yalgaar 1.0.1

data/lib/mqttbridge/mqtt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#~ $LOAD_PATH << '.'
+require 'logger'
+require 'socket'
+require 'thread'
+require 'timeout'
+
+require_relative 'version'
+# String encoding monkey patch for Ruby 1.8
+unless String.method_defined?(:force_encoding)
+  require 'patches/string_encoding.rb'
+end
+
+module MQTT
+
+  # Default port number for unencrypted connections
+  DEFAULT_PORT = 1883
+
+  # Default port number for TLS/SSL encrypted connections
+  DEFAULT_SSL_PORT = 8883
+
+  # Super-class for other MQTT related exceptions
+  class Exception < ::Exception
+  end
+
+  # A ProtocolException will be raised if there is a
+  # problem with data received from a remote host
+  class ProtocolException < MQTT::Exception
+  end
+
+  # A NotConnectedException will be raised when trying to
+  # perform a function but no connection has been
+  # established
+  class NotConnectedException < MQTT::Exception
+  end
+  
+  autoload :Client,   'mqttbridge/client'
+  autoload :Packet,   'mqttbridge/packet'
+  autoload :Proxy,    'mqttbridge/proxy'
+
+  # MQTT-SN
+  module SN
+
+    # Default port number for unencrypted connections
+    DEFAULT_PORT = 1883
+
+    # A ProtocolException will be raised if there is a
+    # problem with data received from a remote host
+    class ProtocolException < MQTT::Exception
+    end
+
+    autoload :Packet,   'sn/packet'
+  end
+end

data/lib/mqttbridge/packet.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@
+# encoding: BINARY
+require_relative "YalgaarInitModule"
+module MQTT
+
+  # Class representing a MQTT Packet
+  # Performs binary encoding and decoding of headers
+  class MQTT::Packet
+	include YalgaarApis
+    # The version number of the MQTT protocol to use (default 3.1.0)
+    attr_accessor :version
+
+    # Identifier to link related control packets together
+    attr_accessor :id
+
+    # Array of 4 bits in the fixed header
+    attr_accessor :flags
+
+    # The length of the parsed packet body
+    attr_reader :body_length
+
+    # Default attribute values
+    ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+      :version => '3.1.0',
+      :id => 0,
+      :body_length => nil
+    }
+
+    # Read in a packet from a socket
+    def self.read(socket)
+      # Read in the packet header and create a new packet object
+      packet = create_from_header(
+        read_byte(socket)
+      )
+      
+      
+      packet.validate_flags
+      # Read in the packet length
+      multiplier = 1
+      body_length = 0
+      pos = 1
+      begin
+        digit = read_byte(socket)
+        body_length += ((digit & 0x7F) * multiplier)
+        multiplier *= 0x80
+        pos += 1
+      end while ((digit & 0x80) != 0x00) and pos <= 4
+
+      # Store the expected body length in the packet
+      packet.instance_variable_set('@body_length', body_length)
+
+      # Read in the packet body
+	$subackret=packet.parse_body(socket.read(body_length))
+	#~ puts $subackret
+#     puts @return_codes
+      #~ puts $subackret
+      return packet
+    end
+
+    # Parse buffer into new packet object
+    def self.parse(buffer)
+      packet = parse_header(buffer)
+      packet.parse_body(buffer)
+      return packet
+    end
+
+    # Parse the header and create a new packet object of the correct type
+    # The header is removed from the buffer passed into this function
+    def self.parse_header(buffer)
+      # Check that the packet is a long as the minimum packet size
+      if buffer.bytesize < 2
+        raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid packet: less than 2 bytes long")
+      end
+
+      # Create a new packet object
+      bytes = buffer.unpack("C5")
+      packet = create_from_header(bytes.first)
+      packet.validate_flags
+
+      # Parse the packet length
+      body_length = 0
+      multiplier = 1
+      pos = 1
+      begin
+        if buffer.bytesize <= pos
+          raise ProtocolException.new("The packet length header is incomplete")
+        end
+        digit = bytes[pos]
+        body_length += ((digit & 0x7F) * multiplier)
+        multiplier *= 0x80
+        pos += 1
+      end while ((digit & 0x80) != 0x00) and pos <= 4
+
+      # Store the expected body length in the packet
+      packet.instance_variable_set('@body_length', body_length)
+
+      # Delete the fixed header from the raw packet passed in
+      buffer.slice!(0...pos)
+
+      return packet
+    end
+
+    # Create a new packet object from the first byte of a MQTT packet
+    def self.create_from_header(byte)
+      # Work out the class
+      type_id = ((byte & 0xF0) >> 4)
+      packet_class = MQTT::PACKET_TYPES[type_id]
+      if packet_class.nil?
