wayfarer 0.4.1 → 0.4.5

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Files changed (676) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/.rubocop.yml +10 -0
  3. data/Gemfile.lock +15 -11
  4. data/docs/cookbook/batch_routing.md +22 -0
  5. data/docs/cookbook/consent_screen.md +36 -0
  6. data/docs/cookbook/executing_javascript.md +41 -0
  7. data/docs/cookbook/navigation.md +43 -0
  8. data/docs/cookbook/querying_html.md +3 -3
  9. data/docs/cookbook/screenshots.md +2 -2
  10. data/docs/guides/callbacks.md +5 -5
  11. data/docs/guides/debugging.md +17 -0
  12. data/docs/guides/error_handling.md +22 -26
  13. data/docs/guides/jobs.md +44 -18
  14. data/docs/guides/navigation.md +73 -0
  15. data/docs/guides/{browser_automation → networking}/capybara.md +9 -4
  16. data/docs/guides/{browser_automation → networking}/custom_adapters.md +0 -0
  17. data/docs/guides/{browser_automation → networking}/ferrum.md +3 -1
  18. data/docs/guides/networking/http.md +33 -0
  19. data/docs/guides/{browser_automation → networking}/selenium.md +4 -2
  20. data/docs/guides/pages.md +4 -4
  21. data/docs/guides/performance.md +108 -0
  22. data/docs/guides/reliability.md +41 -0
  23. data/docs/guides/routing/steering.md +30 -0
  24. data/docs/guides/tasks.md +9 -33
  25. data/docs/reference/api/base.md +13 -127
  26. data/docs/reference/api/route.md +1 -1
  27. data/docs/reference/cli.md +0 -78
  28. data/docs/reference/configuration_keys.md +1 -1
  29. data/lib/wayfarer/base.rb +37 -27
  30. data/lib/wayfarer/cli/base.rb +19 -1
  31. data/lib/wayfarer/cli/job.rb +5 -11
  32. data/lib/wayfarer/cli/route.rb +4 -2
  33. data/lib/wayfarer/cli/templates/job.rb.tt +3 -1
  34. data/lib/wayfarer/config/networking.rb +1 -1
  35. data/lib/wayfarer/config/struct.rb +1 -1
  36. data/lib/wayfarer/gc.rb +3 -4
  37. data/lib/wayfarer/handler.rb +15 -0
  38. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/base.rb +19 -0
  39. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/chain.rb +8 -0
  40. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/controller.rb +40 -0
  41. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/dedup.rb +5 -0
  42. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/dispatch.rb +22 -0
  43. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/fetch.rb +33 -13
  44. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/lazy.rb +11 -0
  45. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/normalize.rb +2 -0
  46. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/router.rb +41 -3
  47. data/lib/wayfarer/middleware/stage.rb +6 -2
  48. data/lib/wayfarer/networking/context.rb +1 -0
  49. data/lib/wayfarer/networking/ferrum.rb +1 -0
  50. data/lib/wayfarer/networking/follow.rb +22 -0
  51. data/lib/wayfarer/networking/pool.rb +9 -8
  52. data/lib/wayfarer/networking/result.rb +0 -8
  53. data/lib/wayfarer/page.rb +1 -1
  54. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/matchers/custom.rb +2 -0
  55. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/matchers/host.rb +3 -1
  56. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/matchers/path.rb +2 -1
  57. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/result.rb +0 -5
  58. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/route.rb +6 -0
  59. data/lib/wayfarer/routing/router.rb +28 -0
  60. data/lib/wayfarer/serializer.rb +2 -2
  61. data/lib/wayfarer/stringify.rb +13 -7
  62. data/lib/wayfarer/task.rb +4 -2
  63. data/lib/wayfarer.rb +2 -7
  64. data/spec/base_spec.rb +33 -42
  65. data/spec/callbacks_spec.rb +2 -2
  66. data/spec/cli/job_spec.rb +9 -5
  67. data/spec/config/networking_spec.rb +2 -2
  68. data/spec/factories/{queue/middleware.rb → middleware.rb} +3 -3
  69. data/spec/factories/{queue/page.rb → page.rb} +3 -3
  70. data/spec/factories/{queue/task.rb → task.rb} +0 -0
  71. data/spec/fixtures/dummy_job.rb +1 -1
  72. data/spec/gc_spec.rb +5 -9
  73. data/spec/handler_spec.rb +11 -0
  74. data/spec/integration/callbacks_spec.rb +85 -0
  75. data/spec/integration/page_spec.rb +62 -0
  76. data/spec/integration/params_spec.rb +56 -0
  77. data/spec/integration/stage_spec.rb +51 -0
  78. data/spec/integration/steering_spec.rb +57 -0
  79. data/spec/middleware/chain_spec.rb +32 -19
  80. data/spec/middleware/controller_spec.rb +86 -0
  81. data/spec/middleware/dedup_spec.rb +20 -8
  82. data/spec/middleware/dispatch_spec.rb +43 -0
  83. data/spec/middleware/fetch_spec.rb +116 -45
  84. data/spec/middleware/normalize_spec.rb +5 -4
  85. data/spec/middleware/router_spec.rb +80 -28
  86. data/spec/middleware/stage_spec.rb +42 -19
  87. data/spec/networking/follow_spec.rb +41 -0
  88. data/spec/routing/router_spec.rb +24 -0
  89. data/spec/spec_helpers.rb +11 -3
  90. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/assets/application-38b0d42ff05ffea45841edebbd14b75b89585646153808e82907c2c5c11f324b.js +772 -0
  91. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/assets/application-cafcf280f67db0e6d8168ba98a38da878769a9d5f37793b68ffb963a02d185e0.css +1 -0
  92. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/assets/modernize-b3ebe0c31c24f230dc62179d3e1030d2e57a53b1668d9382c0a27dbd44a94beb.js +20 -0
  93. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html +751 -0
  94. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html +804 -0
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  96. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html +751 -0
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  98. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Zsh.html +765 -0
  99. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html +931 -0
  100. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html +702 -0
  101. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html +720 -0
  102. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html +746 -0
  103. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html +889 -0
  104. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Libgit2.html +1003 -0
  105. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html +792 -0
  106. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html +745 -0
  107. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html +840 -0
  108. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html +829 -0
  109. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html +731 -0
  110. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html +766 -0
  111. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html +721 -0
  112. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html +746 -0
  113. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html +735 -0
  114. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html +742 -0
  115. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html +715 -0
  116. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Setup-and-Config.html +863 -0
  117. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html +802 -0
  118. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-An-Example-Git-Enforced-Policy.html +1200 -0
  119. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Attributes.html +1134 -0
  120. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Configuration.html +1315 -0
  121. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks.html +876 -0
  122. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Summary.html +704 -0
  123. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Distributed-Git-Contributing-to-a-Project.html +1667 -0
  124. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Distributed-Git-Distributed-Workflows.html +859 -0
  125. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Distributed-Git-Maintaining-a-Project.html +1354 -0
  126. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Distributed-Git-Summary.html +704 -0
  127. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git.html +735 -0
  128. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control.html +783 -0
  129. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-First-Time-Git-Setup.html +889 -0
  130. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Getting-Help.html +750 -0
  131. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git.html +879 -0
  132. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Summary.html +704 -0
  133. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-The-Command-Line.html +711 -0
  134. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-What-is-Git?.html +857 -0
  135. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Getting-a-Git-Repository.html +816 -0
  136. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Git-Aliases.html +775 -0
  137. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository.html +1432 -0
  138. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Summary.html +703 -0
  139. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Tagging.html +1049 -0
  140. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Undoing-Things.html +998 -0
  141. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Viewing-the-Commit-History.html +1172 -0
  142. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Working-with-Remotes.html +983 -0
  143. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging.html +1102 -0
  144. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Branch-Management.html +946 -0
  145. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Branches-in-a-Nutshell.html +1020 -0
  146. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Branching-Workflows.html +786 -0
