whispercpp 1.3.3 → 1.3.5

data/ext/sources/ggml/src/ggml-rpc/ggml-rpc.cpp

@@ -29,9 +29,18 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+static const char * RPC_DEBUG = std::getenv("GGML_RPC_DEBUG");
+
+#define LOG_DBG(...) \
+    do { if (RPC_DEBUG) GGML_LOG_DEBUG(__VA_ARGS__); } while (0)
+
 
 namespace fs = std::filesystem;
 
+static constexpr size_t MAX_CHUNK_SIZE = 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull; // 1 GiB
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
 typedef SOCKET sockfd_t;
 using ssize_t = __int64;
@@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ struct socket_t {
     sockfd_t fd;
     socket_t(sockfd_t fd) : fd(fd) {}
     ~socket_t() {
-        GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] closing socket %d\n", __func__, this->fd);
+        LOG_DBG("[%s] closing socket %d\n", __func__, this->fd);
 #ifdef _WIN32
         closesocket(this->fd);
 #else
@@ -96,9 +105,13 @@ enum rpc_cmd {
     RPC_CMD_INIT_TENSOR,
     RPC_CMD_GET_ALLOC_SIZE,
     RPC_CMD_HELLO,
+    RPC_CMD_DEVICE_COUNT,
+    RPC_CMD_GRAPH_RECOMPUTE,
     RPC_CMD_COUNT,
 };
 
+static_assert(RPC_CMD_HELLO == 14, "RPC_CMD_HELLO must be always 14");
+
 // Try RPC_CMD_SET_TENSOR_HASH first when data size is larger than this threshold
 const size_t HASH_THRESHOLD = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
 
@@ -108,8 +121,14 @@ struct rpc_msg_hello_rsp {
     uint8_t patch;
 };
 
+struct rpc_msg_device_count_rsp {
+    uint32_t device_count;
+};
+
 struct rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req {
+    uint32_t   device;
     rpc_tensor tensor;
+    rpc_tensor srcs[GGML_MAX_SRC];
 };
 
 struct rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_rsp {
@@ -121,6 +140,7 @@ struct rpc_msg_init_tensor_req {
 };
 
 struct rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req {
+    uint32_t device;
     uint64_t size;
 };
 
@@ -129,10 +149,18 @@ struct rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp {
     uint64_t remote_size;
 };
 
+struct rpc_msg_get_alignment_req {
+    uint32_t device;
+};
+
 struct rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp {
     uint64_t alignment;
 };
 
+struct rpc_msg_get_max_size_req {
+    uint32_t device;
+};
+
 struct rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp {
     uint64_t max_size;
 };
@@ -179,14 +207,19 @@ struct rpc_msg_copy_tensor_rsp {
     uint8_t result;
 };
 
-struct rpc_msg_graph_compute_rsp {
-    uint8_t result;
+struct rpc_msg_get_device_memory_req {
+    uint32_t device;
 };
 
 struct rpc_msg_get_device_memory_rsp {
     uint64_t free_mem;
     uint64_t total_mem;
 };
+
+struct rpc_msg_graph_recompute_req {
+    uint32_t device;
+};
+
 #pragma pack(pop)
 
 // RPC data structures
@@ -198,14 +231,41 @@ static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_rpc_guid() {
 
 struct ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context {
     std::string endpoint;
+    uint32_t    device;
     std::string name;
-    size_t alignment;
-    size_t max_size;
+    size_t      alignment;
+    size_t      max_size;
+};
+
+struct graph_cache {
+
+    bool is_cached(const ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+        if ((int)last_graph.size() != cgraph->n_nodes) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
+            if (memcmp(&last_graph[i], cgraph->nodes[i], sizeof(ggml_tensor)) != 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void add(const ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+        last_graph.resize(cgraph->n_nodes);
+        for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
+            memcpy(&last_graph[i], cgraph->nodes[i], sizeof(ggml_tensor));
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<ggml_tensor> last_graph;
 };
 
 struct ggml_backend_rpc_context {
     std::string endpoint;
+    uint32_t    device;
     std::string name;
+    graph_cache gc;
 };
 
 struct ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context {
@@ -262,14 +322,14 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> socket_connect(const char * host, int port) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (!set_no_delay(sockfd)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set TCP_NODELAY\n");
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to set TCP_NODELAY\n");
         return nullptr;
     }
     addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
     addr.sin_port = htons(port);
     struct hostent * server = gethostbyname(host);
     if (server == NULL) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot resolve host '%s'\n", host);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Cannot resolve host '%s'\n", host);
         return nullptr;
     }
     memcpy(&addr.sin_addr.s_addr, server->h_addr, server->h_length);
@@ -286,7 +346,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> socket_accept(sockfd_t srv_sockfd) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (!set_no_delay(client_socket_fd)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set TCP_NODELAY\n");
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to set TCP_NODELAY\n");
         return nullptr;
     }
     return client_socket;
@@ -299,11 +359,11 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> create_server_socket(const char * host, int por
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (!set_reuse_addr(sockfd)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set SO_REUSEADDR\n");
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to set SO_REUSEADDR\n");
         return nullptr;
     }
     if (inet_addr(host) == INADDR_NONE) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid host address: %s\n", host);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Invalid host address: %s\n", host);
         return nullptr;
     }
     struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
@@ -323,11 +383,14 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> create_server_socket(const char * host, int por
 static bool send_data(sockfd_t sockfd, const void * data, size_t size) {
     size_t bytes_sent = 0;
     while (bytes_sent < size) {
-        ssize_t n = send(sockfd, (const char *)data + bytes_sent, size - bytes_sent, 0);
+        size_t size_to_send = std::min(size - bytes_sent, MAX_CHUNK_SIZE);
+        ssize_t n = send(sockfd, (const char *)data + bytes_sent, size_to_send, 0);
         if (n < 0) {
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("send failed (bytes_sent=%zu, size_to_send=%zu)\n",
+                           bytes_sent, size_to_send);
             return false;
         }
-        bytes_sent += n;
+        bytes_sent += (size_t)n;
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -335,11 +398,18 @@ static bool send_data(sockfd_t sockfd, const void * data, size_t size) {
 static bool recv_data(sockfd_t sockfd, void * data, size_t size) {
     size_t bytes_recv = 0;
     while (bytes_recv < size) {
-        ssize_t n = recv(sockfd, (char *)data + bytes_recv, size - bytes_recv, 0);
-        if (n <= 0) {
+        size_t size_to_recv = std::min(size - bytes_recv, MAX_CHUNK_SIZE);
+        ssize_t n = recv(sockfd, (char *)data + bytes_recv, size_to_recv, 0);
+        if (n < 0) {
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("recv failed (bytes_recv=%zu, size_to_recv=%zu)\n",
+                           bytes_recv, size_to_recv);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (n == 0) {
+            LOG_DBG("recv returned 0 (peer closed?)\n");
             return false;
         }
-        bytes_recv += n;
+        bytes_recv += (size_t)n;
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -370,7 +440,7 @@ static bool recv_msg(sockfd_t sockfd, std::vector<uint8_t> & input) {
     try {
         input.resize(size);
     } catch (const std::bad_alloc & e) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate input buffer of size %" PRIu64 "\n", size);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to allocate input buffer of size %" PRIu64 "\n", size);
         return false;
     }
     return recv_data(sockfd, input.data(), size);
@@ -430,11 +500,11 @@ static bool check_server_version(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock) {
     bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_HELLO, nullptr, 0, &response, sizeof(response));
     RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
     if (response.major != RPC_PROTO_MAJOR_VERSION || response.minor > RPC_PROTO_MINOR_VERSION) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "RPC server version mismatch: %d.%d.%d\n", response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("RPC server version mismatch: %d.%d.%d\n", response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
         return false;
     }
     if (response.minor != RPC_PROTO_MINOR_VERSION || response.patch != RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: RPC server version mismatch: %d.%d.%d\n", response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("WARNING: RPC server version mismatch: %d.%d.%d\n", response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -454,6 +524,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> get_socket(const std::string & endpoint) {
     std::string host;
     int port;
     if (!parse_endpoint(endpoint, host, port)) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to parse endpoint: %s\n", endpoint.c_str());
         return nullptr;
     }
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -475,7 +546,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<socket_t> get_socket(const std::string & endpoint) {
     if (!check_server_version(sock)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] connected to %s, sockfd=%d\n", __func__, endpoint.c_str(), sock->fd);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] connected to %s, sockfd=%d\n", __func__, endpoint.c_str(), sock->fd);
     sockets[endpoint] = sock;
     return sock;
 }
@@ -501,14 +572,23 @@ static void * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
     return ctx->base_ptr;
 }
 
