whispercpp 1.3.2 → 1.3.4

data/ext/sources/ggml/src/ggml-webgpu/ggml-webgpu.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1558 @@
+/*
+    WebGPU backend implementation.
+    Note: Use ClangFormat to format this file.
+*/
+
+#include "ggml-webgpu.h"
+
+#include "ggml-backend-impl.h"
+#include "ggml-impl.h"
+#include "ggml-wgsl-shaders.hpp"
+
+#include <webgpu/webgpu_cpp.h>
+
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#ifdef GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+#    define WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG(msg)  std::cout << msg << std::endl
+#    define WEBGPU_DEBUG_BUF_ELEMS 32
+#else
+#    define WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG(msg) ((void) 0)
+#endif  // GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+
+/* Constants */
+
+#define WEBGPU_COMMAND_SUBMIT_BATCH_SIZE     16
+#define WEBGPU_MUL_MAT_WG_SIZE               64
+#define WEBGPU_NUM_PARAM_BUFS                100
+#define WEBGPU_PARAMS_BUF_SIZE_BYTES         128  // enough for 32 parameters
+#define WEBGPU_NUM_SET_ROWS_ERROR_BUFS       32
+#define WEBGPU_SET_ROWS_ERROR_BUF_SIZE_BYTES 4
+#define WEBGPU_STORAGE_BUF_BINDING_MULT      4  // a storage buffer binding size must be a multiple of 4
+
+/* End Constants */
+
+// This is a "fake" base pointer, since WebGPU buffers do not have pointers to their locations.
+static void * const webgpu_ptr_base = (void *) (uintptr_t) 0x1000;  // NOLINT
+
+// Always returns the base offset of a tensor, regardless of views.
+static uint64_t webgpu_tensor_offset(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    if (tensor->view_src) {
+        return (uint8_t *) tensor->view_src->data - (uint8_t *) webgpu_ptr_base;
+    }
+    return (uint8_t *) tensor->data - (uint8_t *) webgpu_ptr_base;
+}
+
+/* Struct definitions */
+
+// Forward reference
+static void ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(wgpu::Device &    device,
+                                      wgpu::Buffer &    buffer,
+                                      size_t            size,
+                                      wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
+                                      const char *      label);
+
+struct webgpu_pool_bufs {
+    wgpu::Buffer host_buf;
+    wgpu::Buffer dev_buf;
+};
+
+// Holds a pool of parameter buffers for WebGPU operations
+struct webgpu_buf_pool {
+    std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> free;
+
+    std::mutex mutex;
+
+    std::condition_variable cv;
+
+    void init(wgpu::Device      device,
+              int               num_bufs,
+              size_t            buf_size,
+              wgpu::BufferUsage dev_buf_usage,
+              wgpu::BufferUsage host_buf_usage) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_bufs; i++) {
+            wgpu::Buffer host_buf;
+            wgpu::Buffer dev_buf;
+            ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(device, host_buf, buf_size, host_buf_usage, "ggml_webgpu_host_pool_buf");
+            ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(device, dev_buf, buf_size, dev_buf_usage, "ggml_webgpu_dev_pool_buf");
+            free.push_back({ host_buf, dev_buf });
+        }
+    }
+
+    webgpu_pool_bufs alloc_bufs() {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+        cv.wait(lock, [this] { return !free.empty(); });
+        webgpu_pool_bufs bufs = free.back();
+        free.pop_back();
+        return bufs;
+    }
+
+    void free_bufs(std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> bufs) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+        free.insert(free.end(), bufs.begin(), bufs.end());
+        cv.notify_all();
+    }
+
+    void cleanup() {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
+        for (auto & bufs : free) {
+            bufs.host_buf.Destroy();
+            bufs.dev_buf.Destroy();
+        }
+        free.clear();
+    }
+};
+
+// All the base objects needed to run operations on a WebGPU device
+struct webgpu_context_struct {
+    wgpu::Instance instance;
+    wgpu::Adapter  adapter;
+    wgpu::Device   device;
+    wgpu::Queue    queue;
+    wgpu::Limits   limits;
+
+    // Separate this out from limits since on some Metal systems, the limit returned by
+    // querying the limits is higher than the actual allowed maximum.
+    uint32_t max_wg_size_x;
+
+    std::recursive_mutex mutex;
+
+    webgpu_buf_pool param_buf_pool;
+    webgpu_buf_pool set_rows_error_buf_pool;
+
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline memset_pipeline;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline mul_mat_pipeline[30][2];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline set_rows_pipeline;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline get_rows_pipeline[30];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline get_rows_f32_no_vec_pipeline;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline cpy_pipeline;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline add_pipeline[2];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline add_ip_pipeline[2];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline mul_pipeline[2];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline mul_ip_pipeline[2];
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline rms_norm_pipeline;
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline rms_norm_ip_pipeline;
+
+    size_t memset_bytes_per_thread;
+
+    // Staging buffer for reading data from the GPU
+    wgpu::Buffer get_tensor_staging_buf;
+
+    // Command buffers which need to be submitted
+    std::vector<wgpu::CommandBuffer> staged_command_bufs;
+
+    // Parameter buffers associated with the staged command buffers
+    std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> staged_param_bufs;
+    // Buffers associated with set_rows operations, used to store potential errors
+    std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> staged_set_row_error_bufs;
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::FutureWaitInfo> callback_futures;
+
+#ifdef GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+    wgpu::Buffer debug_host_buf;
+    wgpu::Buffer debug_dev_buf;
+#endif
+};
+
+typedef std::shared_ptr<webgpu_context_struct> webgpu_context;
+
+struct ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context {
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx;
+    size_t         device_count;
+    const char *   name;
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context {
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx;
+    std::string    device_name;
+    std::string    device_desc;
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_webgpu_context {
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx;
+    std::string    name;
+};
+
+struct ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context {
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx;
+    wgpu::Buffer   buffer;
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context(webgpu_context ctx, wgpu::Buffer buf) :
+        webgpu_ctx(std::move(ctx)),
+        buffer(std::move(buf)) {}
+};
+
+/* End struct definitions */
+
+/* WebGPU object initializations */
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(wgpu::Device &                           device,
+                                        wgpu::ComputePipeline &                  pipeline,
+                                        const char *                             shader_code,
+                                        const char *                             label,