  147. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Rebasing.html +1028 -0
  148. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Remote-Branches.html +1009 -0
  149. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Summary.html +705 -0
  150. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html +1009 -0
  151. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Git-Objects.html +1209 -0
  152. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Git-References.html +939 -0
  153. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Maintenance-and-Data-Recovery.html +1086 -0
  154. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Packfiles.html +876 -0
  155. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Plumbing-and-Porcelain.html +745 -0
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  157. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-The-Refspec.html +872 -0
  158. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html +1043 -0
  159. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Advanced-Merging.html +1605 -0
  160. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Bundling.html +888 -0
  161. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Credential-Storage.html +1035 -0
  162. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Debugging-with-Git.html +861 -0
  163. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Interactive-Staging.html +920 -0
  164. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Replace.html +949 -0
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  172. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Submodules.html +1864 -0
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  177. data/spec/support/static/git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-on-the-Server-Generating-Your-SSH-Public-Key.html +759 -0
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+ <li class='chapter'>
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+ <h2>1. <a href="ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></h2>
185
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+ <li>
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+ 1.1
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+ <a href="ch01-getting-started.html" >About Version Control </a>
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204
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205
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208
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209
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210
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212
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213
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214
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215
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216
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217
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218
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219
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221
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222
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223
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226
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234
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240
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241
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242
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243
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244
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245
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246
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247
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249
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250
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251
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252
+ 2.8
253
+ <a href="../Git-Basics-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
254
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255
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256
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257
+ <li class='chapter'>
258
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259
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260
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261
+ 3.1
262
+ <a href="_switching_branches.html" >Branches in a Nutshell </a>
263
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264
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265
+ 3.2
266
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267
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268
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269
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270
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271
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272
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273
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274
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275
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276
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277
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278
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279
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280
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281
+ 3.6
282
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283
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284
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285
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286
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287
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288
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289
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290
+ <li class='chapter'>
291
+ <h2>4. <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html">Git on the Server</a></h2>
292
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293
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294
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295
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296
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297
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298
+ 4.2
299
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300
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301
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302
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303
+ <a href="_generate_ssh_key.html" >Generating Your SSH Public Key </a>
304
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305
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306
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307
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308
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309
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310
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311
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312
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313
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314
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315
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316
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317
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+ 4.7
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+ <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-GitWeb.html" >GitWeb </a>
320
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321
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322
+ 4.8
323
+ <a href="_gitlab_groups_section.html" >GitLab </a>
324
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325
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326
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327
+ <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Third-Party-Hosted-Options.html" >Third Party Hosted Options </a>
328
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329
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330
+ 4.10
331
+ <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
332
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333
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334
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335
+ <li class='chapter'>
336
+ <h2>5. <a href="_integration_manager.html">Distributed Git</a></h2>
337
+ <ol>
338
+ <li>
339
+ 5.1
340
+ <a href="_integration_manager.html" >Distributed Workflows </a>
341
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342
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343
+ 5.2
344
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345
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346
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347
+ 5.3
348
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349
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350
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351
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352
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353
+ </li>
354
+ </ol>
355
+ </li>
356
+ </ol>
357
+
358
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359
+ <div class='column-middle'>
360
+ <ol class='book-toc'>
361
+ <li class='chapter'>
362
+ <h2>6. <a href="_personal_avatar.html">GitHub</a></h2>
363
