writeexcel 0.1.0 → 0.3.0

data/lib/writeexcel/formula.rb

@@ -1,986 +1,1050 @@
-###############################################################################
-#
-# Formula - A class for generating Excel formulas.
-#
-#
-# Used in conjunction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel
-#
-# Copyright 2000-2008, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org
-#
-# original written in Perl by John McNamara
-# converted to Ruby by Hideo Nakamura, cxn03651@msj.biglobe.ne.jp
-#
-require 'nkf'
-require 'strscan'
-require 'writeexcel/excelformulaparser'
-
-class Formula < ExcelFormulaParser
-
-  NonAscii = /[^!"#\$%&'\(\)\*\+,\-\.\/\:\;<=>\?@0-9A-Za-z_\[\\\]^` ~\0\n]/
-
-  attr_accessor :byte_order, :workbook, :ext_sheets, :ext_refs, :ext_ref_count
-
-  def initialize(byte_order)
-    @byte_order     = byte_order
-    @workbook       = ""
-    @ext_sheets     = {}
-    @ext_refs       = {}
-    @ext_ref_count  = 0
-    initialize_hashes
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # parse_formula()
-  #
-  # Takes a textual description of a formula and returns a RPN encoded byte
-  # string.
-  #
-  def parse_formula(formula, byte_stream = false)
-    # Build the parse tree for the formula
-    tokens = reverse(parse(formula))
-
-    # Add a volatile token if the formula contains a volatile function.
-    # This must be the first token in the list
-    #
-    tokens.unshift('_vol') if check_volatile(tokens) != 0
-
-    # The return value depends on which Worksheet.pm method is the caller
-    unless byte_stream
-      # Parse formula to see if it throws any errors and then
-      # return raw tokens to Worksheet::store_formula()
-      #
-      tokens
-    else
-      # Return byte stream to Worksheet::write_formula()
-      parse_tokens(tokens)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # parse_tokens()
-  #
-  # Convert each token or token pair to its Excel 'ptg' equivalent.
-  #
-  def parse_tokens(tokens)
-    parse_str   = ''
-    last_type   = ''
-    modifier    = ''
-    num_args    = 0
-    _class      = 0
-    _classary   = [1]
-    args        = tokens.dup
-    # A note about the class modifiers used below. In general the class,
-    # "reference" or "value", of a function is applied to all of its operands.
-    # However, in certain circumstances the operands can have mixed classes,
-    # e.g. =VLOOKUP with external references. These will eventually be dealt
-    # with by the parser. However, as a workaround the class type of a token
-    # can be changed via the repeat_formula interface. Thus, a _ref2d token can
-    # be changed by the user to _ref2dA or _ref2dR to change its token class.
-    #
-    while (!args.empty?)
-      token = args.shift
-
-      if (token == '_arg')
-        num_args = args.shift
-      elsif (token == '_class')
-        token = args.shift
-        _class = @functions[token][2]
-        # If _class is undef then it means that the function isn't valid.
-        exit "Unknown function #{token}() in formula\n" if _class.nil?
-        _classary.push(_class)
-      elsif (token == '_vol')
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_volatile()
-      elsif (token == 'ptgBool')
-        token = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_bool(token)
-      elsif (token == '_num')
-        token = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_number(token)
-      elsif (token == '_str')
-        token = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_string(token)
-      elsif (token =~ /^_ref2d/)
-        modifier  = token.sub(/_ref2d/, '')
-        _class      = _classary[-1]
-        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
-        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
-        token      = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_ref2d(token, _class)
-      elsif (token =~ /^_ref3d/)
-        modifier  = token.sub(/_ref3d/,'')
-        _class      = _classary[-1]
-        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
-        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
-        token      = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_ref3d(token, _class)
-      elsif (token =~ /^_range2d/)
-        modifier  = token.sub(/_range2d/,'')
-        _class      = _classary[-1]
-        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
-        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
-        token      = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_range2d(token, _class)
-      elsif (token =~ /^_range3d/)
-        modifier  = token.sub(/_range3d/,'')
-        _class      = _classary[-1]
-        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
-        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
-        token      = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_range3d(token, _class)
-      elsif (token == '_func')
-        token = args.shift
-        parse_str = parse_str + convert_function(token, num_args.to_i)
-        _classary.pop
-        num_args = 0 # Reset after use
-      elsif @ptg[token]
-        parse_str = parse_str + [@ptg[token]].pack("C")
-      else
-        # Unrecognised token
-        return nil
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    return parse_str
-  end
-
-  def scan(formula)
-    s = StringScanner.new(formula)
-    q = []
-    until s.eos?
-      # order is important.
-      if    s.scan(/(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?/)
-        q.push [:NUMBER, s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/"([^"]|"")*"/)
-        q.push [:STRING, s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?:\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?/)
-        q.push [:RANGE2D , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/[^!(,]+!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?:\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?/)
-        q.push [:RANGE3D , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
-        q.push [:REF2D,  s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/[^!(,]+!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
-        q.push [:REF3D , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/'[^']+'!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
-        q.push [:REF3D , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/<=/)
-        q.push [:LE , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/>=/)
-        q.push [:GE , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/<>/)
-        q.push [:NE , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/</)
-        q.push [:LT , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/>/)
-        q.push [:GT , s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/TRUE/)
-        q.push [:TRUE, s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/FALSE/)
-        q.push [:FALSE, s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/[A-Z0-9_.]+/)
-        q.push [:FUNC,   s.matched]
-      elsif s.scan(/\s+/)
-        ;
-      elsif s.scan(/./)
-        q.push [s.matched, s.matched]
-      end
-    end
-    q.push [:EOL, nil]
-  end
-
-  def parse(formula)
-    @q = scan(formula)
-    @q.push [false, nil]
-@yydebug=true
-    do_parse
-  end
-
-  def next_token
-    @q.shift
-  end
-
-  def reverse(expression)
-    expression.flatten
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # get_ext_sheets()
-  #
-  # This semi-public method is used to update the hash of sheet names. It is
-  # updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
-  #
-  # TODO
-  #
-  def get_ext_sheets
-    # TODO
-    refs = @ext_refs
-    return refs
-
-    #my @refs = sort {$refs{$a} <=> $refs{$b}} keys %refs;
-
-    #foreach my $ref (@refs) {
-    #    $ref = [split /:/, $ref];
-    #}
-
-    #return @refs;
-  end
-
-
-  ###############################################################################
-
-  private
-
-  ###############################################################################
-
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  #  _check_volatile()
-  #
-  # Check if the formula contains a volatile function, i.e. a function that must
-  # be recalculated each time a cell is updated. These formulas require a ptgAttr
-  # with the volatile flag set as the first token in the parsed expression.
-  #
-  # Examples of volatile functions: RAND(), NOW(), TODAY()
-  #
-  def check_volatile(tokens)
-    volatile = 0
-
-    (0..tokens.size-1).each do |i|
-      # If the next token is a function check if it is volatile.
-      if tokens[i] == '_func' and @functions[tokens[i+1]][3] != 0
-        volatile = 1
-        break
-      end
-    end
-
-    return volatile
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_volatile()
-  #
-  # Convert _vol to a ptgAttr tag formatted to indicate that the formula contains
-  # a volatile function. See _check_volatile()
-  #
-  def convert_volatile
-      # Set bitFattrSemi flag to indicate volatile function, "w" is set to zero.
-      return [@ptg['ptgAttr'], 0x1, 0x0].pack("CCv")
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_bool()
-  #
-  # Convert a boolean token to ptgBool
-  #
-  def convert_bool(bool)
-    return [@ptg['ptgBool'], bool.to_i].pack("CC")
-  end
-
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_number()
-  #
-  # Convert a number token to ptgInt or ptgNum
-  #
-  def convert_number(num)
-    # Integer in the range 0..2**16-1
-    if ((num =~ /^\d+$/) && (num.to_i <= 65535))
-      return [@ptg['ptgInt'], num.to_i].pack("Cv")
-    else  # A float
-      num = [num].pack("d")
-      num.reverse! if @byte_order != 0 && @byte_order != ''
-      return [@ptg['ptgNum']].pack("C") + num
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_string()
-  #
-  # Convert a string to a ptg Str.