+                                        const std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> & constants = {}) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline()");
+
+    wgpu::ShaderSourceWGSL shader_source;
+    shader_source.code = shader_code;
+
+    wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor shader_desc;
+    shader_desc.nextInChain = &shader_source;
+
+    wgpu::ShaderModule shader_module = device.CreateShaderModule(&shader_desc);
+
+    wgpu::ComputePipelineDescriptor pipeline_desc;
+    pipeline_desc.label              = label;
+    pipeline_desc.compute.module     = shader_module;
+    pipeline_desc.compute.entryPoint = "main";   // Entry point in the WGSL code
+    pipeline_desc.layout             = nullptr;  // nullptr means auto layout
+    if (constants.size() > 0) {
+        pipeline_desc.compute.constants     = constants.data();
+        pipeline_desc.compute.constantCount = constants.size();
+    }
+    pipeline = device.CreateComputePipeline(&pipeline_desc);
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(wgpu::Device &    device,
+                                      wgpu::Buffer &    buffer,
+                                      size_t            size,
+                                      wgpu::BufferUsage usage,
+                                      const char *      label) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_webgpu_create_buffer()");
+
+    wgpu::BufferDescriptor buffer_desc;
+    buffer_desc.size             = size;
+    buffer_desc.usage            = usage;
+    buffer_desc.label            = label;
+    buffer_desc.mappedAtCreation = false;
+
+    // TODO: error handling
+    buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&buffer_desc);
+}
+
+/** End WebGPU object initializations */
+
+/** WebGPU Actions */
+
+// Wait for the queue to finish processing all submitted work
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_wait_on_submission(webgpu_context & ctx) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(ctx->mutex);
+    if (ctx->callback_futures.empty()) {
+        // no existing callbacks, wait on queue submission
+        ctx->instance.WaitAny(
+            ctx->queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                                           [](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                                               if (status != wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success) {
+                                                   GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to submit commands: %s\n",
+                                                                  std::string(message).c_str());
+                                               }
+                                           }),
+            UINT64_MAX);
+    } else {
+        // existing callbacks, wait on them
+        ctx->instance.WaitAny(ctx->callback_futures.size(), ctx->callback_futures.data(), UINT64_MAX);
+        ctx->callback_futures.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_submit_queue(webgpu_context & ctx) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(ctx->mutex);
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_submit_queue()");
+    if (ctx->staged_command_bufs.empty()) {
+        // Nothing to submit
+        return;
+    }
+    ctx->queue.Submit(ctx->staged_command_bufs.size(), ctx->staged_command_bufs.data());
+
+    // If there are SET_ROWS operations in this submission, copy their error buffers to the host.
+    if (ctx->staged_set_row_error_bufs.size() > 0) {
+        wgpu::CommandEncoder encoder = ctx->device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+        for (auto & error_bufs : ctx->staged_set_row_error_bufs) {
+            // Copy the error buffer to the host buffer
+            encoder.CopyBufferToBuffer(error_bufs.dev_buf, 0, error_bufs.host_buf, 0, error_bufs.host_buf.GetSize());
+        }
+        wgpu::CommandBuffer commands = encoder.Finish();
+        ctx->queue.Submit(1, &commands);
+    }
+
+    ctx->staged_command_bufs.clear();
+    std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> staged_param_bufs         = std::move(ctx->staged_param_bufs);
+    std::vector<webgpu_pool_bufs> staged_set_row_error_bufs = std::move(ctx->staged_set_row_error_bufs);
+
+    // Free the staged parameter buffers once the submission completes
+    wgpu::Future p_f = ctx->queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(
+        wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+        [ctx, staged_param_bufs](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status, wgpu::StringView message) {
+            if (status != wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success) {
+                GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to submit commands: %s\n", std::string(message).c_str());
+            }
+            // Free the staged buffers
+            ctx->param_buf_pool.free_bufs(staged_param_bufs);
+        });
+    ctx->callback_futures.push_back({ p_f });
+
+    // Check for errrors in SET_ROWS operations
+    for (auto & error_bufs : staged_set_row_error_bufs) {
+        wgpu::Future f = error_bufs.host_buf.MapAsync(
+            wgpu::MapMode::Read, 0, error_bufs.host_buf.GetSize(), wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+            [ctx, error_bufs](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                if (status != wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success) {
+                    GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to map error buffer: %s\n", std::string(message).c_str());
+                } else {
+                    const uint32_t * error_data = (const uint32_t *) error_bufs.host_buf.GetConstMappedRange();
+                    if (*error_data) {
+                        GGML_ABORT("ggml_webgpu: SET_ROWS index > 2^32, unsupported.");
+                    }
+                    // We can't unmap in here due to WebGPU reentrancy limitations.
+                    ctx->set_rows_error_buf_pool.free_bufs({ error_bufs });
+                }
+            });
+        ctx->callback_futures.push_back({ f });
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_map_buffer(webgpu_context & ctx,
+                                           wgpu::Buffer &   buffer,
+                                           wgpu::MapMode    mode,
+                                           size_t           offset,
+                                           size_t           size) {
+    ctx->instance.WaitAny(buffer.MapAsync(mode, offset, size, wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                                          [](wgpu::MapAsyncStatus status, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                                              if (status != wgpu::MapAsyncStatus::Success) {
+                                                  GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to map buffer: %s\n",
+                                                                 message.data);
+                                              }
+                                          }),
+                          UINT64_MAX);
+}
+
+#ifdef GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+// This function adds debugging information to shaders, as WebGPU does not support printing directly.
+// To use, add a bind group entry to the setup for the shader you are debugging, add the buffer and
+// debug statements in the shader, and then call this function after encoding the commands and submitting them.
