension ".rb".
+Zeitwerk ignores automatically any file or directory whose name starts with a dot, and any files that do not have the extension ".rb".
 
 However, sometimes it might still be convenient to tell Zeitwerk to completely ignore some particular Ruby file or directory. That is possible with `ignore`, which accepts an arbitrary number of strings or `Pathname` objects, and also an array of them.
 
 You can ignore file names, directory names, and glob patterns. Glob patterns are expanded when they are added and again on each reload.
 
+There is an edge case related to nested root directories. Conceptually, root directories are independent source trees. If you ignore a parent of a nested root directory, the nested root directory is not affected. You need to ignore it explictly if you want it ignored too.
+
 Let's see some use cases.
 
 <a id="markdown-use-case-files-that-do-not-follow-the-conventions" name="use-case-files-that-do-not-follow-the-conventions"></a>
@@ -1085,8 +1200,9 @@ For technical reasons, raw constant assignment is not supported:
 
 ```ruby
 # trip.rb
-Trip = Class.new { ... }  # NOT SUPPORTED
-Trip = Struct.new { ... } # NOT SUPPORTED
+Trip = Class { ...}        # NOT SUPPORTED
+Trip = Struct.new { ... }  # NOT SUPPORTED
+Trip = Data.define { ... } # NOT SUPPORTED
 ```
 
 This only affects explicit namespaces, those idioms work well for any other ordinary class or module.
@@ -1152,6 +1268,9 @@ With that, when Zeitwerk scans the file system and reaches the gem directories `
 <a id="markdown-introspection" name="introspection"></a>
 ### Introspection
 
+<a id="markdown-zeitwerkloaderdirs" name="zeitwerkloaderdirs"></a>
+#### `Zeitwerk::Loader#dirs`
+
 The method `Zeitwerk::Loader#dirs` returns an array with the absolute paths of the root directories as strings:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1169,8 +1288,48 @@ loader.push_dir(Pathname.new("/bar"), namespace: Bar)
 loader.dirs(namespaces: true) # => { "/foo" => Object, "/bar" => Bar }
 ```
 
+By default, ignored root directories are filtered out. If you want them included, please pass `ignored: true`.
+
 These collections are read-only. Please add to them with `Zeitwerk::Loader#push_dir`.
 
+<a id="markdown-zeitwerkloadercpath_expected_at" name="zeitwerkloadercpath_expected_at"></a>
+#### `Zeitwerk::Loader#cpath_expected_at`
+
+Given a path as a string or `Pathname` object, `Zeitwerk::Loader#cpath_expected_at` returns a string with the corresponding expected constant path.
+
+Some examples, assuming that `app/models` is a root directory:
+
+```ruby
+loader.cpath_expected_at("app/models")                  # => "Object"
+loader.cpath_expected_at("app/models/user.rb")          # => "User"
+loader.cpath_expected_at("app/models/hotel")            # => "Hotel"
+loader.cpath_expected_at("app/models/hotel/billing.rb") # => "Hotel::Billing"
+```
+
+If `collapsed` is a collapsed directory:
+
+```ruby
+loader.cpath_expected_at("a/b/collapsed/c") # => "A::B::C"
+loader.cpath_expected_at("a/b/collapsed")   # => "A::B", edge case
+loader.cpath_expected_at("a/b")             # => "A::B"
+```
+
+If the argument corresponds to an [ignored file or directory](#ignoring-parts-of-the-project), the method returns `nil`. Same if the argument is not managed by the loader.
+
+`Zeitwerk::Error` is raised if the given path does not exist:
+
+```ruby
+loader.cpath_expected_at("non_existing_file.rb") # => Zeitwerk::Error
+```
+
+`Zeitwerk::NameError` is raised if a constant path cannot be derived from it:
+
+```ruby
+loader.cpath_expected_at("8.rb") # => Zeitwerk::NameError
+```
+
+This method does not parse file contents and does not guarantee files define the returned constant path. It just says which is the _expected_ one.
+
 <a id="markdown-encodings" name="encodings"></a>
 ### Encodings
 
@@ -1192,7 +1351,7 @@ The test suite passes on Windows with codepage `Windows-1252` if all the involve
 
 3. In that line, if two loaders manage files that translate to the same constant in the same namespace, the first one wins, the rest are ignored. Similar to what happens with `require` and `$LOAD_PATH`, only the first occurrence matters.
 
-4. Projects that reopen a namespace defined by some dependency have to ensure said namespace is loaded before setup. That is, the project has to make sure it reopens, rather than define. This is often accomplished just loading the dependency.
