wikitext 0.1

data/ext/ary.h

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2008 Wincent Colaiuta
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    int     count;
+    int     max;
+    int     *entries;
+} ary_t;
+
+// in the test suite array count goes no higher than 25 or 26
+#define DEFAULT_ENTRY_COUNT 64
+
+#define NO_ITEM(item) (item == INT_MAX)
+
+inline ary_t *ary_new(void)
+{
+    ary_t *ary      = ALLOC_N(ary_t, 1);
+    ary->count      = 0;
+    ary->max        = DEFAULT_ENTRY_COUNT;
+    ary->entries    = ALLOC_N(int, DEFAULT_ENTRY_COUNT);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+inline void ary_free(ary_t *ary)
+{
+    free(ary->entries);
+    free(ary);
+}
+
+inline int ary_entry(ary_t *ary, int idx)
+{
+    if (idx < 0)
+        idx = ary->count + idx;
+    return (idx >= 0 && ary->count > idx) ? ary->entries[idx] : INT_MAX;
+}
+
+inline void ary_clear(ary_t *ary)
+{
+    ary->count = 0;
+}
+
+inline int ary_pop(ary_t *ary)
+{
+    if (ary->count > 0)
+    {
+        ary->count--;
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline void ary_push(ary_t *ary, int val)
+{
+    if (ary->count == ary->max)
+    {
+        ary->max += DEFAULT_ENTRY_COUNT;
+        REALLOC_N(ary->entries, int, ary->max);
+    }
+    ary->entries[ary->count] = val;
+    ary->count++;
+}
+
+inline int ary_includes(ary_t *ary, int val)
+{
+    for (int i = 0, max = ary->count; i < max; i++)
+    {
+        if (ary->entries[i] == val)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// returns a count indicating the number of times the value appears in the collection
+// refactored from _Wikitext_count()
+inline int ary_count(ary_t *ary, int item)
+{
+    int count = 0;
+    for (int i = 0, max = ary->count; i < max; i++)
+    {
+        if (ary->entries[i] == item)
+            count++;
+    }
+    return count;
+}
+

data/ext/depend

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# depend
+# Additional material for Makefile
+# Copyright 2008 Wincent Colaiuta
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+CFLAGS += -std=gnu99
+
+parser.o : ary.h parser.c parser.h token.h str.h wikitext.h wikitext_ragel.h
+token.o : token.c token.h wikitext.h
+wikitext.o : parser.h token.h wikitext.c wikitext.h wikitext_ragel.h
+wikitext_ragel.o : token.h wikitext.h wikitext_ragel.h wikitext_ragel.c

data/ext/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright 2008 Wincent Colaiuta
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+require 'mkmf'
+
+def missing item
+  puts "couldn't find #{item} (required)"
+  exit 1
+end
+
+have_header('ruby.h') or missing 'ruby.h'
+create_makefile('wikitext')

data/ext/parser.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2174 @@
+// Copyright 2007-2008 Wincent Colaiuta
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "ary.h"
+#include "str.h"
+#include "wikitext.h"
+#include "wikitext_ragel.h"
+
+#define IN(type) ary_includes(parser->scope, type)
+
+// poor man's object orientation in C:
+// instead of parsing around multiple parameters between functions in the parser
+// we pack everything into a struct and pass around only a pointer to that
+typedef struct
+{
+    VALUE   output;                 // for accumulating output to be returned
+    VALUE   capture;                // for capturing substrings
+    VALUE   link_target;            // short term "memory" for parsing links
+    VALUE   link_text;              // short term "memory" for parsing links
+    VALUE   external_link_class;    // CSS class applied to external links
+    ary_t   *scope;                 // stack for tracking scope
+    ary_t   *line;                  // stack for tracking scope as implied by current line
+    ary_t   *line_buffer;           // stack for tracking raw tokens (not scope) on current line
+    VALUE   pending_crlf;           // boolean (Qtrue or Qfalse)
+    VALUE   autolink;               // boolean (Qtrue or Qfalse)
+    VALUE   treat_slash_as_special; // boolean (Qtrue or Qfalse)
+    VALUE   special_link;           // boolean (Qtrue or Qfalse): is the current link_target a "special" link?
+    str_t   *line_ending;
+    int     base_indent;            // controlled by the :indent option to Wikitext::Parser#parse
+    int     current_indent;         // fluctuates according to currently nested structures
+    str_t   *tabulation;            // caching buffer for emitting indentation
+} parser_t;
+
+const char escaped_no_wiki_start[]      = "&lt;nowiki&gt;";
+const char escaped_no_wiki_end[]        = "&lt;/nowiki&gt;";
+const char literal_strong_em[]          = "'''''";
+const char literal_strong[]             = "'''";
+const char literal_em[]                 = "''";
+const char escaped_em_start[]           = "&lt;em&gt;";
+const char escaped_em_end[]             = "&lt;/em&gt;";
+const char escaped_strong_start[]       = "&lt;strong&gt;";
+const char escaped_strong_end[]         = "&lt;/strong&gt;";
+const char escaped_tt_start[]           = "&lt;tt&gt;";
+const char escaped_tt_end[]             = "&lt;/tt&gt;";
+const char literal_h6[]                 = "======";
+const char literal_h5[]                 = "=====";
+const char literal_h4[]                 = "====";
+const char literal_h3[]                 = "===";
+const char literal_h2[]                 = "==";
+const char literal_h1[]                 = "=";
+const char pre_start[]                  = "<pre>";
+const char pre_end[]                    = "</pre>";
+const char escaped_pre_start[]          = "&lt;pre&gt;";
+const char escaped_pre_end[]            = "&lt;/pre&gt;";
+const char blockquote_start[]           = "<blockquote>";
+const char blockquote_end[]             = "</blockquote>";
+const char escaped_blockquote_start[]   = "&lt;blockquote&gt;";
+const char escaped_blockquote_end[]     = "&lt;/blockquote&gt;";
+const char strong_em_start[]            = "<strong><em>";
+const char strong_start[]               = "<strong>";
+const char strong_end[]                 = "</strong>";
+const char em_start[]                   = "<em>";
+const char em_end[]                     = "</em>";
+const char tt_start[]                   = "<tt>";
+const char tt_end[]                     = "</tt>";
+const char ol_start[]                   = "<ol>";
+const char ol_end[]                     = "</ol>";
+const char ul_start[]                   = "<ul>";
+const char ul_end[]                     = "</ul>";
+const char li_start[]                   = "<li>";
+const char li_end[]                     = "</li>";
+const char h6_start[]                   = "<h6>";
+const char h6_end[]                     = "</h6>";
+const char h5_start[]                   = "<h5>";
+const char h5_end[]                     = "</h5>";
+const char h4_start[]                   = "<h4>";
+const char h4_end[]                     = "</h4>";
+const char h3_start[]                   = "<h3>";
+const char h3_end[]                     = "</h3>";
+const char h2_start[]                   = "<h2>";
+const char h2_end[]                     = "</h2>";
+const char h1_start[]                   = "<h1>";
+const char h1_end[]                     = "</h1>";
+const char p_start[]                    = "<p>";
+const char p_end[]                      = "</p>";
+const char space[]                      = " ";
+const char a_start[]                    = "<a href=\"";
+const char a_class[]                    = "\" class=\"";
+const char a_start_close[]              = "\">";
+const char a_end[]                      = "</a>";
+const char link_start[]                 = "[[";
+const char link_end[]                   = "]]";
+const char separator[]                  = "|";
+const char ext_link_start[]             = "[";
+const char backtick[]                   = "`";
+const char quote[]                      = "\"";
+const char ampersand[]                  = "&";
+const char quot_entity[]                = "&quot;";
+const char amp_entity[]                 = "&amp;";
+const char lt_entity[]                  = "&lt;";
+const char gt_entity[]                  = "&gt;";
+const char escaped_blockquote[]         = "&gt; ";
+const char ext_link_end[]               = "]";
+
+// for testing and debugging only
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_tokenize(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(string))
+        return Qnil;
+    string = StringValue(string);
+    VALUE tokens = rb_ary_new();
+    char *p = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    char *pe = p + len;
+    token_t token;
+    next_token(&token, NULL, p, pe);
+    rb_ary_push(tokens, _Wikitext_token(&token));
+    while (token.type != END_OF_FILE)
+    {
+        next_token(&token, &token, NULL, pe);
+        rb_ary_push(tokens, _Wikitext_token(&token));
+    }
+    return tokens;
+}
+
+// for benchmarking raw tokenization speed only
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_benchmarking_tokenize(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(string))
+        return Qnil;
+    string = StringValue(string);
+    char *p = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    char *pe = p + len;
+    token_t token;
+    next_token(&token, NULL, p, pe);
+    while (token.type != END_OF_FILE)
+        next_token(&token, &token, NULL, pe);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+// we downcase "in place", overwriting the original contents of the buffer and returning the same string
+inline VALUE _Wikitext_downcase(VALUE string)
+{
+    char *ptr   = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    long len    = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    for (long i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    {
