win32-api 1.4.1 → 1.4.2

data/ext/win32/api.c

@@ -1,926 +1,948 @@
-#include <ruby.h>
-#include <windows.h>
-
-// Ruby 1.9.x
-#ifndef RSTRING_PTR
-#define RSTRING_PTR(s) (RSTRING(s)->ptr)
-#endif
-#ifndef RSTRING_LEN
-#define RSTRING_LEN(s) (RSTRING(s)->len)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RARRAY_PTR
-#define RARRAY_PTR(a) (RARRAY(a)->ptr)
-#endif
-#ifndef RARRAY_LEN
-#define RARRAY_LEN(a) (RARRAY(a)->len)
-#endif
-
-#define MAX_BUF 1024
-#define WINDOWS_API_VERSION "1.4.1"
-
-#define _T_VOID     0
-#define _T_LONG     1
-#define _T_POINTER  2
-#define _T_INTEGER  3
-#define _T_CALLBACK 4
-#define _T_STRING   5
-
-VALUE cAPIError, cAPIProtoError, cAPILoadError;
-static VALUE ActiveCallback = Qnil;
-
-typedef struct {
-    HANDLE library;
-    FARPROC function;
-    int return_type;
-    int prototype[20];
-} Win32API;
-
-static void api_free(Win32API* ptr){
-   if(ptr->library)
-      FreeLibrary(ptr->library);
-
-   if(ptr)
-      free(ptr);
-}
-
-static VALUE api_allocate(VALUE klass){
-   Win32API* ptr = malloc(sizeof(Win32API));
-   return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, api_free, ptr);
-}
-
-/* Helper function that converts the error number returned by GetLastError()
- * into a human readable string. Note that we always use English for error
- * output because that's what Ruby itself does.
- *
- * Internal use only.
- */
-char* StringError(DWORD dwError){
-   LPVOID lpMsgBuf;
-   static char buf[MAX_PATH];
-   DWORD dwLen;
-
-   /* Assume ASCII error messages from the Windows API */
-   dwLen = FormatMessageA(
-      FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
-      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
-      FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-      NULL,
-      dwError,
-      MAKELANGID(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US),
-      (LPSTR)&lpMsgBuf,
-      0,
-      NULL
-   );
-
-   if(!dwLen)
-      rb_raise(cAPIError, "Attempt to format message failed");
-
-   memset(buf, 0, MAX_PATH);
-
-   /* remove \r\n */
-#ifdef HAVE_STRNCPY_S
-   strncpy_s(buf, MAX_PATH, lpMsgBuf, dwLen - 2);
-#else
-   strncpy(buf, lpMsgBuf, dwLen - 2);
-#endif
-
-   LocalFree(lpMsgBuf);
-
-   return buf;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    Win32::API::Callback.new(prototype, return='L'){ |proto| ... }
- *
- * Creates and returns a new Win32::API::Callback object. The prototype
- * arguments are yielded back to the block in the same order they were
- * declared.
- *
- * The +prototype+ is the function prototype for the callback function. This
- * is a string. The possible valid characters are 'I' (integer), 'L' (long),
- * 'V' (void), 'P' (pointer) or 'S' (string). Unlike API objects, API::Callback
- * objects do not have a default prototype.
- *
- * The +return+ argument is the return type for the callback function. The
- * valid characters are the same as for the +prototype+. The default is
- * 'L' (long).
- *
- * Example:
- *    require 'win32/api'
- *    include Win32
- *
- *    EnumWindows = API.new('EnumWindows', 'KP', 'L', 'user32')
- *    GetWindowText = API.new('GetWindowText', 'LPI', 'I', 'user32')
- *
- *    EnumWindowsProc = API::Callback.new('LP', 'I'){ |handle, param|
- *       buf = "\0" * 200
- *       GetWindowText.call(handle, buf, 200);
- *       puts buf.strip unless buf.strip.empty?
- *       buf.index(param).nil? ? true : false
- *    }
- *
- *    EnumWindows.call(EnumWindowsProc, 'UEDIT32')
- */
-static VALUE callback_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
-{
-   extern void *CallbackTable[];
-   void *find_callback(VALUE,int);
-   VALUE v_proto, v_return, v_proc;
-   int i;
-
-   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11&", &v_proto, &v_return, &v_proc);
-
-   /* Validate prototype characters */
-   for(i = 0; i < RSTRING_LEN(v_proto); i++){
-      switch(RSTRING_PTR(v_proto)[i]){
-         case 'I': case 'L': case 'P': case 'V': case 'S':
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%c'",
-               RSTRING_PTR(v_proto)[i]
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RARRAY_LEN(v_return) == 0){
-      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
-   }
-   else{
-      switch(*(char*)RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
-         case 'I': case 'L': case 'P': case 'V': case 'S':
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
-               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@function", v_proc);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@address", ULONG2NUM((LPARAM)find_callback(self,RSTRING_LEN(v_proto))));
-   ActiveCallback = self;
-
-   return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    Win32::API.new(function, prototype='V', return='L', dll='kernel32')
- *
- * Creates and returns a new Win32::API object. The +function+ is the name
- * of the Windows function.
- *
- * The +prototype+ is the function prototype for +function+. This can be a
- * string or an array of characters.  The possible valid characters are 'I'
- * (integer), 'L' (long), 'V' (void), 'P' (pointer), 'K' (callback) or 'S'
- * (string).
- *
- * The default is void ('V').
- *
- * Constant (const char*) strings should use 'S'. Pass by reference string
- * buffers should use 'P'. The former is faster, but cannot be modified.
- *
- * The +return+ argument is the return type for the function.  The valid
- * characters are the same as for the +prototype+.  The default is 'L' (long).
- *
- * The +dll+ is the name of the DLL file that the function is exported from.
- * The default is 'kernel32'.
- *
- * If the function cannot be found then an API::Error is raised (a subclass
- * of RuntimeError).