+4. Projects that reopen a namespace defined by some dependency have to ensure said namespace is loaded before setup. That is, the project has to make sure it reopens, rather than defines, the namespace. This is often accomplished by loading (e.g., `require`-ing) the dependency.
 
 5. Objects stored in reloadable constants should not be cached in places that are not reloaded. For example, non-reloadable classes should not subclass a reloadable class, or mixin a reloadable module. Otherwise, after reloading, those classes or module objects would become stale. Referring to constants in dynamic places like method calls or lambdas is fine.
 
@@ -1201,22 +1360,11 @@ The test suite passes on Windows with codepage `Windows-1252` if all the involve
 <a id="markdown-debuggers" name="debuggers"></a>
 ### Debuggers
 
-<a id="markdown-debugrb" name="debugrb"></a>
-#### debug.rb
-
-The new [debug.rb](https://github.com/ruby/debug) gem and Zeitwerk are mostly compatible. This is the new debugger that is going to ship with Ruby 3.1.
-
-There's one exception, though: Due to a technical limitation of tracepoints, explicit namespaces are not autoloaded while expressions are evaluated in the REPL. See [ruby/debug#408](https://github.com/ruby/debug/issues/408).
-
-<a id="markdown-byebug" name="byebug"></a>
-#### Byebug
-
-Zeitwerk and [Byebug](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug) have a similar edge incompatibility.
+Zeitwerk and [debug.rb](https://github.com/ruby/debug) are fully compatible if CRuby is ≥ 3.1 (see [ruby/debug#558](https://github.com/ruby/debug/pull/558)).
 
-<a id="markdown-break" name="break"></a>
-#### Break
+[Byebug](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug) is compatible except for an edge case explained in [deivid-rodriguez/byebug#564](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug/issues/564). Prior to CRuby 3.1, `debug.rb` has a similar edge incompatibility.
 
-Zeitwerk works fine with [@gsamokovarov](https://github.com/gsamokovarov)'s [Break](https://github.com/gsamokovarov/break) debugger.
+[Break](https://github.com/gsamokovarov/break) is fully compatible.
 
 <a id="markdown-pronunciation" name="pronunciation"></a>
 ## Pronunciation

data/lib/zeitwerk/explicit_namespace.rb

@@ -47,6 +47,13 @@ module Zeitwerk
         disable_tracer_if_unneeded
       end
 
+      # This is an internal method only used by the test suite.
+      #
+      # @sig (String) -> bool
+      internal def registered?(cpath)
+        cpaths.key?(cpath)
+      end
+
       # @sig () -> void
       private def disable_tracer_if_unneeded
         mutex.synchronize do

data/lib/zeitwerk/gem_inflector.rb

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # @sig (String) -> void
     def initialize(root_file)
       namespace     = File.basename(root_file, ".rb")
-      lib_dir       = File.dirname(root_file)
-      @version_file = File.join(lib_dir, namespace, "version.rb")
+      root_dir      = File.dirname(root_file)
+      @version_file = File.join(root_dir, namespace, "version.rb")
     end
 
     # @sig (String, String) -> String

data/lib/zeitwerk/gem_loader.rb

@@ -3,27 +3,31 @@
 module Zeitwerk
   # @private
   class GemLoader < Loader
+    include RealModName
+
     # Users should not create instances directly, the public interface is
     # `Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem`.
     private_class_method :new
 
     # @private
     # @sig (String, bool) -> Zeitwerk::GemLoader
-    def self._new(root_file, warn_on_extra_files:)
-      new(root_file, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
+    def self.__new(root_file, namespace:, warn_on_extra_files:)
+      new(root_file, namespace: namespace, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
     end
 
     # @sig (String, bool) -> void
-    def initialize(root_file, warn_on_extra_files:)
+    def initialize(root_file, namespace:, warn_on_extra_files:)
       super()
 
-      @tag                 = File.basename(root_file, ".rb")
+      @tag = File.basename(root_file, ".rb")
+      @tag = real_mod_name(namespace) + "-" + @tag unless namespace.equal?(Object)
+
       @inflector           = GemInflector.new(root_file)
       @root_file           = File.expand_path(root_file)
-      @lib                 = File.dirname(root_file)
+      @root_dir            = File.dirname(root_file)
       @warn_on_extra_files = warn_on_extra_files
 
-      push_dir(@lib)
+      push_dir(@root_dir, namespace: namespace)
     end
 
     # @sig () -> void
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
     def warn_on_extra_files
       expected_namespace_dir = @root_file.delete_suffix(".rb")
 
-      ls(@lib) do |basename, abspath|
+      ls(@root_dir) do |basename, abspath|
         next if abspath == @root_file
         next if abspath == expected_namespace_dir
 

data/lib/zeitwerk/kernel.rb

@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ module Kernel
   # should not require anything. But if someone has legacy require calls around,
   # they will work as expected, and in a compatible way. This feature is by now
   # EXPERIMENTAL and UNDOCUMENTED.
-  #
-  # We cannot decorate with prepend + super because Kernel has already been
-  # included in Object, and changes in ancestors don't get propagated into
-  # already existing ancestor chains on Ruby < 3.0.