+static bool ggml_backend_buffer_is_rpc(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+    return buffer->iface.free_buffer == ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_free_buffer;
+}
+
 static rpc_tensor serialize_tensor(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     rpc_tensor result;
+    if (!tensor) {
+        memset(&result, 0, sizeof(result));
+        return result;
+    }
+
     result.id = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(tensor);
     result.type = tensor->type;
-    if (tensor->buffer) {
+    if (tensor->buffer && ggml_backend_buffer_is_rpc(tensor->buffer)) {
         ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = tensor->buffer;
         ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
-        result.buffer = ctx->remote_ptr;
+        result.buffer = ctx != nullptr ? ctx->remote_ptr : 0;
     } else {
         result.buffer = 0;
     }
@@ -590,22 +670,25 @@ static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, con
 }
 
 static bool ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_cpy_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, const ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * dst) {
-    // check if src and dst are on the same server
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t src_buffer = src->buffer;
-    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * src_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)src_buffer->context;
-    ggml_backend_buffer_t dst_buffer = dst->buffer;
-    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * dst_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)dst_buffer->context;
-    if (src_ctx->sock != dst_ctx->sock) {
-        return false;
+    if (ggml_backend_buffer_is_rpc(src->buffer)) {
+        // check if src and dst are on the same server
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t src_buffer = src->buffer;
+        ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * src_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)src_buffer->context;
+        ggml_backend_buffer_t dst_buffer = dst->buffer;
+        ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * dst_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)dst_buffer->context;
+        if (src_ctx->sock != dst_ctx->sock) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
+        rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req request;
+        request.src = serialize_tensor(src);
+        request.dst = serialize_tensor(dst);
+        rpc_msg_copy_tensor_rsp response;
+        bool status = send_rpc_cmd(ctx->sock, RPC_CMD_COPY_TENSOR, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
+        RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
+        return response.result;
     }
-    ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_context *)buffer->context;
-    rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req request;
-    request.src = serialize_tensor(src);
-    request.dst = serialize_tensor(dst);
-    rpc_msg_copy_tensor_rsp response;
-    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(ctx->sock, RPC_CMD_COPY_TENSOR, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
-    RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
-    return response.result;
+    return false;
 }
 
 static void ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
@@ -634,7 +717,7 @@ static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t
 
 static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, size_t size) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
-    rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req request = {size};
+    rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req request = {buft_ctx->device, size};
     rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp response;
     auto sock = get_socket(buft_ctx->endpoint);
     bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_ALLOC_BUFFER, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
@@ -650,9 +733,10 @@ static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_back
     }
 }
 
-static size_t get_alignment(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock) {
+static size_t get_alignment(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock, uint32_t device) {
+    rpc_msg_get_alignment_req request = {device};
     rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp response;
-    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, 0, &response, sizeof(response));
+    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_ALIGNMENT, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
     RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
     return response.alignment;
 }
@@ -662,9 +746,10 @@ static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_typ
     return buft_ctx->alignment;
 }
 
-static size_t get_max_size(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock) {
+static size_t get_max_size(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock, uint32_t device) {
+    rpc_msg_get_max_size_req request = {device};
     rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp response;
-    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_MAX_SIZE, nullptr, 0, &response, sizeof(response));
+    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_MAX_SIZE, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
     RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
     return response.max_size;
 }
@@ -675,23 +760,41 @@ static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_get_alloc_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    // should we query the remote server for the actual size
+    bool rpc_get = false;
+
     // See comments in init_tensor.
-    if (ggml_is_quantized(tensor->type) && (tensor->ne[0] % 512 != 0) && (tensor->view_src == nullptr)) {
+    rpc_get |= ggml_is_quantized(tensor->type) && (tensor->ne[0] % 512 != 0) && (tensor->view_src == nullptr);
+
+    // ops that require additional memory for fleeting data on certain backends
+    // ref: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/15966
+    rpc_get |= tensor->op == GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT;
+    rpc_get |= tensor->op == GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID;
+
+    if (rpc_get) {
         ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
         auto sock = get_socket(buft_ctx->endpoint);
 