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364
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365
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366
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367
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368
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369
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370
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371
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372
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373
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374
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375
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376
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377
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378
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379
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380
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381
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382
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383
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385
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386
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387
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388
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389
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390
+ <li class='chapter'>
391
+ <h2>7. <a href="_git_reflog.html">Git Tools</a></h2>
392
+ <ol>
393
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394
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395
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396
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397
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398
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399
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400
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401
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402
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403
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404
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406
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407
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408
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409
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411
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412
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413
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414
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415
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416
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417
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418
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419
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420
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421
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422
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423
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424
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425
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426
+ 7.9
427
+ <a href="ref_rerere.html" >Rerere </a>
428
+ </li>
429
+ <li>
430
+ 7.10
431
+ <a href="_file_annotation.html" >Debugging with Git </a>
432
+ </li>
433
+ <li>
434
+ 7.11
435
+ <a href="_publishing_submodules.html" >Submodules </a>
436
+ </li>
437
+ <li>
438
+ 7.12
439
+ <a href="_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
440
+ </li>
441
+ <li>
442
+ 7.13
443
+ <a href="_replace.html" >Replace </a>
444
+ </li>
445
+ <li>
446
+ 7.14
447
+ <a href="_credential_caching.html" >Credential Storage </a>
448
+ </li>
449
+ <li>
450
+ 7.15
451
+ <a href="../Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
452
+ </li>
453
+ </ol>
454
+ </li>
455
+ <li class='chapter'>
456
+ <h2>8. <a href="_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
457
+ <ol>
458
+ <li>
459
+ 8.1
460
+ <a href="_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
461
+ </li>
462
+ <li>
463
+ 8.2
464
+ <a href="_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
465
+ </li>
466
+ <li>
467
+ 8.3
468
+ <a href="_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
469
+ </li>
470
+ <li>
471
+ 8.4
472
+ <a href="_enforcing_commit_message_format.html" >An Example Git-Enforced Policy </a>
473
+ </li>
474
+ <li>
475
+ 8.5
476
+ <a href="../Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
477
+ </li>
478
+ </ol>
479
+ </li>
480
+ <li class='chapter'>
481
+ <h2>9. <a href="_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
482
+ <ol>
483
+ <li>
484
+ 9.1
485
+ <a href="_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
486
+ </li>
487
+ <li>
488
+ 9.2
489
+ <a href="_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
490
+ </li>
491
+ <li>
492
+ 9.3
493
+ <a href="../Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
494
+ </li>
495
+ </ol>
496
+ </li>
497
+ <li class='chapter'>
498
+ <h2>10. <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
499
+ <ol>
500
+ <li>
501
+ 10.1
502
+ <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
503
+ </li>
504
+ <li>
505
+ 10.2
506
+ <a href="_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
507
+ </li>
508
+ <li>
509
+ 10.3
510
+ <a href="ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
511
+ </li>
512
+ <li>
513
+ 10.4
514
+ <a href="../Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
515
+ </li>
516
+ <li>
517
+ 10.5
518
+ <a href="_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
519
+ </li>
520
+ <li>
521
+ 10.6
522
+ <a href="../Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
523
+ </li>
524
+ <li>
525
+ 10.7
526
+ <a href="_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
527
+ </li>
528
+ <li>
529
+ 10.8
530
+ <a href="../Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
531
+ </li>
532
+ <li>
533
+ 10.9
534
+ <a href="../Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
535
+ </li>
536
+ </ol>
537
+ </li>
538
+ </ol>
539
+
540
+ </div>
541
+ <div class='column-right'>
542
+ <ol class='book-toc'>
543
+ <li class='chapter'>
544
+ <h2>A1. <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
545
+ <ol>
546
+ <li>
547
+ A1.1
548
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
549
+ </li>
550
+ <li>
551
+ A1.2
552
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
553
+ </li>
554
+ <li>
555
+ A1.3
556
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
557
+ </li>
558
+ <li>
559
+ A1.4
560
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
561
+ </li>
562
+ <li>
563
+ A1.5
564
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
565
+ </li>
566
+ <li>
567
+ A1.6
568
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
569
+ </li>
570
+ <li>
571
+ A1.7
572
+ <a href="oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
573
+ </li>
574
+ <li>
575
+ A1.8
576
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
577
+ </li>
578
+ <li>
579
+ A1.9
580
+ <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
581
+ </li>
582
+ </ol>
583
+ </li>
584
+ <li class='chapter'>
585
+ <h2>A2. <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
586
+ <ol>
587
+ <li>
588
+ A2.1
589
+ <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
590
+ </li>
591
+ <li>
592
+ A2.2
593
+ <a href="_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
594
+ </li>
595
+ <li>
596
+ A2.3
597
+ <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
598
+ </li>
599
+ <li>
600
+ A2.4
601
+ <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
602
+ </li>
603
+ <li>
604
+ A2.5
605
+ <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
606
+ </li>
607
+ </ol>
608
+ </li>
609
+ <li class='chapter'>
610
+ <h2>A3. <a href="ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
611
+ <ol>
612
+ <li>
613
+ A3.1
614
+ <a href="ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
615
+ </li>
616
+ <li>
617
+ A3.2
618
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
619
+ </li>
620
+ <li>
621
+ A3.3
622
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
623
+ </li>
624
+ <li>
625
+ A3.4
626
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
627
+ </li>
628
+ <li>
629
+ A3.5
630
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
631
+ </li>
632
+ <li>
633
+ A3.6
634
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
635
+ </li>
636
+ <li>
637
+ A3.7
638
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
639
+ </li>
640
+ <li>
641
+ A3.8
642
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
643
+ </li>
644
+ <li>
645
+ A3.9
646
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
647
+ </li>
648
+ <li>
649
+ A3.10
650
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
651
+ </li>
652
+ <li>
653
+ A3.11
654
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
655
+ </li>
656
+ <li>
657
+ A3.12
658
+ <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
659
+ </li>
660
+ </ol>
661
+ </li>
662
+ </ol>
663
+
664
+ </div>
665
+ </div>
666
+ </div>
667
+
668
+ <span class="light" id="edition">
669
+ 2nd Edition
670
+ </span>
671
+ </div>
672
+
673
+ <div id='main' class="book edition2">
674
+ <h1>7.7 Git Tools - Reset Demystified</h1>
675
+ <div>
676
+ <h2 id="_git_reset">Reset Demystified</h2>
677
+ <div class="paragraph">
678
+ <p>Before moving on to more specialized tools, let’s talk about the Git <code>reset</code> and <code>checkout</code> commands.