   alias_method :zeitwerk_original_require, :require
   class << self
     alias_method :zeitwerk_original_require, :require
@@ -28,10 +24,10 @@ module Kernel
     if loader = Zeitwerk::Registry.loader_for(path)
       if path.end_with?(".rb")
         required = zeitwerk_original_require(path)
-        loader.on_file_autoloaded(path) if required
+        loader.__on_file_autoloaded(path) if required
         required
       else
-        loader.on_dir_autoloaded(path)
+        loader.__on_dir_autoloaded(path)
         true
       end
     else
@@ -39,7 +35,7 @@ module Kernel
       if required
         abspath = $LOADED_FEATURES.last
         if loader = Zeitwerk::Registry.loader_for(abspath)
-          loader.on_file_autoloaded(abspath)
+          loader.__on_file_autoloaded(abspath)
         end
       end
       required

data/lib/zeitwerk/loader/callbacks.rb

@@ -2,38 +2,46 @@
 
 module Zeitwerk::Loader::Callbacks
   include Zeitwerk::RealModName
+  extend Zeitwerk::Internal
 
   # Invoked from our decorated Kernel#require when a managed file is autoloaded.
   #
-  # @private
   # @sig (String) -> void
-  def on_file_autoloaded(file)
+  internal def on_file_autoloaded(file)
     cref  = autoloads.delete(file)
     cpath = cpath(*cref)
 
-    # If reloading is enabled, we need to put this constant for unloading
-    # regardless of what cdef? says. In Ruby < 3.1 the internal state is not
-    # fully cleared. Module#constants still includes it, and you need to
-    # remove_const. See https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/4715.
-    to_unload[cpath] = [file, cref] if reloading_enabled?
     Zeitwerk::Registry.unregister_autoload(file)
 
     if cdef?(*cref)
       log("constant #{cpath} loaded from file #{file}") if logger
+      to_unload[cpath] = [file, cref] if reloading_enabled?
       run_on_load_callbacks(cpath, cget(*cref), file) unless on_load_callbacks.empty?
     else
-      raise Zeitwerk::NameError.new("expected file #{file} to define constant #{cpath}, but didn't", cref.last)
+      msg = "expected file #{file} to define constant #{cpath}, but didn't"
+      log(msg) if logger
+
+      # Ruby still keeps the autoload defined, but we remove it because the
+      # contract in Zeitwerk is more strict.
+      crem(*cref)
+
+      # Since the expected constant was not defined, there is nothing to unload.
+      # However, if the exception is rescued and reloading is enabled, we still
+      # need to deleted the file from $LOADED_FEATURES.
+      to_unload[cpath] = [file, cref] if reloading_enabled?
+
+      raise Zeitwerk::NameError.new(msg, cref.last)
     end
   end
 
   # Invoked from our decorated Kernel#require when a managed directory is
   # autoloaded.
   #
-  # @private
   # @sig (String) -> void
-  def on_dir_autoloaded(dir)
-    # Module#autoload does not serialize concurrent requires, and we handle
-    # directories ourselves, so the callback needs to account for concurrency.
+  internal def on_dir_autoloaded(dir)
+    # Module#autoload does not serialize concurrent requires in CRuby < 3.2, and
+    # we handle directories ourselves without going through Kernel#require, so
+    # the callback needs to account for concurrency.
     #
     # Multi-threading would introduce a race condition here in which thread t1
     # autovivifies the module, and while autoloads for its children are being
@@ -43,7 +51,7 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Callbacks
     # That not only would reassign the constant (undesirable per se) but, worse,
     # the module object created by t2 wouldn't have any of the autoloads for its
     # children, since t1 would have correctly deleted its namespace_dirs entry.
-    mutex2.synchronize do
+    dirs_autoload_monitor.synchronize do
       if cref = autoloads.delete(dir)
         autovivified_module = cref[0].const_set(cref[1], Module.new)
         cpath = autovivified_module.name
@@ -73,7 +81,7 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Callbacks
   def on_namespace_loaded(namespace)
     if dirs = namespace_dirs.delete(real_mod_name(namespace))
       dirs.each do |dir|
-        set_autoloads_in_dir(dir, namespace)
+        define_autoloads_for_dir(dir, namespace)
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/zeitwerk/loader/config.rb

@@ -109,8 +109,7 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Config
   # @raise [Zeitwerk::Error]
   # @sig (String | Pathname, Module) -> void
   def push_dir(path, namespace: Object)
-    # Note that Class < Module.
