vpim2 0.0.1

data/lib/vpim/vcard.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1430 @@
+# encoding: US-ASCII
+=begin
+  Copyright (C) 2008 Sam Roberts
+
+  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the same terms as the ruby language itself, see the file COPYING for
+  details.
+=end
+
+require 'vpim/vpim'
+require 'vpim/attachment'
+require 'vpim/dirinfo'
+
+require 'open-uri'
+require 'stringio'
+
+module Vpim
+  # A vCard, a specialization of a directory info object.
+  #
+  # The vCard format is specified by:
+  # - RFC2426: vCard MIME Directory Profile (vCard 3.0)
+  # - RFC2425: A MIME Content-Type for Directory Information
+  #
+  # This implements vCard 3.0, but it is also capable of working with vCard 2.1
+  # if used with care.
+  #
+  # All line values can be accessed with Vcard#value, Vcard#values, or even by
+  # iterating through Vcard#lines. Line types that don't have specific support
+  # and non-standard line types ("X-MY-SPECIAL", for example) will be returned
+  # as a String, with any base64 or quoted-printable encoding removed. 
+  #
+  # Specific support exists to return more useful values for the standard vCard
+  # types, where appropriate.
+  #
+  # The wrapper functions (#birthday, #nicknames, #emails, etc.) exist
+  # partially as an API convenience, and partially as a place to document
+  # the values returned for the more complex types, like PHOTO and EMAIL.
+  #
+  # For types that do not sensibly occur multiple times (like BDAY or GEO),
+  # sometimes a wrapper exists only to return a single line, using #value.
+  # However, if you find the need, you can still call #values to get all the
+  # lines, and both the singular and plural forms will eventually be
+  # implemented.
+  #
+  # If there is sufficient demand, specific support for vCard 2.1 could be
+  # implemented.
+  #
+  # For more information see:
+  # - link:rfc2426.txt: vCard MIME Directory Profile (vCard 3.0)
+  # - link:rfc2425.txt: A MIME Content-Type for Directory Information
+  # - http://www.imc.org/pdi/pdiproddev.html: vCard 2.1 Specifications
+  #
+  # vCards are usually transmitted in files with <code>.vcf</code>
+  # extensions.
+  #
+  # = Examples
+  #
+  # - link:ex_mkvcard.txt: example of creating a vCard
+  # - link:ex_cpvcard.txt: example of copying and them modifying a vCard
+  # - link:ex_mkv21vcard.txt: example of creating version 2.1 vCard
+  # - link:mutt-aliases-to-vcf.txt: convert a mutt aliases file to vCards
+  # - link:ex_get_vcard_photo.txt: pull photo data from a vCard
+  # - link:ab-query.txt: query the OS X Address Book to find vCards
+  # - link:vcf-to-mutt.txt: query vCards for matches, output in formats useful
+  #   with Mutt (see link:README.mutt for details)
+  # - link:tabbed-file-to-vcf.txt: convert a tab-delimited file to vCards, a
+  #   (small but) complete application contributed by Dane G. Avilla, thanks!
+  # - link:vcf-to-ics.txt: example of how to create calendars of birthdays from vCards
+  # - link:vcf-dump.txt: utility for dumping contents of .vcf files
+  class Vcard < DirectoryInfo
+
+    # Represents the value of an ADR field.
+    #
+    # #location, #preferred, and #delivery indicate information about how the
+    # address is to be used, the other attributes are parts of the address.
+    #
+    # Using values other than those defined for #location or #delivery is
+    # unlikely to be portable, or even conformant.
+    #
+    # All attributes are optional. #location and #delivery can be set to arrays
+    # of strings.
+    class Address
+      # post office box (String)
+      attr_accessor :pobox
+      # seldom used, its not clear what it is for (String)
+      attr_accessor :extended
+      # street address (String)
+      attr_accessor :street
+      # usually the city (String)
+      attr_accessor :locality
+      # usually the province or state (String)
+      attr_accessor :region
+      # postal code (String)
+      attr_accessor :postalcode
+      # country name (String)
+      attr_accessor :country
+      # home, work (Array of String): the location referred to by the address
+      attr_accessor :location
+      # true, false (boolean): where this is the preferred address (for this location)
+      attr_accessor :preferred
+      # postal, parcel, dom (domestic), intl (international) (Array of String): delivery
+      # type of this address
+      attr_accessor :delivery
+
+      # nonstandard types, their meaning is undefined (Array of String). These
+      # might be found during decoding, but shouldn't be set during encoding.
+      attr_reader :nonstandard
+
+      # Used to simplify some long and tedious code. These symbols are in the
+      # order required for the ADR field structured TEXT value, the order
+      # cannot be changed.
+      @@adr_parts = [
+        :@pobox,
+        :@extended,
+        :@street,
+        :@locality,
+        :@region,
+        :@postalcode,
+        :@country,
+      ]
+
+      # TODO
+      # - #location?
+      # - #delivery?
+      def initialize #:nodoc:
+        # TODO - Add #label to support LABEL. Try to find LABEL
+        # in either same group, or with sam params.