+        if (ptr[i] >= 'A' && ptr[i] <= 'Z')
+            ptr[i] += 32;
+    }
+    return string;
+}
+
+inline VALUE _Wikitext_hyperlink(VALUE link_prefix, VALUE link_target, VALUE link_text, VALUE link_class)
+{
+    VALUE string = rb_str_new(a_start, sizeof(a_start) - 1);        // <a href="
+    if (!NIL_P(link_prefix))
+        rb_str_append(string, link_prefix);
+    rb_str_append(string, link_target);
+    if (link_class != Qnil)
+    {
+        rb_str_cat(string, a_class, sizeof(a_class) - 1);           // " class="
+        rb_str_append(string, link_class);
+    }
+    rb_str_cat(string, a_start_close, sizeof(a_start_close) - 1);   // ">
+    rb_str_append(string, link_text);
+    rb_str_cat(string, a_end, sizeof(a_end) - 1);
+    return string;
+}
+
+// will emit indentation only if we are about to emit any of:
+//      <blockquote>, <p>, <ul>, <ol>, <li>, <h1> etc, <pre>
+// each time we enter one of those spans must ++ the indentation level
+inline void _Wikitext_indent(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    int space_count = parser->current_indent + parser->base_indent;
+    if (space_count > 0)
+    {
+        char *old_end, *new_end;
+        if (!parser->tabulation)
+        {
+            parser->tabulation = str_new_size(space_count);
+            old_end = parser->tabulation->ptr;
+        }
+        else if (parser->tabulation->len < space_count)
+        {
+            old_end = parser->tabulation->ptr;
+            str_grow(parser->tabulation, space_count);
+        }
+        else
+            old_end = parser->tabulation->ptr;
+        new_end = parser->tabulation->ptr + space_count;
+        while (old_end < new_end)
+            *old_end++ = ' ';
+        rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->tabulation->ptr, space_count);
+    }
+    parser->current_indent += 2;
+}
+
+inline void _Wikitext_dedent(parser_t *parser, VALUE emit)
+{
+    parser->current_indent -= 2;
+    if (emit != Qtrue)
+        return;
+    int space_count = parser->current_indent + parser->base_indent;
+    if (space_count > 0)
+        rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->tabulation->ptr, space_count);
+}
+
+// Pops a single item off the parser's scope stack.
+// A corresponding closing tag is written to the target string.
+// The target string may be the main output buffer, or a substring capturing buffer if a link is being scanned.
+void _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser_t *parser, VALUE target)
+{
+    int top = ary_entry(parser->scope, -1);
+    if (NO_ITEM(top))
+        return;
+    if (NIL_P(target))
+        target = parser->output;
+    switch (top)
+    {
+        case PRE:
+        case PRE_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, pre_end, sizeof(pre_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case BLOCKQUOTE:
+        case BLOCKQUOTE_START:
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qtrue);
+            rb_str_cat(target, blockquote_end, sizeof(blockquote_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            break;
+
+        case NO_WIKI_START:
+            // not a real HTML tag; so nothing to pop
+            break;
+
+        case STRONG:
+        case STRONG_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, strong_end, sizeof(strong_end) - 1);
+            break;
+
+        case EM:
+        case EM_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, em_end, sizeof(em_end) - 1);
+            break;
+
+        case TT:
+        case TT_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, tt_end, sizeof(tt_end) - 1);
+            break;
+
+        case OL:
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qtrue);
+            rb_str_cat(target, ol_end, sizeof(ol_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            break;
+
+        case UL:
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qtrue);
+            rb_str_cat(target, ul_end, sizeof(ul_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            break;
+
+        case NESTED_LIST:
+            // next token to pop will be a LI
+            // LI is an interesting token because sometimes we want it to behave like P (ie. do a non-emitting indent)
+            // and other times we want it to behave like BLOCKQUOTE (ie. when it has a nested list inside)
+            // hence this hack: we do an emitting dedent on behalf of the LI that we know must be coming
+            // and then when we pop the actual LI itself (below) we do the standard non-emitting indent
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qtrue);    // we really only want to emit the spaces
+            parser->current_indent += 2;        // we don't want to decrement the actual indent level, so put it back
+            break;
+
+        case LI:
+            rb_str_cat(target, li_end, sizeof(li_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H6_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h6_end, sizeof(h6_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H5_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h5_end, sizeof(h5_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H4_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h4_end, sizeof(h4_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H3_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h3_end, sizeof(h3_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H2_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h2_end, sizeof(h2_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case H1_START:
+            rb_str_cat(target, h1_end, sizeof(h1_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case LINK_START:
+            // not an HTML tag; so nothing to emit
+            break;
+
+        case EXT_LINK_START:
+            // not an HTML tag; so nothing to emit
+            break;
+
+        case SPACE:
+            // not an HTML tag (only used to separate an external link target from the link text); so nothing to emit
+            break;
+
+        case SEPARATOR:
+            // not an HTML tag (only used to separate an external link target from the link text); so nothing to emit
+            break;
+
+        case P:
+            rb_str_cat(target, p_end, sizeof(p_end) - 1);
+            rb_str_cat(target, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+            _Wikitext_dedent(parser, Qfalse);
+            break;
+
+        case END_OF_FILE:
+            // nothing to do
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            // should probably raise an exception here
+            break;
+    }
+    ary_pop(parser->scope);
+}
+
+// Pops items off the top of parser's scope stack, accumulating closing tags for them into the target string, until item is reached.
+// If including is Qtrue then the item itself is also popped.
+// The target string may be the main output buffer, or a substring capturing buffer when scanning links.
+void _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser_t *parser, VALUE target, int item, VALUE including)
+{
+    int continue_looping = 1;
+    do
+    {
+        int top = ary_entry(parser->scope, -1);
+        if (NO_ITEM(top))
+            return;
+        if (top == item)
+        {
+            if (including != Qtrue)
+                return;
+            continue_looping = 0;
+        }
+        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, target);
+    } while (continue_looping);
+}
+
+inline void _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(parser->capture))    // we don't do anything if in capturing mode
+        return;
+
+    // if no block open yet, or top of stack is BLOCKQUOTE/BLOCKQUOTE_START (with nothing in it yet)
+    if (parser->scope->count == 0 ||
+        ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == BLOCKQUOTE ||
+        ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == BLOCKQUOTE_START)
+    {
+        _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+        rb_str_cat(parser->output, p_start, sizeof(p_start) - 1);
+        ary_push(parser->scope, P);
+        ary_push(parser->line, P);
+    }
+    else if (parser->pending_crlf == Qtrue)
+    {
+        if (IN(P))
+            // already in a paragraph block; convert pending CRLF into a space
+            rb_str_cat(parser->output, space, sizeof(space) - 1);
+        else if (IN(PRE))
+            // PRE blocks can have pending CRLF too (helps us avoid emitting the trailing newline)
+            rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+    }
+    parser->pending_crlf = Qfalse;
+}
+
+// Helper function that pops any excess elements off scope (pushing is already handled in the respective rules).
+// For example, given input like:
+//
+//      > > foo
+//      bar
+//
+// Upon seeing "bar", we want to pop two BLOCKQUOTE elements from the scope.
+// The reverse case (shown below) is handled from inside the BLOCKQUOTE rule itself:
+//
+//      foo
+//      > > bar
+//
+// Things are made slightly more complicated by the fact that there is one block-level tag that can be on the scope
+// but not on the line scope:
+//
+//      <blockquote>foo
+//      bar</blockquote>
+//
+// Here on seeing "bar" we have one item on the scope (BLOCKQUOTE_START) which we don't want to pop, but we have nothing
+// on the line scope.
+// Luckily, BLOCKQUOTE_START tokens can only appear at the start of the scope array, so we can check for them first before
+// entering the for loop.