-    unless namespace.is_a?(Module)
+    unless namespace.is_a?(Module) # Note that Class < Module.
       raise Zeitwerk::Error, "#{namespace.inspect} is not a class or module object, should be"
     end
 
@@ -149,14 +148,24 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Config
   # instead. Keys are the absolute paths of the root directories as strings,
   # values are their corresponding namespaces, class or module objects.
   #
+  # If `ignored` is falsey (default), ignored root directories are filtered out.
+  #
   # These are read-only collections, please add to them with `push_dir`.
   #
   # @sig () -> Array[String] | Hash[String, Module]
-  def dirs(namespaces: false)
+  def dirs(namespaces: false, ignored: false)
     if namespaces
-      roots.clone
+      if ignored || ignored_paths.empty?
+        roots.clone
+      else
+        roots.reject { |root_dir, _namespace| ignored_path?(root_dir) }
+      end
     else
-      roots.keys
+      if ignored || ignored_paths.empty?
+        roots.keys
+      else
+        roots.keys.reject { |root_dir| ignored_path?(root_dir) }
+      end
     end.freeze
   end
 
@@ -288,9 +297,9 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Config
     # Common use case.
     return false if ignored_paths.empty?
 
-    walk_up(abspath) do |abspath|
-      return true  if ignored_path?(abspath)
-      return false if roots.key?(abspath)
+    walk_up(abspath) do |path|
+      return true  if ignored_path?(path)
+      return false if roots.key?(path)
     end
 
     false
@@ -318,9 +327,9 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Config
     # Optimize this common use case.
     return false if eager_load_exclusions.empty?
 
-    walk_up(abspath) do |abspath|
-      return true  if eager_load_exclusions.member?(abspath)
-      return false if roots.key?(abspath)
+    walk_up(abspath) do |path|
+      return true  if eager_load_exclusions.member?(path)
+      return false if roots.key?(path)
     end
 
     false

data/lib/zeitwerk/loader/eager_load.rb

@@ -45,8 +45,10 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::EagerLoad
 
       break if root_namespace = roots[dir]
 
+      basename = File.basename(dir)
+      return if hidden?(basename)
+
       unless collapse?(dir)
-        basename = File.basename(dir)
         cnames << inflector.camelize(basename, dir).to_sym
       end
     end
@@ -119,6 +121,8 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::EagerLoad
     raise Zeitwerk::Error.new("#{abspath} is ignored") if ignored_path?(abspath)
 
     basename = File.basename(abspath, ".rb")
+    raise Zeitwerk::Error.new("#{abspath} is ignored") if hidden?(basename)
+
     base_cname = inflector.camelize(basename, abspath).to_sym
 
     root_namespace = nil
@@ -129,8 +133,10 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::EagerLoad
 
       break if root_namespace = roots[dir]
 
+      basename = File.basename(dir)
+      raise Zeitwerk::Error.new("#{abspath} is ignored") if hidden?(basename)
+
       unless collapse?(dir)
-        basename = File.basename(dir)
         cnames << inflector.camelize(basename, dir).to_sym
       end
     end
@@ -165,7 +171,7 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::EagerLoad
         next if honour_exclusions && eager_load_exclusions.member?(abspath)
 
         if ruby?(abspath)
-          if (cref = autoloads[abspath]) && !shadowed_file?(abspath)
+          if (cref = autoloads[abspath])
             cget(*cref)
           end
         else
@@ -183,7 +189,7 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::EagerLoad
   end
 
   # In order to invoke this method, the caller has to ensure `child` is a
-  # strict namespace descendendant of `root_namespace`.
+  # strict namespace descendant of `root_namespace`.