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *    require 'win32/api'
- *    include Win32
- *
- *    buf = 0.chr * 260
- *    len = [buf.length].pack('L')
- *
- *    GetUserName = API.new('GetUserName', 'PP', 'I', 'advapi32')
- *    GetUserName.call(buf, len)
- *
- *    puts buf.strip
- */
-static VALUE api_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
-{
-   HMODULE hLibrary;
-   FARPROC fProc;
-   Win32API* ptr;
-   int i;
-   char* first  = "A";
-   char* second = "W";
-   VALUE v_proc, v_proto, v_return, v_dll;
-
-   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &v_proc, &v_proto, &v_return, &v_dll);
-
-   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
-
-   // Convert a string prototype to an array of characters
-   if(rb_respond_to(v_proto, rb_intern("split")))
-      v_proto = rb_str_split(v_proto, "");
-
-   // Convert a nil or empty prototype to 'V' (void) automatically
-   if(NIL_P(v_proto) || RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) == 0){
-      v_proto = rb_ary_new();
-      rb_ary_push(v_proto, rb_str_new2("V"));
-   }
-
-   // Set an arbitrary limit of 20 parameters
-   if(20 < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto))
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many parameters: %d\n", RARRAY_LEN(v_proto));
-
-   // Set the default dll to 'kernel32'
-   if(NIL_P(v_dll))
-      v_dll = rb_str_new2("kernel32");
-
-   // Set the default return type to 'L' (DWORD)
-   if(NIL_P(v_return))
-      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
-
-   SafeStringValue(v_dll);
-   SafeStringValue(v_proc);
-
-   hLibrary = LoadLibrary(TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_dll)));
-
-   // The most likely cause of failure is a bad DLL load path
-   if(!hLibrary){
-      rb_raise(cAPILoadError, "LoadLibrary() function failed for '%s': %s",
-         RSTRING_PTR(v_dll),
-         StringError(GetLastError())
-      );
-   }
-
-   ptr->library = hLibrary;
-
-   /* Attempt to get the function.  If it fails, try again with an 'A'
-    * appended.  If that fails, try again with a 'W' appended. If that
-    * still fails, raise an API::LoadLibraryError.
-    */
-
-   fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_proc)));
-
-   // Skip the ANSI and Wide function checks for MSVCRT functions.
-   if(!fProc){
-      if(strstr(RSTRING_PTR(v_dll), "msvcr")){
-         rb_raise(
-            cAPILoadError,
-            "Unable to load function '%s'",
-            RSTRING_PTR(v_proc)
-         );
-      }
-      else{
-         VALUE v_ascii = rb_str_new3(v_proc);
-         v_ascii = rb_str_cat(v_ascii, first, 1);
-         fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_ascii)));
-
-         if(!fProc){
-            VALUE v_unicode = rb_str_new3(v_proc);
-            v_unicode = rb_str_cat(v_unicode, second, 1);
-            fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_unicode)));
-
-            if(!fProc){
-               rb_raise(
-                  cAPILoadError,
-                  "Unable to load function '%s', '%s', or '%s'",
-                  RSTRING_PTR(v_proc),
-                  RSTRING_PTR(v_ascii),
-                  RSTRING_PTR(v_unicode)
-               );
-            }
-            else{
-               rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_unicode);
-            }
-         }
-         else{
-            rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_ascii);
-         }
-      }
-   }
-   else{
-      rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_proc);
-   }
-
-   ptr->function = fProc;
-
-   // Push the numeric prototypes onto our int array for later use.
-
-   for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto); i++){
-      SafeStringValue(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i]);
-      switch(*(char*)StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])){
-         case 'L':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_LONG;
-            break;
-         case 'P':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_POINTER;
-            break;
-         case 'I': case 'B':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_INTEGER;
-            break;
-         case 'V':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_VOID;
-            break;
-         case 'K':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_CALLBACK;
-            break;
-         case 'S':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_STRING;
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
-               StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   // Store the return type for later use.
-
-   // Automatically convert empty strings or nil to type void.
-   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RSTRING_LEN(v_return) == 0){
-      v_return = rb_str_new2("V");
-      ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
-   }
-   else{
-      SafeStringValue(v_return);
-      switch(*RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
-         case 'L':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_LONG;
-            break;
-         case 'P':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_POINTER;
-            break;
-         case 'I': case 'B':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_INTEGER;
-            break;
-         case 'V':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
-            break;
-         case 'S':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_STRING;
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
-               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@dll_name", v_dll);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@function_name", v_proc);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
-
-   return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *
- *    API::Function.new(address, prototype = 'V', return_type = 'L')
- *
- * Creates and returns an API::Function object. This object is similar to an
- * API object, except that instead of a character function name you pass a
- * function pointer address as the first argument, and there's no associated
- * DLL file.
- *
- * Once you have your API::Function object you can then call it the same way
- * you would an API object.
- *
- * Example:
- *
- *    require 'win32/api'
- *    include Win32
- *
- *    LoadLibrary = API.new('LoadLibrary', 'P', 'L')
- *    GetProcAddress = API.new('GetProcAddress', 'LP', 'L')
- *
- *    # Play a system beep
- *    hlib = LoadLibrary.call('user32')
- *    addr = GetProcAddress.call(hlib, 'MessageBeep')
- *    func = Win32::API::Function.new(addr, 'L', 'L')
- *    func.call(0)
- */
-static VALUE func_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self){
-   Win32API* ptr;
-   int i;
-   VALUE v_address, v_proto, v_return;
-
-   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &v_address, &v_proto, &v_return);
-
-   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
-
-   // Convert a string prototype to an array of characters
-   if(rb_respond_to(v_proto, rb_intern("split")))
-      v_proto = rb_str_split(v_proto, "");
-
-   // Convert a nil or empty prototype to 'V' (void) automatically
-   if(NIL_P(v_proto) || RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) == 0){
-      v_proto = rb_ary_new();
-      rb_ary_push(v_proto, rb_str_new2("V"));
-   }
-
-   // Set an arbitrary limit of 20 parameters
-   if(20 < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto))
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many parameters: %d\n", RARRAY_LEN(v_proto));
-
-   // Set the default return type to 'L' (DWORD)
-   if(NIL_P(v_return))
-      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
-
-   ptr->function = (FARPROC)NUM2LONG(v_address);
-
-   // Push the numeric prototypes onto our int array for later use.
-
-   for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto); i++){
-      SafeStringValue(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i]);
-      switch(*(char*)StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])){
-         case 'L':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_LONG;
-            break;
-         case 'P':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_POINTER;
-            break;
-         case 'I': case 'B':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_INTEGER;
-            break;
-         case 'V':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_VOID;
-            break;
-         case 'K':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_CALLBACK;
-            break;
-         case 'S':
-            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_STRING;
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
-               StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   // Store the return type for later use.
-
-   // Automatically convert empty strings or nil to type void.