+        raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid packet type identifier: #{type_id}")
+      end
+
+      # Convert the last 4 bits of byte into array of true/false
+      flags = (0..3).map { |i| byte & (2 ** i) != 0 }
+
+      # Create a new packet object
+      packet_class.new(:flags => flags)
+    end
+
+    # Create a new empty packet
+    def initialize(args={})
+      # We must set flags before the other values
+      @flags = [false, false, false, false]
+      update_attributes(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+    end
+
+    # Set packet attributes from a hash of attribute names and values
+    def update_attributes(attr={})
+      attr.each_pair do |k,v|
+        if v.is_a?(Array) or v.is_a?(Hash)
+          send("#{k}=", v.dup)
+        else
+          send("#{k}=", v)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the identifer for this packet type
+    def type_id
+      index = MQTT::PACKET_TYPES.index(self.class)
+      if index.nil?
+        raise "Invalid packet type: #{self.class}"
+      end
+      return index
+    end
+
+    # Get the name of the packet type as a string in capitals
+    # (like the MQTT specification uses)
+    #
+    # Example: CONNACK
+    def type_name
+      self.class.name.split('::').last.upcase
+    end
+
+    # Set the protocol version number
+    def version=(arg)
+      @version = arg.to_s
+    end
+
+    # Set the length of the packet body
+    def body_length=(arg)
+      @body_length = arg.to_i
+    end
+
+    # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+    def parse_body(buffer)
+      if buffer.bytesize != body_length
+        raise ProtocolException.new(
+          "Failed to parse packet - input buffer (#{buffer.bytesize}) is not the same as the body length header (#{body_length})"
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get serialisation of packet's body (variable header and payload)
+    def encode_body
+      '' # No body by default
+    end
+
+
+    # Serialise the packet
+    def to_s
+      # Encode the fixed header
+      header = [
+        ((type_id.to_i & 0x0F) << 4) |
+        (flags[3] ? 0x8 : 0x0) |
+        (flags[2] ? 0x4 : 0x0) |
+        (flags[1] ? 0x2 : 0x0) |
+        (flags[0] ? 0x1 : 0x0)
+      ]
+
+      # Get the packet's variable header and payload
+      body = self.encode_body
+
+      # Check that that packet isn't too big
+      body_length = body.bytesize
+      if body_length > 268435455
+        raise "Error serialising packet: body is more than 256MB"
+      end
+
+      # Build up the body length field bytes
+      begin
+        digit = (body_length % 128)
+        body_length = body_length.div(128)
+        # if there are more digits to encode, set the top bit of this digit
+        digit |= 0x80 if (body_length > 0)
+        header.push(digit)
+      end while (body_length > 0)
+
+      # Convert header to binary and add on body
+      header.pack('C*') + body
+    end
+
+    # Check that fixed header flags are valid for types that don't use the flags
+    # @private
+    def validate_flags
+      if flags != [false, false, false, false]
+        raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid flags in #{type_name} packet header")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a human readable string
+    def inspect
+      "\#<#{self.class}>"
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    # Encode an array of bytes and return them
+    def encode_bytes(*bytes)
+      bytes.pack('C*')
+    end
+
+    # Encode an array of bits and return them
+    def encode_bits(bits)
+      [bits.map{|b| b ? '1' : '0'}.join].pack('b*')
+    end
+
+    # Encode a 16-bit unsigned integer and return it
+    def encode_short(val)
+      [val.to_i].pack('n')
+    end
+
+    # Encode a UTF-8 string and return it
+    # (preceded by the length of the string)
+    def encode_string(str)
+      str = str.to_s.encode('UTF-8')
+
+      # Force to binary, when assembling the packet
+      str.force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')
+      encode_short(str.bytesize) + str
+    end
+
+    # Remove a 16-bit unsigned integer from the front of buffer
+    def shift_short(buffer)
+      bytes = buffer.slice!(0..1)
+      bytes.unpack('n').first
+    end
+
+    # Remove one byte from the front of the string
+    def shift_byte(buffer)
+      buffer.slice!(0...1).unpack('C').first
+    end
+
+    # Remove 8 bits from the front of buffer
+    def shift_bits(buffer)
+      buffer.slice!(0...1).unpack('b8').first.split('').map {|b| b == '1'}
+    end
+
+    # Remove n bytes from the front of buffer
+    def shift_data(buffer,bytes)
+      buffer.slice!(0...bytes)
+    end
+
+    # Remove string from the front of buffer
+    def shift_string(buffer)
+      len = shift_short(buffer)
+      str = shift_data(buffer,len)
+      # Strings in MQTT v3.1 are all UTF-8
+      str.force_encoding('UTF-8')
+    end
+
+
+    private
+
+    # Read and unpack a single byte from a socket
+    def self.read_byte(socket)
+      byte = socket.read(1)
+      #~ if byte.nil?