   #
   # @sig (Module, String, Module, Boolean) -> void
   private def eager_load_child_namespace(child, child_name, root_dir, root_namespace)

data/lib/zeitwerk/loader/helpers.rb

@@ -134,4 +134,54 @@ module Zeitwerk::Loader::Helpers
   private def cget(parent, cname)
     parent.const_get(cname, false)
   end
+
+  # @raise [NameError]
+  # @sig (Module, Symbol) -> Object
+  private def crem(parent, cname)
+    parent.__send__(:remove_const, cname)
+  end
+
+  CNAME_VALIDATOR = Module.new
+  private_constant :CNAME_VALIDATOR
+
+  # @raise [Zeitwerk::NameError]
+  # @sig (String, String) -> Symbol
+  private def cname_for(basename, abspath)
+    cname = inflector.camelize(basename, abspath)
+
+    unless cname.is_a?(String)
+      raise TypeError, "#{inflector.class}#camelize must return a String, received #{cname.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    if cname.include?("::")
+      raise Zeitwerk::NameError.new(<<~MESSAGE, cname)
+        wrong constant name #{cname} inferred by #{inflector.class} from
+
+          #{abspath}
+
+        #{inflector.class}#camelize should return a simple constant name without "::"
+      MESSAGE
+    end
+
+    begin
+      CNAME_VALIDATOR.const_defined?(cname, false)
+    rescue ::NameError => error
+      path_type = ruby?(abspath) ? "file" : "directory"
+
+      raise Zeitwerk::NameError.new(<<~MESSAGE, error.name)
+        #{error.message} inferred by #{inflector.class} from #{path_type}
+
+          #{abspath}
+
+        Possible ways to address this:
+
+          * Tell Zeitwerk to ignore this particular #{path_type}.
+          * Tell Zeitwerk to ignore one of its parent directories.
+          * Rename the #{path_type} to comply with the naming conventions.
+          * Modify the inflector to handle this case.
+      MESSAGE
+    end
+
+    cname.to_sym
+  end
 end

data/lib/zeitwerk/loader.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "monitor"
 require "set"
 
 module Zeitwerk
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ module Zeitwerk
     require_relative "loader/config"
     require_relative "loader/eager_load"
 
+    extend Internal
+
     include RealModName
     include Callbacks
     include Helpers
@@ -26,9 +29,9 @@ module Zeitwerk
     #   "/Users/fxn/blog/app/models/hotel/pricing.rb" => [Hotel, :Pricing]
     #   ...
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig Hash[String, [Module, Symbol]]
     attr_reader :autoloads
+    internal :autoloads
 
     # We keep track of autoloaded directories to remove them from the registry
     # at the end of eager loading.
@@ -36,9 +39,9 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # Files are removed as they are autoloaded, but directories need to wait due
     # to concurrency (see why in Zeitwerk::Loader::Callbacks#on_dir_autoloaded).
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig Array[String]
     attr_reader :autoloaded_dirs
+    internal :autoloaded_dirs
 
     # Stores metadata needed for unloading. Its entries look like this:
     #
@@ -52,9 +55,9 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # If reloading is enabled, this hash is filled as constants are autoloaded
     # or eager loaded. Otherwise, the collection remains empty.
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig Hash[String, [String, [Module, Symbol]]]
     attr_reader :to_unload
+    internal :to_unload
 
     # Maps namespace constant paths to their respective directories.
     #
@@ -70,9 +73,9 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # and that its children are spread over those directories. We'll visit them
     # to set up the corresponding autoloads.
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig Hash[String, Array[String]]
     attr_reader :namespace_dirs
+    internal :namespace_dirs
 
     # A shadowed file is a file managed by this loader that is ignored when
     # setting autoloads because its matching constant is already taken.
@@ -81,17 +84,17 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # has only scanned the top-level, `shadowed_files` does not have shadowed
     # files that may exist deep in the project tree yet.
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig Set[String]
     attr_reader :shadowed_files
+    internal :shadowed_files
 
-    # @private
     # @sig Mutex
     attr_reader :mutex
+    private :mutex
 
-    # @private
-    # @sig Mutex
-    attr_reader :mutex2
+    # @sig Monitor
+    attr_reader :dirs_autoload_monitor
+    private :dirs_autoload_monitor
 
     def initialize
       super
@@ -101,11 +104,12 @@ module Zeitwerk
       @to_unload       = {}
       @namespace_dirs  = Hash.new { |h, cpath| h[cpath] = [] }
       @shadowed_files  = Set.new
-      @mutex           = Mutex.new
-      @mutex2          = Mutex.new
       @setup           = false
       @eager_loaded    = false
 
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      @dirs_autoload_monitor = Monitor.new
+
       Registry.register_loader(self)
     end
 
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
         break if @setup
 
         actual_roots.each do |root_dir, root_namespace|
-          set_autoloads_in_dir(root_dir, root_namespace)
+          define_autoloads_for_dir(root_dir, root_namespace)
         end
 
         on_setup_callbacks.each(&:call)
@@ -134,7 +138,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # unload them.