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_debug(webgpu_context & ctx) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_submit_queue(ctx);
+    wgpu::CommandEncoder encoder = ctx->device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    encoder.CopyBufferToBuffer(ctx->debug_dev_buf, 0, ctx->debug_host_buf, 0, ctx->debug_host_buf.GetSize());
+    wgpu::CommandBuffer commands = encoder.Finish();
+    ctx->queue.Submit(1, &commands);
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_map_buffer(ctx, ctx->debug_host_buf, wgpu::MapMode::Read, 0, ctx->debug_host_buf.GetSize());
+    const uint32_t * debug_data = (const uint32_t *) ctx->debug_host_buf.GetConstMappedRange();
+    std::cout << "debug data:";
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < WEBGPU_DEBUG_BUF_ELEMS; i++) {
+        std::cout << "  " << i << ": " << debug_data[i];
+    }
+    std::cout << "\n";
+    ctx->debug_host_buf.Unmap();
+}
+#endif
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(webgpu_context &                  ctx,
+                                                  wgpu::ComputePipeline &           pipeline,
+                                                  std::vector<uint32_t>             params,
+                                                  std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> bind_group_entries,
+                                                  uint32_t                          wg_x,
+                                                  const char *                      bind_group_label = nullptr,
+                                                  bool                              submit_and_wait  = false) {
+    webgpu_pool_bufs params_bufs = ctx->param_buf_pool.alloc_bufs();
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_map_buffer(ctx, params_bufs.host_buf, wgpu::MapMode::Write, 0, params_bufs.host_buf.GetSize());
+    uint32_t * _params = (uint32_t *) params_bufs.host_buf.GetMappedRange();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < params.size(); i++) {
+        _params[i] = params[i];
+    };
+
+    params_bufs.host_buf.Unmap();
+
+    uint32_t params_bufs_binding_num = bind_group_entries.size();
+    bind_group_entries.push_back({ .binding = params_bufs_binding_num,
+                                   .buffer  = params_bufs.dev_buf,
+                                   .offset  = 0,
+                                   .size    = params_bufs.dev_buf.GetSize() });
+
+    wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor bind_group_desc;
+    bind_group_desc.layout     = pipeline.GetBindGroupLayout(0);
+    bind_group_desc.entryCount = bind_group_entries.size();
+    bind_group_desc.entries    = bind_group_entries.data();
+    if (bind_group_label) {
+        bind_group_desc.label = bind_group_label;
+    }
+    wgpu::BindGroup bind_group = ctx->device.CreateBindGroup(&bind_group_desc);
+
+    wgpu::CommandEncoder encoder = ctx->device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    encoder.CopyBufferToBuffer(params_bufs.host_buf, 0, params_bufs.dev_buf, 0, params_bufs.dev_buf.GetSize());
+    wgpu::ComputePassEncoder pass = encoder.BeginComputePass();
+    pass.SetPipeline(pipeline);
+    pass.SetBindGroup(0, bind_group);
+    pass.DispatchWorkgroups(wg_x, 1, 1);
+    pass.End();
+    wgpu::CommandBuffer commands = encoder.Finish();
+    if (submit_and_wait) {
+        // Submit and wait immediately
+        ctx->queue.Submit(1, &commands);
+        ctx->instance.WaitAny(ctx->queue.OnSubmittedWorkDone(
+                                  wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                                  [ctx, params_bufs](wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus status, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                                      if (status != wgpu::QueueWorkDoneStatus::Success) {
+                                          GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to submit commands: %s\n", message.data);
+                                      }
+                                      ctx->param_buf_pool.free_bufs({ params_bufs });
+                                  }),
+                              UINT64_MAX);
+    } else {
+        // Lock the context mutex when pushing to the staging vectors.
+        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(ctx->mutex);
+        // Enqueue commands and only submit if we have enough staged commands
+        ctx->staged_command_bufs.push_back(commands);
+        ctx->staged_param_bufs.push_back(params_bufs);
+        if (ctx->staged_command_bufs.size() == WEBGPU_COMMAND_SUBMIT_BATCH_SIZE) {
+            ggml_backend_webgpu_submit_queue(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset(webgpu_context & ctx,
+                                              wgpu::Buffer &   buf,
+                                              uint32_t         value,
+                                              size_t           offset,
+                                              size_t           size) {
+    std::vector<uint32_t>             params  = { (uint32_t) offset, (uint32_t) size, value };
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0, .buffer = buf, .offset = 0, .size = buf.GetSize() }
+    };
+    size_t   bytes_per_wg = ctx->max_wg_size_x * ctx->memset_bytes_per_thread;
+    uint32_t wg_x         = ((size + 3) + bytes_per_wg - 1) / bytes_per_wg;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, ctx->memset_pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, "MEMSET", true);
+}
+
+/** End WebGPU Actions */
+
+/** GGML Backend Interface */
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_webgpu_name(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_webgpu_context *) backend->context;
+    return ctx->name.c_str();
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_free(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_webgpu_context *) backend->context;
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_free(" << ctx->name << ")");
+
+    // TODO: cleanup
+    GGML_UNUSED(ctx);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_webgpu_tensor_offset(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    return webgpu_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs;
+}
+
+static wgpu::Buffer ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(const ggml_tensor * tensor) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * ctx = (ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *) tensor->buffer->context;
+    return ctx->buffer;
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * t) {
+    size_t offset = ggml_webgpu_tensor_offset(t);
+    return offset & (ctx->limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * t) {
+    size_t offset = ggml_webgpu_tensor_offset(t);
+    return offset & ~(ctx->limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * t) {
+    return (ggml_nbytes(t) + ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, t) + WEBGPU_STORAGE_BUF_BINDING_MULT - 1) &
+           ~(WEBGPU_STORAGE_BUF_BINDING_MULT - 1);
+}
+
+// Used to determine if two tensors are the same for in-place operations
+static bool ggml_webgpu_tensor_equal(ggml_tensor * a, ggml_tensor * b) {
+    return (ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(a).Get() == ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(b).Get()) &&
+           (ggml_webgpu_tensor_offset(a) == ggml_webgpu_tensor_offset(b));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_cpy(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    uint32_t ne = (uint32_t) ggml_nelements(dst);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        ne, (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src) / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Convert byte-strides to element-strides
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[0] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (src->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (src->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[0] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)), (uint32_t) (dst->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)), (uint32_t) (dst->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Logical shape — same for both tensors even if permuted
+        (uint32_t) src->ne[0], (uint32_t) src->ne[1], (uint32_t) src->ne[2], (uint32_t) src->ne[3]
+    };
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src) },
+        { .binding = 1,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst) }
+    };
+
+    size_t   max_wg_size = ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    uint32_t wg_x        = (ne + max_wg_size - 1) / max_wg_size;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, ctx->cpy_pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_set_rows(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * idx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    // For set rows specifically, we need to check if src and idx are empty tensors.