-        rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req request;
+        rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req request = {
+            /*.device =*/ buft_ctx->device,
+            /*.tensor =*/ serialize_tensor(tensor),
+            /*.srcs   =*/ {},
+        };
 
-        request.tensor = serialize_tensor(tensor);
+        // .get_alloc_size could be a function of the tensor's srcs, so we must serialize them as well
+        for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
+            request.srcs[i] = serialize_tensor(tensor->src[i]);
+        }
 
+        // TODO: cache the alloc responses to avoid extra RPC calls?
         rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_rsp response;
         bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_ALLOC_SIZE, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
         RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
 
         return response.alloc_size;
-    } else {
-        return ggml_nbytes(tensor);
     }
+
+    return ggml_nbytes(tensor);
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_buffer_type_i ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_interface = {
@@ -735,7 +838,7 @@ static void add_tensor(ggml_tensor * tensor, std::vector<rpc_tensor> & tensors,
     tensors.push_back(serialize_tensor(tensor));
 }
 
-static void serialize_graph(const ggml_cgraph * cgraph, std::vector<uint8_t> & output) {
+static void serialize_graph(uint32_t device, const ggml_cgraph * cgraph, std::vector<uint8_t> & output) {
     uint32_t n_nodes = cgraph->n_nodes;
     std::vector<rpc_tensor> tensors;
     std::unordered_set<ggml_tensor*> visited;
@@ -743,29 +846,45 @@ static void serialize_graph(const ggml_cgraph * cgraph, std::vector<uint8_t> & o
         add_tensor(cgraph->nodes[i], tensors, visited);
     }
     // serialization format:
-    // | n_nodes (4 bytes) | nodes (n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) | n_tensors (4 bytes) | tensors (n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor)) |
+    // | device (4 bytes) | n_nodes (4 bytes) | nodes (n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) | n_tensors (4 bytes) | tensors (n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor)) |
     uint32_t n_tensors = tensors.size();
-    int output_size = sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t) + n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor);
+    int output_size = 2*sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t) + n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor);
     output.resize(output_size, 0);
-    memcpy(output.data(), &n_nodes, sizeof(n_nodes));
+    uint8_t * dest = output.data();
+    memcpy(dest, &device, sizeof(device));
+    dest += sizeof(device);
+    memcpy(dest, &n_nodes, sizeof(n_nodes));
+    dest += sizeof(n_nodes);
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_nodes; i++) {
-        memcpy(output.data() + sizeof(n_nodes) + i * sizeof(uint64_t), &cgraph->nodes[i], sizeof(uint64_t));
+        memcpy(dest + i * sizeof(uint64_t), &cgraph->nodes[i], sizeof(uint64_t));
     }
-    uint32_t * out_ntensors = (uint32_t *)(output.data() + sizeof(n_nodes) + n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t));
-    *out_ntensors = n_tensors;
-    rpc_tensor * out_tensors = (rpc_tensor *)(output.data() + sizeof(n_nodes) + n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t));
+    dest += n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t);
+    memcpy(dest, &n_tensors, sizeof(n_tensors));
+    dest += sizeof(n_tensors);
+    rpc_tensor * out_tensors = (rpc_tensor *)dest;
     memcpy(out_tensors, tensors.data(), n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor));
 }
 
 static enum ggml_status ggml_backend_rpc_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_context * rpc_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_context *)backend->context;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> input;
-    serialize_graph(cgraph, input);
-    rpc_msg_graph_compute_rsp response;
-    auto sock = get_socket(rpc_ctx->endpoint);
-    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GRAPH_COMPUTE, input.data(), input.size(), &response, sizeof(response));
-    RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
-    return (enum ggml_status)response.result;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(cgraph->n_nodes > 0);
+    bool reuse = rpc_ctx->gc.is_cached(cgraph);
+    if (reuse) {
+        rpc_msg_graph_recompute_req request;
+        request.device = rpc_ctx->device;
+        auto sock = get_socket(rpc_ctx->endpoint);
+        bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GRAPH_RECOMPUTE, &request, sizeof(request));
+        RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
+    } else {
+        rpc_ctx->gc.add(cgraph);
+        std::vector<uint8_t> input;
+        serialize_graph(rpc_ctx->device, cgraph, input);
+        auto sock = get_socket(rpc_ctx->endpoint);
+        bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GRAPH_COMPUTE, input.data(), input.size());
+        RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
+    }
+    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_rpc_interface = {
@@ -782,51 +901,57 @@ static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_rpc_interface = {
     /* .graph_compute           = */ ggml_backend_rpc_graph_compute,
     /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
     /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_optimize          = */ NULL,
 };
 
-ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint) {
+ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(const char * endpoint, uint32_t device) {
     static std::mutex mutex;
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+    std::string buft_name = "RPC" + std::to_string(device) + "[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]";
     // NOTE: buffer types are allocated and never freed; this is by design
     static std::unordered_map<std::string, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t> buft_map;
-    auto it = buft_map.find(endpoint);
+    auto it = buft_map.find(buft_name);
     if (it != buft_map.end()) {
         return it->second;
     }
     auto sock = get_socket(endpoint);
     if (sock == nullptr) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to %s\n", endpoint);
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to connect to %s\n", endpoint);
         return nullptr;
     }
-    size_t alignment = get_alignment(sock);
-    size_t max_size = get_max_size(sock);
+    size_t alignment = get_alignment(sock, device);
+    size_t max_size = get_max_size(sock, device);
     ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context {
         /* .endpoint  = */ endpoint,
-        /* .name      = */ "RPC[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]",
+        /* .device    = */ device,
+        /* .name      = */ buft_name,
         /* .alignment = */ alignment,
         /* .max_size  = */ max_size
     };
-
+    auto reg = ggml_backend_rpc_add_server(endpoint);
     ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = new ggml_backend_buffer_type {
         /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_interface,
-        /* .device  = */ ggml_backend_rpc_add_device(endpoint),
+        /* .device  = */ ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(reg, device),
         /* .context = */ buft_ctx
     };
-    buft_map[endpoint] = buft;
+    buft_map[buft_name] = buft;
     return buft;
 }
 
-ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint) {
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_init(const char * endpoint, uint32_t device) {
+    std::string dev_name = "RPC" + std::to_string(device) + "[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]";
     ggml_backend_rpc_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_context {
-        /* .endpoint  = */ endpoint,
-        /* .name      = */ "RPC[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]",
+        /* .endpoint = */ endpoint,
+        /* .device   = */ device,
+        /* .name     = */ dev_name,
+        /* .gc       = */ {},
     };
-
+    auto reg = ggml_backend_rpc_add_server(endpoint);
     ggml_backend_t backend = new ggml_backend {
-        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_rpc_guid(),
-        /* .interface = */ ggml_backend_rpc_interface,
-        /* .device    = */ ggml_backend_rpc_add_device(endpoint),
-        /* .context   = */ ctx
+        /* .guid    = */ ggml_backend_rpc_guid(),
+        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_rpc_interface,
+        /* .device  = */ ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(reg, device),
+        /* .context = */ ctx
     };
     return backend;
 }
@@ -835,37 +960,40 @@ bool ggml_backend_is_rpc(ggml_backend_t backend) {
     return backend != NULL && ggml_guid_matches(backend->guid, ggml_backend_rpc_guid());
 }
 
-static void get_device_memory(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+static void get_device_memory(const std::shared_ptr<socket_t> & sock, uint32_t device, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+    rpc_msg_get_device_memory_req request;
+    request.device = device;
     rpc_msg_get_device_memory_rsp response;
-    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_DEVICE_MEMORY, nullptr, 0, &response, sizeof(response));
+    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_GET_DEVICE_MEMORY, &request, sizeof(request), &response, sizeof(response));
     RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
     *free = response.free_mem;
     *total = response.total_mem;
 }
 
-void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint, uint32_t device, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
     auto sock = get_socket(endpoint);
     if (sock == nullptr) {
         *free = 0;
         *total = 0;
         return;
     }
-    get_device_memory(sock, free, total);
+    get_device_memory(sock, device, free, total);
 }
 
 // RPC server-side implementation
 
 class rpc_server {
 public:
-    rpc_server(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir)
-        : backend(backend), cache_dir(cache_dir) {
+    rpc_server(std::vector<ggml_backend_t> all_backends, const char * cache_dir)
+        : backends(std::move(all_backends)), cache_dir(cache_dir) {
+        stored_graphs.resize(backends.size());
     }
     ~rpc_server();
 
     void hello(rpc_msg_hello_rsp & response);
-    void alloc_buffer(const rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req & request, rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp & response);
-    void get_alignment(rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp & response);
-    void get_max_size(rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp & response);
+    bool alloc_buffer(const rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req & request, rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp & response);
+    bool get_alignment(const rpc_msg_get_alignment_req & request, rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp & response);
+    bool get_max_size(const rpc_msg_get_max_size_req & request, rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp & response);
     bool buffer_get_base(const rpc_msg_buffer_get_base_req & request, rpc_msg_buffer_get_base_rsp & response);
     bool free_buffer(const rpc_msg_free_buffer_req & request);
     bool buffer_clear(const rpc_msg_buffer_clear_req & request);
@@ -873,9 +1001,16 @@ public:
     bool set_tensor_hash(const rpc_msg_set_tensor_hash_req & request, rpc_msg_set_tensor_hash_rsp & response);
     bool get_tensor(const rpc_msg_get_tensor_req & request, std::vector<uint8_t> & response);
     bool copy_tensor(const rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req & request, rpc_msg_copy_tensor_rsp & response);
-    bool graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input, rpc_msg_graph_compute_rsp & response);
+    bool graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input);
+    bool graph_recompute(const rpc_msg_graph_recompute_req & request);
     bool init_tensor(const rpc_msg_init_tensor_req & request);
     bool get_alloc_size(const rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req & request, rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_rsp & response);
+    bool get_device_memory(const rpc_msg_get_device_memory_req & request, rpc_msg_get_device_memory_rsp & response);
+
+    struct stored_graph {
+        ggml_context_ptr ctx_ptr;
+        ggml_cgraph *    graph;
+    };
 
 private:
     bool get_cached_file(uint64_t hash, std::vector<uint8_t> & data);
@@ -886,22 +1021,28 @@ private:
                               std::unordered_map<uint64_t, struct ggml_tensor*> & tensor_map);
 
 
-    ggml_backend_t backend;
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_t> backends;
     const char * cache_dir;
     std::unordered_set<ggml_backend_buffer_t> buffers;
+    // store the last computed graph for each backend
+    std::vector<stored_graph> stored_graphs;
 };
 
 void rpc_server::hello(rpc_msg_hello_rsp & response) {
     response.major = RPC_PROTO_MAJOR_VERSION;
     response.minor = RPC_PROTO_MINOR_VERSION;
     response.patch = RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION;
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] version: %d.%d.%d\n", __func__, response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] version: %d.%d.%d\n", __func__, response.major, response.minor, response.patch);
 }
 
 bool rpc_server::get_alloc_size(const rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req & request, rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_rsp & response) {
+    uint32_t dev_id = request.device;
+    if (dev_id >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
     ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft;
     struct ggml_init_params params {
-        /*.mem_size   =*/ ggml_tensor_overhead(),
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ ggml_tensor_overhead()*(1 + GGML_MAX_SRC),
         /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
         /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
     };
@@ -909,56 +1050,78 @@ bool rpc_server::get_alloc_size(const rpc_msg_get_alloc_size_req & request, rpc_
     ggml_context_ptr ctx_ptr { ggml_init(params) };
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx_ptr != nullptr);
     ggml_context * ctx = ctx_ptr.get();
-    ggml_tensor * tensor = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.tensor);
 
+    ggml_tensor * tensor = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.tensor);
     if (tensor == nullptr) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("Null tensor pointer passed to server get_alloc_size function.\n");
         return false;
     }
+    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC; i++) {
+        if (request.srcs[i].id != 0) {
+            tensor->src[i] = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.srcs[i]);
+        }
+    }
 
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %d, buffer: %p, data: %p\n", __func__, dev_id, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data);
     if (tensor->buffer == nullptr) {
         //No buffer allocated.
-        buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend);
+        buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[dev_id]);
     } else {
         buft = tensor->buffer->buft;
     }
 