679
+ These commands are two of the most confusing parts of Git when you first encounter them.
680
+ They do so many things that it seems hopeless to actually understand them and employ them properly.
681
+ For this, we recommend a simple metaphor.</p>
682
+ </div>
683
+ <div class="sect3">
684
+ <h3 id="_the_three_trees">The Three Trees</h3>
685
+ <div class="paragraph">
686
+ <p>An easier way to think about <code>reset</code> and <code>checkout</code> is through the mental frame of Git being a content manager of three different trees.
687
+ By “tree” here, we really mean “collection of files”, not specifically the data structure.
688
+ There are a few cases where the index doesn’t exactly act like a tree, but for our purposes it is easier to think about it this way for now.</p>
689
+ </div>
690
+ <div class="paragraph">
691
+ <p>Git as a system manages and manipulates three trees in its normal operation:</p>
692
+ </div>
693
+ <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
694
+ <colgroup>
695
+ <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
696
+ <col style="width: 66.6667%;">
697
+ </colgroup>
698
+ <thead>
699
+ <tr>
700
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Tree</th>
701
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Role</th>
702
+ </tr>
703
+ </thead>
704
+ <tbody>
705
+ <tr>
706
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">HEAD</p></td>
707
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Last commit snapshot, next parent</p></td>
708
+ </tr>
709
+ <tr>
710
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Index</p></td>
711
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Proposed next commit snapshot</p></td>
712
+ </tr>
713
+ <tr>
714
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Working Directory</p></td>
715
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sandbox</p></td>
716
+ </tr>
717
+ </tbody>
718
+ </table>
719
+ <div class="sect4">
720
+ <h4 id="_the_head">The HEAD</h4>
721
+ <div class="paragraph">
722
+ <p>HEAD is the pointer to the current branch reference, which is in turn a pointer to the last commit made on that branch.
723
+ That means HEAD will be the parent of the next commit that is created.
724
+ It’s generally simplest to think of HEAD as the snapshot of <strong>your last commit on that branch</strong>.</p>
725
+ </div>
726
+ <div class="paragraph">
727
+ <p>In fact, it’s pretty easy to see what that snapshot looks like.
728
+ Here is an example of getting the actual directory listing and SHA-1 checksums for each file in the HEAD snapshot:</p>
729
+ </div>
730
+ <div class="listingblock">
731
+ <div class="content">
732
+ <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git cat-file -p HEAD
733
+ tree cfda3bf379e4f8dba8717dee55aab78aef7f4daf
734
+ author Scott Chacon 1301511835 -0700
735
+ committer Scott Chacon 1301511835 -0700
736
+
737
+ initial commit
738
+
739
+ $ git ls-tree -r HEAD
740
+ 100644 blob a906cb2a4a904a152... README
741
+ 100644 blob 8f94139338f9404f2... Rakefile
742
+ 040000 tree 99f1a6d12cb4b6f19... lib</code></pre>
743
+ </div>
744
+ </div>
745
+ <div class="paragraph">
746
+ <p>The Git <code>cat-file</code> and <code>ls-tree</code> commands are “plumbing” commands that are used for lower level things and not really used in day-to-day work, but they help us see what’s going on here.</p>
747
+ </div>
748
+ </div>
749
+ <div class="sect4">
750
+ <h4 id="_the_index">The Index</h4>
751
+ <div class="paragraph">
752
+ <p>The <em>index</em> is your <strong>proposed next commit</strong>.
753
+ We’ve also been referring to this concept as Git’s “Staging Area” as this is what Git looks at when you run <code>git commit</code>.</p>
754
+ </div>
755
+ <div class="paragraph">
756
+ <p>Git populates this index with a list of all the file contents that were last checked out into your working directory and what they looked like when they were originally checked out.
757
+ You then replace some of those files with new versions of them, and <code>git commit</code> converts that into the tree for a new commit.</p>
758
+ </div>
759
+ <div class="listingblock">
760
+ <div class="content">
761
+ <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git ls-files -s
762
+ 100644 a906cb2a4a904a152e80877d4088654daad0c859 0 README
763
+ 100644 8f94139338f9404f26296befa88755fc2598c289 0 Rakefile
764
+ 100644 47c6340d6459e05787f644c2447d2595f5d3a54b 0 lib/simplegit.rb</code></pre>
765
+ </div>
766
+ </div>
767
+ <div class="paragraph">
768
+ <p>Again, here we’re using <code>git ls-files</code>, which is more of a behind the scenes command that shows you what your index currently looks like.</p>
769
+ </div>
770
+ <div class="paragraph">
771
+ <p>The index is not technically a tree structure — it’s actually implemented as a flattened manifest — but for our purposes it’s close enough.</p>
772
+ </div>
773
+ </div>
774
+ <div class="sect4">
775
+ <h4 id="_the_working_directory">The Working Directory</h4>
776
+ <div class="paragraph">
777
+ <p>Finally, you have your <em>working directory</em> (also commonly referred to as the “working tree”).