+    if (ggml_is_empty(src) || ggml_is_empty(idx)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    webgpu_pool_bufs error_bufs = ctx->set_rows_error_buf_pool.alloc_bufs();
+    if (error_bufs.host_buf.GetMapState() == wgpu::BufferMapState::Mapped) {
+        error_bufs.host_buf.Unmap();
+    }
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src) / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, idx) / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Convert byte-strides to element-strides
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (src->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (idx->nb[0] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (idx->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)), (uint32_t) (idx->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)), (uint32_t) (dst->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Shape of src
+        (uint32_t) src->ne[0], (uint32_t) src->ne[1], (uint32_t) src->ne[2], (uint32_t) src->ne[3],
+        // Shape of idx
+        (uint32_t) (idx->ne[1]), (uint32_t) (idx->ne[2])
+    };
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src) },
+        { .binding = 1,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(idx),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, idx),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, idx) },
+        { .binding = 2,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst) },
+        { .binding = 3, .buffer = error_bufs.dev_buf, .offset = 0, .size = error_bufs.dev_buf.GetSize() }
+    };
+
+    size_t   max_wg_size = ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    uint32_t wg_x        = (src->ne[1] * src->ne[2] * src->ne[3] + max_wg_size - 1) / max_wg_size;
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(ctx->mutex);
+    ctx->staged_set_row_error_bufs.push_back(error_bufs);
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, ctx->set_rows_pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_get_rows(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * idx, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src) / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, idx) / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Convert byte-strides to element-strides
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (src->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src->type)), (uint32_t) (idx->nb[0] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (idx->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)), (uint32_t) (idx->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(idx->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)), (uint32_t) (dst->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (dst->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        // Shape of dst
+        (uint32_t) dst->ne[0], (uint32_t) dst->ne[1], (uint32_t) dst->ne[2], (uint32_t) dst->ne[3],
+        // Shape of idx
+        (uint32_t) (idx->ne[1]), (uint32_t) (idx->ne[2])
+    };
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src) },
+        { .binding = 1,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(idx),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, idx),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, idx) },
+        { .binding = 2,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst) }
+    };
+
+    size_t   max_wg_size = ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    uint32_t wg_x        = (dst->ne[1] * dst->ne[2] * dst->ne[3] + max_wg_size - 1) / max_wg_size;
+
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline pipeline = ctx->get_rows_pipeline[src->type];
+    if (src->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->ne[0] % 4 != 0) {
+        pipeline = ctx->get_rows_f32_no_vec_pipeline;
+    }
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_mul_mat(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * src0, ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src0) / ggml_type_size(src0->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src1) / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        (uint32_t) dst->ne[1],                                  // number of rows in result (M)
+        (uint32_t) dst->ne[0],                                  // number of columns in result (N)
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[0],                                 // number of columns in src0/src1 (K)
+        (uint32_t) (src0->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src0->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src0 in dimension 1
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src1 in dimension 1
+        (uint32_t) (src0->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src0->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src0 in dimension 2
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src1 in dimension 2
+        (uint32_t) (src0->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src0->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src0 in dimension 3
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),  // stride (elements/blocks) of src1 in dimension 3
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[2],                                 // batch size in dimension 2
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[3],                                 // batch size in dimension 3
+        (uint32_t) (src1->ne[2] / src0->ne[2]),                 // broadcast in dimension 2
+        (uint32_t) (src1->ne[3] / src0->ne[3])                  // broadcast in dimension 3
+    };
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src0),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src0),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src0) },
+        { .binding = 1,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src1),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src1),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src1) },
+        { .binding = 2,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst)  },
+    };
+
+    uint32_t wg_x =
+        (dst->ne[0] * dst->ne[1] * dst->ne[2] * dst->ne[3] + WEBGPU_MUL_MAT_WG_SIZE - 1) / WEBGPU_MUL_MAT_WG_SIZE;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[src0->type][src1->type], params, entries, wg_x,
+                                          ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_binary_op(webgpu_context &        ctx,
+                                  ggml_tensor *           src0,
+                                  ggml_tensor *           src1,
+                                  ggml_tensor *           dst,
+                                  wgpu::ComputePipeline & pipeline,
+                                  bool                    in_place) {
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        (uint32_t) ggml_nelements(dst),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src0) / ggml_type_size(src0->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src1) / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[0] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) (src1->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src1->type)),
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[0],
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[1],
+        (uint32_t) src0->ne[2],
+        (uint32_t) src1->ne[0],
+        (uint32_t) src1->ne[1],
+        (uint32_t) src1->ne[2],
+        (uint32_t) src1->ne[3],
+    };
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src0),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src0),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src0) },
+        { .binding = 1,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src1),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src1),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src1) }
+    };
+    if (!in_place) {
+        entries.push_back({ .binding = 2,
+                            .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+                            .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+                            .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst) });
+    }
+
+    size_t   max_wg_size = ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    uint32_t wg_x        = (ggml_nelements(dst) + max_wg_size - 1) / max_wg_size;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_rms_norm(webgpu_context & ctx, ggml_tensor * src, ggml_tensor * dst) {
+    bool in_place = ggml_webgpu_tensor_equal(src, dst);
+
+    uint32_t eps;
+    memcpy(&eps, dst->op_params, sizeof(float));
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> params = {
+        (uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, src) / ggml_type_size(src->type)),
+    };
+    if (!in_place) {
+        params.push_back((uint32_t) (ggml_webgpu_tensor_misalignment(ctx, dst) / ggml_type_size(dst->type)));
+    }
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) (src->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(src->type)));
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) (src->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(src->type)));
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) (src->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(src->type)));
+    if (!in_place) {
+        params.push_back((uint32_t) (dst->nb[1] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)));
+        params.push_back((uint32_t) (dst->nb[2] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)));
+        params.push_back((uint32_t) (dst->nb[3] / ggml_type_size(dst->type)));
+    }
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) src->ne[0]);
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) src->ne[1]);
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) src->ne[2]);
+    params.push_back((uint32_t) src->ne[3]);
+    params.push_back(eps);  // epsilon, will be bitcast to float in shader
+
+    std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries = {
+        { .binding = 0,
+         .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(src),
+         .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, src),
+         .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, src) }
+    };
+    if (!in_place) {
+        entries.push_back({ .binding = 1,
+                            .buffer  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_buf(dst),
+                            .offset  = ggml_webgpu_tensor_align_offset(ctx, dst),
+                            .size    = ggml_webgpu_tensor_binding_size(ctx, dst) });
+    }
+
+    wgpu::ComputePipeline pipeline;
+    if (in_place) {
+        pipeline = ctx->rms_norm_ip_pipeline;
+    } else {
+        pipeline = ctx->rms_norm_pipeline;
+    }
+    size_t   max_wg_size = ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    uint32_t wg_x        = (src->ne[1] * src->ne[2] * src->ne[3] + max_wg_size - 1) / max_wg_size;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_build_and_enqueue(ctx, pipeline, params, entries, wg_x, ggml_op_name(dst->op));
+}
+
+// Returns true if node has enqueued work into the queue, false otherwise
+static bool ggml_webgpu_encode_node(webgpu_context ctx, ggml_tensor * node) {
+    if (ggml_is_empty(node)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_webgpu_encode_node(" << node << ", " << ggml_op_name(node->op) << ")");
+
+    ggml_tensor * src0 = node->src[0];
+    ggml_tensor * src1 = node->src[1];
+
+    switch (node->op) {
+            // no-ops
+        case GGML_OP_NONE:
+        case GGML_OP_VIEW:
+        case GGML_OP_PERMUTE:
+        case GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE:
+        case GGML_OP_RESHAPE:
+            return false;
+        case GGML_OP_CPY:
+            ggml_webgpu_cpy(ctx, src0, node);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_SET_ROWS:
+            ggml_webgpu_set_rows(ctx, src0, src1, node);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_GET_ROWS:
+            ggml_webgpu_get_rows(ctx, src0, src1, node);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
+            ggml_webgpu_mul_mat(ctx, src0, src1, node);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_ADD:
+            if (ggml_webgpu_tensor_equal(src0, node)) {
+                ggml_webgpu_binary_op(ctx, src0, src1, node, ctx->add_ip_pipeline[node->type], true);
+            } else {
+                ggml_webgpu_binary_op(ctx, src0, src1, node, ctx->add_pipeline[node->type], false);
+            }
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_MUL:
+            if (ggml_webgpu_tensor_equal(src0, node)) {
+                ggml_webgpu_binary_op(ctx, src0, src1, node, ctx->mul_ip_pipeline[node->type], true);
+            } else {
+                ggml_webgpu_binary_op(ctx, src0, src1, node, ctx->mul_pipeline[node->type], false);
+            }
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM:
+            ggml_webgpu_rms_norm(ctx, src0, node);
+            break;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static ggml_status ggml_backend_webgpu_graph_compute(ggml_backend_t backend, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_graph_compute(" << cgraph->n_nodes << " nodes)");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_context * backend_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_context *>(backend->context);
+    webgpu_context                ctx         = backend_ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < cgraph->n_nodes; i++) {
+        ggml_webgpu_encode_node(ctx, cgraph->nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_submit_queue(ctx);
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_wait_on_submission(ctx);
+
+    return GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_i ggml_backend_webgpu_i = {
+    /* .get_name                = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_name,
+    /* .free                    = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_free,
+    /* .set_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
+    /* .get_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
+    /* .cpy_tensor_async        = */ NULL,
+    /* .synchronize             = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_create       = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_free         = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_update       = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_plan_compute      = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_compute           = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_graph_compute,
+    /* .event_record            = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_wait              = */ NULL,
+    /* .graph_optimize          = */ NULL,
+};
+
+/* End GGML Backend Interface */
+
+/* GGML Backend Buffer Interface */
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_free_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_free_buffer()");
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *>(buffer->context);
+    ctx->buffer.Destroy();
+}
+
+// Returns the "fake" base pointer.