-  #
-  def convert_string(str)
-    encoding = 0
-
-    str.sub!(/^"/,'')   # Remove leading  "
-    str.sub!(/"$/,'')   # Remove trailing "
-    str.gsub!(/""/,'"') # Substitute Excel's escaped double quote "" for "
-
-    length = str.length
-
-    # Handle utf8 strings
-    if str =~ NonAscii
-      str = NKF.nkf('-w16L0 -m0 -W', str)
-      encoding = 1
-    end
-    
-    exit "String in formula has more than 255 chars\n" if length > 255
-
-    return [@ptg['ptgStr'], length, encoding].pack("CCC") + str
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_ref2d()
-  #
-  # Convert an Excel reference such as A1, $B2, C$3 or $D$4 to a ptgRefV.
-  #
-  def convert_ref2d(cell, _class)
-    # Convert the cell reference
-    row, col = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
-
-    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
-    if    (_class == 0)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 1)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRefV']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 2)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRefA']].pack("C")
-    else
-      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
-    end
-
-    return ptgref + row + col
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_ref3d
-  #
-  # Convert an Excel 3d reference such as "Sheet1!A1" or "Sheet1:Sheet2!A1" to a
-  # ptgRef3dV.
-  #
-  def convert_ref3d(token, _class)
-    # Split the ref at the ! symbol
-    ext_ref, cell = token.split('!')
-
-    # Convert the external reference part
-    ext_ref = pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
-
-    # Convert the cell reference part
-    row, col = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
-
-    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
-    if    (_class == 0)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3d']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 1)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3dV']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 2)
-      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3dA']].pack("C")
-    else
-      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
-    end
-
-    return ptgref + ext_ref + row + col
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_range2d()
-  #
-  # Convert an Excel range such as A1:D4 or A:D to a ptgRefV.
-  #
-  def convert_range2d(range, _class)
-    # Split the range into 2 cell refs
-    cell1, cell2 = range.split(':')
-
-    # A range such as A:D is equivalent to A1:D65536, so add rows as required
-    cell1 = cell1 + '1'     unless cell1 =~ /\d/
-    cell2 = cell2 + '65536' unless cell2 =~ /\d/
-
-    # Convert the cell references
-    row1, col1 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell1)
-    row2, col2 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell2)
-
-    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
-    if    (_class == 0)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 1)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgAreaV']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 2)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgAreaA']].pack("C")
-    else
-      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
-    end
-
-    return ptgarea + row1 + row2 + col1 + col2
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_range3d
-  #
-  # Convert an Excel 3d range such as "Sheet1!A1:D4" or "Sheet1:Sheet2!A1:D4" to
-  # a ptgArea3dV.
-  #
-  def convert_range3d(token, _class)
-    # Split the ref at the ! symbol
-    ext_ref, range = token.split('!')
-
-    # Convert the external reference part
-    ext_ref = pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
-
-    # Split the range into 2 cell refs
-    cell1, cell2 = range.split(':')
-
-    # A range such as A:D is equivalent to A1:D65536, so add rows as required
-    cell1 = cell1 + '1'     unless cell1 =~ /\d/
-    cell2 = cell2 + '65536' unless cell2 =~ /\d/
-
-    # Convert the cell references
-    row1, col1 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell1)
-    row2, col2 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell2)
-
-    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
-    if    (_class == 0)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3d']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 1)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3dV']].pack("C")
-    elsif (_class == 2)
-      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3dA']].pack("C")
-    else
-      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
-    end
-
-    return ptgarea + ext_ref + row1 + row2 + col1+ col2
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _pack_ext_ref()
-  #
-  # Convert the sheet name part of an external reference, for example "Sheet1" or
-  # "Sheet1:Sheet2", to a packed structure.
-  #
-  def pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
-    ext_ref.sub!(/^'/,'')   # Remove leading  ' if any.
-    ext_ref.sub!(/'$/,'')   # Remove trailing ' if any.
-
-    # Check if there is a sheet range eg., Sheet1:Sheet2.
-    if (ext_ref =~ /:/)
-      sheet1, sheet2 = ext_ref.split(':')
-
-      sheet1 = get_sheet_index(sheet1)
-      sheet2 = get_sheet_index(sheet2)
-
-      # Reverse max and min sheet numbers if necessary
-      if (sheet1 > sheet2)
-        sheet1, sheet2 = [sheet2, sheet1]
-      end
-    else
-      # Single sheet name only.
-      sheet1, sheet2 = [ext_ref, ext_ref]
-
-      sheet1 = get_sheet_index(sheet1)
-      sheet2 = sheet1
-    end
-
-    key = "#{sheet1}:#{sheet2}"
-
-    unless @ext_refs[key]
-      index = @ext_refs[key]
-    else
-      index = @ext_ref_count
-      @ext_refs[key] = index
-      @ext_ref_count += 1
-    end
-
-    return [index].pack("v")
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _get_sheet_index()
-  #
-  # Look up the index that corresponds to an external sheet name. The hash of
-  # sheet names is updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
-  #
-  def get_sheet_index(sheet_name)
-    # Handle utf8 sheetnames
-    if sheet_name =~ NonAscii
-      sheet_name = NKF.nkf('-w16B0 -m0 -W', sheet_name)
-    end
-    
-    if @ext_sheets[sheet_name].nil?
-      exit "Unknown sheet name #{sheet_name} in formula\n"
-    else
-      return @ext_sheets[sheet_name]
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # get_ext_ref_count()
-  #
-  # TODO This semi-public method is used to update the hash of sheet names. It is
-  # updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
-  #
-  def get_ext_ref_count
-    return @ext_ref_count
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _convert_function()
-  #
-  # Convert a function to a ptgFunc or ptgFuncVarV depending on the number of
-  # args that it takes.
-  #
-  def convert_function(token, num_args)
-    exit "Unknown function #{token}() in formula\n" if @functions[token][0].nil?
-
-    args = @functions[token][1]
-
-    # Fixed number of args eg. TIME($i,$j,$k).
-    if (args >= 0)
-      # Check that the number of args is valid.
-      if (args != num_args)
-        raise "Incorrect number of arguments for #{token}() in formula\n";
-      else
-        return [@ptg['ptgFuncV'], @functions[token][0]].pack("Cv")
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Variable number of args eg. SUM(i,j,k, ..).
-    if (args == -1)
-      return [@ptg['ptgFuncVarV'], num_args, @functions[token][0]].pack("CCv")
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _cell_to_rowcol($cell_ref)
-  #
-  # Convert an Excel cell reference such as A1 or $B2 or C$3 or $D$4 to a zero
-  # indexed row and column number. Also returns two boolean values to indicate
-  # whether the row or column are relative references.
-  # TODO use function in Utility.pm
-  #
-  def cell_to_rowcol(cell)
-    cell =~ /(\$?)([A-I]?[A-Z])(\$?)(\d+)/
-
-    col_rel = $1 == "" ? 1 : 0
-    col     = $2
-    row_rel = $3 == "" ? 1 : 0
-    row     = $4.to_i
-
-    # Convert base26 column string to a number.
-    # All your Base are belong to us.
-    chars  = col.split(//)
-    expn   = 0
-    col    = 0
-
-    while (!chars.empty?)
-      char = chars.pop   # LS char first
-      col  = col + (char[0] - "A"[0] + 1) * (26**expn)
-      expn += 1
-    end
-    # Convert 1-index to zero-index
-    row -= 1
-    col -= 1
-
-    return [row, col, row_rel, col_rel]
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _cell_to_packed_rowcol($row, $col, $row_rel, $col_rel)
-  #
-  # pack() row and column into the required 3 byte format.
-  #
-  def cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
-    row, col, row_rel, col_rel = cell_to_rowcol(cell)
-
-    exit "Column #{cell} greater than IV in formula\n" if col >= 256
-    exit "Row #{cell} greater than 65536 in formula\n" if row >= 65536
-
-    # Set the high bits to indicate if row or col are relative.