778
+ The other two trees store their content in an efficient but inconvenient manner, inside the <code>.git</code> folder.
779
+ The working directory unpacks them into actual files, which makes it much easier for you to edit them.
780
+ Think of the working directory as a <strong>sandbox</strong>, where you can try changes out before committing them to your staging area (index) and then to history.</p>
781
+ </div>
782
+ <div class="listingblock">
783
+ <div class="content">
784
+ <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ tree
785
+ .
786
+ ├── README
787
+ ├── Rakefile
788
+ └── lib
789
+ └── simplegit.rb
790
+
791
+ 1 directory, 3 files</code></pre>
792
+ </div>
793
+ </div>
794
+ </div>
795
+ </div>
796
+ <div class="sect3">
797
+ <h3 id="_the_workflow">The Workflow</h3>
798
+ <div class="paragraph">
799
+ <p>Git’s typical workflow is to record snapshots of your project in successively better states, by manipulating these three trees.</p>
800
+ </div>
801
+ <div class="imageblock">
802
+ <div class="content">
803
+ <img src="../images/reset-workflow.png" alt="reset workflow">
804
+ </div>
805
+ </div>
806
+ <div class="paragraph">
807
+ <p>Let’s visualize this process: say you go into a new directory with a single file in it.
808
+ We’ll call this <strong>v1</strong> of the file, and we’ll indicate it in blue.
809
+ Now we run <code>git init</code>, which will create a Git repository with a HEAD reference which points to the unborn <code>master</code> branch.</p>
810
+ </div>
811
+ <div class="imageblock">
812
+ <div class="content">
813
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex1.png" alt="reset ex1">
814
+ </div>
815
+ </div>
816
+ <div class="paragraph">
817
+ <p>At this point, only the working directory tree has any content.</p>
818
+ </div>
819
+ <div class="paragraph">
820
+ <p>Now we want to commit this file, so we use <code>git add</code> to take content in the working directory and copy it to the index.</p>
821
+ </div>
822
+ <div class="imageblock">
823
+ <div class="content">
824
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex2.png" alt="reset ex2">
825
+ </div>
826
+ </div>
827
+ <div class="paragraph">
828
+ <p>Then we run <code>git commit</code>, which takes the contents of the index and saves it as a permanent snapshot, creates a commit object which points to that snapshot, and updates <code>master</code> to point to that commit.</p>
829
+ </div>
830
+ <div class="imageblock">
831
+ <div class="content">
832
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex3.png" alt="reset ex3">
833
+ </div>
834
+ </div>
835
+ <div class="paragraph">
836
+ <p>If we run <code>git status</code>, we’ll see no changes, because all three trees are the same.</p>
837
+ </div>
838
+ <div class="paragraph">
839
+ <p>Now we want to make a change to that file and commit it.
840
+ We’ll go through the same process; first, we change the file in our working directory.
841
+ Let’s call this <strong>v2</strong> of the file, and indicate it in red.</p>
842
+ </div>
843
+ <div class="imageblock">
844
+ <div class="content">
845
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex4.png" alt="reset ex4">
846
+ </div>
847
+ </div>
848
+ <div class="paragraph">
849
+ <p>If we run <code>git status</code> right now, we’ll see the file in red as “Changes not staged for commit”, because that entry differs between the index and the working directory.
850
+ Next we run <code>git add</code> on it to stage it into our index.</p>
851
+ </div>
852
+ <div class="imageblock">
853
+ <div class="content">
854
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex5.png" alt="reset ex5">
855
+ </div>
856
+ </div>
857
+ <div class="paragraph">
858
+ <p>At this point, if we run <code>git status</code>, we will see the file in green under “Changes to be committed” because the index and HEAD differ — that is, our proposed next commit is now different from our last commit.
859
+ Finally, we run <code>git commit</code> to finalize the commit.</p>
860
+ </div>
861
+ <div class="imageblock">
862
+ <div class="content">
863
+ <img src="../images/reset-ex6.png" alt="reset ex6">
864
+ </div>
865
+ </div>
866
+ <div class="paragraph">
867
+ <p>Now <code>git status</code> will give us no output, because all three trees are the same again.</p>
868
+ </div>
869
+ <div class="paragraph">
870
+ <p>Switching branches or cloning goes through a similar process.
871
+ When you checkout a branch, it changes <strong>HEAD</strong> to point to the new branch ref, populates your <strong>index</strong> with the snapshot of that commit, then copies the contents of the <strong>index</strong> into your <strong>working directory</strong>.</p>
872
+ </div>
873
+ </div>
874
+ <div class="sect3">
875
+ <h3 id="_the_role_of_reset">The Role of Reset</h3>
876
+ <div class="paragraph">
877
+ <p>The <code>reset</code> command makes more sense when viewed in this context.</p>
878
+ </div>
879
+ <div class="paragraph">
880
+ <p>For the purposes of these examples, let’s say that we’ve modified <code>file.txt</code> again and committed it a third time.
881
+ So now our history looks like this:</p>
882
+ </div>
883
+ <div class="imageblock">
884
+ <div class="content">
885
+ <img src="../images/reset-start.png" alt="reset start">
886
+ </div>
887
+ </div>
888
+ <div class="paragraph">
889
+ <p>Let’s now walk through exactly what <code>reset</code> does when you call it.
890
+ It directly manipulates these three trees in a simple and predictable way.
891
+ It does up to three basic operations.</p>
892
+ </div>
893
+ <div class="sect4">
894
+ <h4 id="_step_1_move_head">Step 1: Move HEAD</h4>
895
+ <div class="paragraph">
896
+ <p>The first thing <code>reset</code> will do is move what HEAD points to.