-   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RSTRING_LEN(v_return) == 0){
-      v_return = rb_str_new2("V");
-      ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
-   }
-   else{
-      SafeStringValue(v_return);
-      switch(*RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
-         case 'L':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_LONG;
-            break;
-         case 'P':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_POINTER;
-            break;
-         case 'I': case 'B':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_INTEGER;
-            break;
-         case 'V':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
-            break;
-         case 'S':
-            ptr->return_type = _T_STRING;
-            break;
-         default:
-            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
-               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
-            );
-      }
-   }
-
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@address", v_address);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
-   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
-
-   return self;
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-   DWORD params[20];
-} CALLPARAM;
-
-
-DWORD CallbackFunction(CALLPARAM param,VALUE callback)
-{
-    VALUE v_proto, v_return, v_proc, v_retval;
-    VALUE argv[20];
-    int i, argc;
-    char *a_proto;
-    char *a_return;
-
-    if(callback && !NIL_P(callback)){
-        v_proto = rb_iv_get(callback, "@prototype");
-        a_proto = RSTRING_PTR(v_proto);
-
-        v_return = rb_iv_get(callback, "@return_type");
-        a_return = RSTRING_PTR(v_return);
-
-        v_proc = rb_iv_get(callback, "@function");
-        argc = RSTRING_LEN(v_proto);
-
-        for(i=0; i < RSTRING_LEN(v_proto); i++){
-           argv[i] = Qnil;
-           switch(a_proto[i]){
-              case 'L':
-                 argv[i] = ULONG2NUM(param.params[i]);
-                 break;
-              case 'P':
-                 if(param.params[i])
-                    argv[i] = rb_str_new2((char *)param.params[i]);
-                 break;
-              case 'I':
-                 argv[i] = INT2NUM(param.params[i]);
-                 break;
-              default:
-                 rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
-                    RSTRING_PTR(a_proto[i])
-                 );
-            }
-        }
-
-        v_retval = rb_funcall2(v_proc, rb_intern("call"), argc, argv);
-
-        /* Handle true and false explicitly, as some CALLBACK functions
-         * require TRUE or FALSE to break out of loops, etc.
-         */
-        if(v_retval == Qtrue)
-           return TRUE;
-        else if(v_retval == Qfalse)
-           return FALSE;
-
-        switch (*a_return) {
-           case 'I':
-              return NUM2INT(v_retval);
-              break;
-           case 'L':
-              return NUM2ULONG(v_retval);
-              break;
-           case 'S':
-              return (unsigned long)RSTRING_PTR(v_retval);
-              break;
-           case 'P':
-              if(NIL_P(v_retval)){
-                 return 0;
-              }
-              else if(FIXNUM_P(v_retval)){
-                 return NUM2ULONG(v_retval);
-              }
-              else{
-                 StringValue(v_retval);
-                 rb_str_modify(v_retval);
-                 return (unsigned long)StringValuePtr(v_retval);
-              }
-              break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK0(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction0_##x() {\
-   CALLPARAM param = {0};\
-   param.params[0] = 0;\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[0][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK1(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction1_##x(DWORD p1) {\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[1][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK2(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction2_##x(\
-DWORD p1, DWORD p2){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[2][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK3(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction3_##x(\
-DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[3][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK4(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction4_##x(\
-DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[4][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK5(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction5_##x(\
-   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5\
-){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[5][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK6(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction6_##x(\
-   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5, DWORD p6\
-){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[6][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK7(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction7_##x(\
-   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5, DWORD p6, DWORD p7\
-){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[7][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK8(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction8_##x(\
-   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4,\
-   DWORD p5, DWORD p6, DWORD p7, DWORD p8\
-){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7,p8};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[8][x]);\
-}
-
-#define CALLBACK9(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction9_##x(\
-   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5,\
-   DWORD p6, DWORD p7, DWORD p8, DWORD p9\
-){\
-   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7,p8,p9};\
-   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[9][x]);\
-}
-
-#define DEFCALLBACK(x) CALLBACK##x(0)\
-CALLBACK##x(1)\
-CALLBACK##x(2)\
-CALLBACK##x(3)\
-CALLBACK##x(4)\
-CALLBACK##x(5)\
-CALLBACK##x(6)\
-CALLBACK##x(7)\
-CALLBACK##x(8)\
-CALLBACK##x(9)
-
-#define CF(x,y)	CallbackFunction##x##_##y
-
-static VALUE FuncTable[10][10];
-
-DEFCALLBACK(0)
-DEFCALLBACK(1)
-DEFCALLBACK(2)
-DEFCALLBACK(3)
-DEFCALLBACK(4)
-DEFCALLBACK(5)
-DEFCALLBACK(6)
-DEFCALLBACK(7)
-DEFCALLBACK(8)
-DEFCALLBACK(9)
-
-void *CallbackTable[10][10] = {
-{CF(0,0),CF(0,1),CF(0,2),CF(0,3),CF(0,4),CF(0,5),CF(0,6),CF(0,7),CF(0,8),CF(0,9)},
-{CF(1,0),CF(1,1),CF(1,2),CF(1,3),CF(1,4),CF(1,5),CF(1,6),CF(1,7),CF(1,8),CF(1,9)},
-{CF(2,0),CF(2,1),CF(2,2),CF(2,3),CF(2,4),CF(2,5),CF(2,6),CF(2,7),CF(2,8),CF(2,9)},
-{CF(3,0),CF(3,1),CF(3,2),CF(3,3),CF(3,4),CF(3,5),CF(3,6),CF(3,7),CF(3,8),CF(3,9)},
-{CF(4,0),CF(4,1),CF(4,2),CF(4,3),CF(4,4),CF(4,5),CF(4,6),CF(4,7),CF(4,8),CF(4,9)},
-{CF(5,0),CF(5,1),CF(5,2),CF(5,3),CF(5,4),CF(5,5),CF(5,6),CF(5,7),CF(5,8),CF(5,9)},
-{CF(6,0),CF(6,1),CF(6,2),CF(6,3),CF(6,4),CF(6,5),CF(6,6),CF(6,7),CF(6,8),CF(6,9)},
-{CF(7,0),CF(7,1),CF(7,2),CF(7,3),CF(7,4),CF(7,5),CF(7,6),CF(7,7),CF(7,8),CF(7,9)},
-{CF(8,0),CF(8,1),CF(8,2),CF(8,3),CF(8,4),CF(8,5),CF(8,6),CF(8,7),CF(8,8),CF(8,9)},
-{CF(9,0),CF(9,1),CF(9,2),CF(9,3),CF(9,4),CF(9,5),CF(9,6),CF(9,7),CF(9,8),CF(9,9)}};
-
-
-void *find_callback(VALUE obj,int len)
-{
-   int i;
-   for(i=0;i<10;i++)
-   {
-       if(FuncTable[len][i]==0)
-          break;
-   }
-   if(i>=10)
-      rb_raise(cAPIError,"too many callbacks are defined.");
-   FuncTable[len][i] = obj;
-   return CallbackTable[len][i];
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    Win32::API#call(arg1, arg2, ...)
- *
- * Calls the function pointer with the given arguments (if any). Note that,
- * while this method will catch some prototype mismatches (raising a TypeError
- * in the process), it is not fulproof.  It is ultimately your job to make
- * sure the arguments match the +prototype+ specified in the constructor.
- *
- * For convenience, nil is converted to NULL, true is converted to TRUE (1)
- * and false is converted to FALSE (0).