-    response.alloc_size = ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(buft,tensor);
+    response.alloc_size = ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(buft, tensor);
 
     return true;
 }
 
-void rpc_server::alloc_buffer(const rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req & request, rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp & response) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend);
+bool rpc_server::alloc_buffer(const rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req & request, rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp & response) {
+    uint32_t dev_id = request.device;
+    if (dev_id >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[dev_id]);
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(buft, request.size);
     response.remote_ptr = 0;
     response.remote_size = 0;
     if (buffer != nullptr) {
         response.remote_ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buffer);
         response.remote_size = buffer->size;
-        GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] size: %" PRIu64 " -> remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 ", remote_size: %" PRIu64 "\n", __func__, request.size, response.remote_ptr, response.remote_size);
+        LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %d, size: %" PRIu64 " -> remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 ", remote_size: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+            __func__, dev_id, request.size, response.remote_ptr, response.remote_size);
         buffers.insert(buffer);
     } else {
-        GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] size: %" PRIu64 " -> failed\n", __func__, request.size);
+        LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %d, size: %" PRIu64 " -> failed\n", __func__, dev_id, request.size);
     }
+    return true;
 }
 
-void rpc_server::get_alignment(rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp & response) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend);
+bool rpc_server::get_alignment(const rpc_msg_get_alignment_req & request, rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp & response) {
+    uint32_t dev_id = request.device;
+    if (dev_id >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[dev_id]);
     size_t alignment = ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment(buft);
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] alignment: %lu\n", __func__, alignment);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %d, alignment: %lu\n", __func__, dev_id, alignment);
     response.alignment = alignment;
+    return true;
 }
 
-void rpc_server::get_max_size(rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp & response) {
-    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend);
+bool rpc_server::get_max_size(const rpc_msg_get_max_size_req & request, rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp & response) {
+    uint32_t dev_id = request.device;
+    if (dev_id >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backends[dev_id]);
     size_t max_size = ggml_backend_buft_get_max_size(buft);
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] max_size: %lu\n", __func__, max_size);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %d, max_size: %lu\n", __func__, dev_id, max_size);
     response.max_size = max_size;
+    return true;
 }
 
 bool rpc_server::buffer_get_base(const rpc_msg_buffer_get_base_req & request, rpc_msg_buffer_get_base_rsp & response) {
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 "\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 "\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr);
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = reinterpret_cast<ggml_backend_buffer_t>(request.remote_ptr);
     if (buffers.find(buffer) == buffers.end()) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] buffer not found\n", __func__);
@@ -970,7 +1133,7 @@ bool rpc_server::buffer_get_base(const rpc_msg_buffer_get_base_req & request, rp
 }
 
 bool rpc_server::free_buffer(const rpc_msg_free_buffer_req & request) {
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 "\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 "\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr);
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = reinterpret_cast<ggml_backend_buffer_t>(request.remote_ptr);
     if (buffers.find(buffer) == buffers.end()) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] buffer not found\n", __func__);
@@ -982,7 +1145,7 @@ bool rpc_server::free_buffer(const rpc_msg_free_buffer_req & request) {
 }
 
 bool rpc_server::buffer_clear(const rpc_msg_buffer_clear_req & request) {
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 ", value: %u\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr, request.value);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] remote_ptr: %" PRIx64 ", value: %u\n", __func__, request.remote_ptr, request.value);
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = reinterpret_cast<ggml_backend_buffer_t>(request.remote_ptr);
     if (buffers.find(buffer) == buffers.end()) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] buffer not found\n", __func__);
@@ -1055,11 +1218,11 @@ bool rpc_server::set_tensor(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input) {
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx_ptr != nullptr);
     ggml_context * ctx = ctx_ptr.get();
     ggml_tensor * tensor = deserialize_tensor(ctx, in_tensor);
-    if (tensor == nullptr) {
+    if (tensor == nullptr || tensor->buffer == nullptr) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] error deserializing tensor\n", __func__);
         return false;
     }
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %zu\n", __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, offset, size);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %zu\n", __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, offset, size);
 
     // sanitize tensor->data
     {
@@ -1082,7 +1245,7 @@ bool rpc_server::set_tensor(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input) {
         fs::path cache_file = fs::path(cache_dir) / hash_str;
         std::ofstream ofs(cache_file, std::ios::binary);
         ofs.write((const char *)data, size);
-        printf("[%s] saved to '%s'\n", __func__, cache_file.c_str());
+        GGML_LOG_INFO("[%s] saved to '%s'\n", __func__, cache_file.c_str());
     }
     ggml_backend_tensor_set(tensor, data, offset, size);
     return true;
@@ -1095,7 +1258,8 @@ bool rpc_server::get_cached_file(uint64_t hash, std::vector<uint8_t> & data) {
     char hash_str[17];
     snprintf(hash_str, sizeof(hash_str), "%016" PRIx64, hash);
     fs::path cache_file = fs::path(cache_dir) / hash_str;
-    if (!fs::exists(cache_file)) {
+    std::error_code ec;
+    if (!fs::exists(cache_file, ec)) {
         return false;
     }
     std::ifstream ifs(cache_file, std::ios::binary);
@@ -1124,12 +1288,12 @@ bool rpc_server::set_tensor_hash(const rpc_msg_set_tensor_hash_req & request, rp
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx_ptr != nullptr);
     ggml_context * ctx = ctx_ptr.get();
     ggml_tensor * tensor = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.tensor);
-    if (tensor == nullptr) {
+    if (tensor == nullptr || tensor->buffer == nullptr) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] error deserializing tensor\n", __func__);
         return false;
     }
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %zu, hash: %" PRIx64 "\n",
-        __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, request.offset, size, request.hash);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %zu, hash: %" PRIx64 "\n",
+            __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, request.offset, size, request.hash);
 
     // sanitize tensor->data
     {
@@ -1163,7 +1327,7 @@ bool rpc_server::init_tensor(const rpc_msg_init_tensor_req & request) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("Null tensor pointer passed to server init_tensor function.\n");
         return false;
     }
-
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p\n", __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data);
     // Call the backend's buffer_init_tensor function
     ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = tensor->buffer;
     if (buffer && buffer->iface.init_tensor) {
@@ -1192,11 +1356,11 @@ bool rpc_server::get_tensor(const rpc_msg_get_tensor_req & request, std::vector<
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx_ptr != nullptr);
     ggml_context * ctx = ctx_ptr.get();
     ggml_tensor * tensor = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.tensor);
-    if (tensor == nullptr) {
+    if (tensor == nullptr || tensor->buffer == nullptr) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] error deserializing tensor\n", __func__);
         return false;
     }
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %" PRIu64 "\n", __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, request.offset, request.size);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] buffer: %p, data: %p, offset: %" PRIu64 ", size: %" PRIu64 "\n", __func__, (void*)tensor->buffer, tensor->data, request.offset, request.size);
 