     #
     # This method is public but undocumented. Main interface is `reload`, which
-    # means `unload` + `setup`. This one is avaiable to be used together with
+    # means `unload` + `setup`. This one is available to be used together with
     # `unregister`, which is undocumented too.
     #
     # @sig () -> void
@@ -226,6 +230,54 @@ module Zeitwerk
       setup
     end
 
+  # @sig (String | Pathname) -> String?
+  def cpath_expected_at(path)
+    abspath = File.expand_path(path)
+
+    raise Zeitwerk::Error.new("#{abspath} does not exist") unless File.exist?(abspath)
+
+    return unless dir?(abspath) || ruby?(abspath)
+    return if ignored_path?(abspath)
+
+    paths = []
+
+    if ruby?(abspath)
+      basename = File.basename(abspath, ".rb")
+      return if hidden?(basename)
+
+      paths << [basename, abspath]
+      walk_up_from = File.dirname(abspath)
+    else
+      walk_up_from = abspath
+    end
+
+    root_namespace = nil
+
+    walk_up(walk_up_from) do |dir|
+      break if root_namespace = roots[dir]
+      return if ignored_path?(dir)
+
+      basename = File.basename(dir)
+      return if hidden?(basename)
+
+      paths << [basename, abspath] unless collapse?(dir)
+    end
+
+    return unless root_namespace
+
+    if paths.empty?
+      real_mod_name(root_namespace)
+    else
+      cnames = paths.reverse_each.map { |b, a| cname_for(b, a) }
+
+      if root_namespace == Object
+        cnames.join("::")
+      else
+        "#{real_mod_name(root_namespace)}::#{cnames.join("::")}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
     # Says if the given constant path would be unloaded on reload. This
     # predicate returns `false` if reloading is disabled.
     #
@@ -254,21 +306,23 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # The return value of this predicate is only meaningful if the loader has
     # scanned the file. This is the case in the spots where we use it.
     #
-    # @private
     # @sig (String) -> Boolean
-    def shadowed_file?(file)
+    internal def shadowed_file?(file)
       shadowed_files.member?(file)
     end
 
     # --- Class methods ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     class << self
+      include RealModName
+
       # @sig #call | #debug | nil
       attr_accessor :default_logger
 
       # This is a shortcut for
       #
       #   require "zeitwerk"
+      #
       #   loader = Zeitwerk::Loader.new
       #   loader.tag = File.basename(__FILE__, ".rb")
       #   loader.inflector = Zeitwerk::GemInflector.new(__FILE__)
@@ -283,7 +337,36 @@ module Zeitwerk
       # @sig (bool) -> Zeitwerk::GemLoader
       def for_gem(warn_on_extra_files: true)
         called_from = caller_locations(1, 1).first.path
-        Registry.loader_for_gem(called_from, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
+        Registry.loader_for_gem(called_from, namespace: Object, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
+      end
+
+      # This is a shortcut for
+      #
+      #   require "zeitwerk"
+      #
+      #   loader = Zeitwerk::Loader.new
+      #   loader.tag = namespace.name + "-" + File.basename(__FILE__, ".rb")
+      #   loader.inflector = Zeitwerk::GemInflector.new(__FILE__)
+      #   loader.push_dir(__dir__, namespace: namespace)
+      #
+      # except that this method returns the same object in subsequent calls from
+      # the same file, in the unlikely case the gem wants to be able to reload.
+      #
+      # This method returns a subclass of Zeitwerk::Loader, but the exact type
+      # is private, client code can only rely on the interface.
+      #
+      # @sig (bool) -> Zeitwerk::GemLoader
+      def for_gem_extension(namespace)
+        unless namespace.is_a?(Module) # Note that Class < Module.