- */
-static VALUE api_call(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self){
-   VALUE v_proto, v_args, v_arg, v_return;
-   Win32API* ptr;
-   unsigned long return_value;
-   int i = 0;
-   int len;
-
-   struct{
-      unsigned long params[20];
-   } param;
-
-   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
-
-   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0*", &v_args);
-
-   v_proto = rb_iv_get(self, "@prototype");
-
-   // For void prototypes, allow either no args or an explicit nil
-   if(RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) != RARRAY_LEN(v_args)){
-      char* c = StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[0]);
-      if(!strcmp(c, "V")){
-         rb_ary_push(v_args, Qnil);
-      }
-      else{
-         rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
-            "wrong number of parameters: expected %d, got %d",
-            RARRAY_LEN(v_proto), RARRAY_LEN(v_args)
-         );
-      }
-   }
-
-   len = RARRAY_LEN(v_proto);
-
-   for(i = 0; i < len; i++){
-      v_arg = RARRAY_PTR(v_args)[i];
-
-      // Convert nil to NULL.  Otherwise convert as appropriate.
-      if(NIL_P(v_arg))
-         param.params[i] = (unsigned long)NULL;
-      else if(v_arg == Qtrue)
-         param.params[i] = TRUE;
-      else if(v_arg == Qfalse)
-         param.params[i] = FALSE;
-      else
-         switch(ptr->prototype[i]){
-            case _T_LONG:
-               param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
-               break;
-            case _T_INTEGER:
-               param.params[i] = NUM2INT(v_arg);
-               break;
-            case _T_POINTER:
-               if(FIXNUM_P(v_arg)){
-                  param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
-               }
-               else{
-                  StringValue(v_arg);
-                  rb_str_modify(v_arg);
-                  param.params[i] = (unsigned long)StringValuePtr(v_arg);
-               }
-               break;
-            case _T_CALLBACK:
-               ActiveCallback = v_arg;
-               v_proto = rb_iv_get(ActiveCallback, "@prototype");
-               param.params[i] = (LPARAM)NUM2ULONG(rb_iv_get(ActiveCallback, "@address"));;
-               break;
-            case _T_STRING:
-               param.params[i] = (unsigned long)RSTRING_PTR(v_arg);
-               break;
-            default:
-               param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
-         }
-   }
-
-   /* Call the function, get the return value */
-   return_value = ptr->function(param);
-
-
-   /* Return the appropriate type based on the return type specified
-    * in the constructor.
-    */
-   switch(ptr->return_type){
-      case _T_INTEGER:
-         v_return = INT2NUM(return_value);
-         break;
-      case _T_LONG:
-         v_return = ULONG2NUM(return_value);
-         break;
-      case _T_VOID:
-         v_return = Qnil;
-         break;
-      case _T_POINTER:
-         if(!return_value){
-            v_return = Qnil;
-         }
-         else{
-            VALUE v_efunc = rb_iv_get(self, "@effective_function_name");
-            char* efunc = RSTRING_PTR(v_efunc);
-            if(efunc[strlen(efunc)-1] == 'W'){
-               v_return = rb_str_new(
-                  (TCHAR*)return_value,
-                  wcslen((wchar_t*)return_value)*2
-               );
-            }
-            else{
-               v_return = rb_str_new2((TCHAR*)return_value);
-            }
-         }
-         break;
-      case _T_STRING:
-         {
-            VALUE v_efunc = rb_iv_get(self, "@effective_function_name");
-            char* efunc = RSTRING_PTR(v_efunc);
-
-            if(efunc[strlen(efunc)-1] == 'W'){
-               v_return = rb_str_new(
-                  (TCHAR*)return_value,
-                  wcslen((wchar_t*)return_value)*2
-               );
-            }
-            else{
-               v_return = rb_str_new2((TCHAR*)return_value);
-            }
-         }
-         break;
-      default:
-         v_return = INT2NUM(0);
-   }
-
-   return v_return;
-}
-
-/*
- * Wraps the Windows API functions in a Ruby interface.
- */
-void Init_api(){
-   VALUE mWin32, cAPI, cCallback, cFunction;
-
-   /* Modules and Classes */
-
-   /* The Win32 module serves as a namespace only */
-   mWin32 = rb_define_module("Win32");
-
-   /* The API class encapsulates a function pointer to Windows API function */
-   cAPI = rb_define_class_under(mWin32, "API", rb_cObject);
-
-   /* The API::Callback class encapsulates a Windows CALLBACK function */
-   cCallback = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Callback", rb_cObject);
-
-   /* The API::Function class encapsulates a raw function pointer */
-   cFunction = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Function", cAPI);
-
-   /* The API::Error class serves as a base class for other errors */
-   cAPIError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Error", rb_eRuntimeError);
-
-   /* The LoadError class is raised if a function cannot be found or loaded */
-   cAPILoadError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "LoadLibraryError", cAPIError);
-
-   /* The PrototypeError class is raised if an invalid prototype is passed */
-   cAPIProtoError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "PrototypeError", cAPIError);
-
-   /* Miscellaneous */
-   rb_define_alloc_func(cAPI, api_allocate);
-
-   /* Win32::API Instance Methods */
-   rb_define_method(cAPI, "initialize", api_init, -1);
-   rb_define_method(cAPI, "call", api_call, -1);
-
-   /* Win32::API::Callback Instance Methods */
-   rb_define_method(cCallback, "initialize", callback_init, -1);
-
-   /* Win32::API::Function Instance Methods */
-   rb_define_method(cFunction, "initialize", func_init, -1);
-
-   /* The name of the DLL that exports the API function */
-   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "dll_name", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The name of the function passed to the constructor */
-   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "function_name", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The name of the actual function that is returned by the constructor.
-    * For example, if you passed 'GetUserName' to the constructor, then the
-    * effective function name would be either 'GetUserNameA' or 'GetUserNameW'.
-    */
-   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "effective_function_name", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The prototype, returned as an array of characters */
-   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "prototype", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The return type, returned as a single character, S, P, L, I, V or B */
-   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "return_type", 1, 0);
-
-   /* Win32::API::Callback Instance Methods */
-
-   /* The prototype, returned as an array of characters */
-   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "prototype", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The return type, returned as a single character, S, P, L, I, V or B */
-   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "return_type", 1, 0);
-
-   /* The numeric address of the function pointer */
-   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "address", 1, 0);
-   rb_define_attr(cFunction, "address", 1, 0);
-
-   /* Constants */
-
-   /* 1.4.1: The version of this library, returned as a String */
-   rb_define_const(cAPI, "VERSION", rb_str_new2(WINDOWS_API_VERSION));
-}
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+// Ruby 1.9.x
+#ifndef RSTRING_PTR
+#define RSTRING_PTR(s) (RSTRING(s)->ptr)
+#endif
+#ifndef RSTRING_LEN
+#define RSTRING_LEN(s) (RSTRING(s)->len)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RARRAY_PTR
+#define RARRAY_PTR(a) (RARRAY(a)->ptr)
+#endif
+#ifndef RARRAY_LEN
+#define RARRAY_LEN(a) (RARRAY(a)->len)
+#endif
+
+#define MAX_BUF 1024
+#define WINDOWS_API_VERSION "1.4.2"
+
+#define _T_VOID     0
+#define _T_LONG     1
+#define _T_POINTER  2
+#define _T_INTEGER  3
+#define _T_CALLBACK 4
+#define _T_STRING   5
+
+VALUE cAPIError, cAPIProtoError, cAPILoadError;
+static VALUE ActiveCallback = Qnil;
+
+typedef struct {
+    HANDLE library;
+    FARPROC function;
+    int return_type;
+    int prototype[20];
+} Win32API;
+
+static void api_free(Win32API* ptr){
+   if(ptr->library)
+      FreeLibrary(ptr->library);
+
+   if(ptr)
+      free(ptr);
+}
+
+static VALUE api_allocate(VALUE klass){
+   Win32API* ptr = malloc(sizeof(Win32API));
+   return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, api_free, ptr);
+}
+
+/* Helper function that converts the error number returned by GetLastError()
+ * into a human readable string. Note that we always use English for error
+ * output because that's what Ruby itself does.