     // sanitize tensor->data
     {
@@ -1229,7 +1393,7 @@ bool rpc_server::copy_tensor(const rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req & request, rpc_msg_co
 
     ggml_tensor * src = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.src);
     ggml_tensor * dst = deserialize_tensor(ctx, &request.dst);
-    if (src == nullptr || dst == nullptr) {
+    if (src == nullptr || dst == nullptr || src->buffer == nullptr || dst->buffer == nullptr) {
         GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] error deserializing tensors\n", __func__);
         return false;
     }
@@ -1240,7 +1404,7 @@ bool rpc_server::copy_tensor(const rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req & request, rpc_msg_co
     uint64_t dst_buf_sz = (uint64_t) ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(dst->buffer);
 
     if (dst_data + src_size > dst_base + dst_buf_sz) {
-        GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] out-of-bounds write in rpc_server::copy_tensor:\n"
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("[%s] out-of-bounds write in rpc_server::copy_tensor:\n"
                          "    write range : [0x%" PRIx64 ", 0x%" PRIx64 "]\n"
                          "    buffer base: [0x%" PRIx64 ", 0x%" PRIx64 "]\n",
                          __func__,
@@ -1251,8 +1415,8 @@ bool rpc_server::copy_tensor(const rpc_msg_copy_tensor_req & request, rpc_msg_co
         return false;
     }
 
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] src->buffer: %p, dst->buffer: %p\n",
-                     __func__, (void*) src->buffer, (void*) dst->buffer);
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] src->buffer: %p, dst->buffer: %p\n",
+            __func__, (void*) src->buffer, (void*) dst->buffer);
 
     response.result = ggml_backend_buffer_copy_tensor(src, dst);
     return true;
@@ -1310,25 +1474,35 @@ ggml_tensor * rpc_server::create_node(uint64_t id,
     return result;
 }
 
-bool rpc_server::graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input, rpc_msg_graph_compute_rsp & response) {
+bool rpc_server::graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input) {
     // serialization format:
-    // | n_nodes (4 bytes) | nodes (n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) | n_tensors (4 bytes) | tensors (n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor)) |
-    if (input.size() < sizeof(uint32_t)) {
+    // | device (4 bytes) | n_nodes (4 bytes) | nodes (n_nodes * sizeof(uint64_t) | n_tensors (4 bytes) | tensors (n_tensors * sizeof(rpc_tensor)) |
+    if (input.size() < 2*sizeof(uint32_t)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const uint8_t * src = input.data();
+    uint32_t device;
+    memcpy(&device, src, sizeof(device));
+    src += sizeof(device);
+    if (device >= backends.size()) {
         return false;
     }
     uint32_t n_nodes;
-    memcpy(&n_nodes, input.data(), sizeof(n_nodes));
-    if (input.size() < sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t)) {
+    memcpy(&n_nodes, src, sizeof(n_nodes));
+    src += sizeof(n_nodes);
+    if (input.size() < 2*sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t)) {
         return false;
     }
-    const uint64_t * nodes = (const uint64_t *)(input.data() + sizeof(n_nodes));
+    const uint64_t * nodes = (const uint64_t *)src;
+    src += n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t);
     uint32_t n_tensors;
-    memcpy(&n_tensors, input.data() + sizeof(n_nodes) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t), sizeof(n_tensors));
-    if (input.size() < sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t) + n_tensors*sizeof(rpc_tensor)) {
+    memcpy(&n_tensors, src, sizeof(n_tensors));
+    src += sizeof(n_tensors);
+    if (input.size() < 2*sizeof(uint32_t) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(uint32_t) + n_tensors*sizeof(rpc_tensor)) {
         return false;
     }
-    const rpc_tensor * tensors = (const rpc_tensor *)(input.data() + sizeof(n_nodes) + n_nodes*sizeof(uint64_t) + sizeof(n_tensors));
-    GGML_PRINT_DEBUG("[%s] n_nodes: %u, n_tensors: %u\n", __func__, n_nodes, n_tensors);
+    const rpc_tensor * tensors = (const rpc_tensor *)src;
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %u, n_nodes: %u, n_tensors: %u\n", __func__, device, n_nodes, n_tensors);
 
     size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead()*(n_nodes + n_tensors) + ggml_graph_overhead_custom(n_nodes, false);
 
@@ -1343,10 +1517,12 @@ bool rpc_server::graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input, rpc_msg_graph
     struct ggml_cgraph * graph = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx, n_nodes, false);
     graph->n_nodes = n_nodes;
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, const rpc_tensor*> tensor_ptrs;
+    tensor_ptrs.reserve(n_tensors);
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_tensors; i++) {
-        tensor_ptrs[tensors[i].id] = &tensors[i];
+        tensor_ptrs.emplace(tensors[i].id, &tensors[i]);
     }
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, ggml_tensor*> tensor_map;
+    tensor_map.reserve(n_nodes);
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_nodes; i++) {
         int64_t id;
         memcpy(&id, &nodes[i], sizeof(id));
@@ -1360,8 +1536,39 @@ bool rpc_server::graph_compute(const std::vector<uint8_t> & input, rpc_msg_graph
             return false;
         }
     }
-    ggml_status status = ggml_backend_graph_compute(backend, graph);
-    response.result = status;
+    ggml_status status = ggml_backend_graph_compute(backends[device], graph);
+    GGML_ASSERT(status == GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS && "Unsuccessful graph computations are not supported with RPC");
+    stored_graphs[device].ctx_ptr.swap(ctx_ptr);
+    stored_graphs[device].graph = graph;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool rpc_server::graph_recompute(const rpc_msg_graph_recompute_req & request) {
+    uint32_t device = request.device;
+    if (device >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (stored_graphs[device].graph == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    ggml_cgraph * graph = stored_graphs[device].graph;
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %u\n", __func__, device);
+    ggml_status status = ggml_backend_graph_compute(backends[device], graph);
+    GGML_ASSERT(status == GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS && "Unsuccessful graph computations are not supported with RPC");
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool rpc_server::get_device_memory(const rpc_msg_get_device_memory_req & request, rpc_msg_get_device_memory_rsp & response) {
+    uint32_t dev_id = request.device;
+    if (dev_id >= backends.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t free, total;
+    ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_get_device(backends[dev_id]);
+    ggml_backend_dev_memory(dev, &free, &total);
+    response.free_mem = free;
+    response.total_mem = total;
+    LOG_DBG("[%s] device: %u, free_mem: %" PRIu64 ", total_mem: %" PRIu64 "\n", __func__, dev_id, response.free_mem, response.total_mem);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -1371,16 +1578,16 @@ rpc_server::~rpc_server() {
     }
 }
 