+        @@adr_parts.each do |part|
+          instance_variable_set(part, '')
+        end
+
+        @location = []
+        @preferred = false
+        @delivery = []
+        @nonstandard = []
+      end
+
+      def encode #:nodoc:
+        parts = @@adr_parts.map do |part|
+          instance_variable_get(part)
+        end
+
+        value = Vpim.encode_text_list(parts, ";")
+
+        params = [ @location, @delivery, @nonstandard ]
+        params << 'pref' if @preferred
+        params = params.flatten.compact.map { |s| s.to_str.downcase }.uniq
+
+        paramshash = {}
+
+        paramshash['TYPE'] = params if params.first
+
+        Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'ADR', value, paramshash)
+      end
+
+      def Address.decode(card, field) #:nodoc:
+        adr = new
+
+        parts = Vpim.decode_text_list(field.value_raw, ';')
+
+        @@adr_parts.each_with_index do |part,i|
+          adr.instance_variable_set(part, parts[i] || '')
+        end
+
+        params = field.pvalues('TYPE')
+
+        if params
+          params.each do |p|
+            p.downcase!
+            case p
+            when 'home', 'work'
+              adr.location << p
+            when 'postal', 'parcel', 'dom', 'intl'
+              adr.delivery << p
+            when 'pref'
+              adr.preferred = true
+            else
+              adr.nonstandard << p
+            end
+          end
+          # Strip duplicates
+          [ adr.location, adr.delivery, adr.nonstandard ].each do |a|
+            a.uniq!
+          end
+        end
+
+        adr
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents the value of an EMAIL field.
+    class Email < String
+      # true, false (boolean): whether this is the preferred email address
+      attr_accessor :preferred
+      # internet, x400 (String): the email address format, rarely specified
+      # since the default is 'internet'
+      attr_accessor :format
+      # home, work (Array of String): the location referred to by the address. The
+      # inclusion of location parameters in a vCard seems to be non-conformant,
+      # strictly speaking, but also seems to be widespread.
+      attr_accessor :location
+      # nonstandard types, their meaning is undefined (Array of String). These
+      # might be found during decoding, but shouldn't be set during encoding.
+      attr_reader :nonstandard
+
+      def initialize(email='') #:nodoc:
+        @preferred = false
+        @format = 'internet'
+        @location = []
+        @nonstandard = []
+        super(email)
+      end
+
+      def inspect #:nodoc:
+        s = "#<#{self.class.to_s}: #{to_str.inspect}"
+        s << ", pref" if preferred
+        s << ", #{format}" if format != 'internet'
+        s << ", " << @location.join(", ") if @location.first
+        s << ", #{@nonstandard.join(", ")}" if @nonstandard.first
+        s
+      end
+
+      def encode #:nodoc:
+        value = to_str.strip
+
+        if value.length < 1
+          raise InvalidEncodingError, "EMAIL must have a value"
+        end
+
+        params = [ @location, @nonstandard ]
+        params << @format if @format != 'internet'
+        params << 'pref'  if @preferred
+
+        params = params.flatten.compact.map { |s| s.to_str.downcase }.uniq
+
+        paramshash = {}
+
+        paramshash['TYPE'] = params if params.first
+
+        Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'EMAIL', value, paramshash)
+      end
+
+      def Email.decode(field) #:nodoc:
+        value = field.to_text.strip
+
+        if value.length < 1
+          raise InvalidEncodingError, "EMAIL must have a value"
+        end
+
+        eml = Email.new(value)
+
+        params = field.pvalues('TYPE')
+
+        if params
+          params.each do |p|
+            p.downcase!
+            case p
+            when 'home', 'work'
+              eml.location << p
+            when 'pref'
+              eml.preferred = true
+            when 'x400', 'internet'
+              eml.format = p
+            else
+              eml.nonstandard << p
+            end
+          end
+          # Strip duplicates
+          [ eml.location, eml.nonstandard ].each do |a|
+            a.uniq!
+          end
+        end
+
+        eml
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents the value of a TEL field.
+    # 
+    # The value is supposed to be a "X.500 Telephone Number" according to RFC
+    # 2426, but that standard is not freely available. Otherwise, anything that
+    # looks like a phone number should be OK.
+    class Telephone < String
+      # true, false (boolean): whether this is the preferred email address
+      attr_accessor :preferred
+      # home, work, cell, car, pager (Array of String): the location
+      # of the device
+      attr_accessor :location
+      # voice, fax, video, msg, bbs, modem, isdn, pcs (Array of String): the
+      # capabilities of the device
+      attr_accessor :capability
+      # nonstandard types, their meaning is undefined (Array of String). These
+      # might be found during decoding, but shouldn't be set during encoding.
+      attr_reader :nonstandard
+
+      def initialize(telephone='') #:nodoc:
+        @preferred = false
+        @location = []
+        @capability = []
+        @nonstandard = []
+        super(telephone)
+      end
+
+      def inspect #:nodoc:
+        s = "#<#{self.class.to_s}: #{to_str.inspect}"
+        s << ", pref" if preferred
+        s << ", " << @location.join(", ") if @location.first
+        s << ", " << @capability.join(", ") if @capability.first
+        s << ", #{@nonstandard.join(", ")}" if @nonstandard.first
+        s
+      end
+
+      def encode #:nodoc:
+        value = to_str.strip
+
+        if value.length < 1
+          raise InvalidEncodingError, "TEL must have a value"
+        end
+
+        params = [ @location, @capability, @nonstandard ]
+        params << 'pref'  if @preferred
+
+        params = params.flatten.compact.map { |s| s.to_str.downcase }.uniq
+
+        paramshash = {}
+
+        paramshash['TYPE'] = params if params.first
+
+        Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'TEL', value, paramshash)
+      end
+
+      def Telephone.decode(field) #:nodoc:
+        value = field.to_text.strip
+
+        if value.length < 1
+          raise InvalidEncodingError, "TEL must have a value"
+        end
+
+        tel = Telephone.new(value)
+
+        params = field.pvalues('TYPE')
+
+        if params
+          params.each do |p|
+            p.downcase!
