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wayfarer 0.4.2 → 0.4.6

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+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ko">한국어</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/nl">Nederlands</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ru">Русский</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sl">Slovenščina</a>,</td></tr>
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+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/uk">Українська</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/zh">简体中文</a>,</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<p>
+  Partial translations available in
+  <table>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/cs">Čeština</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/mk">Македонски</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pl">Polski</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sr">Српски</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/uz">Ўзбекча</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/zh-tw">繁體中文</a>,</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<p>
+  Translations started for
+  <table>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/be">Беларуская</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/fa" dir="rtl">فارسی</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/id">Indonesian</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/it">Italiano</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ms">Bahasa Melayu</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pt-br">Português (Brasil)</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pt-pt">Português (Portugal)</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sv">Svenska</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/tr">Türkçe</a>.</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<hr class="sidebar"/>
+<p>
+The source of this book is <a href="https://github.com/progit/progit2">hosted on GitHub.</a></br>
+Patches, suggestions and comments are welcome.
+</p>
+  </nav>
+</aside>
+        <div id="content">
+<div id='book-chapters'>
+  <a class="dropdown-trigger" id="book-chapters-trigger" data-panel-id="chapters-dropdown" href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html#">Chapters ▾</a>
+<div class='dropdown-panel' id='chapters-dropdown'>
+  <div class="three-column">
+    <div class='column-left'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>1. <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          1.1
+          <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html" >About Version Control </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.2
+          <a href="Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git.html" >A Short History of Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.3
+          <a href="ch00/what_is_git_section.html" >What is Git? </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.4
+          <a href="Getting-Started-The-Command-Line.html" >The Command Line </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.5
+          <a href="Getting-Started-Installing-Git.html" >Installing Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.6
+          <a href="ch00/_editor.html" >First-Time Git Setup </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.7
+          <a href="ch00/_git_help.html" >Getting Help </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.8
+          <a href="Getting-Started-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>2. <a href="ch00/_git_cloning.html">Git Basics</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          2.1
+          <a href="ch00/_git_cloning.html" >Getting a Git Repository </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.2
+          <a href="ch00/_git_mv.html" >Recording Changes to the Repository </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.3
+          <a href="ch00/_viewing_history.html" >Viewing the Commit History </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.4
+          <a href="ch00/_unstaging.html" >Undoing Things </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.5
+          <a href="ch00/_remote_repos.html" >Working with Remotes </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.6
+          <a href="ch00/_annotated_tags.html" >Tagging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.7
+          <a href="ch00/_git_aliases.html" >Git Aliases </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.8
+          <a href="Git-Basics-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>3. <a href="ch00/_switching_branches.html">Git Branching</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          3.1
+          <a href="ch00/_switching_branches.html" >Branches in a Nutshell </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.2
+          <a href="ch00/_basic_branching.html" >Basic Branching and Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.3
+          <a href="ch00/_branch_management.html" >Branch Management </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.4
+          <a href="ch00/_topic_branch.html" >Branching Workflows </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.5
+          <a href="ch00/_delete_branches.html" >Remote Branches </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.6
+          <a href="ch00/_rebase_rebase.html" >Rebasing </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.7
+          <a href="Git-Branching-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>4. <a href="Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html">Git on the Server</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          4.1
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html" >The Protocols </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.2
+          <a href="ch00/_bare_repo.html" >Getting Git on a Server </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.3
+          <a href="ch00/_generate_ssh_key.html" >Generating Your SSH Public Key </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.4
+          <a href="ch00/_setting_up_server.html" >Setting Up the Server </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.5
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Git-Daemon.html" >Git Daemon </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.6
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Smart-HTTP.html" >Smart HTTP </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.7
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-GitWeb.html" >GitWeb </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.8
+          <a href="ch00/_gitlab_groups_section.html" >GitLab </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.9
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Third-Party-Hosted-Options.html" >Third Party Hosted Options </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.10
+          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>5. <a href="ch00/_integration_manager.html">Distributed Git</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          5.1
+          <a href="ch00/_integration_manager.html" >Distributed Workflows </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.2
+          <a href="ch00/_project_over_email.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.3
+          <a href="ch00/_git_am.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.4
+          <a href="Distributed-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+    <div class='column-middle'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>6. <a href="ch00/_personal_avatar.html">GitHub</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          6.1