-    col    |= col_rel << 14
-    col    |= row_rel << 15
-
-    row     = [row].pack('v')
-    col     = [col].pack('v')
-
-    return [row, col]
-  end
-
-  ###############################################################################
-  #
-  # _initialize_hashes()
-  #
-  def initialize_hashes
-
-    # The Excel ptg indices
-    @ptg = {
-      'ptgExp'            => 0x01,
-      'ptgTbl'            => 0x02,
-      'ptgAdd'            => 0x03,
-      'ptgSub'            => 0x04,
-      'ptgMul'            => 0x05,
-      'ptgDiv'            => 0x06,
-      'ptgPower'          => 0x07,
-      'ptgConcat'         => 0x08,
-      'ptgLT'             => 0x09,
-      'ptgLE'             => 0x0A,
-      'ptgEQ'             => 0x0B,
-      'ptgGE'             => 0x0C,
-      'ptgGT'             => 0x0D,
-      'ptgNE'             => 0x0E,
-      'ptgIsect'          => 0x0F,
-      'ptgUnion'          => 0x10,
-      'ptgRange'          => 0x11,
-      'ptgUplus'          => 0x12,
-      'ptgUminus'         => 0x13,
-      'ptgPercent'        => 0x14,
-      'ptgParen'          => 0x15,
-      'ptgMissArg'        => 0x16,
-      'ptgStr'            => 0x17,
-      'ptgAttr'           => 0x19,
-      'ptgSheet'          => 0x1A,
-      'ptgEndSheet'       => 0x1B,
-      'ptgErr'            => 0x1C,
-      'ptgBool'           => 0x1D,
-      'ptgInt'            => 0x1E,
-      'ptgNum'            => 0x1F,
-      'ptgArray'          => 0x20,
-      'ptgFunc'           => 0x21,
-      'ptgFuncVar'        => 0x22,
-      'ptgName'           => 0x23,
-      'ptgRef'            => 0x24,
-      'ptgArea'           => 0x25,
-      'ptgMemArea'        => 0x26,
-      'ptgMemErr'         => 0x27,
-      'ptgMemNoMem'       => 0x28,
-      'ptgMemFunc'        => 0x29,
-      'ptgRefErr'         => 0x2A,
-      'ptgAreaErr'        => 0x2B,
-      'ptgRefN'           => 0x2C,
-      'ptgAreaN'          => 0x2D,
-      'ptgMemAreaN'       => 0x2E,
-      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x2F,
-      'ptgNameX'          => 0x39,
-      'ptgRef3d'          => 0x3A,
-      'ptgArea3d'         => 0x3B,
-      'ptgRefErr3d'       => 0x3C,
-      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x3D,
-      'ptgArrayV'         => 0x40,
-      'ptgFuncV'          => 0x41,
-      'ptgFuncVarV'       => 0x42,
-      'ptgNameV'          => 0x43,
-      'ptgRefV'           => 0x44,
-      'ptgAreaV'          => 0x45,
-      'ptgMemAreaV'       => 0x46,
-      'ptgMemErrV'        => 0x47,
-      'ptgMemNoMemV'      => 0x48,
-      'ptgMemFuncV'       => 0x49,
-      'ptgRefErrV'        => 0x4A,
-      'ptgAreaErrV'       => 0x4B,
-      'ptgRefNV'          => 0x4C,
-      'ptgAreaNV'         => 0x4D,
-      'ptgMemAreaNV'      => 0x4E,
-      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x4F,
-      'ptgFuncCEV'        => 0x58,
-      'ptgNameXV'         => 0x59,
-      'ptgRef3dV'         => 0x5A,
-      'ptgArea3dV'        => 0x5B,
-      'ptgRefErr3dV'      => 0x5C,
-      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x5D,
-      'ptgArrayA'         => 0x60,
-      'ptgFuncA'          => 0x61,
-      'ptgFuncVarA'       => 0x62,
-      'ptgNameA'          => 0x63,
-      'ptgRefA'           => 0x64,
-      'ptgAreaA'          => 0x65,
-      'ptgMemAreaA'       => 0x66,
-      'ptgMemErrA'        => 0x67,
-      'ptgMemNoMemA'      => 0x68,
-      'ptgMemFuncA'       => 0x69,
-      'ptgRefErrA'        => 0x6A,
-      'ptgAreaErrA'       => 0x6B,
-      'ptgRefNA'          => 0x6C,
-      'ptgAreaNA'         => 0x6D,
-      'ptgMemAreaNA'      => 0x6E,
-      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x6F,
-      'ptgFuncCEA'        => 0x78,
-      'ptgNameXA'         => 0x79,
-      'ptgRef3dA'         => 0x7A,
-      'ptgArea3dA'        => 0x7B,
-      'ptgRefErr3dA'      => 0x7C,
-      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x7D
-    };
-
-    # Thanks to Michael Meeks and Gnumeric for the initial arg values.
-    #
-    # The following hash was generated by "function_locale.pl" in the distro.
-    # Refer to function_locale.pl for non-English function names.
-    #
-    # The array elements are as follow:
-    # ptg:   The Excel function ptg code.
-    # args:  The number of arguments that the function takes:
-    #           >=0 is a fixed number of arguments.
-    #           -1  is a variable  number of arguments.
-    # class: The reference, value or array class of the function args.
-    # vol:   The function is volatile.
-    #
-    @functions  = {
-      #                                     ptg  args  class  vol
-      'COUNT'                         => [   0,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'IF'                            => [   1,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISNA'                          => [   2,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISERROR'                       => [   3,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SUM'                           => [   4,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'AVERAGE'                       => [   5,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'MIN'                           => [   6,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'MAX'                           => [   7,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'ROW'                           => [   8,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'COLUMN'                        => [   9,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'NA'                            => [  10,    0,    0,    0 ],
-      'NPV'                           => [  11,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'STDEV'                         => [  12,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'DOLLAR'                        => [  13,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FIXED'                         => [  14,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SIN'                           => [  15,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'COS'                           => [  16,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TAN'                           => [  17,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ATAN'                          => [  18,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'PI'                            => [  19,    0,    1,    0 ],
-      'SQRT'                          => [  20,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'EXP'                           => [  21,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'LN'                            => [  22,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'LOG10'                         => [  23,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ABS'                           => [  24,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'INT'                           => [  25,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SIGN'                          => [  26,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ROUND'                         => [  27,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'LOOKUP'                        => [  28,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'INDEX'                         => [  29,   -1,    0,    1 ],
-      'REPT'                          => [  30,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'MID'                           => [  31,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'LEN'                           => [  32,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'VALUE'                         => [  33,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TRUE'                          => [  34,    0,    1,    0 ],
-      'FALSE'                         => [  35,    0,    1,    0 ],
-      'AND'                           => [  36,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'OR'                            => [  37,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'NOT'                           => [  38,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MOD'                           => [  39,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'DCOUNT'                        => [  40,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DSUM'                          => [  41,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DAVERAGE'                      => [  42,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DMIN'                          => [  43,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DMAX'                          => [  44,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DSTDEV'                        => [  45,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'VAR'                           => [  46,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'DVAR'                          => [  47,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'TEXT'                          => [  48,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'LINEST'                        => [  49,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'TREND'                         => [  50,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'LOGEST'                        => [  51,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'GROWTH'                        => [  52,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'PV'                            => [  56,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FV'                            => [  57,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'NPER'                          => [  58,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'PMT'                           => [  59,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'RATE'                          => [  60,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MIRR'                          => [  61,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'IRR'                           => [  62,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'RAND'                          => [  63,    0,    1,    1 ],
-      'MATCH'                         => [  64,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'DATE'                          => [  65,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'TIME'                          => [  66,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'DAY'                           => [  67,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MONTH'                         => [  68,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'YEAR'                          => [  69,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'WEEKDAY'                       => [  70,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'HOUR'                          => [  71,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MINUTE'                        => [  72,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SECOND'                        => [  73,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'NOW'                           => [  74,    0,    1,    1 ],
-      'AREAS'                         => [  75,    1,    0,    1 ],
-      'ROWS'                          => [  76,    1,    0,    1 ],
-      'COLUMNS'                       => [  77,    1,    0,    1 ],
-      'OFFSET'                        => [  78,   -1,    0,    1 ],
-      'SEARCH'                        => [  82,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TRANSPOSE'                     => [  83,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TYPE'                          => [  86,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ATAN2'                         => [  97,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'ASIN'                          => [  98,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ACOS'                          => [  99,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'CHOOSE'                        => [ 100,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'HLOOKUP'                       => [ 101,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'VLOOKUP'                       => [ 102,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'ISREF'                         => [ 105,    1,    0,    0 ],
-      'LOG'                           => [ 109,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'CHAR'                          => [ 111,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'LOWER'                         => [ 112,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'UPPER'                         => [ 113,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'PROPER'                        => [ 114,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'LEFT'                          => [ 115,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'RIGHT'                         => [ 116,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'EXACT'                         => [ 117,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'TRIM'                          => [ 118,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'REPLACE'                       => [ 119,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'SUBSTITUTE'                    => [ 120,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'CODE'                          => [ 121,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FIND'                          => [ 124,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'CELL'                          => [ 125,   -1,    0,    1 ],