897
+ This isn’t the same as changing HEAD itself (which is what <code>checkout</code> does); <code>reset</code> moves the branch that HEAD is pointing to.
898
+ This means if HEAD is set to the <code>master</code> branch (i.e. you’re currently on the <code>master</code> branch), running <code>git reset 9e5e6a4</code> will start by making <code>master</code> point to <code>9e5e6a4</code>.</p>
899
+ </div>
900
+ <div class="imageblock">
901
+ <div class="content">
902
+ <img src="../images/reset-soft.png" alt="reset soft">
903
+ </div>
904
+ </div>
905
+ <div class="paragraph">
906
+ <p>No matter what form of <code>reset</code> with a commit you invoke, this is the first thing it will always try to do.
907
+ With <code>reset --soft</code>, it will simply stop there.</p>
908
+ </div>
909
+ <div class="paragraph">
910
+ <p>Now take a second to look at that diagram and realize what happened: it essentially undid the last <code>git commit</code> command.
911
+ When you run <code>git commit</code>, Git creates a new commit and moves the branch that HEAD points to up to it.
912
+ When you <code>reset</code> back to <code>HEAD~</code> (the parent of HEAD), you are moving the branch back to where it was, without changing the index or working directory.
913
+ You could now update the index and run <code>git commit</code> again to accomplish what <code>git commit --amend</code> would have done (see <a href="_git_amend.html">Changing the Last Commit</a>).</p>
914
+ </div>
915
+ </div>
916
+ <div class="sect4">
917
+ <h4 id="_step_2_updating_the_index_mixed">Step 2: Updating the Index (--mixed)</h4>
918
+ <div class="paragraph">
919
+ <p>Note that if you run <code>git status</code> now you’ll see in green the difference between the index and what the new HEAD is.</p>
920
+ </div>
921
+ <div class="paragraph">
922
+ <p>The next thing <code>reset</code> will do is to update the index with the contents of whatever snapshot HEAD now points to.</p>
923
+ </div>
924
+ <div class="imageblock">
925
+ <div class="content">
926
+ <img src="../images/reset-mixed.png" alt="reset mixed">
927
+ </div>
928
+ </div>
929
+ <div class="paragraph">
930
+ <p>If you specify the <code>--mixed</code> option, <code>reset</code> will stop at this point.
931
+ This is also the default, so if you specify no option at all (just <code>git reset HEAD~</code> in this case), this is where the command will stop.</p>
932
+ </div>
933
+ <div class="paragraph">
934
+ <p>Now take another second to look at that diagram and realize what happened: it still undid your last <code>commit</code>, but also <em>unstaged</em> everything.
935
+ You rolled back to before you ran all your <code>git add</code> and <code>git commit</code> commands.</p>
936
+ </div>
937
+ </div>
938
+ <div class="sect4">
939
+ <h4 id="_step_3_updating_the_working_directory_hard">Step 3: Updating the Working Directory (--hard)</h4>
940
+ <div class="paragraph">
941
+ <p>The third thing that <code>reset</code> will do is to make the working directory look like the index.
942
+ If you use the <code>--hard</code> option, it will continue to this stage.</p>
943
+ </div>
944
+ <div class="imageblock">
945
+ <div class="content">
946
+ <img src="../images/reset-hard.png" alt="reset hard">
947
+ </div>
948
+ </div>
949
+ <div class="paragraph">
950
+ <p>So let’s think about what just happened.
951
+ You undid your last commit, the <code>git add</code> and <code>git commit</code> commands, <strong>and</strong> all the work you did in your working directory.</p>
952
+ </div>
953
+ <div class="paragraph">
954
+ <p>It’s important to note that this flag (<code>--hard</code>) is the only way to make the <code>reset</code> command dangerous, and one of the very few cases where Git will actually destroy data.
955
+ Any other invocation of <code>reset</code> can be pretty easily undone, but the <code>--hard</code> option cannot, since it forcibly overwrites files in the working directory.
956
+ In this particular case, we still have the <strong>v3</strong> version of our file in a commit in our Git DB, and we could get it back by looking at our <code>reflog</code>, but if we had not committed it, Git still would have overwritten the file and it would be unrecoverable.</p>
957
+ </div>
958
+ </div>
959
+ <div class="sect4">
960
+ <h4 id="_recap">Recap</h4>
961
+ <div class="paragraph">
962
+ <p>The <code>reset</code> command overwrites these three trees in a specific order, stopping when you tell it to:</p>
963
+ </div>
964
+ <div class="olist arabic">
965
+ <ol class="arabic">
966
+ <li>
967
+ <p>Move the branch HEAD points to <em>(stop here if <code>--soft</code>)</em>.</p>
968
+ </li>
969
+ <li>
970
+ <p>Make the index look like HEAD <em>(stop here unless <code>--hard</code>)</em>.</p>
971
+ </li>
972
+ <li>
973
+ <p>Make the working directory look like the index.</p>
974
+ </li>
975
+ </ol>
976
+ </div>
977
+ </div>
978
+ </div>
979
+ <div class="sect3">
980
+ <h3 id="_reset_with_a_path">Reset With a Path</h3>
981
+ <div class="paragraph">
982
+ <p>That covers the behavior of <code>reset</code> in its basic form, but you can also provide it with a path to act upon.
983
+ If you specify a path, <code>reset</code> will skip step 1, and limit the remainder of its actions to a specific file or set of files.
984
+ This actually sort of makes sense — HEAD is just a pointer, and you can’t point to part of one commit and part of another.
985
+ But the index and working directory <em>can</em> be partially updated, so reset proceeds with steps 2 and 3.</p>
986
+ </div>
987
+ <div class="paragraph">
988
+ <p>So, assume we run <code>git reset file.txt</code>.