+void inline _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    if (!NIL_P(parser->capture)) // we don't pop anything if in capturing mode
+        return;
+    for (int i = parser->scope->count - ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE_START), j = parser->line->count; i > j; i--)
+    {
+        // special case for last item on scope
+        if (i - j == 1)
+        {
+            // don't auto-pop P if it is only item on scope
+            if (ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == P)
+            {
+                // add P to the line scope to prevent us entering the loop at all next time around
+                ary_push(parser->line, P);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, parser->output);
+    }
+}
+
+#define INVALID_ENCODING(msg)  do { if (dest_ptr) free(dest_ptr); rb_raise(eWikitextParserError, "invalid encoding: " msg); } while(0)
+
+// convert a single UTF-8 codepoint to UTF-32
+// expects an input buffer, src, containing a UTF-8 encoded character (which may be multi-byte)
+// the end of the input buffer, end, is also passed in to allow the detection of invalidly truncated codepoints
+// the number of bytes in the UTF-8 character (between 1 and 4) is returned by reference in width_out
+// raises a RangeError if the supplied character is invalid UTF-8
+// (in which case it also frees the block of memory indicated by dest_ptr if it is non-NULL)
+inline uint32_t _Wikitext_utf8_to_utf32(char *src, char *end, long *width_out, void *dest_ptr)
+{
+    uint32_t dest;
+    if ((unsigned char)src[0] <= 0x7f)                      // ASCII
+    {
+        dest = src[0];
+        *width_out = 1;
+    }
+    else if ((src[0] & 0xe0) == 0xc0)                       // byte starts with 110..... : this should be a two-byte sequence
+    {
+        if (src + 1 >= end)
+            INVALID_ENCODING("truncated byte sequence");    // no second byte
+        else if (((unsigned char)src[0] == 0xc0) || ((unsigned char)src[0] == 0xc1))
+            INVALID_ENCODING("overlong encoding");          // overlong encoding: lead byte of 110..... but code point <= 127
+        else if ((src[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 )
+            INVALID_ENCODING("malformed byte sequence");    // should have second byte starting with 10......
+        dest = ((uint32_t)(src[0] & 0x1f)) << 6 | (src[1] & 0x3f);
+        *width_out = 2;
+    }
+    else if ((src[0] & 0xf0) == 0xe0)                       // byte starts with 1110.... : this should be a three-byte sequence
+    {
+        if (src + 2 >= end)
+            INVALID_ENCODING("truncated byte sequence");    // missing second or third byte
+        else if (((src[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ) || ((src[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ))
+            INVALID_ENCODING("malformed byte sequence");    // should have second and third bytes starting with 10......
+        dest = ((uint32_t)(src[0] & 0x0f)) << 12 | ((uint32_t)(src[1] & 0x3f)) << 6 | (src[2] & 0x3f);
+        *width_out = 3;
+    }
+    else if ((src[0] & 0xf8) == 0xf0)                       // bytes starts with 11110... : this should be a four-byte sequence
+    {
+        if (src + 3 >= end)
+            INVALID_ENCODING("truncated byte sequence");    // missing second, third, or fourth byte
+        else if ((unsigned char)src[0] >= 0xf5 && (unsigned char)src[0] <= 0xf7)
+            INVALID_ENCODING("overlong encoding");          // disallowed by RFC 3629 (codepoints above 0x10ffff)
+        else if (((src[1] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ) || ((src[2] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ) || ((src[3] & 0xc0) != 0x80 ))
+            INVALID_ENCODING("malformed byte sequence");    // should have second and third bytes starting with 10......
+        dest = ((uint32_t)(src[0] & 0x07)) << 18 | ((uint32_t)(src[1] & 0x3f)) << 12 | ((uint32_t)(src[1] & 0x3f)) << 6 | (src[2] & 0x3f);
+        *width_out = 4;
+    }
+    else                                                    // invalid input
+        INVALID_ENCODING("unexpected byte");
+    return dest;
+}
+
+inline VALUE _Wikitext_utf32_char_to_entity(uint32_t character)
+{
+    // TODO: consider special casing some entities (ie. quot, amp, lt, gt etc)?
+    char hex_string[8]  = { '&', '#', 'x', 0, 0, 0, 0, ';' };
+    char scratch        = (character & 0xf000) >> 12;
+    hex_string[3]       = (scratch <= 9 ? scratch + 48 : scratch + 87);
+    scratch             = (character & 0x0f00) >> 8;
+    hex_string[4]       = (scratch <= 9 ? scratch + 48 : scratch + 87);
+    scratch             = (character & 0x00f0) >> 4;
+    hex_string[5]       = (scratch <= 9 ? scratch + 48 : scratch + 87);
+    scratch             = character & 0x000f;
+    hex_string[6]       = (scratch <= 9 ? scratch + 48 : scratch + 87);
+    return rb_str_new((const char *)hex_string, sizeof(hex_string));
+}
+
+inline VALUE _Wikitext_parser_trim_link_target(VALUE string)
+{
+    string              = StringValue(string);
+    char    *src        = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    char    *start      = src;                  // remember this so we can check if we're at the start
+    char    *left       = src;
+    char    *non_space  = src;                  // remember last non-space character output
+    long    len         = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    char    *end        = src + len;
+    while (src < end)
+    {
+        if (*src == ' ')
+        {
+            if (src == left)
+                *left++;
+        }
+        else
+            non_space = src;
+        src++;
+    }
+    if (left == start && non_space + 1 == end)
+        return string;
+    else
+        return rb_str_new(left, (non_space + 1) - left);
+}
+
+// - non-printable (non-ASCII) characters converted to numeric entities
+// - QUOT and AMP characters converted to named entities
+// - leading and trailing whitespace trimmed if trim is Qtrue
+inline VALUE _Wikitext_parser_sanitize_link_target(VALUE string, VALUE trim)
+{
+    string              = StringValue(string);  // raises if string is nil or doesn't quack like a string
+    char    *src        = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    char    *start      = src;                  // remember this so we can check if we're at the start
+    long    len         = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    char    *end        = src + len;
+
+    // start with a destination buffer twice the size of the source, will realloc if necessary
+    // slop = (len / 8) * 8 (ie. one in every 8 characters can be converted into an entity, each entity requires 8 bytes)
+    // this efficiently handles the most common case (where the size of the buffer doesn't change much)
+    char    *dest       = ALLOC_N(char, len * 2);
+    char    *dest_ptr   = dest; // hang on to this so we can pass it to free() later
+    char    *non_space  = dest; // remember last non-space character output
+    while (src < end)
+    {
+        // need at most 8 characters (8 bytes) to display each character
+        if (dest + 8 > dest_ptr + len)                      // outgrowing buffer, must reallocate
+        {
+            char *old_dest      = dest;
+            char *old_dest_ptr  = dest_ptr;
+            len                 = len + (end - src) * 8;    // allocate enough for worst case
+            dest                = realloc(dest_ptr, len);   // will never have to realloc more than once
+            if (dest == NULL)
+            {
+                // would have used reallocf, but this has to run on Linux too, not just Darwin
+                free(dest_ptr);
+                rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "failed to re-allocate temporary storage (memory allocation error)");
+            }
+            dest_ptr    = dest;
+            dest        = dest_ptr + (old_dest - old_dest_ptr);
+            non_space   = dest_ptr + (non_space - old_dest_ptr);
+        }
+
+        if (*src == '"')                 // QUOT
+        {
+            char quot_entity_literal[] = { '&', 'q', 'u', 'o', 't', ';' };  // no trailing NUL
+            memcpy(dest, quot_entity_literal, sizeof(quot_entity_literal));
+            dest += sizeof(quot_entity_literal);
+        }
+        else if (*src == '&')            // AMP
+        {
+            char amp_entity_literal[] = { '&', 'a', 'm', 'p', ';' };    // no trailing NUL
+            memcpy(dest, amp_entity_literal, sizeof(amp_entity_literal));
+            dest += sizeof(amp_entity_literal);
+        }
+        else if (*src == '<')           // LESS_THAN
+        {
+            free(dest_ptr);
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid link text (\"<\" may not appear in link text)");
+        }
+        else if (*src == '>')           // GREATER_THAN
+        {
+            free(dest_ptr);
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid link text (\">\" may not appear in link text)");
+        }
+        else if (*src == ' ' && src == start && trim == Qtrue)
+            start++;                // we eat leading space
+        else if (*src >= 0x20 && *src <= 0x7e)    // printable ASCII
+        {
+            *dest = *src;
+            dest++;
+        }
+        else    // all others: must convert to entities
+        {
+            long        width;
+            VALUE       entity      = _Wikitext_utf32_char_to_entity(_Wikitext_utf8_to_utf32(src, end, &width, dest_ptr));
+            char        *entity_src = RSTRING_PTR(entity);
+            long        entity_len  = RSTRING_LEN(entity); // should always be 8 characters (8 bytes)
+            memcpy(dest, entity_src, entity_len);
+            dest        += entity_len;
+            src         += width;
+            non_space   = dest;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (*src != ' ')
+            non_space = dest;
+        src++;
+    }
+
+    // trim trailing space if necessary
+    if (trim == Qtrue && non_space > dest_ptr && dest != non_space)
+        len = non_space - dest_ptr;
+    else
+        len = dest - dest_ptr;
+    VALUE out = rb_str_new(dest_ptr, len);
+    free(dest_ptr);
+    return out;
+}
+
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_sanitize_link_target(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+    return (_Wikitext_parser_sanitize_link_target(string, Qtrue));
+}
+
+// encodes the input string according to RFCs 2396 and 2718
+// leading and trailing whitespace trimmed
+// note that the first character of the target link is not case-sensitive
+// (this is a recommended application-level constraint; it is not imposed at this level)
+// this is to allow links like:
+//         ...the [[foo]] is...