-      'ISERR'                         => [ 126,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISTEXT'                        => [ 127,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISNUMBER'                      => [ 128,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISBLANK'                       => [ 129,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'T'                             => [ 130,    1,    0,    0 ],
-      'N'                             => [ 131,    1,    0,    0 ],
-      'DATEVALUE'                     => [ 140,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TIMEVALUE'                     => [ 141,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SLN'                           => [ 142,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'SYD'                           => [ 143,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'DDB'                           => [ 144,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'INDIRECT'                      => [ 148,   -1,    1,    1 ],
-      'CALL'                          => [ 150,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'CLEAN'                         => [ 162,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MDETERM'                       => [ 163,    1,    2,    0 ],
-      'MINVERSE'                      => [ 164,    1,    2,    0 ],
-      'MMULT'                         => [ 165,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'IPMT'                          => [ 167,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'PPMT'                          => [ 168,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'COUNTA'                        => [ 169,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'PRODUCT'                       => [ 183,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'FACT'                          => [ 184,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'DPRODUCT'                      => [ 189,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'ISNONTEXT'                     => [ 190,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'STDEVP'                        => [ 193,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'VARP'                          => [ 194,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'DSTDEVP'                       => [ 195,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'DVARP'                         => [ 196,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'TRUNC'                         => [ 197,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ISLOGICAL'                     => [ 198,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'DCOUNTA'                       => [ 199,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'ROUNDUP'                       => [ 212,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'ROUNDDOWN'                     => [ 213,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'RANK'                          => [ 216,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'ADDRESS'                       => [ 219,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'DAYS360'                       => [ 220,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TODAY'                         => [ 221,    0,    1,    1 ],
-      'VDB'                           => [ 222,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'MEDIAN'                        => [ 227,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'SUMPRODUCT'                    => [ 228,   -1,    2,    0 ],
-      'SINH'                          => [ 229,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'COSH'                          => [ 230,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'TANH'                          => [ 231,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ASINH'                         => [ 232,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ACOSH'                         => [ 233,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'ATANH'                         => [ 234,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'DGET'                          => [ 235,    3,    0,    0 ],
-      'INFO'                          => [ 244,    1,    1,    1 ],
-      'DB'                            => [ 247,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FREQUENCY'                     => [ 252,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'ERROR.TYPE'                    => [ 261,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'REGISTER.ID'                   => [ 267,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'AVEDEV'                        => [ 269,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'BETADIST'                      => [ 270,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'GAMMALN'                       => [ 271,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'BETAINV'                       => [ 272,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'BINOMDIST'                     => [ 273,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'CHIDIST'                       => [ 274,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'CHIINV'                        => [ 275,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'COMBIN'                        => [ 276,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'CONFIDENCE'                    => [ 277,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'CRITBINOM'                     => [ 278,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'EVEN'                          => [ 279,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'EXPONDIST'                     => [ 280,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'FDIST'                         => [ 281,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'FINV'                          => [ 282,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'FISHER'                        => [ 283,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FISHERINV'                     => [ 284,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'FLOOR'                         => [ 285,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'GAMMADIST'                     => [ 286,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'GAMMAINV'                      => [ 287,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'CEILING'                       => [ 288,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'HYPGEOMDIST'                   => [ 289,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'LOGNORMDIST'                   => [ 290,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'LOGINV'                        => [ 291,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'NEGBINOMDIST'                  => [ 292,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'NORMDIST'                      => [ 293,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'NORMSDIST'                     => [ 294,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'NORMINV'                       => [ 295,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'NORMSINV'                      => [ 296,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'STANDARDIZE'                   => [ 297,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'ODD'                           => [ 298,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'PERMUT'                        => [ 299,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'POISSON'                       => [ 300,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'TDIST'                         => [ 301,    3,    1,    0 ],
-      'WEIBULL'                       => [ 302,    4,    1,    0 ],
-      'SUMXMY2'                       => [ 303,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'SUMX2MY2'                      => [ 304,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'SUMX2PY2'                      => [ 305,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'CHITEST'                       => [ 306,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'CORREL'                        => [ 307,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'COVAR'                         => [ 308,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'FORECAST'                      => [ 309,    3,    2,    0 ],
-      'FTEST'                         => [ 310,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'INTERCEPT'                     => [ 311,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'PEARSON'                       => [ 312,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'RSQ'                           => [ 313,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'STEYX'                         => [ 314,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'SLOPE'                         => [ 315,    2,    2,    0 ],
-      'TTEST'                         => [ 316,    4,    2,    0 ],
-      'PROB'                          => [ 317,   -1,    2,    0 ],
-      'DEVSQ'                         => [ 318,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'GEOMEAN'                       => [ 319,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'HARMEAN'                       => [ 320,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'SUMSQ'                         => [ 321,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'KURT'                          => [ 322,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'SKEW'                          => [ 323,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'ZTEST'                         => [ 324,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'LARGE'                         => [ 325,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'SMALL'                         => [ 326,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'QUARTILE'                      => [ 327,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'PERCENTILE'                    => [ 328,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'PERCENTRANK'                   => [ 329,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'MODE'                          => [ 330,   -1,    2,    0 ],
-      'TRIMMEAN'                      => [ 331,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'TINV'                          => [ 332,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'CONCATENATE'                   => [ 336,   -1,    1,    0 ],
-      'POWER'                         => [ 337,    2,    1,    0 ],
-      'RADIANS'                       => [ 342,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'DEGREES'                       => [ 343,    1,    1,    0 ],
-      'SUBTOTAL'                      => [ 344,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'SUMIF'                         => [ 345,   -1,    0,    0 ],
-      'COUNTIF'                       => [ 346,    2,    0,    0 ],
-      'COUNTBLANK'                    => [ 347,    1,    0,    0 ],
-      'ROMAN'                         => [ 354,   -1,    1,    0 ]
-    }
-
-  end
-
-
-end
-
-if $0 ==__FILE__
-
-
-  parser = Formula.new
-  puts
-  puts 'type "Q" to quit.'
-  puts
-  while true
-    puts
-    print '? '
-    str = gets.chop!
-    break if /q/i =~ str
-    begin
-      e = parser.parse(str)
-      p   parser.reverse(e)
-    rescue ParseError
-      puts $!
-    end
-  end
-
-end
+###############################################################################
+#
+# Formula - A class for generating Excel formulas.
+#
+#
+# Used in conjunction with WriteExcel
+#
+# Copyright 2000-2010, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org
+#
+# original written in Perl by John McNamara
+# converted to Ruby by Hideo Nakamura, cxn03651@msj.biglobe.ne.jp
+#
+require 'nkf'
+require 'strscan'
+require 'writeexcel/excelformulaparser'
+
+class Formula < ExcelFormulaParser       #:nodoc:
+
+  NonAscii = /[^!"#\$%&'\(\)\*\+,\-\.\/\:\;<=>\?@0-9A-Za-z_\[\\\]^` ~\0\n]/
+
+  attr_accessor :byte_order, :workbook, :ext_sheets, :ext_refs, :ext_ref_count
+
+  def initialize(byte_order)
+    @byte_order     = byte_order
+    @workbook       = ""
+    @ext_sheets     = {}
+    @ext_refs       = {}
+    @ext_ref_count  = 0
+    @ext_names      = {}
+    initialize_hashes
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # parse_formula()
+  #
+  # Takes a textual description of a formula and returns a RPN encoded byte
+  # string.