+        #~ raise ProtocolException.new("Failed to read byte from socket")
+      #~ end
+      byte.unpack('C').first
+    end
+
+
+
+    ## PACKET SUBCLASSES ##
+
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Publish message
+    class Publish < MQTT::Packet
+
+      # Duplicate delivery flag
+      attr_accessor :duplicate
+
+      # Retain flag
+      attr_accessor :retain
+
+      # Quality of Service level (0, 1, 2)
+      attr_accessor :qos
+
+      # The topic name to publish to
+      attr_accessor :topic
+
+      # The data to be published
+      attr_accessor :payload
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :topic => nil,
+        :payload => ''
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Publish packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      def duplicate
+        @flags[3]
+      end
+
+      # Set the DUP flag (true/false)
+      def duplicate=(arg)
+        if arg.kind_of?(Integer)
+          @flags[3] = (arg == 0x1)
+        else
+          @flags[3] = arg
+        end
+      end
+
+      def retain
+        @flags[0]
+      end
+
+      # Set the retain flag (true/false)
+      def retain=(arg)
+        if arg.kind_of?(Integer)
+          @flags[0] = (arg == 0x1)
+        else
+          @flags[0] = arg
+        end
+      end
+
+      def qos
+        (@flags[1] ? 0x01 : 0x00) | (@flags[2] ? 0x02 : 0x00)
+      end
+
+      # Set the Quality of Service level (0/1/2)
+      def qos=(arg)
+        @qos = arg.to_i
+        if @qos < 0 or @qos > 2
+          raise "Invalid QoS value: #{@qos}"
+        else
+          @flags[1] = (arg & 0x01 == 0x01)
+          @flags[2] = (arg & 0x02 == 0x02)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        body = ''
+        if @topic.nil? or @topic.to_s.empty?
+          raise "Invalid topic name when serialising packet"
+        end
+        body += encode_string(@topic)
+        body += encode_short(@id) unless qos == 0
+        body += payload.to_s.dup.force_encoding('ASCII-8BIT')
+        return body
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a Publish packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @topic = shift_string(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer) unless qos == 0
+        @payload = buffer
+      end
+
+      # Check that fixed header flags are valid for this packet type
+      # @private
+      def validate_flags
+        if qos == 3
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid packet: QoS value of 3 is not allowed")
+        end
+        if qos == 0 and duplicate
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid packet: DUP cannot be set for QoS 0")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: " +
+        "d#{duplicate ? '1' : '0'}, " +
+        "q#{qos}, " +
+        "r#{retain ? '1' : '0'}, " +
+        "m#{id}, " +
+        "'#{topic}', " +
+        "#{inspect_payload}>"
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def inspect_payload
+        str = payload.to_s
+        if str.bytesize < 16 and str =~ /^[ -~]*$/
+          "'#{str}'"
+        else
+          "... (#{str.bytesize} bytes)"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Connect Packet
+    class Connect < MQTT::Packet
+      # The name of the protocol
+      attr_accessor :protocol_name
+
+      # The version number of the protocol
+      attr_accessor :protocol_level
+
+      # The client identifier string
+      attr_accessor :client_id
+
+      # Set to false to keep a persistent session with the server
+      attr_accessor :clean_session
+
+      # Period the server should keep connection open for between pings
+      attr_accessor :keep_alive
+
+      # The topic name to send the Will message to
+      attr_accessor :will_topic
+
+      # The QoS level to send the Will message as
+      attr_accessor :will_qos
+
+      # Set to true to make the Will message retained
+      attr_accessor :will_retain
+
+      # The payload of the Will message
+      attr_accessor :will_payload
+
+      # The username for authenticating with the server
+      attr_accessor :username
+
+      # The password for authenticating with the server
+      attr_accessor :password
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :client_id => nil,
+        :clean_session => true,
+        :keep_alive => 15,
+        :will_topic => nil,
+        :will_qos => 0,
+        :will_retain => false,
+        :will_payload => '',
+        :username => nil,
+        :password => nil,
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Client Connect packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+
+        if version == '3.1.0' or version == '3.1'
+          self.protocol_name ||= 'MQIsdp'
+          self.protocol_level ||= 0x03
+        elsif version == '3.1.1'
+          self.protocol_name ||= 'MQTT'
+          self.protocol_level ||= 0x04
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("Unsupported protocol version: #{version}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        body = ''
+        if @version == '3.1.0'
+          if @client_id.nil? or @client_id.bytesize < 1
+            raise "Client identifier too short while serialising packet"
+          elsif @client_id.bytesize > 51
+            raise "Client identifier too long when serialising packet"
+          end
+        end
+        body += encode_string(@protocol_name)
+        body += encode_bytes(@protocol_level.to_i)
+
+        if @keep_alive < 0
+          raise "Invalid keep-alive value: cannot be less than 0"
+        end
+
+        # Set the Connect flags
+        @connect_flags = 0
+        @connect_flags |= 0x02 if @clean_session
+        @connect_flags |= 0x04 unless @will_topic.nil?