+// to be equivalent to:
+//         thing. [[Foo]] was...
+// this is also where we check treat_slash_as_special is true and act accordingly
+// basically any link target matching /\A[a-z]+\/\d+\z/ is flagged as special
+inline static void _Wikitext_parser_encode_link_target(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    VALUE in                = StringValue(parser->link_target);
+    char        *input      = RSTRING_PTR(in);
+    char        *start      = input;            // remember this so we can check if we're at the start
+    long        len         = RSTRING_LEN(in);
+    if (!(len > 0))
+        return;
+    char        *end        = input + len;
+    static char hex[]       = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
+
+    // this potential shortcut requires an (admittedly cheap) prescan, so only do it when treat_slash_as_special is true
+    parser->special_link = Qfalse;
+    if (parser->treat_slash_as_special == Qtrue)
+    {
+        char *c = input;                                    // \A
+        while (c < end && *c >= 'a' && *c <= 'z')           // [a-z]
+            c++;                                            // +
+        if (c > start && c < end && *c++ == '/')            // \/
+        {
+            while (c < end && *c >= '0' && *c <= '9')       // \d
+            {
+                c++;                                        // +
+                if (c == end)                               // \z
+                {
+                    // matches /\A[a-z]+\/\d+\z/ so no transformation required
+                    parser->special_link = Qtrue;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // to avoid most reallocations start with a destination buffer twice the size of the source
+    // this handles the most common case (where most chars are in the ASCII range and don't require more storage, but there are
+    // often quite a few spaces, which are encoded as "%20" and occupy 3 bytes)
+    // the worst case is where _every_ byte must be written out using 3 bytes
+    long        dest_len    = len * 2;
+    char        *dest       = ALLOC_N(char, dest_len);
+    char        *dest_ptr   = dest; // hang on to this so we can pass it to free() later
+    char        *non_space  = dest; // remember last non-space character output
+    for (; input < end; input++)
+    {
+        if ((dest + 3) > (dest_ptr + dest_len))     // worst case: a single character may grow to 3 characters once encoded
+        {
+            // outgrowing buffer, must reallocate
+            char *old_dest      = dest;
+            char *old_dest_ptr  = dest_ptr;
+            dest_len            += len;
+            dest                = realloc(dest_ptr, dest_len);
+            if (dest == NULL)
+            {
+                // would have used reallocf, but this has to run on Linux too, not just Darwin
+                free(dest_ptr);
+                rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "failed to re-allocate temporary storage (memory allocation error)");
+            }
+            dest_ptr    = dest;
+            dest        = dest_ptr + (old_dest - old_dest_ptr);
+            non_space   = dest_ptr + (non_space - old_dest_ptr);
+        }
+
+        // pass through unreserved characters
+        if (((*input >= 'a') && (*input <= 'z')) ||
+            ((*input >= 'A') && (*input <= 'Z')) ||
+            ((*input >= '0') && (*input <= '9')) ||
+            (*input == '-') ||
+            (*input == '_') ||
+            (*input == '.') ||
+            (*input == '~'))
+        {
+            *dest++     = *input;
+            non_space   = dest;
+        }
+        else if (*input == ' ' && input == start)
+            start++;                    // we eat leading space
+        else    // everything else gets URL-encoded
+        {
+            *dest++     = '%';
+            *dest++     = hex[(unsigned char)(*input) / 16];   // left
+            *dest++     = hex[(unsigned char)(*input) % 16];   // right
+            if (*input != ' ')
+                non_space = dest;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // trim trailing space if necessary
+    if (non_space > dest_ptr && dest - 1 != non_space)
+        dest_len = non_space - dest_ptr;
+    else
+        dest_len = dest - dest_ptr;
+    parser->link_target = rb_str_new(dest_ptr, dest_len);
+    free(dest_ptr);
+}
+
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_encode_link_target(VALUE self, VALUE in)
+{
+    parser_t parser;
+    parser.link_target              = in;
+    parser.treat_slash_as_special   = Qfalse;
+    _Wikitext_parser_encode_link_target(&parser);
+    return parser.link_target;
+}
+
+// this method exposed for testing only
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_encode_special_link_target(VALUE self, VALUE in)
+{
+    parser_t parser;
+    parser.link_target              = in;
+    parser.treat_slash_as_special   = Qtrue;
+    _Wikitext_parser_encode_link_target(&parser);
+    return parser.link_target;
+}
+
+// not sure whether these rollback functions should be inline: could refactor them into a single non-inlined function
+inline void _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    if (!IN(LINK_START))
+        return; // nothing to do!
+    int scope_includes_separator = IN(SEPARATOR);
+    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, LINK_START, Qtrue);
+    rb_str_cat(parser->output, link_start, sizeof(link_start) - 1);
+    if (!NIL_P(parser->link_target))
+    {
+        VALUE sanitized = _Wikitext_parser_sanitize_link_target(parser->link_target, Qfalse);
+        rb_str_append(parser->output, sanitized);
+        if (scope_includes_separator)
+        {
+            rb_str_cat(parser->output, separator, sizeof(separator) - 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(parser->link_text))
+                rb_str_append(parser->output, parser->link_text);
+        }
+    }
+    parser->capture     = Qnil;
+    parser->link_target = Qnil;
+    parser->link_text   = Qnil;
+}
+
+inline void _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser_t *parser)
+{
+    if (!IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+        return; // nothing to do!