+            case p
+            when 'home', 'work', 'cell', 'car', 'pager'
+              tel.location << p
+            when 'voice', 'fax', 'video', 'msg', 'bbs', 'modem', 'isdn', 'pcs'
+              tel.capability << p
+            when 'pref'
+              tel.preferred = true
+            else
+              tel.nonstandard << p
+            end
+          end
+          # Strip duplicates
+          [ tel.location, tel.capability, tel.nonstandard ].each do |a|
+            a.uniq!
+          end
+        end
+
+        tel
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The name from a vCard, including all the components of the N: and FN:
+    # fields.
+    class Name
+      # family name, from N
+      attr_accessor :family
+      # given name, from N
+      attr_accessor :given
+      # additional names, from N
+      attr_accessor :additional
+      # such as "Ms." or "Dr.", from N
+      attr_accessor :prefix
+      # such as "BFA", from N
+      attr_accessor :suffix
+      # full name, the FN field. FN is a formatted version of the N field,
+      # intended to be in a form more aligned with the cultural conventions of
+      # the vCard owner than +formatted+ is.
+      attr_accessor :fullname
+      # all the components of N formtted as "#{prefix} #{given} #{additional} #{family}, #{suffix}"
+      attr_reader   :formatted
+
+      # Override the attr reader to make it dynamic
+      remove_method :formatted
+      def formatted #:nodoc:
+        f = [ @prefix, @given, @additional, @family ].map{|i| i == '' ? nil : i.strip}.compact.join(' ')
+        if @suffix != ''
+          f << ', ' << @suffix
+        end
+        f
+      end
+
+      def initialize(n='', fn='') #:nodoc:
+        n = Vpim.decode_text_list(n, ';') do |item|
+          item.strip
+        end
+
+        @family     = n[0] || ""
+        @given      = n[1] || ""
+        @additional = n[2] || ""
+        @prefix     = n[3] || ""
+        @suffix     = n[4] || ""
+
+        # FIXME - make calls to #fullname fail if fn is nil
+        @fullname = (fn || "").strip
+      end
+
+      def encode #:nodoc:
+         Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create('N',
+           Vpim.encode_text_list([ @family, @given, @additional, @prefix, @suffix ].map{|n| n.strip}, ';')
+           )
+      end
+      def encode_fn #:nodoc:
+        fn = @fullname.strip
+        if @fullname.length == 0
+          fn = formatted
+        end
+        Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create('FN', fn)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    def decode_invisible(field) #:nodoc:
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def decode_default(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, field.value )
+    end
+
+    def decode_version(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, (field.value.to_f * 10).to_i )
+    end
+
+    def decode_text(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Vpim.decode_text(field.value_raw) )
+    end
+
+    def decode_n(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Name.new(field.value, self['FN']).freeze )
+    end
+
+    def decode_date_or_datetime(field) #:nodoc:
+      date = nil
+      begin
+        date = Vpim.decode_date_to_date(field.value_raw)
+      rescue Vpim::InvalidEncodingError
+        date = Vpim.decode_date_time_to_datetime(field.value_raw)
+      end
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, date )
+    end
+
+    def decode_bday(field) #:nodoc:
+      begin
+        return decode_date_or_datetime(field)
+
+      rescue Vpim::InvalidEncodingError
+        # Hack around BDAY dates hat are correct in the month and day, but have
+        # some kind of garbage in the year.
+        if field.value =~ /^\s*(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\s*$/
+          y = $1.to_i
+          m = $2.to_i
+          d = $3.to_i
+          if(y < 1900)
+            y = Time.now.year
+          end
+          Line.new( field.group, field.name, Date.new(y, m, d) )
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def decode_geo(field) #:nodoc:
+      geo = Vpim.decode_list(field.value_raw, ';') do |item| item.to_f end
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, geo )
+    end
+
+    def decode_address(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Address.decode(self, field) )
+    end
+
+    def decode_email(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Email.decode(field) )
+    end
+
+    def decode_telephone(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Telephone.decode(field) )
+    end
+
+    def decode_list_of_text(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name,
+               Vpim.decode_text_list(field.value_raw).select{|t| t.length > 0}.uniq
+              )
+    end
+
+    def decode_structured_text(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Vpim.decode_text_list(field.value_raw, ';') )
+    end
+
+    def decode_uri(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Attachment::Uri.new(field.value, nil) )
+    end
+
+    def decode_agent(field) #:nodoc:
+      case field.kind
+      when 'text'
+        decode_text(field)
+      when 'uri'
+        decode_uri(field)
+      when 'vcard', nil
+        Line.new( field.group, field.name, Vcard.decode(Vpim.decode_text(field.value_raw)).first )
+      else
+        raise InvalidEncodingError, "AGENT type #{field.kind} is not allowed"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def decode_attachment(field) #:nodoc:
+      Line.new( field.group, field.name, Attachment.decode(field, 'binary', 'TYPE') )
+    end
+
+    @@decode = {
+      'BEGIN'      => :decode_invisible, # Don't return delimiter
+      'END'        => :decode_invisible, # Don't return delimiter
+      'FN'         => :decode_invisible, # Returned as part of N.