+          <a href="ch00/_personal_avatar.html" >Account Setup and Configuration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.2
+          <a href="ch00/_fetch_and_push_on_different_repositories.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.3
+          <a href="ch00/_email_notifications.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.4
+          <a href="ch00/_team_page.html" >Managing an organization </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.5
+          <a href="ch00/_commit_status.html" >Scripting GitHub </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.6
+          <a href="GitHub-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>7. <a href="ch00/_git_reflog.html">Git Tools</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          7.1
+          <a href="ch00/_git_reflog.html" >Revision Selection </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.2
+          <a href="ch00/_interactive_staging.html" >Interactive Staging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.3
+          <a href="ch00/_git_clean.html" >Stashing and Cleaning </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.4
+          <a href="ch00/_signing_commits.html" >Signing Your Work </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.5
+          <a href="ch00/_git_grep.html" >Searching </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.6
+          <a href="ch00/_removing_file_every_commit.html" >Rewriting History </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.7
+          <a href="ch00/_the_index.html" >Reset Demystified </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.8
+          <a href="ch00/_reverse_commit.html" >Advanced Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.9
+          <a href="ch00/ref_rerere.html" >Rerere </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.10
+          <a href="ch00/_file_annotation.html" >Debugging with Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.11
+          <a href="ch00/_publishing_submodules.html" >Submodules </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.12
+          <a href="ch00/_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.13
+          <a href="ch00/_replace.html" >Replace </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.14
+          <a href="ch00/_credential_caching.html" >Credential Storage </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.15
+          <a href="Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>8. <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          8.1
+          <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.2
+          <a href="ch00/_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.3
+          <a href="ch00/_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.4
+          <a href="ch00/_enforcing_commit_message_format.html" >An Example Git-Enforced Policy </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.5
+          <a href="Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>9. <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          9.1
+          <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          9.2
+          <a href="ch00/_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          9.3
+          <a href="Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>10. <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          10.1
+          <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.2
+          <a href="ch00/_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.3
+          <a href="ch00/ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.4
+          <a href="Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.5
+          <a href="ch00/_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.6
+          <a href="Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.7
+          <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.8
+          <a href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" class=active>Environment Variables </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.9
+          <a href="Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+    <div class='column-right'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A1. <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A1.1
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.2
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.3
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.4
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.5
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.6
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.7
+          <a href="ch00/oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.8
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.9
+          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A2. <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A2.1
+          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.2
+          <a href="ch00/_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.3
+          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.4
+          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.5
+          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A3. <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A3.1
+          <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.2
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.3
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.4
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.5
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.6
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.7
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.8
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.9
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.10
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.11
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.12
+          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+ </div>
+    <span class="light" id="edition">
+      2nd Edition
+    </span>
+</div>
+<div id='main' class="book edition2">
+    <h1>10.8 Git Internals - Environment Variables</h1>
+  <div>
+<h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Git always runs inside a <code>bash</code> shell, and uses a number of shell environment variables to determine how it behaves.
+Occasionally, it comes in handy to know what these are, and how they can be used to make Git behave the way you want it to.
+This isn’t an exhaustive list of all the environment variables Git pays attention to, but we’ll cover the most useful.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_global_behavior">Global Behavior</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some of Git’s general behavior as a computer program depends on environment variables.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_EXEC_PATH</code></strong> determines where Git looks for its sub-programs (like <code>git-commit</code>, <code>git-diff</code>, and others).
+  You can check the current setting by running <code>git --exec-path</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>HOME</code></strong> isn’t usually considered customizable (too many other things depend on it), but it’s where Git looks for the global configuration file.
+  If you want a truly portable Git installation, complete with global configuration, you can override <code>HOME</code> in the portable Git’s shell profile.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>PREFIX</code></strong> is similar, but for the system-wide configuration.