+    int scope_includes_space = IN(SPACE);
+    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, EXT_LINK_START, Qtrue);
+    rb_str_cat(parser->output, ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+    if (!NIL_P(parser->link_target))
+    {
+        if (parser->autolink == Qtrue)
+            parser->link_target = _Wikitext_hyperlink(Qnil, parser->link_target, parser->link_target, parser->external_link_class);
+        rb_str_append(parser->output, parser->link_target);
+        if (scope_includes_space)
+        {
+            rb_str_cat(parser->output, space, sizeof(space) - 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(parser->link_text))
+                rb_str_append(parser->output, parser->link_text);
+        }
+    }
+    parser->capture     = Qnil;
+    parser->link_target = Qnil;
+    parser->link_text   = Qnil;
+}
+
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_initialize(VALUE self)
+{
+    // no need to call super here; rb_call_super()
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@autolink",                Qtrue);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@line_ending",             rb_str_new2("\n"));
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@external_link_class",     rb_str_new2("external"));
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@mailto_class",            rb_str_new2("mailto"));
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@internal_link_prefix",    rb_str_new2("/wiki/"));
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@treat_slash_as_special",  Qtrue);
+    return self;
+}
+
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_profiling_parse(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
+        Wikitext_parser_parse(1, &string, self);
+}
+
+VALUE Wikitext_parser_parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    // process arguments
+    VALUE string, options;
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &string, &options) == 1) // 1 mandatory argument, 1 optional argument
+        options = Qnil;
+    if (NIL_P(string))
+        return Qnil;
+    string = StringValue(string);
+
+    // process options hash
+    int base_indent = 0;
+    VALUE indent = Qnil;
+    if (!NIL_P(options) && TYPE(options) == T_HASH)
+    {
+        indent = rb_hash_aref(options, ID2SYM(rb_intern("indent")));
+        base_indent = NUM2INT(indent);
+        if (base_indent < 0)
+            base_indent = 0;
+    }
+
+    // set up scanner
+    char *p = RSTRING_PTR(string);
+    long len = RSTRING_LEN(string);
+    char *pe = p + len;
+
+    // access these once per parse
+    VALUE line_ending   = rb_iv_get(self, "@line_ending");
+    line_ending         = StringValue(line_ending);
+    VALUE link_class    = rb_iv_get(self, "@external_link_class");
+    link_class          = NIL_P(link_class) ? Qnil : StringValue(link_class);
+    VALUE mailto_class  = rb_iv_get(self, "@mailto_class");
+    mailto_class        = NIL_P(mailto_class) ? Qnil : StringValue(mailto_class);
+    VALUE prefix        = rb_iv_get(self, "@internal_link_prefix");
+
+    // set up parser struct to make passing parameters a little easier
+    // eventually this will encapsulate most or all of the variables above
+    parser_t _parser;
+    parser_t *parser                = &_parser;
+    parser->output                  = rb_str_new2("");
+    parser->capture                 = Qnil;
+    parser->link_target             = Qnil;
+    parser->link_text               = Qnil;
+    parser->external_link_class     = link_class;
+    parser->scope                   = ary_new();
+    parser->line                    = ary_new();
+    parser->line_buffer             = ary_new();
+    parser->pending_crlf            = Qfalse;
+    parser->autolink                = rb_iv_get(self, "@autolink");
+    parser->treat_slash_as_special  = rb_iv_get(self, "@treat_slash_as_special");
+    parser->special_link            = Qfalse;
+    parser->line_ending             = str_new_from_string(line_ending);
+    parser->base_indent             = base_indent;
+    parser->current_indent          = 0;
+    parser->tabulation              = NULL;
+
+    token_t _token;
+    _token.type = NO_TOKEN;
+    token_t *token = NULL;
+    do
+    {
+        // note that whenever we grab a token we push it into the line buffer
+        // this provides us with context-sensitive "memory" of what's been seen so far on this line
+#define NEXT_TOKEN()    token = &_token, next_token(token, token, NULL, pe), ary_push(parser->line_buffer, token->type)
+
+        // check to see if we have a token hanging around from a previous iteration of this loop
+        if (token == NULL)
+        {
+            if (_token.type == NO_TOKEN)
+            {
+                // first time here (haven't started scanning yet)
+                token = &_token;
+                next_token(token, NULL, p, pe);
+                ary_push(parser->line_buffer, token->type);
+            }
+            else
+                // already scanning
+                NEXT_TOKEN();
+        }
+        int type = token->type;
+
+        // many restrictions depend on what is at the top of the stack
+        int top = ary_entry(parser->scope, -1);
+
+        // can't declare new variables inside a switch statement, so predeclare them here
+        long remove_strong          = -1;
+        long remove_em              = -1;
+
+        // general purpose counters and flags
+        long i                      = 0;
+        long j                      = 0;
+        long k                      = 0;
+
+        // The following giant switch statement contains cases for all the possible token types.
+        // In the most basic sense we are emitting the HTML that corresponds to each token,
+        // but some tokens require context information in order to decide what to output.
+        // For example, does the STRONG token (''') translate to <strong> or </strong>?
+        // So when looking at any given token we have three state-maintaining variables which gives us a notion of "where we are":
+        //
+        //  - the "scope" stack (indicates what HTML DOM structures we are currently nested inside, similar to a CSS selector)
+        //  - the line buffer (records tokens seen so far on the current line)
+        //  - the line "scope" stack (indicates what the scope should be based only on what is visible on the line so far)
+        //
+        // Although this is fairly complicated, there is one key simplifying factor:
+        // The translator continuously performs auto-correction, and this means that we always have a guarantee that the
+        // scope stack (up to the current token) is valid; our translator can take this as a given.
+        // Auto-correction basically consists of inserting missing tokens (preventing subsquent HTML from being messed up),
+        // or converting illegal (unexpected) tokens to their plain text equivalents (providing visual feedback to Wikitext author).
+        switch (type)
+        {
+            case PRE:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE_START))
+                {
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, space, sizeof(space) - 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                {
+                    // this kind of nesting not allowed (to avoid user confusion)
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    rb_str_cat(i, space, sizeof(space) - 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // count number of BLOCKQUOTE tokens in line buffer and in scope stack
+                ary_push(parser->line, PRE);
+                i = ary_count(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                j = ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                if (i < j)
+                {
+                    // must pop (reduce nesting level)
+                    for (i = j - i; i > 0; i--)
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qtrue);
+                }
+
+                if (!IN(PRE))
+                {
+                    parser->pending_crlf = Qfalse;
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qfalse);
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, pre_start, sizeof(pre_start) - 1);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, PRE);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case PRE_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_pre_start, sizeof(escaped_pre_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE_START, Qfalse);
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, pre_start, sizeof(pre_start) - 1);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, PRE_START);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, PRE_START);
+                }
+                else if (parser->scope->count == 0 || (IN(P) && !IN(BLOCKQUOTE)))
+                {
+                    // would be nice to eliminate the repetition here but it's probably the clearest way
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, P, Qtrue);
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, pre_start, sizeof(pre_start) - 1);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, PRE_START);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, PRE_START);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // everywhere else, PRE_START is illegal (in LI, BLOCKQUOTE, H1_START etc)
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(i, escaped_pre_start, sizeof(escaped_pre_start) - 1);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case PRE_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_pre_end, sizeof(escaped_pre_end) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    if (IN(PRE_START))
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, parser->output, PRE_START, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_pre_end, sizeof(escaped_pre_end) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case BLOCKQUOTE:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    // no need to check for <pre>; can never appear inside it
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_blockquote, TOKEN_LEN(token) + 3); // will either emit "&gt;" or "&gt; "
+                else if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                {
+                    // this kind of nesting not allowed (to avoid user confusion)
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    rb_str_cat(i, escaped_blockquote, TOKEN_LEN(token) + 3); // will either emit "&gt;" or "&gt; "
+                    break;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ary_push(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE);
+
+                    // count number of BLOCKQUOTE tokens in line buffer and in scope stack
+                    i = ary_count(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                    j = ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE);
+
+                    // given that BLOCKQUOTE tokens can be nested, peek ahead and see if there are any more which might affect the decision to push or pop
+                    while (NEXT_TOKEN(), (token->type == BLOCKQUOTE))
+                    {
+                        ary_push(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                        i++;
+                    }
+
+                    // now decide whether to push, pop or do nothing
+                    if (i > j)
+                    {
+                        // must push (increase nesting level)
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qfalse);
+                        for (i = i - j; i > 0; i--)
+                        {
+                            _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                            rb_str_cat(parser->output, blockquote_start, sizeof(blockquote_start) - 1);
+                            rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                            ary_push(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (i < j)
+                    {
+                        // must pop (reduce nesting level)
+                        for (i = j - i; i > 0; i--)
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qtrue);
+                    }
+
+                    // jump to top of the loop to process token we scanned during lookahead
+                    continue;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case BLOCKQUOTE_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_blockquote_start, sizeof(escaped_blockquote_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                {
+                    // nesting is fine here
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE_START, Qfalse);
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, blockquote_start, sizeof(blockquote_start) - 1);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                }
+                else if (parser->scope->count == 0 || (IN(P) && !IN(BLOCKQUOTE)))
+                {
+                    // would be nice to eliminate the repetition here but it's probably the clearest way
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, P, Qtrue);
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, blockquote_start, sizeof(blockquote_start) - 1);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // everywhere else, BLOCKQUOTE_START is illegal (in LI, BLOCKQUOTE, H1_START etc)
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(i, escaped_blockquote_start, sizeof(escaped_blockquote_start) - 1);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case BLOCKQUOTE_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_blockquote_end, sizeof(escaped_blockquote_end) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, parser->output, BLOCKQUOTE_START, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_blockquote_end, sizeof(escaped_blockquote_end) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case NO_WIKI_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_no_wiki_start, sizeof(escaped_no_wiki_start) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, NO_WIKI_START);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, NO_WIKI_START);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case NO_WIKI_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START))
+                    // <nowiki> should always only ever be the last item in the stack, but use the helper routine just in case
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, NO_WIKI_START, Qtrue);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_no_wiki_end, sizeof(escaped_no_wiki_end) - 1);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case STRONG_EM:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                {
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_strong_em, sizeof(literal_strong_em) - 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+
+                // if you've seen STRONG/STRONG_START or EM/EM_START, must close them in the reverse order that you saw them!