+ *
+ * Internal use only.
+ */
+char* StringError(DWORD dwError){
+   LPVOID lpMsgBuf;
+   static char buf[MAX_PATH];
+   DWORD dwLen;
+
+   // Assume ASCII error messages from the Windows API
+   dwLen = FormatMessageA(
+      FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
+      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+      FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+      NULL,
+      dwError,
+      MAKELANGID(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US),
+      (LPSTR)&lpMsgBuf,
+      0,
+      NULL
+   );
+
+   /* It appears that Windows doesn't necessarily ship with the DLL
+    * required to always use English error messages. Check for error
+    * ERROR_MUI_FILE_NOT_FOUND (15100), and try again if necessary.
+    */
+   if(!dwLen && GetLastError() == 15100){
+      dwLen = FormatMessageA(
+         FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
+         FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+         FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+         NULL,
+         dwError,
+         0,
+         (LPSTR)&lpMsgBuf,
+         0,
+         NULL
+      );
+   }
+
+   if(!dwLen){
+      rb_raise(
+         cAPIError,
+         "Attempt to format message failed (error = '%d')",
+         GetLastError()
+      );
+   }
+
+   memset(buf, 0, MAX_PATH);
+
+   /* remove \r\n */
+#ifdef HAVE_STRNCPY_S
+   strncpy_s(buf, MAX_PATH, lpMsgBuf, dwLen - 2);
+#else
+   strncpy(buf, lpMsgBuf, dwLen - 2);
+#endif
+
+   LocalFree(lpMsgBuf);
+
+   return buf;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Win32::API::Callback.new(prototype, return='L'){ |proto| ... }
+ *
+ * Creates and returns a new Win32::API::Callback object. The prototype
+ * arguments are yielded back to the block in the same order they were
+ * declared.
+ *
+ * The +prototype+ is the function prototype for the callback function. This
+ * is a string. The possible valid characters are 'I' (integer), 'L' (long),
+ * 'V' (void), 'P' (pointer) or 'S' (string). Unlike API objects, API::Callback
+ * objects do not have a default prototype.
+ *
+ * The +return+ argument is the return type for the callback function. The
+ * valid characters are the same as for the +prototype+. The default is
+ * 'L' (long).
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *    require 'win32/api'
+ *    include Win32
+ *
+ *    EnumWindows = API.new('EnumWindows', 'KP', 'L', 'user32')
+ *    GetWindowText = API.new('GetWindowText', 'LPI', 'I', 'user32')
+ *
+ *    EnumWindowsProc = API::Callback.new('LP', 'I'){ |handle, param|
+ *       buf = "\0" * 200
+ *       GetWindowText.call(handle, buf, 200);
+ *       puts buf.strip unless buf.strip.empty?
+ *       buf.index(param).nil? ? true : false
+ *    }
+ *
+ *    EnumWindows.call(EnumWindowsProc, 'UEDIT32')
+ */
+static VALUE callback_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+   void *find_callback(VALUE,int);
+   VALUE v_proto, v_return, v_proc;
+   int i;
+
+   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11&", &v_proto, &v_return, &v_proc);
+
+   /* Validate prototype characters */
+   for(i = 0; i < RSTRING_LEN(v_proto); i++){
+      switch(RSTRING_PTR(v_proto)[i]){
+         case 'I': case 'L': case 'P': case 'V': case 'S':
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%c'",
+               RSTRING_PTR(v_proto)[i]
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RARRAY_LEN(v_return) == 0){
+      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
+   }
+   else{
+      switch(*(char*)RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
+         case 'I': case 'L': case 'P': case 'V': case 'S':
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
+               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@function", v_proc);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@address", ULONG2NUM((LPARAM)find_callback(self,RSTRING_LEN(v_proto))));
+   ActiveCallback = self;
+
+   return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Win32::API.new(function, prototype='V', return='L', dll='kernel32')
+ *
+ * Creates and returns a new Win32::API object. The +function+ is the name
+ * of the Windows function.
+ *
+ * The +prototype+ is the function prototype for +function+. This can be a
+ * string or an array of characters.  The possible valid characters are 'I'
+ * (integer), 'L' (long), 'V' (void), 'P' (pointer), 'K' (callback) or 'S'
+ * (string).
+ *
+ * The default is void ('V').
+ *
+ * Constant (const char*) strings should use 'S'. Pass by reference string
+ * buffers should use 'P'. The former is faster, but cannot be modified.
+ *
+ * The +return+ argument is the return type for the function.  The valid
+ * characters are the same as for the +prototype+.  The default is 'L' (long).
+ *
+ * The +dll+ is the name of the DLL file that the function is exported from.
+ * The default is 'kernel32'.
+ *
+ * If the function cannot be found then an API::Error is raised (a subclass
+ * of RuntimeError).
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *    require 'win32/api'
+ *    include Win32
+ *
+ *    buf = 0.chr * 260
+ *    len = [buf.length].pack('L')
+ *
+ *    GetUserName = API.new('GetUserName', 'PP', 'I', 'advapi32')
+ *    GetUserName.call(buf, len)
+ *
+ *    puts buf.strip
+ */
+static VALUE api_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+   HMODULE hLibrary;
+   FARPROC fProc;
+   Win32API* ptr;
+   int i;
+   char* first  = "A";
+   char* second = "W";
+   VALUE v_proc, v_proto, v_return, v_dll;
+
+   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "13", &v_proc, &v_proto, &v_return, &v_dll);
+
+   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
+
+   // Convert a string prototype to an array of characters
+   if(rb_respond_to(v_proto, rb_intern("split")))
+      v_proto = rb_str_split(v_proto, "");
+
+   // Convert a nil or empty prototype to 'V' (void) automatically
+   if(NIL_P(v_proto) || RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) == 0){
+      v_proto = rb_ary_new();
+      rb_ary_push(v_proto, rb_str_new2("V"));
+   }
+
+   // Set an arbitrary limit of 20 parameters
+   if(20 < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto))
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many parameters: %d\n", RARRAY_LEN(v_proto));
+
+   // Set the default dll to 'kernel32'
+   if(NIL_P(v_dll))
+      v_dll = rb_str_new2("kernel32");
+
+   // Set the default return type to 'L' (DWORD)
+   if(NIL_P(v_return))
+      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
+
+   SafeStringValue(v_dll);
+   SafeStringValue(v_proc);
+
+   hLibrary = LoadLibrary(TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_dll)));
+
+   // The most likely cause of failure is a bad DLL load path
+   if(!hLibrary){
+      rb_raise(cAPILoadError, "LoadLibrary() function failed for '%s': %s",
+         RSTRING_PTR(v_dll),
+         StringError(GetLastError())
+      );
+   }
+
+   ptr->library = hLibrary;
+
+   /* Attempt to get the function.  If it fails, try again with an 'A'
+    * appended.  If that fails, try again with a 'W' appended. If that
+    * still fails, raise an API::LoadLibraryError.