+static void * ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_get_base(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(buffer);
+    return webgpu_ptr_base;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
+                                                     ggml_tensor *         tensor,
+                                                     uint8_t               value,
+                                                     size_t                offset,
+                                                     size_t                size) {
+    if (size == 0) {
+        WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset_tensor: size is zero, nothing to do.");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset_tensor(" << buffer << ", " << tensor << ", " << value << ", "
+                                                                 << offset << ", " << size << ")");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *) buffer->context;
+
+    size_t total_offset = webgpu_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs + offset;
+
+    // This is a trick to set all bytes of a u32 to the same 1 byte value.
+    uint32_t val32 = (uint32_t) value * 0x01010101;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset(buf_ctx->webgpu_ctx, buf_ctx->buffer, val32, total_offset, size);
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_set_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
+                                                  ggml_tensor *         tensor,
+                                                  const void *          data,
+                                                  size_t                offset,
+                                                  size_t                size) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_set_tensor(" << buffer << ", " << tensor << ", " << data << ", "
+                                                              << offset << ", " << size << ")");
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * buf_ctx    = (ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *) buffer->context;
+    webgpu_context                       webgpu_ctx = buf_ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+
+    size_t total_offset = webgpu_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs + offset;
+
+    webgpu_ctx->queue.WriteBuffer(buf_ctx->buffer, total_offset, data, (size / 4) * 4);
+
+    if (size % 4 != 0) {
+        // If size is not a multiple of 4, we need to memset the remaining bytes
+        size_t remaining_size = size % 4;
+
+        // pack the remaining bytes into a uint32_t
+        uint32_t val32 = 0;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < remaining_size; i++) {
+            ((uint8_t *) &val32)[i] = ((const uint8_t *) data)[size - remaining_size + i];
+        }
+        // memset the remaining bytes
+        ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset(webgpu_ctx, buf_ctx->buffer, val32, total_offset + (size - remaining_size),
+                                          remaining_size);
+    } else {
+        // wait for WriteBuffer to complete
+        ggml_backend_webgpu_wait_on_submission(webgpu_ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_get_tensor(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer,
+                                                  const ggml_tensor *   tensor,
+                                                  void *                data,
+                                                  size_t                offset,
+                                                  size_t                size) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_get_tensor(" << buffer << ", " << tensor << ", " << data << ", "
+                                                              << offset << ", " << size << ")");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * buf_ctx    = (ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *) buffer->context;
+    webgpu_context                       webgpu_ctx = buf_ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+    wgpu::Device                         device     = webgpu_ctx->device;
+
+    size_t total_offset = webgpu_tensor_offset(tensor) + tensor->view_offs + offset;
+
+    size_t final_size = size;
+    if (size % 4 != 0) {
+        // If size is not a multiple of 4, we need to round it up to the next multiple of 4
+        final_size = size + (4 - (size % 4));
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(webgpu_ctx->mutex);
+
+    if (webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf == nullptr || webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf.GetSize() < final_size) {
+        // Create a new staging buffer if it doesn't exist or is too small
+        if (webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf) {
+            webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf.Destroy();
+        }
+        ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(device, webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf, final_size,
+                                  wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead, "get_tensor_staging_buf");
+    }
+
+    // Copy the data from the buffer to the staging buffer
+    wgpu::CommandEncoder encoder = device.CreateCommandEncoder();
+    encoder.CopyBufferToBuffer(buf_ctx->buffer, total_offset, webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf, 0, final_size);
+    wgpu::CommandBuffer commands = encoder.Finish();
+
+    // Submit the command buffer to the queue
+    webgpu_ctx->queue.Submit(1, &commands);
+
+    // Map the staging buffer to read the data
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_map_buffer(webgpu_ctx, webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf, wgpu::MapMode::Read, 0, final_size);
+    // Must specify size here since the staging buffer might be larger than the tensor size
+    const void * mapped_range = webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf.GetConstMappedRange(0, final_size);
+
+    // Copy the data from the mapped range to the output buffer
+    std::memcpy(data, mapped_range, size);
+    webgpu_ctx->get_tensor_staging_buf.Unmap();
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_clear(ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer, uint8_t value) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_clear(" << buffer << ", " << (uint32_t) value << ")");
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context *) buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset(buf_ctx->webgpu_ctx, buf_ctx->buffer, value, 0, buffer->size);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_i ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_interface = {
+    /* .free_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_free_buffer,
+    /* .get_base        = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_get_base,
+    /* .init_tensor     = */ NULL,  // TODO: optional, needed?