+                // otherwise, must open them
+                remove_strong  = -1;
+                remove_em      = -1;
+                j              = parser->scope->count;
+                for (j = j - 1; j >= 0; j--)
+                {
+                    int val = ary_entry(parser->scope, j);
+                    if (val == STRONG || val == STRONG_START)
+                    {
+                        rb_str_cat(i, strong_end, sizeof(strong_end) - 1);
+                        remove_strong = j;
+                    }
+                    else if (val == EM || val == EM_START)
+                    {
+                        rb_str_cat(i, em_end, sizeof(em_end) - 1);
+                        remove_em = j;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (remove_strong > remove_em)      // must remove strong first
+                {
+                    ary_pop(parser->scope);
+                    if (remove_em > -1)
+                        ary_pop(parser->scope);
+                    else    // there was no em to remove!, so consider this an opening em tag
+                    {
+                        rb_str_cat(i, em_start, sizeof(em_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, EM);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, EM);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (remove_em > remove_strong) // must remove em first
+                {
+                    ary_pop(parser->scope);
+                    if (remove_strong > -1)
+                        ary_pop(parser->scope);
+                    else    // there was no strong to remove!, so consider this an opening strong tag
+                    {
+                        rb_str_cat(i, strong_start, sizeof(strong_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, STRONG);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, STRONG);
+                    }
+                }
+                else    // no strong or em to remove, so this must be a new opening of both
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(i, strong_em_start, sizeof(strong_em_start) - 1);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, STRONG);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, STRONG);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, EM);
+                    ary_push(parser->line, EM);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case STRONG:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_strong, sizeof(literal_strong) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(STRONG_START))
+                        // already in span started with <strong>, no choice but to emit this literally
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_strong, sizeof(literal_strong) - 1);
+                    else if (IN(STRONG))
+                        // STRONG already seen, this is a closing tag
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, STRONG, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // this is a new opening
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, strong_start, sizeof(strong_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, STRONG);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, STRONG);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case STRONG_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_strong_start, sizeof(escaped_strong_start) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(STRONG_START) || IN(STRONG))
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_strong_start, sizeof(escaped_strong_start) - 1);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, strong_start, sizeof(strong_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, STRONG_START);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, STRONG_START);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case STRONG_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_strong_end, sizeof(escaped_strong_end) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(STRONG_START))
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, STRONG_START, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // no STRONG_START in scope, so must interpret the STRONG_END without any special meaning
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_strong_end, sizeof(escaped_strong_end) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case EM:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_em, sizeof(literal_em) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(EM_START))
+                        // already in span started with <em>, no choice but to emit this literally
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_em, sizeof(literal_em) - 1);
+                    else if (IN(EM))
+                        // EM already seen, this is a closing tag
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, EM, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // this is a new opening
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, em_start, sizeof(em_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, EM);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, EM);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case EM_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_em_start, sizeof(escaped_em_start) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(EM_START) || IN(EM))
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_em_start, sizeof(escaped_em_start) - 1);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, em_start, sizeof(em_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, EM_START);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, EM_START);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case EM_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_em_end, sizeof(escaped_em_end) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(EM_START))
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, EM_START, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // no EM_START in scope, so must interpret the TT_END without any special meaning
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_em_end, sizeof(escaped_em_end) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case TT:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, backtick, sizeof(backtick) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(TT_START))
+                        // already in span started with <tt>, no choice but to emit this literally
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, backtick, sizeof(backtick) - 1);
+                    else if (IN(TT))
+                        // TT (`) already seen, this is a closing tag
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, TT, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // this is a new opening
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, tt_start, sizeof(tt_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, TT);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, TT);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case TT_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_tt_start, sizeof(escaped_tt_start) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(TT_START) || IN(TT))
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_tt_start, sizeof(escaped_tt_start) - 1);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, tt_start, sizeof(tt_start) - 1);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, TT_START);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, TT_START);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case TT_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, escaped_tt_end, sizeof(escaped_tt_end) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                    if (IN(TT_START))
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, TT_START, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // no TT_START in scope, so must interpret the TT_END without any special meaning
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, escaped_tt_end, sizeof(escaped_tt_end) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case OL:
+            case UL:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE_START))
+                {
+                    // no need to check for PRE; can never appear inside it
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // count number of tokens in line and scope stacks
+                int bq_count = ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                i = parser->line->count - ary_count(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                j = parser->scope->count - bq_count;
+                k = i;
+
+                // list tokens can be nested so look ahead for any more which might affect the decision to push or pop
+                for (;;)
+                {
+                    type = token->type;
+                    if (type == OL || type == UL)
+                    {
+                        token = NULL;
+                        if (i - k >= 2)                             // already seen at least one OL or UL
+                        {
+                            ary_push(parser->line, NESTED_LIST);    // which means this is a nested list
+                            i += 3;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            i += 2;
+                        ary_push(parser->line, type);
+                        ary_push(parser->line, LI);
+
+                        // want to compare line with scope but can only do so if scope has enough items on it
+                        if (j >= i)
+                        {
+                            if (ary_entry(parser->scope, i + bq_count - 2) == type && ary_entry(parser->scope, i + bq_count - 1) == LI)
+                            {
+                                // line and scope match at this point: do nothing yet
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                // item just pushed onto line does not match corresponding slot of scope!
+                                for (; j >= i - 2; j--)
+                                    // must pop back before emitting
+                                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+
+                                // will emit UL or OL, then LI
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else        // line stack size now exceeds scope stack size: must increase nesting level
+                            break;  // will emit UL or OL, then LI
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // not a OL or UL token!
+                        if (j == i)
+                            // must close existing LI and re-open new one
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+                        else if (j > i)
+                        {
+                            // item just pushed onto line does not match corresponding slot of scope!