+    */
+
+   fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_proc)));
+
+   // Skip the ANSI and Wide function checks for MSVCRT functions.
+   if(!fProc){
+      if(strstr(RSTRING_PTR(v_dll), "msvcr")){
+         rb_raise(
+            cAPILoadError,
+            "Unable to load function '%s'",
+            RSTRING_PTR(v_proc)
+         );
+      }
+      else{
+         VALUE v_ascii = rb_str_new3(v_proc);
+         v_ascii = rb_str_cat(v_ascii, first, 1);
+         fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_ascii)));
+
+         if(!fProc){
+            VALUE v_unicode = rb_str_new3(v_proc);
+            v_unicode = rb_str_cat(v_unicode, second, 1);
+            fProc = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, TEXT(RSTRING_PTR(v_unicode)));
+
+            if(!fProc){
+               rb_raise(
+                  cAPILoadError,
+                  "Unable to load function '%s', '%s', or '%s'",
+                  RSTRING_PTR(v_proc),
+                  RSTRING_PTR(v_ascii),
+                  RSTRING_PTR(v_unicode)
+               );
+            }
+            else{
+               rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_unicode);
+            }
+         }
+         else{
+            rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_ascii);
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   else{
+      rb_iv_set(self, "@effective_function_name", v_proc);
+   }
+
+   ptr->function = fProc;
+
+   // Push the numeric prototypes onto our int array for later use.
+
+   for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto); i++){
+      SafeStringValue(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i]);
+      switch(*(char*)StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])){
+         case 'L':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_LONG;
+            break;
+         case 'P':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_POINTER;
+            break;
+         case 'I': case 'B':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_INTEGER;
+            break;
+         case 'V':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_VOID;
+            break;
+         case 'K':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_CALLBACK;
+            break;
+         case 'S':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_STRING;
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
+               StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   // Store the return type for later use.
+
+   // Automatically convert empty strings or nil to type void.
+   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RSTRING_LEN(v_return) == 0){
+      v_return = rb_str_new2("V");
+      ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
+   }
+   else{
+      SafeStringValue(v_return);
+      switch(*RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
+         case 'L':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_LONG;
+            break;
+         case 'P':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_POINTER;
+            break;
+         case 'I': case 'B':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_INTEGER;
+            break;
+         case 'V':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
+            break;
+         case 'S':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_STRING;
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
+               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@dll_name", v_dll);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@function_name", v_proc);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
+
+   return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *
+ *    API::Function.new(address, prototype = 'V', return_type = 'L')
+ *
+ * Creates and returns an API::Function object. This object is similar to an
+ * API object, except that instead of a character function name you pass a
+ * function pointer address as the first argument, and there's no associated
+ * DLL file.
+ *
+ * Once you have your API::Function object you can then call it the same way
+ * you would an API object.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *
+ *    require 'win32/api'
+ *    include Win32
+ *
+ *    LoadLibrary = API.new('LoadLibrary', 'P', 'L')
+ *    GetProcAddress = API.new('GetProcAddress', 'LP', 'L')
+ *
+ *    # Play a system beep
+ *    hlib = LoadLibrary.call('user32')
+ *    addr = GetProcAddress.call(hlib, 'MessageBeep')
+ *    func = Win32::API::Function.new(addr, 'L', 'L')
+ *    func.call(0)
+ */
+static VALUE func_init(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self){
+   Win32API* ptr;
+   int i;
+   VALUE v_address, v_proto, v_return;
+
+   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &v_address, &v_proto, &v_return);
+
+   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
+
+   // Convert a string prototype to an array of characters
+   if(rb_respond_to(v_proto, rb_intern("split")))
+      v_proto = rb_str_split(v_proto, "");
+
+   // Convert a nil or empty prototype to 'V' (void) automatically
+   if(NIL_P(v_proto) || RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) == 0){
+      v_proto = rb_ary_new();
+      rb_ary_push(v_proto, rb_str_new2("V"));
+   }
+
+   // Set an arbitrary limit of 20 parameters
+   if(20 < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto))
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many parameters: %d\n", RARRAY_LEN(v_proto));
+
+   // Set the default return type to 'L' (DWORD)
+   if(NIL_P(v_return))
+      v_return = rb_str_new2("L");
+
+   ptr->function = (FARPROC)NUM2LONG(v_address);
+
+   // Push the numeric prototypes onto our int array for later use.
+
+   for(i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(v_proto); i++){
+      SafeStringValue(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i]);
+      switch(*(char*)StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])){
+         case 'L':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_LONG;
+            break;
+         case 'P':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_POINTER;
+            break;
+         case 'I': case 'B':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_INTEGER;
+            break;
+         case 'V':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_VOID;
+            break;
+         case 'K':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_CALLBACK;
+            break;
+         case 'S':
+            ptr->prototype[i] = _T_STRING;
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
+               StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[i])
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   // Store the return type for later use.
+
+   // Automatically convert empty strings or nil to type void.