+    /* .memset_tensor   = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_memset_tensor,
+    /* .set_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_set_tensor,
+    /* .get_tensor      = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_get_tensor,
+    /* .cpy_tensor      = */ NULL,  // TODO: optional, implement this
+    /* .clear           = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_clear,
+    /* .reset           = */ NULL,  // TODO: optional, think it coordinates with .init_tensor
+};
+
+/* End GGML Backend Buffer Interface */
+
+/* GGML Backend Buffer Type Interface */
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_name(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(buft->device->context);
+    return ctx->device_name.c_str();
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_t ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft,
+                                                                          size_t                     size) {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_alloc_buffer(" << size << ")");
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(buft->device->context);
+
+    wgpu::Buffer buf;
+    ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(ctx->webgpu_ctx->device, buf,
+                              (size + WEBGPU_STORAGE_BUF_BINDING_MULT - 1) & ~(WEBGPU_STORAGE_BUF_BINDING_MULT - 1),
+                              wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst,
+                              "allocated_buffer");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context * buf_ctx = new ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_context(ctx->webgpu_ctx, buf);
+
+    return ggml_backend_buffer_init(buft, ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_interface, buf_ctx, size);
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_alignment(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(buft->device->context);
+    return ctx->webgpu_ctx->limits.minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment;
+}
+
+// maxBufferSize might be larger, but you can't bind more than maxStorageBufferBindingSize to a single binding.
+static size_t ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_max_size(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(buft->device->context);
+    return ctx->webgpu_ctx->limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize;
+}
+
+/* End GGML Backend Buffer Type Interface */
+
+/* GGML Backend Device Interface */
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_name(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(dev->context);
+    return ctx->device_name.c_str();
+}
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_description(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(dev->context);
+    return ctx->device_desc.c_str();
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_memory(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, size_t * free, size_t * total) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(dev->context);
+    // TODO: what do we actually want to return here? maxBufferSize might not be the full available memory.
+    *free                                    = ctx->webgpu_ctx->limits.maxBufferSize;
+    *total                                   = ctx->webgpu_ctx->limits.maxBufferSize;
+}
+
+static enum ggml_backend_dev_type ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    return GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU;
+}
+
+static void ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_props(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, struct ggml_backend_dev_props * props) {
+    props->name        = ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_name(dev);
+    props->description = ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_description(dev);
+    props->type        = ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_type(dev);
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_memory(dev, &props->memory_free, &props->memory_total);
+    props->caps = {
+        /* .async                 = */ false,
+        /* .host_buffer           = */ false,
+        /* .buffer_from_host_ptr  = */ false,
+        /* .events                = */ false,
+    };
+}
+
+static ggml_guid_t ggml_backend_webgpu_guid(void) {
+    static const char * guid_str = "__ggml_webgpu :)";
+    return reinterpret_cast<ggml_guid_t>((void *) guid_str);
+}
+
+// The max workgroup size is a common constant
+static std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants(1);
+    constants[0].key   = "wg_size";
+    constants[0].value = webgpu_ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    return constants;
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_memset_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    // we use the maximum workgroup size for the memset pipeline
+    size_t max_wg_size = webgpu_ctx->max_wg_size_x;
+    size_t max_threads = max_wg_size * webgpu_ctx->limits.maxComputeWorkgroupsPerDimension;
+    // Size the bytes_per_thread so that the largest buffer size can be handled
+    webgpu_ctx->memset_bytes_per_thread =
+        (webgpu_ctx->limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize + max_threads - 1) / max_threads;
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants(2);
+    constants[0].key   = "wg_size";
+    constants[0].value = max_wg_size;
+    constants[1].key   = "bytes_per_thread";
+    constants[1].value = webgpu_ctx->memset_bytes_per_thread;
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->memset_pipeline, wgsl_memset, "memset", constants);
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_mul_mat_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_f32_f32, "mul_mat_f32_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16][GGML_TYPE_F16],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_f16_f16, "mul_mat_f16_f16");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_f16_f32, "mul_mat_f16_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_0][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q4_0_f32, "mul_mat_q4_0_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_1][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q4_1_f32, "mul_mat_q4_1_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_0][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q5_0_f32, "mul_mat_q5_0_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_1][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q5_1_f32, "mul_mat_q5_1_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q8_0][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q8_0_f32, "mul_mat_q8_0_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q2_K][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q2_k_f32, "mul_mat_q2_k_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q3_K][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q3_k_f32, "mul_mat_q3_k_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_K][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q4_k_f32, "mul_mat_q4_k_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_K][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q5_k_f32, "mul_mat_q5_k_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q6_K][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_q6_k_f32, "mul_mat_q6_k_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq2_xxs_f32, "mul_mat_iq2_xxs_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq2_xs_f32, "mul_mat_iq2_xs_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq2_s_f32, "mul_mat_iq2_s_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq3_xxs_f32, "mul_mat_iq3_xxs_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq3_s_f32, "mul_mat_iq3_s_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq1_s_f32, "mul_mat_iq1_s_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq1_m_f32, "mul_mat_iq1_m_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq4_nl_f32, "mul_mat_iq4_nl_f32");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_mat_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS][GGML_TYPE_F32],
+                                wgsl_mul_mat_iq4_xs_f32, "mul_mat_iq4_xs_f32");
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_set_rows_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->set_rows_pipeline, wgsl_set_rows, "set_rows",
+                                ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_get_rows_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants = ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32], wgsl_get_rows_f32_vec,
+                                "get_rows_f32_vec", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_f32_no_vec_pipeline, wgsl_get_rows_f32,
+                                "get_rows_f32", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16], wgsl_get_rows_f16,
+                                "get_rows_f16", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_I32], wgsl_get_rows_i32,
+                                "get_rows_i32", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_0], wgsl_get_rows_q4_0,
+                                "get_rows_q4_0", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_1], wgsl_get_rows_q4_1,
+                                "get_rows_q4_1", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_0], wgsl_get_rows_q5_0,
+                                "get_rows_q5_0", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_1], wgsl_get_rows_q5_1,
+                                "get_rows_q5_1", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q8_0], wgsl_get_rows_q8_0,
+                                "get_rows_q8_0", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q2_K], wgsl_get_rows_q2_k,
+                                "get_rows_q2_k", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q3_K], wgsl_get_rows_q3_k,
+                                "get_rows_q3_k", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q4_K], wgsl_get_rows_q4_k,
+                                "get_rows_q4_k", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q5_K], wgsl_get_rows_q5_k,
+                                "get_rows_q5_k", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_Q6_K], wgsl_get_rows_q6_k,
+                                "get_rows_q6_k", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS],
+                                wgsl_get_rows_iq2_xxs, "get_rows_iq2_xxs", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS],
+                                wgsl_get_rows_iq2_xs, "get_rows_iq2_xs", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S], wgsl_get_rows_iq2_s,
+                                "get_rows_iq2_s", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS],
+                                wgsl_get_rows_iq3_xxs, "get_rows_iq3_xxs", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S], wgsl_get_rows_iq3_s,
+                                "get_rows_iq3_s", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S], wgsl_get_rows_iq1_s,
+                                "get_rows_iq1_s", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M], wgsl_get_rows_iq1_m,