+
+      'ADR'        => :decode_address,
+      'AGENT'      => :decode_agent,
+      'BDAY'       => :decode_bday,
+      'CATEGORIES' => :decode_list_of_text,
+      'EMAIL'      => :decode_email,
+      'GEO'        => :decode_geo,
+      'KEY'        => :decode_attachment,
+      'LOGO'       => :decode_attachment,
+      'MAILER'     => :decode_text,
+      'N'          => :decode_n,
+      'NAME'       => :decode_text,
+      'NICKNAME'   => :decode_list_of_text,
+      'NOTE'       => :decode_text,
+      'ORG'        => :decode_structured_text,
+      'PHOTO'      => :decode_attachment,
+      'PRODID'     => :decode_text,
+      'PROFILE'    => :decode_text,
+      'REV'        => :decode_date_or_datetime,
+      'ROLE'       => :decode_text,
+      'SOUND'      => :decode_attachment,
+      'SOURCE'     => :decode_text,
+      'TEL'        => :decode_telephone,
+      'TITLE'      => :decode_text,
+      'UID'        => :decode_text,
+      'URL'        => :decode_uri,
+      'VERSION'    => :decode_version,
+    }
+
+    @@decode.default = :decode_default
+
+    # Cache of decoded lines/fields, so we don't have to decode a field more than once.
+    attr_reader :cache #:nodoc:
+
+    # An entry in a vCard. The #value object's type varies with the kind of
+    # line (the #name), and on how the line was encoded. The objects returned
+    # for a specific kind of line are often extended so that they support a
+    # common set of methods. The goal is to allow all types of objects for a
+    # kind of line to be treated with some uniformity, but still allow specific
+    # handling for the various value types if desired.
+    #
+    # See the specific methods for details.
+    class Line
+      attr_reader :group
+      attr_reader :name
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      def initialize(group, name, value) #:nodoc:
+        @group, @name, @value = (group||''), name.to_str, value
+      end
+
+      def self.decode(decode, card, field) #:nodoc:
+        card.cache[field] || (card.cache[field] = card.send(decode[field.name], field))
+      end
+    end
+
+    #@lines = {} FIXME - dead code
+
+    # Return line for a field
+    def f2l(field) #:nodoc:
+      begin
+        Line.decode(@@decode, self, field)
+      rescue InvalidEncodingError
+        # Skip invalidly encoded fields.
+      end
+    end
+
+    # With no block, returns an Array of Line. If +name+ is specified, the
+    # Array will only contain the +Line+s with that +name+. The Array may be
+    # empty.
+    #
+    # If a block is given, each Line will be yielded instead of being returned
+    # in an Array.
+    def lines(name=nil) #:yield: Line
+      # FIXME - this would be much easier if #lines was #each, and there was a
+      # different #lines that returned an Enumerator that used #each
+      unless block_given?
+        map do |f|
+          if( !name || f.name?(name) )
+           f2l(f)
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end.compact
+      else
+        each do |f|
+          if( !name || f.name?(name) )
+            line = f2l(f)
+            if line
+              yield line
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    def initialize(fields, profile) #:nodoc:
+      @cache = {}
+      super(fields, profile)
+    end
+
+    # Create a vCard 3.0 object with the minimum required fields, plus any
+    # +fields+ you want in the card (they can also be added later).
+    def Vcard.create(fields = [] )
+      fields.unshift Field.create('VERSION', "3.0")
+      super(fields, 'VCARD')
+    end
+
+    # Decode a collection of vCards into an array of Vcard objects.
+    #
+    # +card+ can be either a String or an IO object.
+    #
+    # Since vCards are self-delimited (by a BEGIN:vCard and an END:vCard),
+    # multiple vCards can be concatenated into a single directory info object.
+    # They may or may not be related. For example, AddressBook.app (the OS X
+    # contact manager) will export multiple selected cards in this format.
+    #
+    # Input data will be converted from unicode if it is detected. The heuristic
+    # is based on the first bytes in the string:
+    # - 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF: UTF-8 with a BOM, the BOM is stripped
+    # - 0xFE 0xFF: UTF-16 with a BOM (big-endian), the BOM is stripped and string
+    #   is converted to UTF-8
+    # - 0xFF 0xFE: UTF-16 with a BOM (little-endian), the BOM is stripped and string
+    #   is converted to UTF-8
+    # - 0x00 'B' or 0x00 'b': UTF-16 (big-endian), the string is converted to UTF-8
+    # - 'B' 0x00 or 'b' 0x00: UTF-16 (little-endian), the string is converted to UTF-8
+    #
+    # If you know that you have only one vCard, then you can decode that
+    # single vCard by doing something like:
+    #
+    #   vcard = Vcard.decode(card_data).first
+    #
+    # Note: Should the import encoding be remembered, so that it can be reencoded in
+    # the same format?
+    def Vcard.decode(card)
+      if card.respond_to? :to_str
+        string = card.to_str
+      elsif card.respond_to? :read
+        string = card.read(nil)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Vcard.decode cannot be called with a #{card.type}"
+      end
+
+      case string
+        when /^\xEF\xBB\xBF/
+          string = string.sub("\xEF\xBB\xBF", '')
+        when /^\xFE\xFF/
+          arr = string.unpack('n*')
+          arr.shift
+          string = arr.pack('U*')
+        when /^\xFF\xFE/
+          arr = string.unpack('v*')
+          arr.shift
+          string = arr.pack('U*')
+        when /^\x00B/i
+          string = string.unpack('n*').pack('U*')
+        when /^B\x00/i
+          string = string.unpack('v*').pack('U*')
+      end
+
+      entities = Vpim.expand(Vpim.decode(string))
+
+      # Since all vCards must have a begin/end, the top-level should consist
+      # entirely of entities/arrays, even if its a single vCard.