+   if(NIL_P(v_return) || RSTRING_LEN(v_return) == 0){
+      v_return = rb_str_new2("V");
+      ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
+   }
+   else{
+      SafeStringValue(v_return);
+      switch(*RSTRING_PTR(v_return)){
+         case 'L':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_LONG;
+            break;
+         case 'P':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_POINTER;
+            break;
+         case 'I': case 'B':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_INTEGER;
+            break;
+         case 'V':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_VOID;
+            break;
+         case 'S':
+            ptr->return_type = _T_STRING;
+            break;
+         default:
+            rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal return type '%s'",
+               RSTRING_PTR(v_return)
+            );
+      }
+   }
+
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@address", v_address);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@prototype", v_proto);
+   rb_iv_set(self, "@return_type", v_return);
+
+   return self;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+   DWORD params[20];
+} CALLPARAM;
+
+
+DWORD CallbackFunction(CALLPARAM param,VALUE callback)
+{
+    VALUE v_proto, v_return, v_proc, v_retval;
+    VALUE argv[20];
+    int i, argc;
+    char *a_proto;
+    char *a_return;
+
+    if(callback && !NIL_P(callback)){
+        v_proto = rb_iv_get(callback, "@prototype");
+        a_proto = RSTRING_PTR(v_proto);
+
+        v_return = rb_iv_get(callback, "@return_type");
+        a_return = RSTRING_PTR(v_return);
+
+        v_proc = rb_iv_get(callback, "@function");
+        argc = RSTRING_LEN(v_proto);
+
+        for(i=0; i < RSTRING_LEN(v_proto); i++){
+           argv[i] = Qnil;
+           switch(a_proto[i]){
+              case 'L':
+                 argv[i] = ULONG2NUM(param.params[i]);
+                 break;
+              case 'P':
+                 if(param.params[i])
+                    argv[i] = rb_str_new2((char *)param.params[i]);
+                 break;
+              case 'I':
+                 argv[i] = INT2NUM(param.params[i]);
+                 break;
+              default:
+                 rb_raise(cAPIProtoError, "Illegal prototype '%s'",
+                    RSTRING_PTR(a_proto[i])
+                 );
+            }
+        }
+
+        v_retval = rb_funcall2(v_proc, rb_intern("call"), argc, argv);
+
+        /* Handle true and false explicitly, as some CALLBACK functions
+         * require TRUE or FALSE to break out of loops, etc.
+         */
+        if(v_retval == Qtrue)
+           return TRUE;
+        else if(v_retval == Qfalse)
+           return FALSE;
+
+        switch (*a_return) {
+           case 'I':
+              return NUM2INT(v_retval);
+              break;
+           case 'L':
+              return NUM2ULONG(v_retval);
+              break;
+           case 'S':
+              return (unsigned long)RSTRING_PTR(v_retval);
+              break;
+           case 'P':
+              if(NIL_P(v_retval)){
+                 return 0;
+              }
+              else if(FIXNUM_P(v_retval)){
+                 return NUM2ULONG(v_retval);
+              }
+              else{
+                 StringValue(v_retval);
+                 rb_str_modify(v_retval);
+                 return (unsigned long)StringValuePtr(v_retval);
+              }
+              break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK0(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction0_##x() {\
+   CALLPARAM param = {0};\
+   param.params[0] = 0;\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[0][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK1(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction1_##x(DWORD p1) {\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[1][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK2(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction2_##x(\
+DWORD p1, DWORD p2){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[2][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK3(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction3_##x(\
+DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[3][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK4(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction4_##x(\
+DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[4][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK5(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction5_##x(\
+   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5\
+){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[5][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK6(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction6_##x(\
+   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5, DWORD p6\
+){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[6][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK7(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction7_##x(\
+   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5, DWORD p6, DWORD p7\
+){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[7][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK8(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction8_##x(\
+   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4,\
+   DWORD p5, DWORD p6, DWORD p7, DWORD p8\
+){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7,p8};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[8][x]);\
+}
+
+#define CALLBACK9(x) DWORD CALLBACK CallbackFunction9_##x(\
+   DWORD p1, DWORD p2, DWORD p3, DWORD p4, DWORD p5,\
+   DWORD p6, DWORD p7, DWORD p8, DWORD p9\
+){\
+   CALLPARAM param = {p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7,p8,p9};\
+   return CallbackFunction(param,FuncTable[9][x]);\
+}
+
+#define DEFCALLBACK(x) CALLBACK##x(0)\
+CALLBACK##x(1)\
+CALLBACK##x(2)\
+CALLBACK##x(3)\
+CALLBACK##x(4)\
+CALLBACK##x(5)\
+CALLBACK##x(6)\
+CALLBACK##x(7)\
+CALLBACK##x(8)\
+CALLBACK##x(9)
+
+#define CF(x,y)	CallbackFunction##x##_##y
+
+static VALUE FuncTable[10][10];
+
+DEFCALLBACK(0)
+DEFCALLBACK(1)
+DEFCALLBACK(2)
+DEFCALLBACK(3)
+DEFCALLBACK(4)
+DEFCALLBACK(5)
+DEFCALLBACK(6)
+DEFCALLBACK(7)
+DEFCALLBACK(8)
+DEFCALLBACK(9)
+
+void *CallbackTable[10][10] = {
+{CF(0,0),CF(0,1),CF(0,2),CF(0,3),CF(0,4),CF(0,5),CF(0,6),CF(0,7),CF(0,8),CF(0,9)},
+{CF(1,0),CF(1,1),CF(1,2),CF(1,3),CF(1,4),CF(1,5),CF(1,6),CF(1,7),CF(1,8),CF(1,9)},
+{CF(2,0),CF(2,1),CF(2,2),CF(2,3),CF(2,4),CF(2,5),CF(2,6),CF(2,7),CF(2,8),CF(2,9)},
+{CF(3,0),CF(3,1),CF(3,2),CF(3,3),CF(3,4),CF(3,5),CF(3,6),CF(3,7),CF(3,8),CF(3,9)},
+{CF(4,0),CF(4,1),CF(4,2),CF(4,3),CF(4,4),CF(4,5),CF(4,6),CF(4,7),CF(4,8),CF(4,9)},
+{CF(5,0),CF(5,1),CF(5,2),CF(5,3),CF(5,4),CF(5,5),CF(5,6),CF(5,7),CF(5,8),CF(5,9)},
+{CF(6,0),CF(6,1),CF(6,2),CF(6,3),CF(6,4),CF(6,5),CF(6,6),CF(6,7),CF(6,8),CF(6,9)},
+{CF(7,0),CF(7,1),CF(7,2),CF(7,3),CF(7,4),CF(7,5),CF(7,6),CF(7,7),CF(7,8),CF(7,9)},
+{CF(8,0),CF(8,1),CF(8,2),CF(8,3),CF(8,4),CF(8,5),CF(8,6),CF(8,7),CF(8,8),CF(8,9)},
+{CF(9,0),CF(9,1),CF(9,2),CF(9,3),CF(9,4),CF(9,5),CF(9,6),CF(9,7),CF(9,8),CF(9,9)}};
+
+
+void *find_callback(VALUE obj,int len)
+{
+   int i;
+   for(i=0;i<10;i++)
+   {
+       if(FuncTable[len][i]==0)
+          break;
+   }
+   if(i>=10)
+      rb_raise(cAPIError,"too many callbacks are defined.");
+   FuncTable[len][i] = obj;
+   return CallbackTable[len][i];
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    Win32::API#call(arg1, arg2, ...)
+ *
+ * Calls the function pointer with the given arguments (if any). Note that,
+ * while this method will catch some prototype mismatches (raising a TypeError
+ * in the process), it is not fulproof.  It is ultimately your job to make
+ * sure the arguments match the +prototype+ specified in the constructor.
+ *
+ * For convenience, nil is converted to NULL, true is converted to TRUE (1)
+ * and false is converted to FALSE (0).