+  #
+  def parse_formula(formula, byte_stream = false)
+    # Build the parse tree for the formula
+    tokens = reverse(parse(formula))
+
+    # Add a volatile token if the formula contains a volatile function.
+    # This must be the first token in the list
+    #
+    tokens.unshift('_vol') if check_volatile(tokens) != 0
+
+    # The return value depends on which Worksheet.pm method is the caller
+    unless byte_stream
+      # Parse formula to see if it throws any errors and then
+      # return raw tokens to Worksheet::store_formula()
+      #
+      parse_tokens(tokens)
+      tokens
+    else
+      # Return byte stream to Worksheet::write_formula()
+      parse_tokens(tokens)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # parse_tokens()
+  #
+  # Convert each token or token pair to its Excel 'ptg' equivalent.
+  #
+  def parse_tokens(tokens)
+    parse_str   = ''
+    last_type   = ''
+    modifier    = ''
+    num_args    = 0
+    _class      = 0
+    _classary   = [1]
+    args        = tokens.dup
+    # A note about the class modifiers used below. In general the class,
+    # "reference" or "value", of a function is applied to all of its operands.
+    # However, in certain circumstances the operands can have mixed classes,
+    # e.g. =VLOOKUP with external references. These will eventually be dealt
+    # with by the parser. However, as a workaround the class type of a token
+    # can be changed via the repeat_formula interface. Thus, a _ref2d token can
+    # be changed by the user to _ref2dA or _ref2dR to change its token class.
+    #
+    while (!args.empty?)
+      token = args.shift
+
+      if (token == '_arg')
+        num_args = args.shift
+      elsif (token == '_class')
+        token = args.shift
+        _class = @functions[token][2]
+        # If _class is undef then it means that the function isn't valid.
+        exit "Unknown function #{token}() in formula\n" if _class.nil?
+        _classary.push(_class)
+      elsif (token == '_vol')
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_volatile()
+      elsif (token == 'ptgBool')
+        token = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_bool(token)
+      elsif (token == '_num')
+        token = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_number(token)
+      elsif (token == '_str')
+        token = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_string(token)
+      elsif (token =~ /^_ref2d/)
+        modifier  = token.sub(/_ref2d/, '')
+        _class      = _classary[-1]
+        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
+        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
+        token      = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_ref2d(token, _class)
+      elsif (token =~ /^_ref3d/)
+        modifier  = token.sub(/_ref3d/,'')
+        _class      = _classary[-1]
+        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
+        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
+        token      = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_ref3d(token, _class)
+      elsif (token =~ /^_range2d/)
+        modifier  = token.sub(/_range2d/,'')
+        _class      = _classary[-1]
+        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
+        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
+        token      = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_range2d(token, _class)
+      elsif (token =~ /^_range3d/)
+        modifier  = token.sub(/_range3d/,'')
+        _class      = _classary[-1]
+        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
+        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
+        token      = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_range3d(token, _class)
+      elsif (token =~ /^_name/)
+        modifier = token.sub(/_name/, '')
+        _class      = _classary[-1]
+        _class      = 0 if modifier == 'R'
+        _class      = 1 if modifier == 'V'
+        token      = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_name(token, _class)
+      elsif (token == '_func')
+        token = args.shift
+        parse_str = parse_str + convert_function(token, num_args.to_i)
+        _classary.pop
+        num_args = 0 # Reset after use
+      elsif @ptg[token]
+        parse_str = parse_str + [@ptg[token]].pack("C")
+      else
+        # Unrecognised token
+        return nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    return parse_str
+  end
+
+  def scan(formula)
+    s = StringScanner.new(formula)
+    q = []
+    until s.eos?
+      # order is important.
+      if    s.scan(/(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?/)
+        q.push [:NUMBER, s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/"([^"]|"")*"/)
+        q.push [:STRING, s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?:\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?/)
+        q.push [:RANGE2D , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/[^!(,]+!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?:\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?/)
+        q.push [:RANGE3D , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/'[^']+'!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?:\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?(\d+)?/)
+        q.push [:RANGE3D , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
+        q.push [:REF2D,  s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/[^!(,]+!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
+        q.push [:REF3D , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/'[^']+'!\$?[A-I]?[A-Z]\$?\d+/)
+        q.push [:REF3D , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/<=/)
+        q.push [:LE , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/>=/)
+        q.push [:GE , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/<>/)
+        q.push [:NE , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/</)
+        q.push [:LT , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/>/)
+        q.push [:GT , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/[A-Z0-9_.]+/)
+        q.push [:FUNC,   s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/[A-Za-z_]\w+/)
+        q.push [:NAME , s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/TRUE/)
+        q.push [:TRUE, s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/FALSE/)
+        q.push [:FALSE, s.matched]
+      elsif s.scan(/\s+/)
+        ;
+      elsif s.scan(/./)
+        q.push [s.matched, s.matched]
+      end
+    end
+    q.push [:EOL, nil]
+  end
+
+  def parse(formula)
+    @q = scan(formula)
+    @q.push [false, nil]
+@yydebug=true
+    do_parse
+  end
+
+  def next_token
+    @q.shift
+  end
+
+  def reverse(expression)
+    expression.flatten
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+
+  private
+
+  ###############################################################################
+
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  #  _check_volatile()
+  #
+  # Check if the formula contains a volatile function, i.e. a function that must
+  # be recalculated each time a cell is updated. These formulas require a ptgAttr
+  # with the volatile flag set as the first token in the parsed expression.
+  #
+  # Examples of volatile functions: RAND(), NOW(), TODAY()
+  #
+  def check_volatile(tokens)
+    volatile = 0
+
+    (0..tokens.size-1).each do |i|
+      # If the next token is a function check if it is volatile.
+      if tokens[i] == '_func' and @functions[tokens[i+1]][3] != 0
+        volatile = 1
+        break
+      end
+    end
+
+    return volatile
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_volatile()
+  #
+  # Convert _vol to a ptgAttr tag formatted to indicate that the formula contains
+  # a volatile function. See _check_volatile()
+  #
+  def convert_volatile
+      # Set bitFattrSemi flag to indicate volatile function, "w" is set to zero.
+      return [@ptg['ptgAttr'], 0x1, 0x0].pack("CCv")
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_bool()
+  #
+  # Convert a boolean token to ptgBool
+  #
+  def convert_bool(bool)
+    return [@ptg['ptgBool'], bool.to_i].pack("CC")
+  end
+
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_number()
+  #
+  # Convert a number token to ptgInt or ptgNum
+  #
+  def convert_number(num)
+    # Integer in the range 0..2**16-1
+    if ((num =~ /^\d+$/) && (num.to_i <= 65535))
+      return [@ptg['ptgInt'], num.to_i].pack("Cv")
+    else  # A float
+      num = [num].pack("d")
+      num.reverse! if @byte_order != 0 && @byte_order != ''
+      return [@ptg['ptgNum']].pack("C") + num
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_string()
+  #
+  # Convert a string to a ptg Str.
+  #
+  def convert_string(str)
+    encoding = 0
+
+    str.sub!(/^"/,'')   # Remove leading  "
+    str.sub!(/"$/,'')   # Remove trailing "
+    str.gsub!(/""/,'"') # Substitute Excel's escaped double quote "" for "
+
+    length = str.length
+
+    # Handle utf8 strings
+    if str =~ NonAscii
+      str = NKF.nkf('-w16L0 -m0 -W', str)
+      encoding = 1
+    end
+
+    exit "String in formula has more than 255 chars\n" if length > 255
+
+    return [@ptg['ptgStr'], length, encoding].pack("CCC") + str
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_ref2d()
+  #
+  # Convert an Excel reference such as A1, $B2, C$3 or $D$4 to a ptgRefV.
+  #
+  def convert_ref2d(cell, _class)
+    # Convert the cell reference
+    row, col = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
+
+    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
+    if    (_class == 0)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 1)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRefV']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 2)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRefA']].pack("C")
+    else
+      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
+    end
+
+    return ptgref + row + col
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_ref3d
+  #
+  # Convert an Excel 3d reference such as "Sheet1!A1" or "Sheet1:Sheet2!A1" to a
+  # ptgRef3dV.