+      if entities.detect { |e| ! e.kind_of? Array }
+        raise "Not a valid vCard"
+      end
+
+      vcards = []
+
+      for e in entities
+        vcards.push(new(e.flatten, 'VCARD'))
+      end
+
+      vcards
+    end
+
+    # The value of the field named +name+, optionally limited to fields of
+    # type +type+. If no match is found, nil is returned, if multiple matches
+    # are found, the first match to have one of its type values be 'PREF'
+    # (preferred) is returned, otherwise the first match is returned.
+    #
+    # FIXME - this will become an alias for #value.
+    def [](name, type=nil)
+      fields = enum_by_name(name).find_all { |f| type == nil || f.type?(type) }
+
+      valued = fields.select { |f| f.value != '' }
+      if valued.first
+        fields = valued
+      end
+
+      # limit to preferred, if possible
+      pref = fields.select { |f| f.pref? }
+
+      if pref.first
+        fields = pref
+      end
+
+      fields.first ? fields.first.value : nil
+    end
+
+    # Return the Line#value for a specific +name+, and optionally for a
+    # specific +type+.
+    #
+    # If no line with the +name+ (and, optionally, +type+) exists, nil is
+    # returned.
+    #
+    # If multiple lines exist, the order of preference is:
+    # - lines with values over lines without
+    # - lines with a type of 'pref' over lines without
+    # If multiple lines are equally preferred, then the first line will be
+    # returned.
+    #
+    # This is most useful when looking for a line that can not occur multiple
+    # times, or when the line can occur multiple times, and you want to pick
+    # the first preferred line of a specific type. See #values if you need to
+    # access all the lines.
+    #
+    # Note that the +type+ field parameter is used for different purposes by
+    # the various kinds of vCard lines, but for the addressing lines (ADR,
+    # LABEL, TEL, EMAIL) it is has a reasonably consistent usage. Each
+    # addressing line can occur multiple times, and a +type+ of 'pref'
+    # indicates that a particular line is the preferred line. Other +type+
+    # values tend to indicate some information about the location ('home',
+    # 'work', ...) or some detail about the address ('cell', 'fax', 'voice',
+    # ...). See the methods for the specific types of line for information
+    # about supported types and their meaning.
+    def value(name, type = nil)
+      v = nil
+
+      fields = enum_by_name(name).find_all { |f| type == nil || f.type?(type) }
+
+      valued = fields.select { |f| f.value != '' }
+      if valued.first
+        fields = valued
+      end
+
+      pref = fields.select { |f| f.pref? }
+
+      if pref.first
+        fields = pref
+      end
+
+      if fields.first
+        line = begin
+                 Line.decode(@@decode, self, fields.first)
+               rescue Vpim::InvalidEncodingError
+               end
+
+        if line
+          return line.value
+        end
+      end
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # A variant of #lines that only iterates over specific Line names. Since
+    # the name is known, only the Line#value is returned or yielded.
+    def values(name)
+      unless block_given?
+        lines(name).map { |line| line.value }
+      else
+        lines(name) { |line| yield line.value }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The first ADR value of type +type+, a Address. Any of the location or
+    # delivery attributes of Address can be used as +type+. A wrapper around
+    # #value('ADR', +type+).
+    def address(type=nil)
+      value('ADR', type)
+    end
+
+    # The ADR values, an array of Address. If a block is given, the values are
+    # yielded. A wrapper around #values('ADR').
+    def addresses #:yield:address
+      values('ADR')
+    end
+
+    # The AGENT values. Each AGENT value is either a String, a Uri, or a Vcard.
+    # If a block is given, the values are yielded. A wrapper around
+    # #values('AGENT').
+    def agents #:yield:agent
+      values('AGENT')
+    end
+
+    # The BDAY value as either a Date or a DateTime, or nil if there is none.
+    #
+    # If the BDAY value is invalidly formatted, a feeble heuristic is applied
+    # to find the month and year, and return a Date in the current year.
+    def birthday
+      value('BDAY')
+    end
+
+    # The CATEGORIES values, an array of String. A wrapper around
+    # #value('CATEGORIES').
+    def categories
+      value('CATEGORIES')
+    end
+
+    # The first EMAIL value of type +type+, a Email. Any of the location
+    # attributes of Email can be used as +type+. A wrapper around
+    # #value('EMAIL', +type+).
+    def email(type=nil)
+      value('EMAIL', type)
+    end
+
+    # The EMAIL values, an array of Email. If a block is given, the values are
+    # yielded. A wrapper around #values('EMAIL').
+    def emails #:yield:email
+      values('EMAIL')
+    end
+
+    # The GEO value, an Array of two Floats, +[ latitude, longitude]+.  North
+    # of the equator is positive latitude, east of the meridian is positive
+    # longitude.  See RFC2445 for more info, there are lots of special cases
+    # and RFC2445's description is more complete thant RFC2426.
+    def geo
+      value('GEO')
+    end
+
+    # Return an Array of KEY Line#value, or yield each Line#value if a block
+    # is given. A wrapper around #values('KEY').
+    #
+    # KEY is a public key or authentication certificate associated with the
+    # object that the vCard represents. It is not commonly used, but could
+    # contain a X.509 or PGP certificate.
+    #
+    # See Attachment for a description of the value.
+    def keys(&proc) #:yield: Line.value
+      values('KEY', &proc)
+    end
+
+    # Return an Array of LOGO Line#value, or yield each Line#value if a block
+    # is given. A wrapper around #values('LOGO').
+    #
+    # LOGO is a graphic image of a logo associated with the object the vCard
+    # represents. Its not common, but would probably be equivalent to the logo
+    # on a printed card.
+    #
+    # See Attachment for a description of the value.