+ */
+static VALUE api_call(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self){
+   VALUE v_proto, v_args, v_arg, v_return;
+   Win32API* ptr;
+   unsigned long return_value;
+   int i = 0;
+   int len;
+
+   struct{
+      unsigned long params[20];
+   } param;
+
+   Data_Get_Struct(self, Win32API, ptr);
+
+   rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0*", &v_args);
+
+   v_proto = rb_iv_get(self, "@prototype");
+
+   // For void prototypes, allow either no args or an explicit nil
+   if(RARRAY_LEN(v_proto) != RARRAY_LEN(v_args)){
+      char* c = StringValuePtr(RARRAY_PTR(v_proto)[0]);
+      if(!strcmp(c, "V")){
+         rb_ary_push(v_args, Qnil);
+      }
+      else{
+         rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+            "wrong number of parameters: expected %d, got %d",
+            RARRAY_LEN(v_proto), RARRAY_LEN(v_args)
+         );
+      }
+   }
+
+   len = RARRAY_LEN(v_proto);
+
+   for(i = 0; i < len; i++){
+      v_arg = RARRAY_PTR(v_args)[i];
+
+      // Convert nil to NULL.  Otherwise convert as appropriate.
+      if(NIL_P(v_arg))
+         param.params[i] = (unsigned long)NULL;
+      else if(v_arg == Qtrue)
+         param.params[i] = TRUE;
+      else if(v_arg == Qfalse)
+         param.params[i] = FALSE;
+      else
+         switch(ptr->prototype[i]){
+            case _T_LONG:
+               param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
+               break;
+            case _T_INTEGER:
+               param.params[i] = NUM2INT(v_arg);
+               break;
+            case _T_POINTER:
+               if(FIXNUM_P(v_arg)){
+                  param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
+               }
+               else{
+                  StringValue(v_arg);
+                  rb_str_modify(v_arg);
+                  param.params[i] = (unsigned long)StringValuePtr(v_arg);
+               }
+               break;
+            case _T_CALLBACK:
+               ActiveCallback = v_arg;
+               v_proto = rb_iv_get(ActiveCallback, "@prototype");
+               param.params[i] = (LPARAM)NUM2ULONG(rb_iv_get(ActiveCallback, "@address"));;
+               break;
+            case _T_STRING:
+               param.params[i] = (unsigned long)RSTRING_PTR(v_arg);
+               break;
+            default:
+               param.params[i] = NUM2ULONG(v_arg);
+         }
+   }
+
+   /* Call the function, get the return value */
+   return_value = ptr->function(param);
+
+
+   /* Return the appropriate type based on the return type specified
+    * in the constructor.
+    */
+   switch(ptr->return_type){
+      case _T_INTEGER:
+         v_return = INT2NUM(return_value);
+         break;
+      case _T_LONG:
+         v_return = ULONG2NUM(return_value);
+         break;
+      case _T_VOID:
+         v_return = Qnil;
+         break;
+      case _T_POINTER:
+         if(!return_value){
+            v_return = Qnil;
+         }
+         else{
+            VALUE v_efunc = rb_iv_get(self, "@effective_function_name");
+            char* efunc = RSTRING_PTR(v_efunc);
+            if(efunc[strlen(efunc)-1] == 'W'){
+               v_return = rb_str_new(
+                  (TCHAR*)return_value,
+                  wcslen((wchar_t*)return_value)*2
+               );
+            }
+            else{
+               v_return = rb_str_new2((TCHAR*)return_value);
+            }
+         }
+         break;
+      case _T_STRING:
+         {
+            VALUE v_efunc = rb_iv_get(self, "@effective_function_name");
+            char* efunc = RSTRING_PTR(v_efunc);
+
+            if(efunc[strlen(efunc)-1] == 'W'){
+               v_return = rb_str_new(
+                  (TCHAR*)return_value,
+                  wcslen((wchar_t*)return_value)*2
+               );
+            }
+            else{
+               v_return = rb_str_new2((TCHAR*)return_value);
+            }
+         }
+         break;
+      default:
+         v_return = INT2NUM(0);
+   }
+
+   return v_return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wraps the Windows API functions in a Ruby interface.
+ */
+void Init_api(){
+   VALUE mWin32, cAPI, cCallback, cFunction;
+
+   /* Modules and Classes */
+
+   /* The Win32 module serves as a namespace only */
+   mWin32 = rb_define_module("Win32");
+
+   /* The API class encapsulates a function pointer to Windows API function */
+   cAPI = rb_define_class_under(mWin32, "API", rb_cObject);
+
+   /* The API::Callback class encapsulates a Windows CALLBACK function */
+   cCallback = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Callback", rb_cObject);
+
+   /* The API::Function class encapsulates a raw function pointer */
+   cFunction = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Function", cAPI);
+
+   /* The API::Error class serves as a base class for other errors */
+   cAPIError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "Error", rb_eRuntimeError);
+
+   /* The LoadError class is raised if a function cannot be found or loaded */
+   cAPILoadError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "LoadLibraryError", cAPIError);
+
+   /* The PrototypeError class is raised if an invalid prototype is passed */
+   cAPIProtoError = rb_define_class_under(cAPI, "PrototypeError", cAPIError);
+
+   /* Miscellaneous */
+   rb_define_alloc_func(cAPI, api_allocate);
+
+   /* Win32::API Instance Methods */
+   rb_define_method(cAPI, "initialize", api_init, -1);
+   rb_define_method(cAPI, "call", api_call, -1);
+
+   /* Win32::API::Callback Instance Methods */
+   rb_define_method(cCallback, "initialize", callback_init, -1);
+
+   /* Win32::API::Function Instance Methods */
+   rb_define_method(cFunction, "initialize", func_init, -1);
+
+   /* The name of the DLL that exports the API function */
+   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "dll_name", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The name of the function passed to the constructor */
+   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "function_name", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The name of the actual function that is returned by the constructor.
+    * For example, if you passed 'GetUserName' to the constructor, then the
+    * effective function name would be either 'GetUserNameA' or 'GetUserNameW'.
+    */
+   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "effective_function_name", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The prototype, returned as an array of characters */
+   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "prototype", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The return type, returned as a single character, S, P, L, I, V or B */
+   rb_define_attr(cAPI, "return_type", 1, 0);
+
+   /* Win32::API::Callback Instance Methods */
+
+   /* The prototype, returned as an array of characters */
+   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "prototype", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The return type, returned as a single character, S, P, L, I, V or B */
+   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "return_type", 1, 0);
+
+   /* The numeric address of the function pointer */
+   rb_define_attr(cCallback, "address", 1, 0);
+   rb_define_attr(cFunction, "address", 1, 0);
+
+   /* Constants */
+
+   /* 1.4.2: The version of this library, returned as a String */
+   rb_define_const(cAPI, "VERSION", rb_str_new2(WINDOWS_API_VERSION));
+}