+          raise Zeitwerk::Error, "#{namespace.inspect} is not a class or module object, should be"
+        end
+
+        unless real_mod_name(namespace)
+          raise Zeitwerk::Error, "extending anonymous namespaces is unsupported"
+        end
+
+        called_from = caller_locations(1, 1).first.path
+        Registry.loader_for_gem(called_from, namespace: namespace, warn_on_extra_files: false)
       end
 
       # Broadcasts `eager_load` to all loaders. Those that have not been setup
@@ -323,66 +406,54 @@ module Zeitwerk
       end
     end
 
-    private # -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     # @sig (String, Module) -> void
-    def set_autoloads_in_dir(dir, parent)
+    private def define_autoloads_for_dir(dir, parent)
       ls(dir) do |basename, abspath|
-        begin
-          if ruby?(basename)
-            basename.delete_suffix!(".rb")
-            cname = inflector.camelize(basename, abspath).to_sym
-            autoload_file(parent, cname, abspath)
+        if ruby?(basename)
+          basename.delete_suffix!(".rb")
+          autoload_file(parent, cname_for(basename, abspath), abspath)
+        else
+          if collapse?(abspath)
+            define_autoloads_for_dir(abspath, parent)
           else
-            if collapse?(abspath)
-              set_autoloads_in_dir(abspath, parent)
-            else
-              cname = inflector.camelize(basename, abspath).to_sym
-              autoload_subdir(parent, cname, abspath)
-            end
+            autoload_subdir(parent, cname_for(basename, abspath), abspath)
           end
-        rescue ::NameError => error
-          path_type = ruby?(abspath) ? "file" : "directory"
-
-          raise NameError.new(<<~MESSAGE, error.name)
-            #{error.message} inferred by #{inflector.class} from #{path_type}
-
-              #{abspath}
-
-            Possible ways to address this:
-
-              * Tell Zeitwerk to ignore this particular #{path_type}.
-              * Tell Zeitwerk to ignore one of its parent directories.
-              * Rename the #{path_type} to comply with the naming conventions.
-              * Modify the inflector to handle this case.
-          MESSAGE
         end
       end
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol, String) -> void
-    def autoload_subdir(parent, cname, subdir)
+    private def autoload_subdir(parent, cname, subdir)
       if autoload_path = autoload_path_set_by_me_for?(parent, cname)
         cpath = cpath(parent, cname)
-        register_explicit_namespace(cpath) if ruby?(autoload_path)
-        # We do not need to issue another autoload, the existing one is enough
-        # no matter if it is for a file or a directory. Just remember the
-        # subdirectory has to be visited if the namespace is used.
+        if ruby?(autoload_path)
+          # Scanning visited a Ruby file first, and now a directory for the same
+          # constant has been found. This means we are dealing with an explicit
+          # namespace whose definition was seen first.
+          #
+          # Registering is idempotent, and we have to keep the autoload pointing
+          # to the file. This may run again if more directories are found later
+          # on, no big deal.
+          register_explicit_namespace(cpath)
+        end
+        # If the existing autoload points to a file, it has to be preserved, if
+        # not, it is fine as it is. In either case, we do not need to override.
+        # Just remember the subdirectory conforms this namespace.
         namespace_dirs[cpath] << subdir
       elsif !cdef?(parent, cname)
         # First time we find this namespace, set an autoload for it.
         namespace_dirs[cpath(parent, cname)] << subdir
-        set_autoload(parent, cname, subdir)
+        define_autoload(parent, cname, subdir)
       else
         # For whatever reason the constant that corresponds to this namespace has
         # already been defined, we have to recurse.
         log("the namespace #{cpath(parent, cname)} already exists, descending into #{subdir}") if logger
-        set_autoloads_in_dir(subdir, cget(parent, cname))
+        define_autoloads_for_dir(subdir, cget(parent, cname))
       end
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol, String) -> void
-    def autoload_file(parent, cname, file)
+    private def autoload_file(parent, cname, file)
       if autoload_path = strict_autoload_path(parent, cname) || Registry.inception?(cpath(parent, cname))
         # First autoload for a Ruby file wins, just ignore subsequent ones.
         if ruby?(autoload_path)
@@ -400,7 +471,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
         shadowed_files << file
         log("file #{file} is ignored because #{cpath(parent, cname)} is already defined") if logger
       else
-        set_autoload(parent, cname, file)
+        define_autoload(parent, cname, file)
       end
     end
 
@@ -408,18 +479,18 @@ module Zeitwerk
     # the file where we've found the namespace is explicitly defined.
     #
     # @sig (dir: String, file: String, parent: Module, cname: Symbol) -> void
-    def promote_namespace_from_implicit_to_explicit(dir:, file:, parent:, cname:)
+    private def promote_namespace_from_implicit_to_explicit(dir:, file:, parent:, cname:)
       autoloads.delete(dir)
       Registry.unregister_autoload(dir)
 
       log("earlier autoload for #{cpath(parent, cname)} discarded, it is actually an explicit namespace defined in #{file}") if logger
 
-      set_autoload(parent, cname, file)
+      define_autoload(parent, cname, file)
       register_explicit_namespace(cpath(parent, cname))
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol, String) -> void
-    def set_autoload(parent, cname, abspath)
+    private def define_autoload(parent, cname, abspath)
       parent.autoload(cname, abspath)
 
       if logger
@@ -440,7 +511,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol) -> String?