-static void rpc_serve_client(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir,
-                             sockfd_t sockfd, size_t free_mem, size_t total_mem) {
-    rpc_server server(backend, cache_dir);
+static void rpc_serve_client(const std::vector<ggml_backend_t> & backends, const char * cache_dir,
+                             sockfd_t sockfd) {
+    rpc_server server(backends, cache_dir);
     uint8_t cmd;
     if (!recv_data(sockfd, &cmd, 1)) {
         return;
     }
     // the first command sent by the client must be HELLO
     if (cmd != RPC_CMD_HELLO) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Expected HELLO command, update client\n");
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Expected HELLO command, update client\n");
         return;
     }
     if (!recv_msg(sockfd, nullptr, 0)) {
@@ -1397,7 +1604,7 @@ static void rpc_serve_client(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir,
         }
         if (cmd >= RPC_CMD_COUNT) {
             // fail fast if the command is invalid
-            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown command: %d\n", cmd);
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("Unknown command: %d\n", cmd);
             break;
         }
         switch (cmd) {
@@ -1405,13 +1612,26 @@ static void rpc_serve_client(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir,
                 // HELLO command is handled above
                 return;
             }
+            case RPC_CMD_DEVICE_COUNT: {
+                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, nullptr, 0)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                rpc_msg_device_count_rsp response;
+                response.device_count = backends.size();
+                if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
             case RPC_CMD_ALLOC_BUFFER: {
                 rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_req request;
                 if (!recv_msg(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 rpc_msg_alloc_buffer_rsp response;
-                server.alloc_buffer(request, response);
+                if (!server.alloc_buffer(request, response)) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1432,22 +1652,28 @@ static void rpc_serve_client(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir,
                 break;
             }
             case RPC_CMD_GET_ALIGNMENT: {
-                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, nullptr, 0)) {
+                rpc_msg_get_alignment_req request;
+                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 rpc_msg_get_alignment_rsp response;
-                server.get_alignment(response);
+                if (!server.get_alignment(request, response)) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 break;
             }
             case RPC_CMD_GET_MAX_SIZE: {
-                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, nullptr, 0)) {
+                rpc_msg_get_max_size_req request;
+                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 rpc_msg_get_max_size_rsp response;
-                server.get_max_size(response);
+                if (!server.get_max_size(request, response)) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1563,45 +1789,77 @@ static void rpc_serve_client(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * cache_dir,
                 if (!recv_msg(sockfd, input)) {
                     return;
                 }
-                rpc_msg_graph_compute_rsp response;
-                if (!server.graph_compute(input, response)) {
+                if (!server.graph_compute(input)) {
                     return;
                 }
-                if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
+                break;
+            }
+            case RPC_CMD_GRAPH_RECOMPUTE: {
+                rpc_msg_graph_recompute_req request;
+                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (!server.graph_recompute(request)) {
                     return;
                 }
                 break;
             }
             case RPC_CMD_GET_DEVICE_MEMORY: {
-                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, nullptr, 0)) {
+                rpc_msg_get_device_memory_req request;
+                if (!recv_msg(sockfd, &request, sizeof(request))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 rpc_msg_get_device_memory_rsp response;
-                response.free_mem = free_mem;
-                response.total_mem = total_mem;
+                if (!server.get_device_memory(request, response)) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 if (!send_msg(sockfd, &response, sizeof(response))) {
                     return;
                 }
                 break;
             }
             default: {
-                fprintf(stderr, "Unknown command: %d\n", cmd);
+                GGML_LOG_ERROR("Unknown command: %d\n", cmd);
                 return;
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-void ggml_backend_rpc_start_server(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * endpoint,
-                                   const char * cache_dir,
-                                   size_t free_mem, size_t total_mem) {
+void ggml_backend_rpc_start_server(const char * endpoint, const char * cache_dir,
+                                   size_t n_threads, size_t n_devices, ggml_backend_dev_t * devices) {
+    if (n_devices == 0 || devices == nullptr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid arguments to ggml_backend_rpc_start_server\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_t> backends;
     printf("Starting RPC server v%d.%d.%d\n",
         RPC_PROTO_MAJOR_VERSION,
         RPC_PROTO_MINOR_VERSION,
         RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION);
     printf("  endpoint       : %s\n", endpoint);
     printf("  local cache    : %s\n", cache_dir ? cache_dir : "n/a");
-    printf("  backend memory : %zu MB\n", free_mem / (1024 * 1024));
+    printf("Devices:\n");
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_devices; i++) {
+        auto dev = devices[i];
+        size_t free, total;
+        ggml_backend_dev_memory(dev, &free, &total);
+        printf("  %s: %s (%zu MiB, %zu MiB free)\n", ggml_backend_dev_name(dev), ggml_backend_dev_description(dev),
+               total / 1024 / 1024, free / 1024 / 1024);
+        auto backend = ggml_backend_dev_init(dev, nullptr);
+        if (!backend) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create backend for device %s\n", dev->iface.get_name(dev));
+            return;
+        }
+        backends.push_back(backend);
+        ggml_backend_reg_t reg = dev ? ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(dev) : nullptr;
+        if (reg) {
+            auto ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn = (ggml_backend_set_n_threads_t) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_set_n_threads");
+            if (ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn) {
+                ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn(backend, n_threads);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     std::string host;
     int port;
@@ -1629,22 +1887,27 @@ void ggml_backend_rpc_start_server(ggml_backend_t backend, const char * endpoint
             fprintf(stderr, "Failed to accept client connection\n");
             return;
         }
-        printf("Accepted client connection, free_mem=%zu, total_mem=%zu\n", free_mem, total_mem);
+        printf("Accepted client connection\n");
         fflush(stdout);
-        rpc_serve_client(backend, cache_dir, client_socket->fd, free_mem, total_mem);
+        rpc_serve_client(backends, cache_dir, client_socket->fd);
         printf("Client connection closed\n");
         fflush(stdout);
     }
 #ifdef _WIN32
     WSACleanup();
 #endif
+    for (auto backend : backends) {
+        ggml_backend_free(backend);
+    }
 }
 