+                                "get_rows_iq1_m", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL],
+                                wgsl_get_rows_iq4_nl, "get_rows_iq4_nl", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->get_rows_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS],
+                                wgsl_get_rows_iq4_xs, "get_rows_iq4_xs", constants);
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_cpy_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->cpy_pipeline, wgsl_cpy, "cpy",
+                                ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx));
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_add_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants = ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->add_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32], wgsl_add_f32, "add_f32",
+                                constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->add_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16], wgsl_add_f16, "add_f16",
+                                constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->add_ip_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32], wgsl_add_in_place_f32,
+                                "add_in_place_f32", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->add_ip_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16], wgsl_add_in_place_f16,
+                                "add_in_place_f16", constants);
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_mul_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants = ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32], wgsl_mul_f32, "mul_f32",
+                                constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16], wgsl_mul_f16, "mul_f16",
+                                constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_ip_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F32], wgsl_mul_in_place_f32,
+                                "mul_in_place_f32", constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->mul_ip_pipeline[GGML_TYPE_F16], wgsl_mul_in_place_f16,
+                                "mul_in_place_f16", constants);
+}
+
+static void ggml_webgpu_init_rms_norm_pipeline(webgpu_context & webgpu_ctx) {
+    std::vector<wgpu::ConstantEntry> constants = ggml_webgpu_max_wg_size_entry(webgpu_ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->rms_norm_pipeline, wgsl_rms_norm, "rms_norm",
+                                constants);
+    ggml_webgpu_create_pipeline(webgpu_ctx->device, webgpu_ctx->rms_norm_ip_pipeline, wgsl_rms_norm_in_place,
+                                "rms_norm_in_place", constants);
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_webgpu_device_init(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const char * params) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(params);
+
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_device_init()");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * dev_ctx    = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(dev->context);
+    webgpu_context                       webgpu_ctx = dev_ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+
+    static ggml_backend_webgpu_context backend_ctx;
+    backend_ctx.name       = GGML_WEBGPU_NAME + std::string(": ") + dev_ctx->device_name;
+    backend_ctx.webgpu_ctx = webgpu_ctx;
+
+    // See GGML Backend Interface section
+    static ggml_backend backend = {
+        /* .guid      = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_guid(),
+        /* .interface = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_i,
+        /* .device    = */ dev,
+        /* .context   = */ &backend_ctx,
+    };
+
+    return &backend;
+}
+
+static ggml_backend_buffer_type_t ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_buffer_type(ggml_backend_dev_t dev) {
+    // See GGML Backend Buffer Type Interface section
+    static struct ggml_backend_buffer_type ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type = {
+        /* .iface = */ {
+                        /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_name,
+                        /* .alloc_buffer     = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_alloc_buffer,
+                        /* .get_alignment    = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_alignment,
+                        /* .get_max_size     = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_max_size,
+                        /* .get_alloc_size   = */ NULL,  // defaults to ggml_nbytes
+            /* .is_host          = */ NULL,  // defaults to false
+        },
+        /* .device  = */
+        dev,
+        /* .context = */ NULL,
+    };
+
+    return &ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type;
+}
+
+static bool ggml_backend_webgpu_device_supports_buft(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(dev);
+    return buft->iface.get_name == ggml_backend_webgpu_buffer_type_get_name;
+}
+
+static bool ggml_webgpu_supported_qtype(ggml_type type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q2_K:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q3_K:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q4_K:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_K:
+        case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:
+        case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool ggml_backend_webgpu_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggml_tensor * op) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context *>(dev->context);
+
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx = ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+
+    ggml_tensor * src0 = op->src[0];
+    ggml_tensor * src1 = op->src[1];
+    // on smaller devices (or CI), tensors may be larger than the max storage buffer size
+    if (ggml_nbytes(op) > webgpu_ctx->limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize ||
+        (src0 != nullptr && ggml_nbytes(src0) > webgpu_ctx->limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize) ||
+        (src1 != nullptr && ggml_nbytes(src1) > webgpu_ctx->limits.maxStorageBufferBindingSize)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool supports_op = false;
+    switch (op->op) {
+        case GGML_OP_NONE:
+        case GGML_OP_VIEW:
+        case GGML_OP_PERMUTE:
+        case GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE:
+        case GGML_OP_RESHAPE:
+            supports_op = true;
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_ADD:
+        case GGML_OP_MUL:
+            supports_op = (op->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || op->type == GGML_TYPE_F16) && (op->src[0]->type == op->type) &&
+                          (op->src[1]->type == op->type);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_CPY:
+        case GGML_OP_SET_ROWS:
+            supports_op = (op->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 && op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && op->src[1]->type == GGML_TYPE_I64);
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_GET_ROWS:
+            if (op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F16 ||
+                op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_I32 || ggml_webgpu_supported_qtype(op->src[0]->type)) {
+                supports_op = (op->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+            }
+            break;
+        case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
+            {
+                switch (op->src[1]->type) {
+                    case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+                        supports_op = (op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F16);
+                        break;
+                    case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+                        switch (op->src[0]->type) {
+                            case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q2_K:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q3_K:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_K:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_K:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:
+                            case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS:
+                                supports_op = true;
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    default:
+                        break;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        case GGML_OP_RMS_NORM:
+            supports_op = op->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && op->src[0]->type == GGML_TYPE_F32;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+#ifdef GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+    if (!supports_op) {
+        WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("not supported: " << ggml_op_name(op->op) << " with types dst: " << ggml_type_name(op->type)
+                                           << ", src0: " << (op->src[0] ? ggml_type_name(op->src[0]->type) : "null")
+                                           << ", src1: " << (op->src[1] ? ggml_type_name(op->src[1]->type) : "null"));
+    }
+#endif
+    return supports_op;
+}
+
+static struct ggml_backend_device_i ggml_backend_webgpu_device_i = {
+    /* .get_name             = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_name,
+    /* .get_description      = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_description,
+    /* .get_memory           = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_memory,
+    /* .get_type             = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_type,
+    /* .get_props            = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_props,
+    /* .init_backend         = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_init,
+    /* .get_buffer_type      = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_get_buffer_type,
+    /* .get_host_buffer_type = */ NULL,
+    /* .buffer_from_host_ptr = */ NULL,
+    /* .supports_op          = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_supports_op,
+    /* .supports_buft        = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_supports_buft,
+    /* .offload_op           = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_new            = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_free           = */ NULL,
+    /* .event_synchronize    = */ NULL,
+};
+
+/* End GGML Backend Device Interface */
+
+/* GGML Backend Registration Interface */
+
+static const char * ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_name(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context *>(reg->context);
+    return ctx->name;
+}
+
+static size_t ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_device_count(ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context * ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context *>(reg->context);
+    return ctx->device_count;
+}
+
+// TODO: Does this need to be thread safe? Is it only called once?