+        @connect_flags |= ((@will_qos & 0x03) << 3)
+        @connect_flags |= 0x20 if @will_retain
+        @connect_flags |= 0x40 unless @password.nil?
+        @connect_flags |= 0x80 unless @username.nil?
+        body += encode_bytes(@connect_flags)
+
+        body += encode_short(@keep_alive)
+        body += encode_string(@client_id)
+        unless will_topic.nil?
+          body += encode_string(@will_topic)
+          # The MQTT v3.1 specification says that the payload is a UTF-8 string
+          body += encode_string(@will_payload)
+        end
+        body += encode_string(@username) unless @username.nil?
+        body += encode_string(@password) unless @password.nil?
+        return body
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a Connect packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @protocol_name = shift_string(buffer)
+        @protocol_level = shift_byte(buffer).to_i
+        if @protocol_name == 'MQIsdp' and @protocol_level == 3
+          @version = '3.1.0'
+        elsif @protocol_name == 'MQTT' and @protocol_level == 4
+          @version = '3.1.1'
+        else
+          raise ProtocolException.new(
+            "Unsupported protocol: #{@protocol_name}/#{@protocol_level}"
+          )
+        end
+
+        @connect_flags = shift_byte(buffer)
+        @clean_session = ((@connect_flags & 0x02) >> 1) == 0x01
+        @keep_alive = shift_short(buffer)
+        @client_id = shift_string(buffer)
+        if ((@connect_flags & 0x04) >> 2) == 0x01
+          # Last Will and Testament
+          @will_qos = ((@connect_flags & 0x18) >> 3)
+          @will_retain = ((@connect_flags & 0x20) >> 5) == 0x01
+          @will_topic = shift_string(buffer)
+          # The MQTT v3.1 specification says that the payload is a UTF-8 string
+          @will_payload = shift_string(buffer)
+        end
+        if ((@connect_flags & 0x80) >> 7) == 0x01 and buffer.bytesize > 0
+          @username = shift_string(buffer)
+        end
+        if ((@connect_flags & 0x40) >> 6) == 0x01 and buffer.bytesize > 0
+          @password = shift_string(buffer)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        str = "\#<#{self.class}: "
+        str += "keep_alive=#{keep_alive}"
+        str += ", clean" if clean_session
+        str += ", client_id='#{client_id}'"
+        str += ", username='#{username}'" unless username.nil?
+        str += ", password=..." unless password.nil?