+    def logos(&proc) #:yield: Line.value
+      values('LOGO', &proc)
+    end
+
+    ## MAILER
+
+    # The N and FN as a Name object.
+    #
+    # N is required for a vCards, this raises InvalidEncodingError if
+    # there is no N so it cannot return nil.
+    def name
+      value('N') || raise(Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, "Missing mandatory N field")
+    end
+
+    # The first NICKNAME value, nil if there are none.
+    def nickname
+      v = value('NICKNAME')
+      v = v.first if v
+      v
+    end
+
+    # The NICKNAME values, an array of String. The array may be empty.
+    def nicknames
+      values('NICKNAME').flatten.uniq
+    end
+
+    # The NOTE value, a String. A wrapper around #value('NOTE').
+    def note
+      value('NOTE')
+    end
+
+    # The ORG value, an Array of String. The first string is the organization,
+    # subsequent strings are departments within the organization. A wrapper
+    # around #value('ORG').
+    def org
+      value('ORG')
+    end
+
+    # Return an Array of PHOTO Line#value, or yield each Line#value if a block
+    # is given. A wrapper around #values('PHOTO').
+    #
+    # PHOTO is an image or photograph information that annotates some aspect of
+    # the object the vCard represents. Commonly there is one PHOTO, and it is a
+    # photo of the person identified by the vCard.
+    #
+    # See Attachment for a description of the value.
+    def photos(&proc) #:yield: Line.value
+      values('PHOTO', &proc)
+    end
+
+    ## PRODID
+
+    ## PROFILE
+
+    ## REV
+
+    ## ROLE
+
+    # Return an Array of SOUND Line#value, or yield each Line#value if a block
+    # is given. A wrapper around #values('SOUND').
+    #
+    # SOUND is digital sound content information that annotates some aspect of
+    # the vCard. By default this type is used to specify the proper
+    # pronunciation of the name associated with the vCard. It is not commonly
+    # used. Also, note that there is no mechanism available to specify that the
+    # SOUND is being used for anything other than the default.
+    #
+    # See Attachment for a description of the value.
+    def sounds(&proc) #:yield: Line.value
+      values('SOUND', &proc)
+    end
+
+    ## SOURCE
+
+    # The first TEL value of type +type+, a Telephone. Any of the location or
+    # capability attributes of Telephone can be used as +type+. A wrapper around
+    # #value('TEL', +type+).
+    def telephone(type=nil)
+      value('TEL', type)
+    end
+
+    # The TEL values, an array of Telephone. If a block is given, the values are
+    # yielded. A wrapper around #values('TEL').
+    def telephones #:yield:tel
+      values('TEL')
+    end
+
+    # The TITLE value, a text string specifying the job title, functional
+    # position, or function of the object the card represents. A wrapper around
+    # #value('TITLE').
+    def title
+      value('TITLE')
+    end
+
+    ## UID
+
+    # The URL value, a Attachment::Uri. A wrapper around #value('URL').
+    def url
+      value('URL')
+    end
+
+    # The URL values, an Attachment::Uri. A wrapper around #values('URL').
+    def urls
+      values('URL')
+    end
+
+    # The VERSION multiplied by 10 as an Integer.  For example, a VERSION:2.1
+    # vCard would have a version of 21, and a VERSION:3.0 vCard would have a
+    # version of 30.
+    #
+    # VERSION is required for a vCard, this raises InvalidEncodingError if
+    # there is no VERSION so it cannot return nil.
+    def version
+      v = value('VERSION')
+      unless v
+        raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, 'Invalid vCard - it has no version field!'
+      end
+      v
+    end
+
+    # Make changes to a vCard.
+    #
+    # Yields a Vpim::Vcard::Maker that can be used to modify this vCard.
+    def make #:yield: maker
+      Vpim::Vcard::Maker.make2(self) do |maker|
+        yield maker
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Delete +line+ if block yields true.
+    def delete_if #:nodoc: :yield: line
+      # Do in two steps to not mess up progress through the enumerator.
+      rm = []
+
+      each do |f|
+        line = f2l(f)
+        if line && yield(line)
+          rm << f
+
+          # Hack - because we treat N and FN as one field
+          if f.name? 'N'
+            rm << field('FN')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      rm.each do |f|
+        @fields.delete( f )
+        @cache.delete( f )
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # A class to make and make changes to vCards.
+    #
+    # It can be used to create completely new vCards using Vcard#make2.
+    #
+    # Its is also yielded from Vpim::Vcard#make, in which case it allows a kind
+    # of transactional approach to changing vCards, so their values can be
+    # validated after any changes have been made.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    # - link:ex_mkvcard.txt: example of creating a vCard
+    # - link:ex_cpvcard.txt: example of copying and them modifying a vCard
+    # - link:ex_mkv21vcard.txt: example of creating version 2.1 vCard
+    # - link:ex_mkyourown.txt: example of adding support for new fields to Vcard::Maker
+    class Maker
+      # Make a vCard.
+      #
+      # Yields +maker+, a Vpim::Vcard::Maker which allows fields to be added to
+      # +card+, and returns +card+, a Vpim::Vcard.
+      #
+      # If +card+ is nil or not provided a new Vpim::Vcard is created and the
+      # fields are added to it.
+      #
+      # Defaults:
+      # - vCards must have both an N and an FN field, #make2 will fail if there
+      #   is no N field in the +card+ when your block is finished adding fields.
+      # - If there is an N field, but no FN field, FN will be set from the
+      #   information in N, see Vcard::Name#preformatted for more information.