+// Only one device is supported for now
+static ggml_backend_dev_t ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_device(ggml_backend_reg_t reg, size_t index) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(index == 0);
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_reg_get_device()");
+
+    ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context * reg_ctx = static_cast<ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context *>(reg->context);
+
+    webgpu_context ctx = reg_ctx->webgpu_ctx;
+
+    wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions options = {};
+    ctx->instance.WaitAny(ctx->instance.RequestAdapter(
+                              &options, wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                              [&ctx](wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus status, wgpu::Adapter adapter, const char * message) {
+                                  if (status != wgpu::RequestAdapterStatus::Success) {
+                                      GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to get an adapter: %s\n", message);
+                                      return;
+                                  }
+                                  ctx->adapter = std::move(adapter);
+                              }),
+                          UINT64_MAX);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->adapter != nullptr);
+
+    ctx->adapter.GetLimits(&ctx->limits);
+    ctx->max_wg_size_x = 288;  // default value
+
+    wgpu::AdapterInfo info{};
+    ctx->adapter.GetInfo(&info);
+
+    // Initialize device
+    std::vector<wgpu::FeatureName> required_features = { wgpu::FeatureName::ShaderF16,
+                                                         wgpu::FeatureName::ImplicitDeviceSynchronization };
+    wgpu::DeviceDescriptor         dev_desc;
+    dev_desc.requiredLimits       = &ctx->limits;
+    dev_desc.requiredFeatures     = required_features.data();
+    dev_desc.requiredFeatureCount = required_features.size();
+    dev_desc.SetDeviceLostCallback(
+        wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+        [](const wgpu::Device & device, wgpu::DeviceLostReason reason, wgpu::StringView message) {
+            GGML_UNUSED(device);
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Device lost! Reason: %d, Message: %s\n", static_cast<int>(reason),
+                           std::string(message).c_str());
+        });
+    dev_desc.SetUncapturedErrorCallback(
+        [](const wgpu::Device & device, wgpu::ErrorType reason, wgpu::StringView message) {
+            GGML_UNUSED(device);
+            GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Device error! Reason: %d, Message: %s\n", static_cast<int>(reason),
+                           std::string(message).c_str());
+        });
+    ctx->instance.WaitAny(ctx->adapter.RequestDevice(
+                              &dev_desc, wgpu::CallbackMode::AllowSpontaneous,
+                              [ctx](wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus status, wgpu::Device device, wgpu::StringView message) {
+                                  if (status != wgpu::RequestDeviceStatus::Success) {
+                                      GGML_LOG_ERROR("ggml_webgpu: Failed to get a device: %s\n",
+                                                     std::string(message).c_str());
+                                      return;
+                                  }
+                                  ctx->device = std::move(device);
+                              }),
+                          UINT64_MAX);
+    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->device != nullptr);
+
+    // Initialize (compute) queue
+    ctx->queue = ctx->device.GetQueue();
+
+    // Create buffer pool for shader parameters
+    ctx->param_buf_pool.init(ctx->device, WEBGPU_NUM_PARAM_BUFS, WEBGPU_PARAMS_BUF_SIZE_BYTES,
+                             wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform,
+                             wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::BufferUsage::MapWrite);
+    ctx->set_rows_error_buf_pool.init(ctx->device, WEBGPU_NUM_SET_ROWS_ERROR_BUFS, WEBGPU_SET_ROWS_ERROR_BUF_SIZE_BYTES,
+                                      wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage,
+                                      wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead);
+
+    ggml_webgpu_init_memset_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_mul_mat_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_set_rows_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_get_rows_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_cpy_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_add_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_mul_pipeline(ctx);
+    ggml_webgpu_init_rms_norm_pipeline(ctx);
+
+#ifdef GGML_WEBGPU_DEBUG
+    // Initialize debug buffers
+    ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(ctx->device, ctx->debug_host_buf, WEBGPU_DEBUG_BUF_ELEMS * sizeof(uint32_t),
+                              wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst | wgpu::BufferUsage::MapRead, "debug_host_buf");
+    ggml_webgpu_create_buffer(ctx->device, ctx->debug_dev_buf, WEBGPU_DEBUG_BUF_ELEMS * sizeof(uint32_t),
+                              wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc, "debug_dev_buf");
+#endif
+
+    static ggml_backend_webgpu_device_context device_ctx;
+    device_ctx.webgpu_ctx  = ctx;
+    device_ctx.device_name = GGML_WEBGPU_NAME;
+    device_ctx.device_desc = info.description;
+
+    GGML_LOG_INFO(
+        "ggml_webgpu: adapter_info: vendor_id: %u | vendor: %s | architecture: %s | device_id: %u | name: %s | "
+        "device_desc: %s\n",
+        info.vendorID, std::string(info.vendor).c_str(), std::string(info.architecture).c_str(), info.deviceID,
+        std::string(info.device).c_str(), std::string(info.description).c_str());
+
+    // See GGML Backend Device Interface section
+    static ggml_backend_device device = {
+        /* .iface   = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_device_i,
+        /* .reg     = */ reg,
+        /* .context = */ &device_ctx,
+    };
+    return &device;
+}
+
+static const struct ggml_backend_reg_i ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_i = {
+    /* .get_name         = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_name,
+    /* .get_device_count = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_device_count,
+    /* .get_device       = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_get_device,
+    /* .get_proc_address = */ NULL,
+};
+
+/* End GGML Backend Registration Interface */
+
+ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_webgpu_reg() {
+    WEBGPU_LOG_DEBUG("ggml_backend_webgpu_reg()");
+
+    webgpu_context webgpu_ctx = std::make_shared<webgpu_context_struct>();
+
+    static ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_context ctx;
+    ctx.webgpu_ctx   = webgpu_ctx;
+    ctx.name         = GGML_WEBGPU_NAME;
+    ctx.device_count = 1;
+
+    wgpu::InstanceDescriptor               instance_descriptor{};
+    std::vector<wgpu::InstanceFeatureName> instance_features = { wgpu::InstanceFeatureName::TimedWaitAny };
+    instance_descriptor.requiredFeatures                     = instance_features.data();
+    instance_descriptor.requiredFeatureCount                 = instance_features.size();
+    webgpu_ctx->instance                                     = wgpu::CreateInstance(&instance_descriptor);
+    GGML_ASSERT(webgpu_ctx->instance != nullptr);
+
+    static ggml_backend_reg reg = {
+        /* .api_version = */ GGML_BACKEND_API_VERSION,
+        /* .iface       = */ ggml_backend_webgpu_reg_i,
+        /* .context     = */ &ctx,
+    };
+    return &reg;
+}
+
+ggml_backend_t ggml_backend_webgpu_init(void) {
+    ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_reg_dev_get(ggml_backend_webgpu_reg(), 0);
+
+    return ggml_backend_webgpu_device_init(dev, nullptr);
+}
+
+GGML_BACKEND_DL_IMPL(ggml_backend_webgpu_reg)