-    def autoload_path_set_by_me_for?(parent, cname)
+    private def autoload_path_set_by_me_for?(parent, cname)
       if autoload_path = strict_autoload_path(parent, cname)
         autoload_path if autoloads.key?(autoload_path)
       else
@@ -449,12 +520,12 @@ module Zeitwerk
     end
 
     # @sig (String) -> void
-    def register_explicit_namespace(cpath)
+    private def register_explicit_namespace(cpath)
       ExplicitNamespace.__register(cpath, self)
     end
 
     # @sig (String) -> void
-    def raise_if_conflicting_directory(dir)
+    private def raise_if_conflicting_directory(dir)
       MUTEX.synchronize do
         dir_slash = dir + "/"
 
@@ -471,7 +542,6 @@ module Zeitwerk
               raise Error,
                 "loader\n\n#{pretty_inspect}\n\nwants to manage directory #{dir}," \
                 " which is already managed by\n\n#{loader.pretty_inspect}\n"
-              EOS
             end
           end
         end
@@ -479,23 +549,23 @@ module Zeitwerk
     end
 
     # @sig (String, Object, String) -> void
-    def run_on_unload_callbacks(cpath, value, abspath)
+    private def run_on_unload_callbacks(cpath, value, abspath)
       # Order matters. If present, run the most specific one.
       on_unload_callbacks[cpath]&.each { |c| c.call(value, abspath) }
       on_unload_callbacks[:ANY]&.each { |c| c.call(cpath, value, abspath) }
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol) -> void
-    def unload_autoload(parent, cname)
-      parent.__send__(:remove_const, cname)
+    private def unload_autoload(parent, cname)
+      crem(parent, cname)
       log("autoload for #{cpath(parent, cname)} removed") if logger
     end
 
     # @sig (Module, Symbol) -> void
-    def unload_cref(parent, cname)
+    private def unload_cref(parent, cname)
       # Let's optimistically remove_const. The way we use it, this is going to
       # succeed always if all is good.
-      parent.__send__(:remove_const, cname)
+      crem(parent, cname)
     rescue ::NameError
       # There are a few edge scenarios in which this may happen. If the constant
       # is gone, that is OK, anyway.

data/lib/zeitwerk/null_inflector.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+class Zeitwerk::NullInflector
+  def camelize(basename, _abspath)
+    basename
+  end
+end

data/lib/zeitwerk/registry.rb

@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ module Zeitwerk
       #
       # @private
       # @sig (String) -> Zeitwerk::Loader
-      def loader_for_gem(root_file, warn_on_extra_files:)
-        gem_loaders_by_root_file[root_file] ||= GemLoader._new(root_file, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
+      def loader_for_gem(root_file, namespace:, warn_on_extra_files:)
+        gem_loaders_by_root_file[root_file] ||= GemLoader.__new(root_file, namespace: namespace, warn_on_extra_files: warn_on_extra_files)
       end
 
       # @private

data/lib/zeitwerk/version.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Zeitwerk
-  VERSION = "2.6.6"
+  VERSION = "2.6.13"
 end

data/lib/zeitwerk.rb

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module Zeitwerk
   require_relative "zeitwerk/explicit_namespace"
   require_relative "zeitwerk/inflector"
   require_relative "zeitwerk/gem_inflector"
+  require_relative "zeitwerk/null_inflector"
   require_relative "zeitwerk/kernel"
   require_relative "zeitwerk/error"
   require_relative "zeitwerk/version"

metadata

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: zeitwerk
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 2.6.6
+  version: 2.6.13
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Xavier Noria
 autorequire:
 bindir: bin
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2022-11-08 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2024-02-06 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies: []
 description: |2
       Zeitwerk implements constant autoloading with Ruby semantics. Each gem
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ files:
 - lib/zeitwerk/loader/config.rb
 - lib/zeitwerk/loader/eager_load.rb
 - lib/zeitwerk/loader/helpers.rb
+- lib/zeitwerk/null_inflector.rb
 - lib/zeitwerk/real_mod_name.rb
 - lib/zeitwerk/registry.rb
 - lib/zeitwerk/version.rb
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
       version: '0'
 requirements: []
-rubygems_version: 3.3.3
+rubygems_version: 3.5.5
 signing_key:
 specification_version: 4
 summary: Efficient and thread-safe constant autoloader