+        str += ">"
+      end
+
+      # ---- Deprecated attributes and methods  ---- #
+      public
+
+      # @deprecated Please use {#protocol_level} instead
+      def protocol_version
+        protocol_level
+      end
+
+      # @deprecated Please use {#protocol_level=} instead
+      def protocol_version=(args)
+        self.protocol_level = args
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Connect Acknowledgment Packet
+    class Connack < MQTT::Packet
+      # Session Present flag
+      attr_accessor :session_present
+
+      # The return code (defaults to 0 for connection accepted)
+      attr_accessor :return_code
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {:return_code => 0x00}
+
+      # Create a new Client Connect packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        # We must set flags before other attributes
+        @connack_flags = [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      # Get the Session Present flag
+      def session_present
+        @connack_flags[0]
+      end
+
+      # Set the Session Present flag
+      def session_present=(arg)
+        if arg.kind_of?(Integer)
+          @connack_flags[0] = (arg == 0x1)
+        else
+          @connack_flags[0] = arg
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get a string message corresponding to a return code
+      def return_msg
+        case return_code
+          when 0x00
+            "Connection Accepted"
+          when 0x01
+            "Connection refused: unacceptable protocol version"
+          when 0x02
+            "Connection refused: client identifier rejected"
+          when 0x03
+            "Connection refused: server unavailable"
+          when 0x04
+            "Connection refused: bad user name or password"
+          when 0x05
+            "Connection refused: not authorised"
+          else
+            "Connection refused: error code #{return_code}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        body = ''
+        body += encode_bits(@connack_flags)
+        body += encode_bytes(@return_code.to_i)
+        return body
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a Connect Acknowledgment packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @connack_flags = shift_bits(buffer)
+        unless @connack_flags[1,7] == [false, false, false, false, false, false, false]
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid flags in Connack variable header")
+        end
+        @return_code = shift_byte(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Connect Acknowledgment packet")
+        end
+		pubACK(@return_code)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % return_code
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Publish Acknowledgment packet
+    class Puback < MQTT::Packet
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        encode_short(@id)
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Publish Acknowledgment packet")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % id
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Publish Received packet
+    class Pubrec < MQTT::Packet
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        encode_short(@id)
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Publish Received packet")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % id
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Publish Release packet
+    class Pubrel < MQTT::Packet
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :flags => [false, true, false, false],
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Pubrel packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        encode_short(@id)
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Publish Release packet")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Check that fixed header flags are valid for this packet type
+      # @private
+      def validate_flags
+        if @flags != [false, true, false, false]
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid flags in PUBREL packet header")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % id
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Publish Complete packet
+    class Pubcomp < MQTT::Packet
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        encode_short(@id)
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Publish Complete packet")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % id
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Client Subscribe packet
+    class Subscribe < MQTT::Packet
+      # One or more topic filters to subscribe to
+      attr_accessor :topics
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :topics => [],
+        :flags => [false, true, false, false],
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Subscribe packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      # Set one or more topic filters for the Subscribe packet
+      # The topics parameter should be one of the following:
+      # * String: subscribe to one topic with QoS 0
+      # * Array: subscribe to multiple topics with QoS 0
+      # * Hash: subscribe to multiple topics where the key is the topic and the value is the QoS level
+      #
+      # For example:
+      #   packet.topics = 'a/b'
+      #   packet.topics = ['a/b', 'c/d']
+      #   packet.topics = [['a/b',0], ['c/d',1]]
+      #   packet.topics = {'a/b' => 0, 'c/d' => 1}
+      #
+      def topics=(value)
+        # Get input into a consistent state
+        if value.is_a?(Array)
+          input = value.flatten
+        else
+          input = [value]
+        end
+
+        @topics = []
+        while(input.length>0)
+          item = input.shift
+          if item.is_a?(Hash)
+            # Convert hash into an ordered array of arrays
+            @topics += item.sort
+          elsif item.is_a?(String)
+            # Peek at the next item in the array, and remove it if it is an integer
+            if input.first.is_a?(Integer)
+              qos = input.shift
+              @topics << [item,qos]
+            else
+              @topics << [item,0]
+            end
+          else
+            # Meh?
+            raise "Invalid topics input: #{value.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+        @topics
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        if @topics.empty?
+          raise "no topics given when serialising packet"
+        end
+        body = encode_short(@id)
+        topics.each do |item|
+          body += encode_string(item[0])
+          body += encode_bytes(item[1])
+        end
+        return body
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        @topics = []
+        while(buffer.bytesize>0)
+          topic_name = shift_string(buffer)
+          topic_qos = shift_byte(buffer)
+          @topics << [topic_name,topic_qos]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Check that fixed header flags are valid for this packet type
+      # @private
+      def validate_flags
+        if @flags != [false, true, false, false]
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid flags in SUBSCRIBE packet header")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        _str = "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X, %s>" % [
+          id,
+          topics.map {|t| "'#{t[0]}':#{t[1]}"}.join(', ')
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Subscribe Acknowledgment packet
+    class Suback < MQTT::Packet
+      # An array of return codes, ordered by the topics that were subscribed to
+      attr_accessor :return_codes
+		
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :return_codes => [],
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Subscribe Acknowledgment packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      # Set the granted QoS value for each of the topics that were subscribed to
+      # Can either be an integer or an array or integers.