+  #
+  def convert_ref3d(token, _class)
+    # Split the ref at the ! symbol
+    ext_ref, cell = token.split('!')
+
+    # Convert the external reference part
+    ext_ref = pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
+
+    # Convert the cell reference part
+    row, col = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
+
+    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
+    if    (_class == 0)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3d']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 1)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3dV']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 2)
+      ptgref = [@ptg['ptgRef3dA']].pack("C")
+    else
+      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
+    end
+
+    return ptgref + ext_ref + row + col
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_range2d()
+  #
+  # Convert an Excel range such as A1:D4 or A:D to a ptgRefV.
+  #
+  def convert_range2d(range, _class)
+    # Split the range into 2 cell refs
+    cell1, cell2 = range.split(':')
+
+    # A range such as A:D is equivalent to A1:D65536, so add rows as required
+    cell1 = cell1 + '1'     unless cell1 =~ /\d/
+    cell2 = cell2 + '65536' unless cell2 =~ /\d/
+
+    # Convert the cell references
+    row1, col1 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell1)
+    row2, col2 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell2)
+
+    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
+    if    (_class == 0)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 1)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgAreaV']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 2)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgAreaA']].pack("C")
+    else
+      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
+    end
+
+    return ptgarea + row1 + row2 + col1 + col2
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_range3d
+  #
+  # Convert an Excel 3d range such as "Sheet1!A1:D4" or "Sheet1:Sheet2!A1:D4" to
+  # a ptgArea3dV.
+  #
+  def convert_range3d(token, _class)
+    # Split the ref at the ! symbol
+    ext_ref, range = token.split('!')
+
+    # Convert the external reference part
+    ext_ref = pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
+
+    # Split the range into 2 cell refs
+    cell1, cell2 = range.split(':')
+
+    # A range such as A:D is equivalent to A1:D65536, so add rows as required
+    cell1 = cell1 + '1'     unless cell1 =~ /\d/
+    cell2 = cell2 + '65536' unless cell2 =~ /\d/
+
+    # Convert the cell references
+    row1, col1 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell1)
+    row2, col2 = cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell2)
+
+    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
+    if    (_class == 0)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3d']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 1)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3dV']].pack("C")
+    elsif (_class == 2)
+      ptgarea = [@ptg['ptgArea3dA']].pack("C")
+    else
+      exit "Unknown function class in formula\n"
+    end
+
+    return ptgarea + ext_ref + row1 + row2 + col1+ col2
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _pack_ext_ref()
+  #
+  # Convert the sheet name part of an external reference, for example "Sheet1" or
+  # "Sheet1:Sheet2", to a packed structure.
+  #
+  def pack_ext_ref(ext_ref)
+    ext_ref.sub!(/^'/,'')   # Remove leading  ' if any.
+    ext_ref.sub!(/'$/,'')   # Remove trailing ' if any.
+
+    # Check if there is a sheet range eg., Sheet1:Sheet2.
+    if (ext_ref =~ /:/)
+      sheet1, sheet2 = ext_ref.split(':')
+
+      sheet1 = get_sheet_index(sheet1)
+      sheet2 = get_sheet_index(sheet2)
+
+      # Reverse max and min sheet numbers if necessary
+      if (sheet1 > sheet2)
+        sheet1, sheet2 = [sheet2, sheet1]
+      end
+    else
+      # Single sheet name only.
+      sheet1, sheet2 = [ext_ref, ext_ref]
+
+      sheet1 = get_sheet_index(sheet1)
+      sheet2 = sheet1
+    end
+
+    key = "#{sheet1}:#{sheet2}"
+
+    if @ext_refs[key].nil?
+      index = get_ext_ref_count
+      @ext_refs[key] = index
+      @ext_ref_count += 1
+    else
+      index = @ext_refs[key]
+    end
+
+    return [index].pack("v")
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _get_sheet_index()
+  #
+  # Look up the index that corresponds to an external sheet name. The hash of
+  # sheet names is updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
+  #
+  def get_sheet_index(sheet_name)
+    # Handle utf8 sheetnames
+    if sheet_name =~ NonAscii
+      sheet_name = NKF.nkf('-w16B0 -m0 -W', sheet_name)
+    end
+
+    if @ext_sheets[sheet_name].nil?
+      raise "Unknown sheet name '#{sheet_name}' in formula\n"
+    else
+      return @ext_sheets[sheet_name]
+    end
+  end
+  public :get_sheet_index
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # set_ext_sheets()
+  #
+  # This semi-public method is used to update the hash of sheet names. It is
+  # updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
+  #
+  def set_ext_sheets(worksheet, index)
+    # The _ext_sheets hash is used to translate between worksheet names
+    # and their index
+    @ext_sheets[worksheet] = index
+  end
+  public :set_ext_sheets
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # get_ext_sheets()
+  #
+  # This semi-public method is used to get the worksheet references that were
+  # used in formulas for inclusion in the EXTERNSHEET Workbook record.
+  #
+  def get_ext_sheets
+    @ext_refs
+  end
+  public :get_ext_sheets
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # get_ext_ref_count()
+  #
+  # TODO This semi-public method is used to update the hash of sheet names. It is
+  # updated by the add_worksheet() method of the Workbook class.
+  #
+  def get_ext_ref_count
+    return @ext_ref_count
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _get_name_index()
+  #
+  # Look up the index that corresponds to an external defined name. The hash of
+  # defined names is updated by the define_name() method in the Workbook class.
+  #
+  def get_name_index(name)
+    if @ext_names.has_key?(name)
+      @ext_names[name]
+    else
+      raise "Unknown defined name $name in formula\n"
+    end
+  end
+  private :get_name_index
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # set_ext_name()
+  #
+  # This semi-public method is used to update the hash of defined names.
+  #
+  def set_ext_name(name, index)
+    @ext_names[name] = index
+  end
+  public :set_ext_name
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_function()
+  #
+  # Convert a function to a ptgFunc or ptgFuncVarV depending on the number of
+  # args that it takes.
+  #
+  def convert_function(token, num_args)
+    exit "Unknown function #{token}() in formula\n" if @functions[token][0].nil?
+
+    args = @functions[token][1]
+
+    # Fixed number of args eg. TIME($i,$j,$k).
+    if (args >= 0)
+      # Check that the number of args is valid.
+      if (args != num_args)
+        raise "Incorrect number of arguments for #{token}() in formula\n";
+      else
+        return [@ptg['ptgFuncV'], @functions[token][0]].pack("Cv")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Variable number of args eg. SUM(i,j,k, ..).
+    if (args == -1)
+      return [@ptg['ptgFuncVarV'], num_args, @functions[token][0]].pack("CCv")
+    end
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _convert_name()
+  #
+  # Convert a symbolic name into a name reference.
+  #
+  def convert_name(name, _class)
+    name_index = get_name_index(name)
+
+    # The ptg value depends on the class of the ptg.
+    if _class == 0
+      ptgName = @ptg['ptgName']
+    elsif _class == 1
+      ptgName = @ptg['ptgNameV']
+    elsif _class == 2
+      ptgName = @ptg['ptgNameA']
+    end
+
+    [ptgName, name_index].pack('CV')
+  end
+  private :convert_name
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _cell_to_rowcol($cell_ref)
+  #
+  # Convert an Excel cell reference such as A1 or $B2 or C$3 or $D$4 to a zero
+  # indexed row and column number. Also returns two boolean values to indicate
+  # whether the row or column are relative references.
+  # TODO use function in Utility.pm
+  #
+  def cell_to_rowcol(cell)
+    cell =~ /(\$?)([A-I]?[A-Z])(\$?)(\d+)/
+
+    col_rel = $1 == "" ? 1 : 0
+    col     = $2
+    row_rel = $3 == "" ? 1 : 0
+    row     = $4.to_i
+
+    # Convert base26 column string to a number.
+    # All your Base are belong to us.
+    chars  = col.split(//)
+    expn   = 0
+    col    = 0
+
+    while (!chars.empty?)