+                            for (; j >= i; j--)
+                                // must pop back before emitting
+                                _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    NEXT_TOKEN();
+                }
+
+                // will emit
+                if (type == OL || type == UL)
+                {
+                    // if LI is at the top of a stack this is the start of a nested list
+                    if (j > 0 && ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == LI)
+                    {
+                        // so we should precede it with a CRLF, and indicate that it's a nested list
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, NESTED_LIST);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // this is a new list
+                        if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE_START, Qfalse);
+                        else
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qfalse);
+                    }
+
+                    // emit
+                    _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                    if (type == OL)
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, ol_start, sizeof(ol_start) - 1);
+                    else if (type == UL)
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, ul_start, sizeof(ul_start) - 1);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, type);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                }
+                else if (type == SPACE)
+                    // silently throw away the optional SPACE token after final list marker
+                    token = NULL;
+
+                _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(parser->output, li_start, sizeof(li_start) - 1);
+                ary_push(parser->scope, LI);
+
+                // any subsequent UL or OL tokens on this line are syntax errors and must be emitted literally
+                if (type == OL || type == UL)
+                {
+                    k = 0;
+                    while (k++, NEXT_TOKEN(), (type = token->type))
+                    {
+                        if (type == OL || type == UL)
+                            rb_str_cat(parser->output, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                        else if (type == SPACE && k == 1)
+                        {
+                            // silently throw away the optional SPACE token after final list marker
+                            token = NULL;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // jump to top of the loop to process token we scanned during lookahead
+                continue;
+
+            case H6_START:
+            case H5_START:
+            case H4_START:
+            case H3_START:
+            case H2_START:
+            case H1_START:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE_START))
+                {
+                    // no need to check for PRE; can never appear inside it
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // pop up to but not including the last BLOCKQUOTE on the scope stack
+                if (IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START))
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE_START, Qfalse);
+                else
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qfalse);
+
+                // count number of BLOCKQUOTE tokens in line buffer and in scope stack
+                ary_push(parser->line, type);
+                i = ary_count(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE);
+                j = ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE);
+
+                // decide whether we need to pop off excess BLOCKQUOTE tokens (will never need to push; that is handled above in the BLOCKQUOTE case itself)
+                if (i < j)
+                {
+                    // must pop (reduce nesting level)
+                    for (i = j - i; i > 0; i--)
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, Qnil, BLOCKQUOTE, Qtrue);
+                }
+
+                // discard any whitespace here (so that "== foo ==" will be translated to "<h2>foo</h2>" rather than "<h2> foo </h2")
+                while (NEXT_TOKEN(), (token->type == SPACE))
+                    ; // discard
+
+                ary_push(parser->scope, type);
+                _Wikitext_indent(parser);
+
+                // rather than repeat all that code for each kind of heading, share it and use a conditional here
+                if (type == H6_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h6_start, sizeof(h6_start) - 1);
+                else if (type == H5_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h5_start, sizeof(h5_start) - 1);
+                else if (type == H4_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h4_start, sizeof(h4_start) - 1);
+                else if (type == H3_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h3_start, sizeof(h3_start) - 1);
+                else if (type == H2_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h2_start, sizeof(h2_start) - 1);
+                else if (type == H1_START)
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, h1_start, sizeof(h1_start) - 1);
+
+                // jump to top of the loop to process token we scanned during lookahead
+                continue;
+
+            case H6_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h6, sizeof(literal_h6) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H6_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h6 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h6, sizeof(literal_h6) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case H5_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h5, sizeof(literal_h5) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H5_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h5 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h5, sizeof(literal_h5) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case H4_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h4, sizeof(literal_h4) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H4_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h4 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h4, sizeof(literal_h4) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case H3_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h3, sizeof(literal_h3) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H3_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h3 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h3, sizeof(literal_h3) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case H2_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h2, sizeof(literal_h2) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H2_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h2 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h2, sizeof(literal_h2) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case H1_END:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h1, sizeof(literal_h1) - 1);
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser); // if any
+                    if (!IN(H1_START))
+                    {
+                        // literal output only if not in h1 scope (we stay silent in that case)
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, literal_h1, sizeof(literal_h1) - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case MAIL:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                else
+                {
+                    // in plain scope, will turn into autolink (with appropriate, user-configurable CSS)
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    i = TOKEN_TEXT(token);
+                    if (parser->autolink == Qtrue)
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(rb_str_new2("mailto:"), i, i, mailto_class);
+                    rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case URI:
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START))
+                    // user can temporarily suppress autolinking by using <nowiki></nowiki>
+                    // note that unlike MediaWiki, we do allow autolinking inside PRE blocks
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                else if (IN(LINK_START))
+                {
+                    // if the URI were allowed it would have been handled already in LINK_START
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);
+                    i = TOKEN_TEXT(token);
+                    if (parser->autolink == Qtrue)
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(Qnil, i, i, parser->external_link_class); // link target, link text
+                    rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                }
+                else if (IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+                {
+                    if (NIL_P(parser->link_target))
+                    {
+                        // this must be our link target: look ahead to make sure we see the space we're expecting to see
+                        i = TOKEN_TEXT(token);
+                        NEXT_TOKEN();
+                        if (token->type == SPACE)
+                        {
+                            ary_push(parser->scope, SPACE);
+                            parser->link_target = i;
+                            parser->link_text   = rb_str_new2("");
+                            parser->capture     = parser->link_text;
+                            token               = NULL; // silently consume space
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            // didn't see the space! this must be an error
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+                            _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                            _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                            rb_str_cat(parser->output, ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+                            if (parser->autolink == Qtrue)
+                                i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(Qnil, i, i, parser->external_link_class); // link target, link text
+                            rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (NIL_P(parser->link_text))
+                            // this must be the first part of our link text
+                            parser->link_text = TOKEN_TEXT(token);
+                        else
+                            // add to existing link text
+                            rb_str_cat(parser->link_text, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // in plain scope, will turn into autolink (with appropriate, user-configurable CSS)
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    i = TOKEN_TEXT(token);
+                    if (parser->autolink == Qtrue)
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(Qnil, i, i, parser->external_link_class); // link target, link text
+                    rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            // internal links (links to other wiki articles) look like this:
+            //      [[another article]] (would point at, for example, "/wiki/another_article")
+            //      [[the other article|the link text we'll use for it]]
+            //      [[the other article | the link text we'll use for it]]
+            // note that the forward slash is a reserved character which changes the meaning of an internal link;
+            // this is a link that is external to the wiki but internal to the site as a whole:
+            //      [[bug/12]] (a relative link to "/bug/12")
+            // MediaWiki has strict requirements about what it will accept as a link target:
+            //      all wikitext markup is disallowed:
+            //          example [[foo ''bar'' baz]]
+            //          renders [[foo <em>bar</em> baz]]        (ie. not a link)
+            //          example [[foo <em>bar</em> baz]]
+            //          renders [[foo <em>bar</em> baz]]        (ie. not a link)
+            //          example [[foo <nowiki>''</nowiki> baz]]
+            //          renders [[foo '' baz]]                  (ie. not a link)
+            //          example [[foo <bar> baz]]
+            //          renders [[foo &lt;bar&gt; baz]]         (ie. not a link)
+            //      HTML entities and non-ASCII, however, make it through:
+            //          example [[foo &euro;]]
+            //          renders <a href="/wiki/Foo_%E2%82%AC">foo &euro;</a>
+            //          example [[foo €]]
+            //          renders <a href="/wiki/Foo_%E2%82%AC">foo €</a>
+            // we'll impose similar restrictions here for the link target; allowed tokens will be:
+            //      SPACE, PRINTABLE, DEFAULT, QUOT and AMP
+            // everything else will be rejected
+            case LINK_START:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(i, link_start, sizeof(link_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+                    // already in external link scope! (and in fact, must be capturing link_text right now)
+                    rb_str_cat(i, link_start, sizeof(link_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(LINK_START))
+                {
+                    // already in internal link scope! this is a syntax error
+                    _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, link_start, sizeof(link_start) - 1);
+                }
+                else if (IN(SEPARATOR))
+                {
+                    // scanning internal link text
+                }
+                else // not in internal link scope yet
+                {
+                    // will either emit a link, or the rollback of a failed link, so start the para now
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    ary_push(parser->scope, LINK_START);
+
+                    // look ahead and try to gobble up link target
+                    while (NEXT_TOKEN(), (type = token->type))
+                    {
+                        if (type == SPACE       ||
+                            type == PRINTABLE   ||
+                            type == DEFAULT     ||
+                            type == QUOT        ||
+                            type == QUOT_ENTITY ||
+                            type == AMP         ||
+                            type == AMP_ENTITY)
+                        {
+                            // accumulate these tokens into link_target
+                            if (NIL_P(parser->link_target))
+                            {
+                                parser->link_target = rb_str_new2("");
+                                parser->capture     = parser->link_target;
+                            }
+                            if (type == QUOT_ENTITY)
+                                // don't insert the entity, insert the literal quote
+                                rb_str_cat(parser->link_target, quote, sizeof(quote) - 1);
+                            else if (type == AMP_ENTITY)
+                                // don't insert the entity, insert the literal ampersand
+                                rb_str_cat(parser->link_target, ampersand, sizeof(ampersand) - 1);
+                            else
+                                rb_str_cat(parser->link_target, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                        }
+                        else if (type == LINK_END)
+                            break; // jump back to top of loop (will handle this in LINK_END case below)
+                        else if (type == SEPARATOR)
+                        {
+                            ary_push(parser->scope, SEPARATOR);
+                            parser->link_text   = rb_str_new2("");
+                            parser->capture     = parser->link_text;
+                            token               = NULL;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else // unexpected token (syntax error)
+                        {
+                            _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);
+                            break; // jump back to top of loop to handle unexpected token
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // jump to top of the loop to process token we scanned during lookahead (if any)
+                    continue;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case LINK_END:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(i, link_end, sizeof(link_end) - 1);
+                else if (IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+                    // already in external link scope! (and in fact, must be capturing link_text right now)
+                    rb_str_cat(i, link_end, sizeof(link_end) - 1);
+                else if (IN(LINK_START))
+                {
+                    // in internal link scope!
+                    if (NIL_P(parser->link_text) || RSTRING_LEN(parser->link_text) == 0)
+                        // use link target as link text
+                        parser->link_text = _Wikitext_parser_sanitize_link_target(parser->link_target, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                        parser->link_text = _Wikitext_parser_trim_link_target(parser->link_text);
+                    _Wikitext_parser_encode_link_target(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, LINK_START, Qtrue);
+                    parser->capture     = Qnil;
+                    if (parser->special_link)
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(rb_str_new2("/"), parser->link_target, parser->link_text, Qnil);
+                    else
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(prefix, parser->link_target, parser->link_text, Qnil);
+                    rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                    parser->link_target = Qnil;
+                    parser->link_text   = Qnil;
+                }
+                else // wasn't in internal link scope
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(i, link_end, sizeof(link_end) - 1);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            // external links look like this:
+            //      [http://google.com/ the link text]
+            // strings in square brackets which don't match this syntax get passed through literally; eg:
+            //      he was very angery [sic] about the turn of events
+            case EXT_LINK_START:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(i, ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+                    // already in external link scope! (and in fact, must be capturing link_text right now)
+                    rb_str_cat(i, ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+                else if (IN(LINK_START))
+                {
+                    // already in internal link scope!