+      # - vCards must have a VERSION field. If one does not exist when your block is
+      #   is finished it will be set to 3.0.
+      def self.make2(card = Vpim::Vcard.create, &block) # :yields: maker
+        new(nil, card).make(&block)
+      end
+
+      # Deprecated, use #make2.
+      #
+      # If set, the FN field will be set to +full_name+. Otherwise, FN will
+      # be set from the values in #name.
+      def self.make(full_name = nil, &block) # :yields: maker
+        new(full_name, Vpim::Vcard.create).make(&block)
+      end
+
+      def make # :nodoc:
+        yield self
+        unless @card['N']
+          raise Unencodeable, 'N field is mandatory'
+        end
+        fn = @card.field('FN')
+        if fn && fn.value.strip.length == 0
+          @card.delete(fn)
+          fn = nil
+        end
+        unless fn
+          @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create('FN', Vpim::Vcard::Name.new(@card['N'], '').formatted)
+        end
+        unless @card['VERSION']
+          @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create('VERSION', "3.0")
+        end
+        @card
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def initialize(full_name, card) # :nodoc:
+        @card = card || Vpim::Vcard::create
+        if full_name
+          @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create('FN', full_name.strip )
+        end
+      end
+
+      public
+
+      # Deprecated, see #name.
+      #
+      # Use
+      #   maker.name do |n| n.fullname = "foo" end
+      # to set just fullname, or set the other fields to set fullname and the
+      # name.
+      def fullname=(fullname) #:nodoc: bacwards compat
+        if @card.field('FN')
+          raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, "Not allowed to add more than one FN field to a vCard."
+        end
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'FN', fullname );
+      end
+
+      # Set the name fields, N and FN.
+      #
+      # Attributes of +name+ are:
+      # - family: family name
+      # - given: given name
+      # - additional: additional names
+      # - prefix: such as "Ms." or "Dr."
+      # - suffix: such as "BFA", or "Sensei"
+      #
+      # +name+ is a Vcard::Name.
+      #
+      # All attributes are optional, though have all names be zero-length
+      # strings isn't really in the spirit of  things. FN's value will be set
+      # to Vcard::Name#formatted if Vcard::Name#fullname isn't given a specific
+      # value.
+      #
+      # Warning: This is the only mandatory field.
+      def name #:yield:name
+        x = begin
+              @card.name.dup
+            rescue
+              Vpim::Vcard::Name.new
+            end
+
+        fn = x.fullname
+
+        yield x
+
+        x.fullname.strip!
+
+        delete_if do |line|
+          line.name == 'N'
+        end
+
+        @card << x.encode
+        @card << x.encode_fn
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      alias :add_name :name #:nodoc: backwards compatibility
+
+      # Add an address field, ADR. +address+ is a Vpim::Vcard::Address.
+      def add_addr # :yield: address
+        x = Vpim::Vcard::Address.new
+        yield x
+        @card << x.encode
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Add a telephone field, TEL. +tel+ is a Vpim::Vcard::Telephone.
+      #
+      # The block is optional, its only necessary if you want to specify
+      # the optional attributes.
+      def add_tel(number) # :yield: tel
+        x = Vpim::Vcard::Telephone.new(number)
+        if block_given?
+          yield x
+        end
+        @card << x.encode
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Add an email field, EMAIL. +email+ is a Vpim::Vcard::Email.
+      #
+      # The block is optional, its only necessary if you want to specify
+      # the optional attributes.
+      def add_email(email) # :yield: email
+        x = Vpim::Vcard::Email.new(email)
+        if block_given?
+          yield x
+        end
+        @card << x.encode
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Set the nickname field, NICKNAME.
+      #
+      # It can be set to a single String or an Array of String.
+      def nickname=(nickname)
+        delete_if { |l| l.name == 'NICKNAME' }
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'NICKNAME', nickname );
+      end
+
+      # Add a birthday field, BDAY.
+      #
+      # +birthday+ must be a time or date object.
+      #
+      # Warning: It may confuse both humans and software if you add multiple
+      # birthdays.
+      def birthday=(birthday)
+        if !birthday.respond_to? :month
+          raise ArgumentError, 'birthday must be a date or time object.'
+        end
+        delete_if { |l| l.name == 'BDAY' }
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'BDAY', birthday );
+      end
+
+      # Add a note field, NOTE. The +note+ String can contain newlines, they
+      # will be escaped.
+      def add_note(note)
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'NOTE', Vpim.encode_text(note) );
+      end
+
+      # Add an instant-messaging/point of presence address field, IMPP. The address
+      # is a URL, with the syntax depending on the protocol.
+      #
+      # Attributes of IMPP are:
+      # - preferred: true - set if this is the preferred address
+      # - location: home, work, mobile - location of address
+      # - purpose: personal,business - purpose of communications
+      #
+      # All attributes are optional, and so is the block.
+      #
+      # The URL syntaxes for the messaging schemes is fairly complicated, so I
+      # don't try and build the URLs here, maybe in the future. This forces
+      # the user to know the URL for their own address, hopefully not too much
+      # of a burden.
+      #
+      # IMPP is defined in draft-jennings-impp-vcard-04.txt. It refers to the
+      # URI scheme of a number of messaging protocols, but doesn't give
+      # references to all of them:
+      # - "xmpp" indicates to use XMPP, draft-saintandre-xmpp-uri-06.txt
+      # - "irc" or "ircs" indicates to use IRC, draft-butcher-irc-url-04.txt
+      # - "sip" indicates to use SIP/SIMPLE, RFC 3261
+      # - "im" or "pres" indicates to use a CPIM or CPP gateway, RFC 3860 and RFC 3859
+      # - "ymsgr" indicates to use yahoo
+      # - "msn" might indicate to use Microsoft messenger
+      # - "aim" indicates to use AOL
+      #
+      def add_impp(url) # :yield: impp
+        params = {}
+
+        if block_given?