+      char = chars.pop   # LS char first
+      col  = col + (char[0] - "A"[0] + 1) * (26**expn)
+      expn += 1
+    end
+    # Convert 1-index to zero-index
+    row -= 1
+    col -= 1
+
+    return [row, col, row_rel, col_rel]
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _cell_to_packed_rowcol($row, $col, $row_rel, $col_rel)
+  #
+  # pack() row and column into the required 3 byte format.
+  #
+  def cell_to_packed_rowcol(cell)
+    row, col, row_rel, col_rel = cell_to_rowcol(cell)
+
+    exit "Column #{cell} greater than IV in formula\n" if col >= 256
+    exit "Row #{cell} greater than 65536 in formula\n" if row >= 65536
+
+    # Set the high bits to indicate if row or col are relative.
+    col    |= col_rel << 14
+    col    |= row_rel << 15
+
+    row     = [row].pack('v')
+    col     = [col].pack('v')
+
+    return [row, col]
+  end
+
+  ###############################################################################
+  #
+  # _initialize_hashes()
+  #
+  def initialize_hashes
+
+    # The Excel ptg indices
+    @ptg = {
+      'ptgExp'            => 0x01,
+      'ptgTbl'            => 0x02,
+      'ptgAdd'            => 0x03,
+      'ptgSub'            => 0x04,
+      'ptgMul'            => 0x05,
+      'ptgDiv'            => 0x06,
+      'ptgPower'          => 0x07,
+      'ptgConcat'         => 0x08,
+      'ptgLT'             => 0x09,
+      'ptgLE'             => 0x0A,
+      'ptgEQ'             => 0x0B,
+      'ptgGE'             => 0x0C,
+      'ptgGT'             => 0x0D,
+      'ptgNE'             => 0x0E,
+      'ptgIsect'          => 0x0F,
+      'ptgUnion'          => 0x10,
+      'ptgRange'          => 0x11,
+      'ptgUplus'          => 0x12,
+      'ptgUminus'         => 0x13,
+      'ptgPercent'        => 0x14,
+      'ptgParen'          => 0x15,
+      'ptgMissArg'        => 0x16,
+      'ptgStr'            => 0x17,
+      'ptgAttr'           => 0x19,
+      'ptgSheet'          => 0x1A,
+      'ptgEndSheet'       => 0x1B,
+      'ptgErr'            => 0x1C,
+      'ptgBool'           => 0x1D,
+      'ptgInt'            => 0x1E,
+      'ptgNum'            => 0x1F,
+      'ptgArray'          => 0x20,
+      'ptgFunc'           => 0x21,
+      'ptgFuncVar'        => 0x22,
+      'ptgName'           => 0x23,
+      'ptgRef'            => 0x24,
+      'ptgArea'           => 0x25,
+      'ptgMemArea'        => 0x26,
+      'ptgMemErr'         => 0x27,
+      'ptgMemNoMem'       => 0x28,
+      'ptgMemFunc'        => 0x29,
+      'ptgRefErr'         => 0x2A,
+      'ptgAreaErr'        => 0x2B,
+      'ptgRefN'           => 0x2C,
+      'ptgAreaN'          => 0x2D,
+      'ptgMemAreaN'       => 0x2E,
+      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x2F,
+      'ptgNameX'          => 0x39,
+      'ptgRef3d'          => 0x3A,
+      'ptgArea3d'         => 0x3B,
+      'ptgRefErr3d'       => 0x3C,
+      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x3D,
+      'ptgArrayV'         => 0x40,
+      'ptgFuncV'          => 0x41,
+      'ptgFuncVarV'       => 0x42,
+      'ptgNameV'          => 0x43,
+      'ptgRefV'           => 0x44,
+      'ptgAreaV'          => 0x45,
+      'ptgMemAreaV'       => 0x46,
+      'ptgMemErrV'        => 0x47,
+      'ptgMemNoMemV'      => 0x48,
+      'ptgMemFuncV'       => 0x49,
+      'ptgRefErrV'        => 0x4A,
+      'ptgAreaErrV'       => 0x4B,
+      'ptgRefNV'          => 0x4C,
+      'ptgAreaNV'         => 0x4D,
+      'ptgMemAreaNV'      => 0x4E,
+      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x4F,
+      'ptgFuncCEV'        => 0x58,
+      'ptgNameXV'         => 0x59,
+      'ptgRef3dV'         => 0x5A,
+      'ptgArea3dV'        => 0x5B,
+      'ptgRefErr3dV'      => 0x5C,
+      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x5D,
+      'ptgArrayA'         => 0x60,
+      'ptgFuncA'          => 0x61,
+      'ptgFuncVarA'       => 0x62,
+      'ptgNameA'          => 0x63,
+      'ptgRefA'           => 0x64,
+      'ptgAreaA'          => 0x65,
+      'ptgMemAreaA'       => 0x66,
+      'ptgMemErrA'        => 0x67,
+      'ptgMemNoMemA'      => 0x68,
+      'ptgMemFuncA'       => 0x69,
+      'ptgRefErrA'        => 0x6A,
+      'ptgAreaErrA'       => 0x6B,
+      'ptgRefNA'          => 0x6C,
+      'ptgAreaNA'         => 0x6D,
+      'ptgMemAreaNA'      => 0x6E,
+      'ptgMemNoMemN'      => 0x6F,
+      'ptgFuncCEA'        => 0x78,
+      'ptgNameXA'         => 0x79,
+      'ptgRef3dA'         => 0x7A,
+      'ptgArea3dA'        => 0x7B,
+      'ptgRefErr3dA'      => 0x7C,
+      'ptgAreaErr3d'      => 0x7D
+    };
+
+    # Thanks to Michael Meeks and Gnumeric for the initial arg values.
+    #
+    # The following hash was generated by "function_locale.pl" in the distro.
+    # Refer to function_locale.pl for non-English function names.
+    #
+    # The array elements are as follow:
+    # ptg:   The Excel function ptg code.
+    # args:  The number of arguments that the function takes:
+    #           >=0 is a fixed number of arguments.
+    #           -1  is a variable  number of arguments.
+    # class: The reference, value or array class of the function args.
+    # vol:   The function is volatile.