+                    i = rb_str_new(ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+                    if (NIL_P(parser->link_target))
+                        // this must be the first character of our link target
+                        parser->link_target = i;
+                    else if (IN(SPACE))
+                    {
+                        // link target has already been scanned
+                        if (NIL_P(parser->link_text))
+                            // this must be the first character of our link text
+                            parser->link_text = i;
+                        else
+                            // add to existing link text
+                            rb_str_append(parser->link_text, i);
+                    }
+                    else
+                        // add to existing link target
+                        rb_str_append(parser->link_target, i);
+                }
+                else // not in external link scope yet
+                {
+                    // will either emit a link, or the rollback of a failed link, so start the para now
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+
+                    // look ahead: expect a URI
+                    NEXT_TOKEN();
+                    if (token->type == URI)
+                        ary_push(parser->scope, EXT_LINK_START);    // so far so good, jump back to the top of the loop
+                    else
+                        // only get here if there was a syntax error (missing URI)
+                        rb_str_cat(parser->output, ext_link_start, sizeof(ext_link_start) - 1);
+                    continue; // jump back to top of loop to handle token (either URI or whatever it is)
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case EXT_LINK_END:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(i, ext_link_end, sizeof(ext_link_end) - 1);
+                else if (IN(EXT_LINK_START))
+                {
+                    if (NIL_P(parser->link_text))
+                        // syntax error: external link with no link text
+                        _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // success!
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, i, EXT_LINK_START, Qtrue);
+                        parser->capture = Qnil;
+                        i = _Wikitext_hyperlink(Qnil, parser->link_target, parser->link_text, parser->external_link_class);
+                        rb_str_append(parser->output, i);
+                    }
+                    parser->link_target = Qnil;
+                    parser->link_text   = Qnil;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                    _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, ext_link_end, sizeof(ext_link_end) - 1);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case SEPARATOR:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, separator, sizeof(separator) - 1);
+                break;
+
+            case SPACE:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE) || IN(PRE_START))
+                    rb_str_cat(i, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                else
+                {
+                    // peek ahead to see next token
+                    char    *token_ptr  = token->start;
+                    int     token_len   = TOKEN_LEN(token);
+                    NEXT_TOKEN();
+                    type = token->type;
+                    if (((type == H6_END) && IN(H6_START)) ||
+                        ((type == H5_END) && IN(H5_START)) ||
+                        ((type == H4_END) && IN(H4_START)) ||
+                        ((type == H3_END) && IN(H3_START)) ||
+                        ((type == H2_END) && IN(H2_START)) ||
+                        ((type == H1_END) && IN(H1_START)))
+                    {
+                        // will suppress emission of space (discard) if next token is a H6_END, H5_END etc and we are in the corresponding scope
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // emit the space
+                        _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                        _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                        rb_str_cat(i, token_ptr, token_len);
+                    }
+
+                    // jump to top of the loop to process token we scanned during lookahead
+                    continue;
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case QUOT_ENTITY:
+            case AMP_ENTITY:
+            case NAMED_ENTITY:
+            case DECIMAL_ENTITY:
+                // pass these through unaltered as they are case sensitive
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                break;
+
+            case HEX_ENTITY:
+                // normalize hex entities (downcase them)
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_append(i, _Wikitext_downcase(TOKEN_TEXT(token)));
+                break;
+
+            case QUOT:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, quot_entity, sizeof(quot_entity) - 1);
+                break;
+
+            case AMP:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, amp_entity, sizeof(amp_entity) - 1);
+                break;
+
+            case LESS:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, lt_entity, sizeof(lt_entity) - 1);
+                break;
+
+            case GREATER:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, gt_entity, sizeof(gt_entity) - 1);
+                break;
+
+            case CRLF:
+                parser->pending_crlf = Qfalse;
+                _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                if (IN(NO_WIKI_START) || IN(PRE_START))
+                {
+                    ary_clear(parser->line_buffer);
+                    rb_str_cat(parser->output, parser->line_ending->ptr, parser->line_ending->len);
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if (IN(PRE))
+                {
+                    // beware when nothing or BLOCKQUOTE on line buffer (not line stack!) prior to CRLF, that must be end of PRE block
+                    if (NO_ITEM(ary_entry(parser->line_buffer, -2)) || ary_entry(parser->line_buffer, -2) == BLOCKQUOTE)
+                        // don't emit in this case
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, parser->output, PRE, Qtrue);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // peek ahead to see if this is definitely the end of the PRE block
+                        NEXT_TOKEN();
+                        type = token->type;
+                        if (type != BLOCKQUOTE && type != PRE)
+                        {
+                            // this is definitely the end of the block, so don't emit
+                            _Wikitext_pop_from_stack_up_to(parser, parser->output, PRE, Qtrue);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            // potentially will emit
+                            parser->pending_crlf = Qtrue;
+
+                        // delete the entire contents of the line scope stack and buffer
+                        ary_clear(parser->line);
+                        ary_clear(parser->line_buffer);
+                        continue; // jump back to top of loop to handle token grabbed via lookahead
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    parser->pending_crlf = Qtrue;
+
+                    // count number of BLOCKQUOTE tokens in line buffer (can be zero) and pop back to that level
+                    // as a side effect, this handles any open span-level elements and unclosed blocks
+                    // (with special handling for P blocks and LI elements)
+                    i = ary_count(parser->line, BLOCKQUOTE) + ary_count(parser->scope, BLOCKQUOTE_START);
+                    for (j = parser->scope->count; j > i; j--)
+                    {
+                        if (parser->scope->count > 0 && ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == LI)
+                        {
+                            parser->pending_crlf = Qfalse;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        // special handling on last iteration through the loop if the top item on the scope is a P block
+                        if ((j - i == 1) && ary_entry(parser->scope, -1) == P)
+                        {
+                            // if nothing or BLOCKQUOTE on line buffer (not line stack!) prior to CRLF, this must be a paragraph break
+                            // (note that we have to make sure we're not inside a BLOCKQUOTE_START block
+                            // because in those blocks BLOCKQUOTE tokens have no special meaning)
+                            if (NO_ITEM(ary_entry(parser->line_buffer, -2)) ||
+                                (ary_entry(parser->line_buffer, -2) == BLOCKQUOTE && !IN(BLOCKQUOTE_START)))
+                                // paragraph break
+                                parser->pending_crlf = Qfalse;
+                            else
+                                // not a paragraph break!
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                        _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // delete the entire contents of the line scope stack and buffer
+                ary_clear(parser->line);
+                ary_clear(parser->line_buffer);
+                break;
+
+            case PRINTABLE:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_cat(i, token->start, TOKEN_LEN(token));
+                break;
+
+            case DEFAULT:
+                i = NIL_P(parser->capture) ? parser->output : parser->capture;
+                _Wikitext_pop_excess_elements(parser);
+                _Wikitext_start_para_if_necessary(parser);
+                rb_str_append(i, _Wikitext_utf32_char_to_entity(token->code_point));    // convert to entity
+                break;
+
+            case END_OF_FILE:
+                // close any open scopes on hitting EOF
+                _Wikitext_rollback_failed_external_link(parser);    // if any
+                _Wikitext_rollback_failed_link(parser);             // if any
+                for (i = 0, j = parser->scope->count; i < j; i++)
+                    _Wikitext_pop_from_stack(parser, Qnil);
+                goto return_output; // break not enough here (want to break out of outer while loop, not inner switch statement)
+
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        // reset current token; forcing lexer to return another token at the top of the loop
+        token = NULL;
+    } while (1);
+return_output:
+    // BUG: these will leak if we exit this function by raising an exception; need to investigate using Data_Wrap_Struct
+    ary_free(parser->scope);
+    ary_free(parser->line);
+    ary_free(parser->line_buffer);
+    str_free(parser->line_ending);
+    if (parser->tabulation)
+        str_free(parser->tabulation);
+    return parser->output;
+}