+  Git looks for this file at <code>$PREFIX/etc/gitconfig</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM</code></strong>, if set, disables the use of the system-wide configuration file.
+  This is useful if your system config is interfering with your commands, but you don’t have access to change or remove it.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_PAGER</code></strong> controls the program used to display multi-page output on the command line.
+If this is unset, <code>PAGER</code> will be used as a fallback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_EDITOR</code></strong> is the editor Git will launch when the user needs to edit some text (a commit message, for example).
+If unset, <code>EDITOR</code> will be used.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_repository_locations">Repository Locations</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Git uses several environment variables to determine how it interfaces with the current repository.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_DIR</code></strong> is the location of the <code>.git</code> folder.
+If this isn’t specified, Git walks up the directory tree until it gets to <code>~</code> or <code>/</code>, looking for a <code>.git</code> directory at every step.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code></strong> controls the behavior of searching for a <code>.git</code> directory.
+If you access directories that are slow to load (such as those on a tape drive, or across a slow network connection), you may want to have Git stop trying earlier than it might otherwise, especially if Git is invoked when building your shell prompt.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code></strong> is the location of the root of the working directory for a non-bare repository.
+If <code>--git-dir</code> or <code>GIT_DIR</code> is specified but none of <code>--work-tree</code>, <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code> or <code>core.worktree</code> is specified, the current working directory is regarded as the top level of your working tree.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code></strong> is the path to the index file (non-bare repositories only).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code></strong> can be used to specify the location of the directory that usually resides at <code>.git/objects</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code></strong> is a colon-separated list (formatted like <code>/dir/one:/dir/two:…</code>) which tells Git where to check for objects if they aren’t in <code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code>.
+If you happen to have a lot of projects with large files that have the exact same contents, this can be used to avoid storing too many copies of them.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_pathspecs">Pathspecs</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A “pathspec” refers to how you specify paths to things in Git, including the use of wildcards.
+These are used in the <code>.gitignore</code> file, but also on the command-line (<code>git add *.c</code>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code></strong> and <strong><code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code></strong> control the default behavior of wildcards in pathspecs.
+If <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code> is set to 1, wildcard characters act as wildcards (which is the default); if <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code> is set to 1, wildcard characters only match themselves, meaning something like <code>*.c</code> would only match a file <em>named</em> “\*.c”, rather than any file whose name ends with <code>.c</code>.
+You can override this in individual cases by starting the pathspec with <code>:(glob)</code> or <code>:(literal)</code>, as in <code>:(glob)\*.c</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code></strong> disables both of the above behaviors; no wildcard characters will work, and the override prefixes are disabled as well.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code></strong> sets all pathspecs to work in a case-insensitive manner.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_committing">Committing</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The final creation of a Git commit object is usually done by <code>git-commit-tree</code>, which uses these environment variables as its primary source of information, falling back to configuration values only if these aren’t present.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code></strong> is the human-readable name in the “author” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</code></strong> is the email for the “author” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code></strong> is the timestamp used for the “author” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</code></strong> sets the human name for the “committer” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</code></strong> is the email address for the “committer” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code></strong> is used for the timestamp in the “committer” field.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>EMAIL</code></strong> is the fallback email address in case the <code>user.email</code> configuration value isn’t set.
+If <em>this</em> isn’t set, Git falls back to the system user and host names.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_networking">Networking</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Git uses the <code>curl</code> library to do network operations over HTTP, so <strong><code>GIT_CURL_VERBOSE</code></strong> tells Git to emit all the messages generated by that library.
+This is similar to doing <code>curl -v</code> on the command line.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code></strong> tells Git not to verify SSL certificates.
+This can sometimes be necessary if you’re using a self-signed certificate to serve Git repositories over HTTPS, or you’re in the middle of setting up a Git server but haven’t installed a full certificate yet.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>If the data rate of an HTTP operation is lower than <strong><code>GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT</code></strong> bytes per second for longer than <strong><code>GIT_HTTP_LOW_SPEED_TIME</code></strong> seconds, Git will abort that operation.