 // device interface
 
 struct ggml_backend_rpc_device_context {
     std::string endpoint;
+    uint32_t    device;
     std::string name;
+    std::string description;
 };
 
 static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_name(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
@@ -1656,15 +1919,13 @@ static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_name(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
 static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_description(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_device_context *)dev->context;
 
-    return ctx->name.c_str();
+    return ctx->description.c_str();
 }
 
 static void ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_device_context *)dev->context;
 
-    ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(ctx->endpoint.c_str(), free, total);
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(ctx->endpoint.c_str(), ctx->device, free, total);
 }
 
 static enum ggml_backend_dev_type ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
@@ -1690,7 +1951,7 @@ static void ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, struct ggm
 static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_device_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const char * params) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_device_context *)dev->context;
 
-    return ggml_backend_rpc_init(ctx->endpoint.c_str());
+    return ggml_backend_rpc_init(ctx->endpoint.c_str(), ctx->device);
 
     GGML_UNUSED(params);
 }
@@ -1698,7 +1959,7 @@ static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_rpc_device_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const
 static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_rpc_device_get_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
     ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_device_context *)dev->context;
 
-    return ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(ctx->endpoint.c_str());
+    return ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type(ctx->endpoint.c_str(), ctx->device);
 
     GGML_UNUSED(dev);
 }
@@ -1716,7 +1977,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_rpc_device_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_b
     }
     ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context * buft_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_buffer_type_context *)buft->context;
     ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * dev_ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_device_context *)dev->context;
-    return buft_ctx->endpoint == dev_ctx->endpoint;
+    return buft_ctx->endpoint == dev_ctx->endpoint && buft_ctx->device == dev_ctx->device;
 }
 
 static const struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_rpc_device_i = {
@@ -1739,28 +2000,34 @@ static const struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_rpc_device_i = {
 
 // backend reg interface
 
-static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
-    return "RPC";
+struct ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context {
+    std::string                     name;
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices;
+};
 
-    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+static const char * ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context *)reg->context;
+    return ctx ? ctx->name.c_str() : "RPC";
 }
 
 static size_t ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_device_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
-    return 0;
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
+    ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context *)reg->context;
+    return ctx ? ctx->devices.size() : 0;
 }
 
 static ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_device(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index) {
-    GGML_ABORT("The RPC backend does not have enumerated devices - use ggml_backend_add_device instead");
-
-    GGML_UNUSED(reg);
-    GGML_UNUSED(index);
+    ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context *)reg->context;
+    if (ctx == nullptr) {
+        GGML_ABORT("The RPC backend does not have enumerated devices - use ggml_backend_rpc_add_server instead");
+    } else {
+        GGML_ASSERT(index < ctx->devices.size());
+        return ctx->devices[index];
+    }
 }
 
 static void * ggml_backend_rpc_get_proc_address(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, const char * name) {
-    if (std::strcmp(name, "ggml_backend_rpc_add_device") == 0) {
-        return (void *)ggml_backend_rpc_add_device;
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "ggml_backend_rpc_add_server") == 0) {
+        return (void *)ggml_backend_rpc_add_server;
     }
     if (std::strcmp(name, "ggml_backend_rpc_start_server") == 0) {
         return (void *)ggml_backend_rpc_start_server;
@@ -1787,30 +2054,65 @@ ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_rpc_reg(void) {
     return &ggml_backend_rpc_reg;
 }
 
-ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_rpc_add_device(const char * endpoint) {
-    static std::unordered_map<std::string, ggml_backend_dev_t> dev_map;
+static uint32_t ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_count(const char * endpoint) {
+    auto sock = get_socket(endpoint);
+    if (sock == nullptr) {
+        GGML_LOG_ERROR("Failed to connect to %s\n", endpoint);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    rpc_msg_device_count_rsp response;
+    bool status = send_rpc_cmd(sock, RPC_CMD_DEVICE_COUNT, nullptr, 0, &response, sizeof(response));
+    RPC_STATUS_ASSERT(status);
+    return response.device_count;
+}
+
+static const ggml_backend_reg_i ggml_backend_rpc_reg_interface = {
+    /* .get_name          = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_name,
+    /* .get_device_count  = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_device_count,
+    /* .get_device        = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg_get_device,
+    /* .get_proc_address  = */ ggml_backend_rpc_get_proc_address,
+};
 
+ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_rpc_add_server(const char * endpoint) {
+    static std::unordered_map<std::string, ggml_backend_reg_t> reg_map;
     static std::mutex mutex;
+    static uint32_t dev_id = 0;
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
-
-    if (dev_map.find(endpoint) != dev_map.end()) {
-        return dev_map[endpoint];
+    if (reg_map.find(endpoint) != reg_map.end()) {
+        return reg_map[endpoint];
     }
-
-    ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_device_context {
-        /* .endpoint = */ endpoint,
-        /* .name     = */ "RPC[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]",
-    };
-
-    ggml_backend_dev_t dev = new ggml_backend_device {
-        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_rpc_device_i,
-        /* .reg     = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg(),
-        /* .context = */ ctx,
+    uint32_t dev_count = ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_count(endpoint);
+    if (dev_count == 0) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context * ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_reg_context;
+    ctx->name = "RPC[" + std::string(endpoint) + "]";
+    for (uint32_t ind = 0; ind < dev_count; ind++) {
+        std::string dev_name = "RPC" + std::to_string(dev_id);
+        std::string dev_desc = std::string(endpoint);
+        ggml_backend_rpc_device_context * dev_ctx = new ggml_backend_rpc_device_context {
+            /* .endpoint    = */ endpoint,
+            /* .device      = */ ind,
+            /* .name        = */ dev_name,
+            /* .description = */ dev_desc
+        };
+
+        ggml_backend_dev_t dev = new ggml_backend_device {
+            /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_rpc_device_i,
+            /* .reg     = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg(),
+            /* .context = */ dev_ctx,
+        };
+        ctx->devices.push_back(dev);
+        dev_id++;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_reg_t reg = new ggml_backend_reg {
+        /* .api_version = */ GGML_BACKEND_API_VERSION,
+        /* .iface       = */ ggml_backend_rpc_reg_interface,
+        /* .context     = */ ctx
     };
-
-    dev_map[endpoint] = dev;
-
-    return dev;
+    reg_map[endpoint] = reg;
+    return reg;
 }
 
+
 GGML_BACKEND_DL_IMPL(ggml_backend_rpc_reg)