+          x = Struct.new( :location, :preferred, :purpose ).new
+
+          yield x
+
+          x[:preferred] = 'PREF' if x[:preferred]
+
+          types = x.to_a.flatten.compact.map { |s| s.downcase }.uniq
+
+          params['TYPE'] = types if types.first
+        end
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'IMPP', url, params)
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Add an X-AIM account name where +xaim+ is an AIM screen name.
+      #
+      # I don't know if this is conventional, or supported by anything other
+      # than AddressBook.app, but an example is:
+      #   X-AIM;type=HOME;type=pref:exampleaccount
+      #
+      # Attributes of X-AIM are:
+      # - preferred: true - set if this is the preferred address
+      # - location: home, work, mobile - location of address
+      #
+      # All attributes are optional, and so is the block.
+      def add_x_aim(xaim) # :yield: xaim
+        params = {}
+
+        if block_given?
+          x = Struct.new( :location, :preferred ).new
+
+          yield x
+
+          x[:preferred] = 'PREF' if x[:preferred]
+
+          types = x.to_a.flatten.compact.map { |s| s.downcase }.uniq
+
+          params['TYPE'] = types if types.first
+        end
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'X-AIM', xaim, params)
+        self
+      end
+
+
+      # Add a photo field, PHOTO.
+      #
+      # Attributes of PHOTO are:
+      # - image: set to image data to include inline
+      # - link: set to the URL of the image data
+      # - type: string identifying the image type, supposed to be an "IANA registered image format",
+      #     or a non-registered image format (usually these start with an x-)
+      #
+      # An error will be raised if neither image or link is set, or if both image
+      # and link is set.
+      #
+      # Setting type is optional for a link image, because either the URL, the
+      # image file extension, or a HTTP Content-Type may specify the type. If
+      # it's not a link, setting type is mandatory, though it can be set to an
+      # empty string, <code>''</code>, if the type is unknown.
+      #
+      # TODO - I'm not sure about this API. I'm thinking maybe it should be
+      # #add_photo(image, type), and that I should detect when the image is a
+      # URL, and make type mandatory if it wasn't a URL.
+      def add_photo # :yield: photo
+        x = Struct.new(:image, :link, :type).new
+        yield x
+        if x[:image] && x[:link]
+          raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, 'Image is not allowed to be both inline and a link.'
+        end
+
+        value = x[:image] || x[:link]
+
+        if !value
+          raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, 'A image link or inline data must be provided.'
+        end
+
+        params = {}
+
+        # Don't set type to the empty string.
+        params['TYPE'] = x[:type] if( x[:type] && x[:type].length > 0 )
+
+        if x[:link]
+          params['VALUE'] = 'URI'
+        else # it's inline, base-64 encode it
+          params['ENCODING'] = :b64
+          if !x[:type]
+            raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, 'Inline image data must have it\'s type set.'
+          end
+        end
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'PHOTO', value, params )
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Set the title field, TITLE.
+      #
+      # It can be set to a single String.
+      def title=(title)
+        delete_if { |l| l.name == 'TITLE' }
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'TITLE', title );
+      end
+
+      # Set the org field, ORG.
+      #
+      # It can be set to a single String or an Array of String.
+      def org=(org)
+        delete_if { |l| l.name == 'ORG' }
+
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'ORG', org );
+      end
+
+
+      # Add a URL field, URL.
+      def add_url(url)
+        @card << Vpim::DirectoryInfo::Field.create( 'URL', url.to_str );
+      end
+
+      # Add a Field, +field+.
+      def add_field(field)
+        fieldname = field.name.upcase
+        case
+        when [ 'BEGIN', 'END' ].include?(fieldname)
+          raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, "Not allowed to manually add #{field.name} to a vCard."
+
+        when [ 'VERSION', 'N', 'FN' ].include?(fieldname)
+          if @card.field(fieldname)
+            raise Vpim::InvalidEncodingError, "Not allowed to add more than one #{fieldname} to a vCard."
+          end
+          @card << field
+
+        else
+          @card << field
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Copy the fields from +card+ into self using #add_field. If a block is
+      # provided, each Field from +card+ is yielded. The block should return a
+      # Field to add, or nil.  The Field doesn't have to be the one yielded,
+      # allowing the field to be copied and modified (see Field#copy) before adding, or 
+      # not added at all if the block yields nil.
+      #
+      # The vCard fields BEGIN and END aren't copied, and VERSION, N, and FN are copied
+      # only if the card doesn't have them already.
+      def copy(card) # :yields: Field
+        card.each do |field|
+          fieldname = field.name.upcase
+          case
+          when [ 'BEGIN', 'END' ].include?(fieldname)
+            # Never copy these
+
+          when [ 'VERSION', 'N', 'FN' ].include?(fieldname) && @card.field(fieldname)
+            # Copy these only if they don't already exist.
+
+          else
+            if block_given?
+              field = yield field
+            end
+
+            if field
+              add_field(field)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Delete +line+ if block yields true.
+      def delete_if #:yield: line
+        begin
+        @card.delete_if do |line|
+          yield line
+        end
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          # FIXME - this is a hideous hack, allowing a DirectoryInfo to
+          # be passed instead of a Vcard, and for it to almost work. Yuck.
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+