+These values override the <code>http.lowSpeedLimit</code> and <code>http.lowSpeedTime</code> configuration values.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_HTTP_USER_AGENT</code></strong> sets the user-agent string used by Git when communicating over HTTP.
+The default is a value like <code>git/2.0.0</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_diffing_and_merging">Diffing and Merging</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code></strong> is a bit of a misnomer.
+The only valid values are <code>-u&lt;n&gt;</code> or <code>--unified=&lt;n&gt;</code>, which controls the number of context lines shown in a <code>git diff</code> command.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code></strong> is used as an override for the <code>diff.external</code> configuration value.
+If it’s set, Git will invoke this program when <code>git diff</code> is invoked.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code></strong> and <strong><code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code></strong> are useful from inside the program specified by <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> or <code>diff.external</code>.
+The former represents which file in a series is being diffed (starting with 1), and the latter is the total number of files in the batch.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</code></strong> controls the output for the recursive merge strategy.
+The allowed values are as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>0 outputs nothing, except possibly a single error message.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>1 shows only conflicts.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>2 also shows file changes.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>3 shows when files are skipped because they haven’t changed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>4 shows all paths as they are processed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>5 and above show detailed debugging information.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The default value is 2.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_debugging">Debugging</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Want to <em>really</em> know what Git is up to?
+Git has a fairly complete set of traces embedded, and all you need to do is turn them on.
+The possible values of these variables are as follows:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>“true”, “1”, or “2” – the trace category is written to stderr.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>An absolute path starting with <code>/</code> – the trace output will be written to that file.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_TRACE</code></strong> controls general traces, which don’t fit into any specific category.
+This includes the expansion of aliases, and delegation to other sub-programs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_TRACE=true git lga
+20:12:49.877982 git.c:554               trace: exec: 'git-lga'
+20:12:49.878369 run-command.c:341       trace: run_command: 'git-lga'
+20:12:49.879529 git.c:282               trace: alias expansion: lga =&gt; 'log' '--graph' '--pretty=oneline' '--abbrev-commit' '--decorate' '--all'
+20:12:49.879885 git.c:349               trace: built-in: git 'log' '--graph' '--pretty=oneline' '--abbrev-commit' '--decorate' '--all'
+20:12:49.899217 run-command.c:341       trace: run_command: 'less'
+20:12:49.899675 run-command.c:192       trace: exec: 'less'</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS</code></strong> controls tracing of packfile access.
+The first field is the packfile being accessed, the second is the offset within that file:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS=true git status
+20:10:12.081397 sha1_file.c:2088        .git/objects/pack/pack-c3fa...291e.pack 12
+20:10:12.081886 sha1_file.c:2088        .git/objects/pack/pack-c3fa...291e.pack 34662
+20:10:12.082115 sha1_file.c:2088        .git/objects/pack/pack-c3fa...291e.pack 35175
+# […]
+20:10:12.087398 sha1_file.c:2088        .git/objects/pack/pack-e80e...e3d2.pack 56914983
+20:10:12.087419 sha1_file.c:2088        .git/objects/pack/pack-e80e...e3d2.pack 14303666
+On branch master
+Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
+nothing to commit, working directory clean</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_TRACE_PACKET</code></strong> enables packet-level tracing for network operations.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_TRACE_PACKET=true git ls-remote origin
+20:15:14.867043 pkt-line.c:46           packet:          git&lt; # service=git-upload-pack
+20:15:14.867071 pkt-line.c:46           packet:          git&lt; 0000
+20:15:14.867079 pkt-line.c:46           packet:          git&lt; 97b8860c071898d9e162678ea1035a8ced2f8b1f HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag multi_ack_detailed no-done symref=HEAD:refs/heads/master agent=git/2.0.4
+20:15:14.867088 pkt-line.c:46           packet:          git&lt; 0f20ae29889d61f2e93ae00fd34f1cdb53285702 refs/heads/ab/add-interactive-show-diff-func-name
+20:15:14.867094 pkt-line.c:46           packet:          git&lt; 36dc827bc9d17f80ed4f326de21247a5d1341fbc refs/heads/ah/doc-gitk-config
+# […]</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE</code></strong> controls logging of performance data.