989
+ This form (since you did not specify a commit SHA-1 or branch, and you didn’t specify <code>--soft</code> or <code>--hard</code>) is shorthand for <code>git reset --mixed HEAD file.txt</code>, which will:</p>
990
+ </div>
991
+ <div class="olist arabic">
992
+ <ol class="arabic">
993
+ <li>
994
+ <p>Move the branch HEAD points to <em>(skipped)</em>.</p>
995
+ </li>
996
+ <li>
997
+ <p>Make the index look like HEAD <em>(stop here)</em>.</p>
998
+ </li>
999
+ </ol>
1000
+ </div>
1001
+ <div class="paragraph">
1002
+ <p>So it essentially just copies <code>file.txt</code> from HEAD to the index.</p>
1003
+ </div>
1004
+ <div class="imageblock">
1005
+ <div class="content">
1006
+ <img src="../images/reset-path1.png" alt="reset path1">
1007
+ </div>
1008
+ </div>
1009
+ <div class="paragraph">
1010
+ <p>This has the practical effect of <em>unstaging</em> the file.
1011
+ If we look at the diagram for that command and think about what <code>git add</code> does, they are exact opposites.</p>
1012
+ </div>
1013
+ <div class="imageblock">
1014
+ <div class="content">
1015
+ <img src="../images/reset-path2.png" alt="reset path2">
1016
+ </div>
1017
+ </div>
1018
+ <div class="paragraph">
1019
+ <p>This is why the output of the <code>git status</code> command suggests that you run this to unstage a file (see <a href="_unstaging.html">Unstaging a Staged File</a> for more on this).</p>
1020
+ </div>
1021
+ <div class="paragraph">
1022
+ <p>We could just as easily not let Git assume we meant “pull the data from HEAD” by specifying a specific commit to pull that file version from.
1023
+ We would just run something like <code>git reset eb43bf file.txt</code>.</p>
1024
+ </div>
1025
+ <div class="imageblock">
1026
+ <div class="content">
1027
+ <img src="../images/reset-path3.png" alt="reset path3">
1028
+ </div>
1029
+ </div>
1030
+ <div class="paragraph">
1031
+ <p>This effectively does the same thing as if we had reverted the content of the file to <strong>v1</strong> in the working directory, ran <code>git add</code> on it, then reverted it back to <strong>v3</strong> again (without actually going through all those steps).
1032
+ If we run <code>git commit</code> now, it will record a change that reverts that file back to <strong>v1</strong>, even though we never actually had it in our working directory again.</p>
1033
+ </div>
1034
+ <div class="paragraph">
1035
+ <p>It’s also interesting to note that like <code>git add</code>, the <code>reset</code> command will accept a <code>--patch</code> option to unstage content on a hunk-by-hunk basis.
1036
+ So you can selectively unstage or revert content.</p>
1037
+ </div>
1038
+ </div>
1039
+ <div class="sect3">
1040
+ <h3 id="_squashing_2">Squashing</h3>
1041
+ <div class="paragraph">
1042
+ <p>Let’s look at how to do something interesting with this newfound power — squashing commits.</p>
1043
+ </div>
1044
+ <div class="paragraph">
1045
+ <p>Say you have a series of commits with messages like “oops.”, “WIP” and “forgot this file”.
1046
+ You can use <code>reset</code> to quickly and easily squash them into a single commit that makes you look really smart.
1047
+ <a href="_squashing.html">Squashing Commits</a> shows another way to do this, but in this example it’s simpler to use <code>reset</code>.</p>
1048
+ </div>
1049
+ <div class="paragraph">
1050
+ <p>Let’s say you have a project where the first commit has one file, the second commit added a new file and changed the first, and the third commit changed the first file again.
1051
+ The second commit was a work in progress and you want to squash it down.</p>
1052
+ </div>
1053
+ <div class="imageblock">
1054
+ <div class="content">
1055
+ <img src="../images/reset-squash-r1.png" alt="reset squash r1">
1056
+ </div>
1057
+ </div>
1058
+ <div class="paragraph">
1059
+ <p>You can run <code>git reset --soft HEAD~2</code> to move the HEAD branch back to an older commit (the most recent commit you want to keep):</p>
1060
+ </div>
1061
+ <div class="imageblock">
1062
+ <div class="content">
1063
+ <img src="../images/reset-squash-r2.png" alt="reset squash r2">
1064
+ </div>
1065
+ </div>
1066
+ <div class="paragraph">
1067
+ <p>And then simply run <code>git commit</code> again:</p>
1068
+ </div>
1069
+ <div class="imageblock">
1070
+ <div class="content">
1071
+ <img src="../images/reset-squash-r3.png" alt="reset squash r3">
1072
+ </div>
1073
+ </div>
1074
+ <div class="paragraph">
1075
+ <p>Now you can see that your reachable history, the history you would push, now looks like you had one commit with <code>file-a.txt</code> v1, then a second that both modified <code>file-a.txt</code> to v3 and added <code>file-b.txt</code>.
1076
+ The commit with the v2 version of the file is no longer in the history.</p>
1077
+ </div>
1078
+ </div>
1079
+ <div class="sect3">
1080
+ <h3 id="_check_it_out">Check It Out</h3>
1081
+ <div class="paragraph">
1082
+ <p>Finally, you may wonder what the difference between <code>checkout</code> and <code>reset</code> is.