+    #
+    @functions  = {
+      #                                     ptg  args  class  vol
+      'COUNT'                         => [   0,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'IF'                            => [   1,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISNA'                          => [   2,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISERROR'                       => [   3,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SUM'                           => [   4,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'AVERAGE'                       => [   5,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'MIN'                           => [   6,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'MAX'                           => [   7,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'ROW'                           => [   8,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'COLUMN'                        => [   9,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'NA'                            => [  10,    0,    0,    0 ],
+      'NPV'                           => [  11,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'STDEV'                         => [  12,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'DOLLAR'                        => [  13,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FIXED'                         => [  14,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SIN'                           => [  15,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'COS'                           => [  16,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TAN'                           => [  17,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ATAN'                          => [  18,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'PI'                            => [  19,    0,    1,    0 ],
+      'SQRT'                          => [  20,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'EXP'                           => [  21,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'LN'                            => [  22,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'LOG10'                         => [  23,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ABS'                           => [  24,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'INT'                           => [  25,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SIGN'                          => [  26,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ROUND'                         => [  27,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'LOOKUP'                        => [  28,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'INDEX'                         => [  29,   -1,    0,    1 ],
+      'REPT'                          => [  30,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'MID'                           => [  31,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'LEN'                           => [  32,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'VALUE'                         => [  33,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TRUE'                          => [  34,    0,    1,    0 ],
+      'FALSE'                         => [  35,    0,    1,    0 ],
+      'AND'                           => [  36,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'OR'                            => [  37,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'NOT'                           => [  38,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MOD'                           => [  39,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'DCOUNT'                        => [  40,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DSUM'                          => [  41,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DAVERAGE'                      => [  42,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DMIN'                          => [  43,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DMAX'                          => [  44,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DSTDEV'                        => [  45,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'VAR'                           => [  46,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'DVAR'                          => [  47,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'TEXT'                          => [  48,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'LINEST'                        => [  49,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'TREND'                         => [  50,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'LOGEST'                        => [  51,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'GROWTH'                        => [  52,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'PV'                            => [  56,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FV'                            => [  57,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'NPER'                          => [  58,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'PMT'                           => [  59,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'RATE'                          => [  60,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MIRR'                          => [  61,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'IRR'                           => [  62,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'RAND'                          => [  63,    0,    1,    1 ],
+      'MATCH'                         => [  64,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'DATE'                          => [  65,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'TIME'                          => [  66,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'DAY'                           => [  67,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MONTH'                         => [  68,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'YEAR'                          => [  69,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'WEEKDAY'                       => [  70,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'HOUR'                          => [  71,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MINUTE'                        => [  72,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SECOND'                        => [  73,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'NOW'                           => [  74,    0,    1,    1 ],
+      'AREAS'                         => [  75,    1,    0,    1 ],
+      'ROWS'                          => [  76,    1,    0,    1 ],
+      'COLUMNS'                       => [  77,    1,    0,    1 ],
+      'OFFSET'                        => [  78,   -1,    0,    1 ],
+      'SEARCH'                        => [  82,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TRANSPOSE'                     => [  83,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TYPE'                          => [  86,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ATAN2'                         => [  97,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'ASIN'                          => [  98,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ACOS'                          => [  99,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'CHOOSE'                        => [ 100,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'HLOOKUP'                       => [ 101,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'VLOOKUP'                       => [ 102,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'ISREF'                         => [ 105,    1,    0,    0 ],
+      'LOG'                           => [ 109,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'CHAR'                          => [ 111,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'LOWER'                         => [ 112,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'UPPER'                         => [ 113,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'PROPER'                        => [ 114,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'LEFT'                          => [ 115,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'RIGHT'                         => [ 116,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'EXACT'                         => [ 117,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'TRIM'                          => [ 118,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'REPLACE'                       => [ 119,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'SUBSTITUTE'                    => [ 120,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'CODE'                          => [ 121,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FIND'                          => [ 124,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'CELL'                          => [ 125,   -1,    0,    1 ],
+      'ISERR'                         => [ 126,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISTEXT'                        => [ 127,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISNUMBER'                      => [ 128,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISBLANK'                       => [ 129,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'T'                             => [ 130,    1,    0,    0 ],
+      'N'                             => [ 131,    1,    0,    0 ],
+      'DATEVALUE'                     => [ 140,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TIMEVALUE'                     => [ 141,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SLN'                           => [ 142,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'SYD'                           => [ 143,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'DDB'                           => [ 144,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'INDIRECT'                      => [ 148,   -1,    1,    1 ],
+      'CALL'                          => [ 150,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'CLEAN'                         => [ 162,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MDETERM'                       => [ 163,    1,    2,    0 ],
+      'MINVERSE'                      => [ 164,    1,    2,    0 ],
+      'MMULT'                         => [ 165,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'IPMT'                          => [ 167,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'PPMT'                          => [ 168,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'COUNTA'                        => [ 169,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'PRODUCT'                       => [ 183,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'FACT'                          => [ 184,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'DPRODUCT'                      => [ 189,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'ISNONTEXT'                     => [ 190,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'STDEVP'                        => [ 193,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'VARP'                          => [ 194,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'DSTDEVP'                       => [ 195,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'DVARP'                         => [ 196,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'TRUNC'                         => [ 197,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ISLOGICAL'                     => [ 198,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'DCOUNTA'                       => [ 199,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'ROUNDUP'                       => [ 212,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'ROUNDDOWN'                     => [ 213,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'RANK'                          => [ 216,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'ADDRESS'                       => [ 219,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'DAYS360'                       => [ 220,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TODAY'                         => [ 221,    0,    1,    1 ],
+      'VDB'                           => [ 222,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'MEDIAN'                        => [ 227,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'SUMPRODUCT'                    => [ 228,   -1,    2,    0 ],
+      'SINH'                          => [ 229,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'COSH'                          => [ 230,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'TANH'                          => [ 231,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ASINH'                         => [ 232,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ACOSH'                         => [ 233,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'ATANH'                         => [ 234,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'DGET'                          => [ 235,    3,    0,    0 ],
+      'INFO'                          => [ 244,    1,    1,    1 ],
+      'DB'                            => [ 247,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FREQUENCY'                     => [ 252,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'ERROR.TYPE'                    => [ 261,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'REGISTER.ID'                   => [ 267,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'AVEDEV'                        => [ 269,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'BETADIST'                      => [ 270,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'GAMMALN'                       => [ 271,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'BETAINV'                       => [ 272,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'BINOMDIST'                     => [ 273,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'CHIDIST'                       => [ 274,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'CHIINV'                        => [ 275,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'COMBIN'                        => [ 276,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'CONFIDENCE'                    => [ 277,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'CRITBINOM'                     => [ 278,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'EVEN'                          => [ 279,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'EXPONDIST'                     => [ 280,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'FDIST'                         => [ 281,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'FINV'                          => [ 282,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'FISHER'                        => [ 283,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FISHERINV'                     => [ 284,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'FLOOR'                         => [ 285,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'GAMMADIST'                     => [ 286,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'GAMMAINV'                      => [ 287,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'CEILING'                       => [ 288,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'HYPGEOMDIST'                   => [ 289,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'LOGNORMDIST'                   => [ 290,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'LOGINV'                        => [ 291,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'NEGBINOMDIST'                  => [ 292,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'NORMDIST'                      => [ 293,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'NORMSDIST'                     => [ 294,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'NORMINV'                       => [ 295,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'NORMSINV'                      => [ 296,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'STANDARDIZE'                   => [ 297,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'ODD'                           => [ 298,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'PERMUT'                        => [ 299,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'POISSON'                       => [ 300,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'TDIST'                         => [ 301,    3,    1,    0 ],
+      'WEIBULL'                       => [ 302,    4,    1,    0 ],
+      'SUMXMY2'                       => [ 303,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'SUMX2MY2'                      => [ 304,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'SUMX2PY2'                      => [ 305,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'CHITEST'                       => [ 306,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'CORREL'                        => [ 307,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'COVAR'                         => [ 308,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'FORECAST'                      => [ 309,    3,    2,    0 ],
+      'FTEST'                         => [ 310,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'INTERCEPT'                     => [ 311,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'PEARSON'                       => [ 312,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'RSQ'                           => [ 313,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'STEYX'                         => [ 314,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'SLOPE'                         => [ 315,    2,    2,    0 ],
+      'TTEST'                         => [ 316,    4,    2,    0 ],
+      'PROB'                          => [ 317,   -1,    2,    0 ],
+      'DEVSQ'                         => [ 318,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'GEOMEAN'                       => [ 319,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'HARMEAN'                       => [ 320,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'SUMSQ'                         => [ 321,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'KURT'                          => [ 322,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'SKEW'                          => [ 323,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'ZTEST'                         => [ 324,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'LARGE'                         => [ 325,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'SMALL'                         => [ 326,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'QUARTILE'                      => [ 327,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'PERCENTILE'                    => [ 328,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'PERCENTRANK'                   => [ 329,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'MODE'                          => [ 330,   -1,    2,    0 ],
+      'TRIMMEAN'                      => [ 331,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'TINV'                          => [ 332,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'CONCATENATE'                   => [ 336,   -1,    1,    0 ],
+      'POWER'                         => [ 337,    2,    1,    0 ],
+      'RADIANS'                       => [ 342,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'DEGREES'                       => [ 343,    1,    1,    0 ],
+      'SUBTOTAL'                      => [ 344,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'SUMIF'                         => [ 345,   -1,    0,    0 ],
+      'COUNTIF'                       => [ 346,    2,    0,    0 ],
+      'COUNTBLANK'                    => [ 347,    1,    0,    0 ],
+      'ROMAN'                         => [ 354,   -1,    1,    0 ]
+    }
+
+  end
+
+
+end
+
+if $0 ==__FILE__
+
+
+  parser = Formula.new
+  puts
+  puts 'type "Q" to quit.'
+  puts
+  while true
+    puts
+    print '? '
+    str = gets.chop!
+    break if /q/i =~ str
+    begin
+      e = parser.parse(str)
+      p   parser.reverse(e)
+    rescue ParseError
+      puts $!
+    end
+  end
+
+end