+The output shows how long each particular <code>git</code> invocation takes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE=true git gc
+20:18:19.499676 trace.c:414             performance: 0.374835000 s: git command: 'git' 'pack-refs' '--all' '--prune'
+20:18:19.845585 trace.c:414             performance: 0.343020000 s: git command: 'git' 'reflog' 'expire' '--all'
+Counting objects: 170994, done.
+Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
+Compressing objects: 100% (43413/43413), done.
+Writing objects: 100% (170994/170994), done.
+Total 170994 (delta 126176), reused 170524 (delta 125706)
+20:18:23.567927 trace.c:414             performance: 3.715349000 s: git command: 'git' 'pack-objects' '--keep-true-parents' '--honor-pack-keep' '--non-empty' '--all' '--reflog' '--unpack-unreachable=2.weeks.ago' '--local' '--delta-base-offset' '.git/objects/pack/.tmp-49190-pack'
+20:18:23.584728 trace.c:414             performance: 0.000910000 s: git command: 'git' 'prune-packed'
+20:18:23.605218 trace.c:414             performance: 0.017972000 s: git command: 'git' 'update-server-info'
+20:18:23.606342 trace.c:414             performance: 3.756312000 s: git command: 'git' 'repack' '-d' '-l' '-A' '--unpack-unreachable=2.weeks.ago'
+Checking connectivity: 170994, done.
+20:18:25.225424 trace.c:414             performance: 1.616423000 s: git command: 'git' 'prune' '--expire' '2.weeks.ago'
+20:18:25.232403 trace.c:414             performance: 0.001051000 s: git command: 'git' 'rerere' 'gc'
+20:18:25.233159 trace.c:414             performance: 6.112217000 s: git command: 'git' 'gc'</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_TRACE_SETUP</code></strong> shows information about what Git is discovering about the repository and environment it’s interacting with.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_TRACE_SETUP=true git status
+20:19:47.086765 trace.c:315             setup: git_dir: .git
+20:19:47.087184 trace.c:316             setup: worktree: /Users/ben/src/git
+20:19:47.087191 trace.c:317             setup: cwd: /Users/ben/src/git
+20:19:47.087194 trace.c:318             setup: prefix: (null)
+On branch master
+Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
+nothing to commit, working directory clean</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_SSH</code></strong>, if specified, is a program that is invoked instead of <code>ssh</code> when Git tries to connect to an SSH host.
+It is invoked like <code>$GIT_SSH [username@]host [-p &lt;port&gt;] &lt;command&gt;</code>.
+Note that this isn’t the easiest way to customize how <code>ssh</code> is invoked; it won’t support extra command-line parameters, so you’d have to write a wrapper script and set <code>GIT_SSH</code> to point to it.
+It’s probably easier just to use the <code>~/.ssh/config</code> file for that.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_ASKPASS</code></strong> is an override for the <code>core.askpass</code> configuration value.
+This is the program invoked whenever Git needs to ask the user for credentials, which can expect a text prompt as a command-line argument, and should return the answer on <code>stdout</code> (see <a href="ch00/_credential_caching.html">Credential Storage</a> for more on this subsystem).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code></strong> controls access to namespaced refs, and is equivalent to the <code>--namespace</code> flag.
+This is mostly useful on the server side, where you may want to store multiple forks of a single repository in one repository, only keeping the refs separate.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_FLUSH</code></strong> can be used to force Git to use non-buffered I/O when writing incrementally to stdout.
+A value of 1 causes Git to flush more often, a value of 0 causes all output to be buffered.
+The default value (if this variable is not set) is to choose an appropriate buffering scheme depending on the activity and the output mode.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><strong><code>GIT_REFLOG_ACTION</code></strong> lets you specify the descriptive text written to the reflog.
+Here’s an example:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="my action" git commit --allow-empty -m 'My message'
+[master 9e3d55a] My message
+$ git reflog -1
+9e3d55a HEAD@{0}: my action: My message</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
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