1083
+ Like <code>reset</code>, <code>checkout</code> manipulates the three trees, and it is a bit different depending on whether you give the command a file path or not.</p>
1084
+ </div>
1085
+ <div class="sect4">
1086
+ <h4 id="_without_paths">Without Paths</h4>
1087
+ <div class="paragraph">
1088
+ <p>Running <code>git checkout [branch]</code> is pretty similar to running <code>git reset --hard [branch]</code> in that it updates all three trees for you to look like <code>[branch]</code>, but there are two important differences.</p>
1089
+ </div>
1090
+ <div class="paragraph">
1091
+ <p>First, unlike <code>reset --hard</code>, <code>checkout</code> is working-directory safe; it will check to make sure it’s not blowing away files that have changes to them.
1092
+ Actually, it’s a bit smarter than that — it tries to do a trivial merge in the working directory, so all of the files you <em>haven’t</em> changed will be updated.
1093
+ <code>reset --hard</code>, on the other hand, will simply replace everything across the board without checking.</p>
1094
+ </div>
1095
+ <div class="paragraph">
1096
+ <p>The second important difference is how <code>checkout</code> updates HEAD.
1097
+ Whereas <code>reset</code> will move the branch that HEAD points to, <code>checkout</code> will move HEAD itself to point to another branch.</p>
1098
+ </div>
1099
+ <div class="paragraph">
1100
+ <p>For instance, say we have <code>master</code> and <code>develop</code> branches which point at different commits, and we’re currently on <code>develop</code> (so HEAD points to it).
1101
+ If we run <code>git reset master</code>, <code>develop</code> itself will now point to the same commit that <code>master</code> does.
1102
+ If we instead run <code>git checkout master</code>, <code>develop</code> does not move, HEAD itself does.
1103
+ HEAD will now point to <code>master</code>.</p>
1104
+ </div>
1105
+ <div class="paragraph">
1106
+ <p>So, in both cases we’re moving HEAD to point to commit A, but <em>how</em> we do so is very different.
1107
+ <code>reset</code> will move the branch HEAD points to, <code>checkout</code> moves HEAD itself.</p>
1108
+ </div>
1109
+ <div class="imageblock">
1110
+ <div class="content">
1111
+ <img src="../images/reset-checkout.png" alt="reset checkout">
1112
+ </div>
1113
+ </div>
1114
+ </div>
1115
+ <div class="sect4">
1116
+ <h4 id="_with_paths">With Paths</h4>
1117
+ <div class="paragraph">
1118
+ <p>The other way to run <code>checkout</code> is with a file path, which, like <code>reset</code>, does not move HEAD.
1119
+ It is just like <code>git reset [branch] file</code> in that it updates the index with that file at that commit, but it also overwrites the file in the working directory.
1120
+ It would be exactly like <code>git reset --hard [branch] file</code> (if <code>reset</code> would let you run that) — it’s not working-directory safe, and it does not move HEAD.</p>
1121
+ </div>
1122
+ <div class="paragraph">
1123
+ <p>Also, like <code>git reset</code> and <code>git add</code>, <code>checkout</code> will accept a <code>--patch</code> option to allow you to selectively revert file contents on a hunk-by-hunk basis.</p>
1124
+ </div>
1125
+ </div>
1126
+ </div>
1127
+ <div class="sect3">
1128
+ <h3 id="_summary_8">Summary</h3>
1129
+ <div class="paragraph">
1130
+ <p>Hopefully now you understand and feel more comfortable with the <code>reset</code> command, but are probably still a little confused about how exactly it differs from <code>checkout</code> and could not possibly remember all the rules of the different invocations.</p>
1131
+ </div>
1132
+ <div class="paragraph">
1133
+ <p>Here’s a cheat-sheet for which commands affect which trees.
1134
+ The “HEAD” column reads “REF” if that command moves the reference (branch) that HEAD points to, and “HEAD” if it moves HEAD itself.
1135
+ Pay especial attention to the 'WD Safe?' column — if it says <strong>NO</strong>, take a second to think before running that command.</p>
1136
+ </div>
1137
+ <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
1138
+ <colgroup>
1139
+ <col style="width: 42.8571%;">
1140
+ <col style="width: 14.2857%;">
1141
+ <col style="width: 14.2857%;">
1142
+ <col style="width: 14.2857%;">
1143
+ <col style="width: 14.2858%;">
1144
+ </colgroup>
1145
+ <thead>
1146
+ <tr>
1147
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></th>
1148
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">HEAD</th>
1149
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Index</th>
1150
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Workdir</th>
1151
+ <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">WD Safe?</th>
1152
+ </tr>
1153
+ </thead>
1154
+ <tbody>
1155
+ <tr>
1156
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Commit Level</strong></p></td>
1157
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1158
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1159
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1160
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1161
+ </tr>
1162
+ <tr>
1163
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset --soft [commit]</code></p></td>
1164
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
1165
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1166
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1167
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1168
+ </tr>
1169
+ <tr>
1170
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset [commit]</code></p></td>
1171
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
1172
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1173
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1174
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1175
+ </tr>
1176
+ <tr>
1177
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset --hard [commit]</code></p></td>
1178
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
1179
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1180
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1181
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>NO</strong></p></td>
1182
+ </tr>
1183
+ <tr>
1184
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>checkout &lt;commit&gt;</code></p></td>
1185
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">HEAD</p></td>
1186
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1187
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1188
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1189
+ </tr>
1190
+ <tr>
1191
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>File Level</strong></p></td>
1192
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1193
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1194
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1195
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
1196
+ </tr>
1197
+ <tr>
1198
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset [commit] &lt;paths&gt;</code></p></td>
1199
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1200
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1201
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1202
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1203
+ </tr>
1204
+ <tr>
1205
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>checkout [commit] &lt;paths&gt;</code></p></td>
1206
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
1207
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1208
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
1209
+ <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>NO</strong></p></td>
1210
+ </tr>
1211
+ </tbody>
1212
+ </table>
1213
+ </div>
1214
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