+      def return_codes=(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Array)
+          @return_codes = value
+          #~ puts @return_codes
+        elsif value.is_a?(Integer)
+          @return_codes = [value]
+          #~ puts @return_codes
+        else
+          raise "return_codes should be an integer or an array of return codes"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        if @return_codes.empty?
+          raise "no granted QoS given when serialising packet"
+        end
+        body = encode_short(@id)
+        return_codes.each { |qos| body += encode_bytes(qos) }
+        return body
+      end
+      
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        while(buffer.bytesize>0)
+          @return_codes << shift_byte(buffer)
+        end
+			@return_codes
+		end	
+			
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X, rc=%s>" % [id, return_codes.map{|rc| "0x%2.2X" % rc}.join(',')]
+      end
+
+      # ---- Deprecated attributes and methods  ---- #
+      public
+
+      # @deprecated Please use {#return_codes} instead
+      def granted_qos
+      #~ puts __LINE__
+        return_codes
+      end
+
+      # @deprecated Please use {#return_codes=} instead
+      def granted_qos=(args)
+		#~ puts __LINE__
+		#~ puts args
+        self.return_codes = args
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Client Unsubscribe packet
+    class Unsubscribe < MQTT::Packet
+      # One or more topic paths to unsubscribe from
+      attr_accessor :topics
+
+      # Default attribute values
+      ATTR_DEFAULTS = {
+        :topics => [],
+        :flags => [false, true, false, false],
+      }
+
+      # Create a new Unsubscribe packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(ATTR_DEFAULTS.merge(args))
+      end
+
+      # Set one or more topic paths to unsubscribe from
+      def topics=(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Array)
+          @topics = value
+        else
+          @topics = [value]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        if @topics.empty?
+          raise "no topics given when serialising packet"
+        end
+        body = encode_short(@id)
+        topics.each { |topic| body += encode_string(topic) }
+        return body
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        while(buffer.bytesize>0)
+          @topics << shift_string(buffer)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Check that fixed header flags are valid for this packet type
+      # @private
+      def validate_flags
+        if @flags != [false, true, false, false]
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Invalid flags in UNSUBSCRIBE packet header")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X, %s>" % [
+          id,
+          topics.map {|t| "'#{t}'"}.join(', ')
+        ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Unsubscribe Acknowledgment packet
+    class Unsuback < MQTT::Packet
+      # Create a new Unsubscribe Acknowledgment packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(args)
+      end
+
+      # Get serialisation of packet's body
+      def encode_body
+        encode_short(@id)
+      end
+
+      # Parse the body (variable header and payload) of a packet
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        @id = shift_short(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Unsubscribe Acknowledgment packet")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a human readable string, summarising the properties of the packet
+      def inspect
+        "\#<#{self.class}: 0x%2.2X>" % id
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Ping Request packet
+    class Pingreq < MQTT::Packet
+      # Create a new Ping Request packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(args)
+      end
+
+      # Check the body
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Ping Request packet")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Ping Response packet
+    class Pingresp < MQTT::Packet
+      # Create a new Ping Response packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(args)
+      end
+
+      # Check the body
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Ping Response packet")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Class representing an MQTT Client Disconnect packet
+    class Disconnect < MQTT::Packet
+      # Create a new Client Disconnect packet
+      def initialize(args={})
+        super(args)
+      end
+
+      # Check the body
+      def parse_body(buffer)
+        super(buffer)
+        unless buffer.empty?
+          raise ProtocolException.new("Extra bytes at end of Disconnect packet")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # ---- Deprecated attributes and methods  ---- #
+    public
+
+    # @deprecated Please use {#id} instead
+    def message_id
+      id
+    end
+
+    # @deprecated Please use {#id=} instead
+    def message_id=(args)
+      self.id = args
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # An enumeration of the MQTT packet types
+  PACKET_TYPES = [
+    nil,
+    MQTT::Packet::Connect,
+    MQTT::Packet::Connack,
+    MQTT::Packet::Publish,
+    MQTT::Packet::Puback,
+    MQTT::Packet::Pubrec,
+    MQTT::Packet::Pubrel,
+    MQTT::Packet::Pubcomp,
+    MQTT::Packet::Subscribe,
+    MQTT::Packet::Suback,
+    MQTT::Packet::Unsubscribe,
+    MQTT::Packet::Unsuback,
+    MQTT::Packet::Pingreq,
+    MQTT::Packet::Pingresp,
+    MQTT::Packet::Disconnect,
+    nil
+  ]
+
+end