vinted-prometheus-client-mmap 1.2.1

data/ext/fast_mmaped_file_rs/src/file_entry.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1190 @@
+use core::panic;
+use magnus::Symbol;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde_json::value::RawValue;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use std::fmt::Write;
+use std::str;
+
+use crate::error::{MmapError, RubyError};
+use crate::file_info::FileInfo;
+use crate::raw_entry::RawEntry;
+use crate::Result;
+use crate::{SYM_GAUGE, SYM_LIVESUM, SYM_MAX, SYM_MIN};
+use std::io::Cursor;
+use varint_rs::VarintWriter;
+
+pub mod io {
+    pub mod prometheus {
+        pub mod client {
+            include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/io.prometheus.client.rs"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A metrics entry extracted from a `*.db` file.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct FileEntry {
+    pub data: EntryData,
+    pub meta: EntryMetadata,
+}
+
+/// String slices pointing to the fields of a borrowed `Entry`'s JSON data.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MetricText<'a> {
+    pub family_name: &'a str,
+    pub metric_name: &'a str,
+    pub labels: SmallVec<[&'a str; 4]>,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
+    pub values: SmallVec<[&'a RawValue; 4]>,
+}
+
+/// The primary data payload for a `FileEntry`, the JSON string and the
+/// associated pid, if significant. Used as the key for `EntryMap`.
+#[derive(Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EntryData {
+    pub json: String,
+    pub pid: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PartialEq<BorrowedData<'a>> for EntryData {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &BorrowedData) -> bool {
+        self.pid.as_deref() == other.pid && self.json == other.json
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> TryFrom<BorrowedData<'a>> for EntryData {
+    type Error = MmapError;
+
+    fn try_from(borrowed: BorrowedData) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut json = String::new();
+        if json.try_reserve_exact(borrowed.json.len()).is_err() {
+            return Err(MmapError::OutOfMemory(borrowed.json.len()));
+        }
+        json.push_str(borrowed.json);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            json,
+            // Don't bother checking for allocation failure, typically ~10 bytes
+            pid: borrowed.pid.map(|p| p.to_string()),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A borrowed copy of the JSON string and pid for a `FileEntry`. We use this
+/// to check if a given string/pid combination is present in the `EntryMap`,
+/// copying them to owned values only when needed.
+#[derive(Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BorrowedData<'a> {
+    pub json: &'a str,
+    pub pid: Option<&'a str>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> BorrowedData<'a> {
+    pub fn new(
+        raw_entry: &'a RawEntry,
+        file_info: &'a FileInfo,
+        pid_significant: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let json = str::from_utf8(raw_entry.json())
+            .map_err(|e| MmapError::Encoding(format!("invalid UTF-8 in entry JSON: {e}")))?;
+
+        let pid = if pid_significant {
+            Some(file_info.pid.as_str())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self { json, pid })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The metadata associated with a `FileEntry`. The value in `EntryMap`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EntryMetadata {
+    pub multiprocess_mode: Symbol,
+    pub type_: Symbol,
+    pub value: f64,
+}
+
+impl EntryMetadata {
+    /// Construct a new `FileEntry`, copying the JSON string from the `RawEntry`
+    /// into an internal buffer.
+    pub fn new(mmap_entry: &RawEntry, file: &FileInfo) -> Result<Self> {
+        let value = mmap_entry.value();
+
+        Ok(EntryMetadata {
+            multiprocess_mode: file.multiprocess_mode,
+            type_: file.type_,
+            value,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Combine values with another `EntryMetadata`.
+    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+        if self.type_ == SYM_GAUGE {
+            match self.multiprocess_mode {
+                s if s == SYM_MIN => self.value = self.value.min(other.value),
+                s if s == SYM_MAX => self.value = self.value.max(other.value),
+                s if s == SYM_LIVESUM => self.value += other.value,
+                _ => self.value = other.value,
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.value += other.value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Validate if pid is significant for metric.
+    pub fn is_pid_significant(&self) -> bool {
+        let mp = self.multiprocess_mode;
+
+        self.type_ == SYM_GAUGE && !(mp == SYM_MIN || mp == SYM_MAX || mp == SYM_LIVESUM)
+    }
+}
+
+use crate::io::prometheus::client::MetricType::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram, Summary};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use prost::Message;
+use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::hash::Hasher;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use std::io::Write as OtherWrite;
+impl FileEntry {
+    pub fn trim_quotes(s: &str) -> String {
+        let mut chars = s.chars();
+
+        if s.starts_with('"') {
+            chars.next();
+        }
+        if s.ends_with('"') {
+            chars.next_back();
+        }
+
+        chars.as_str().to_string()
+    }
+
+    pub fn entries_to_protobuf(entries: Vec<FileEntry>) -> Result<String> {
+        let mut buffer: Cursor<Vec<u8>> = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+        let mut mtrcs: HashMap<u64, io::prometheus::client::Metric> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut metric_types = HashMap::new();
+        let mut metric_names = HashMap::new();
+
+        entries
+            .iter()
+            // TODO: Don't just unwrap. Handle the error gracefully.
+            .map(|v| {
+                (
+                    v,
+                    serde_json::from_str::<MetricText>(&v.data.json)
+                        .expect("cannot parse json entry"),
+                    v.meta.type_.name().expect("getting name").into_owned(),
+                )
+            })
+            .filter(|v| v.1.labels.len() == v.1.values.len())
+            .group_by(|v| v.1.family_name)
+            .into_iter()
+            .for_each(|(_, group)| {
+                // NOTE(GiedriusS): different dynamic labels fall under the same
+                // metric group.
+
+                'outer: for gr in group {
+                    let metric_type = gr.2;
+
+                    let lbls =
+                        gr.1.labels
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|l| Self::trim_quotes(l))
+                            .zip(gr.1.values.iter().map(|v| Self::trim_quotes(v.get())));
+
+                    let mut m = io::prometheus::client::Metric {
+                        label: lbls
+                            .clone()
+                            .map(|l| io::prometheus::client::LabelPair {
+                                name: Some(l.0),
+                                value: Some(l.1.to_string()),
+                            })
+                            .collect::<Vec<io::prometheus::client::LabelPair>>(),
+                        gauge: None,
+                        counter: None,
+                        summary: None,
+                        untyped: None,
+                        histogram: None,
+                        timestamp_ms: None,
+                    };
+
+                    match metric_type.as_str() {
+                        "counter" => {
+                            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+                            // Iterate over the tuples and hash their elements
+                            for (a, b) in lbls {
+                                a.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                b.hash(&mut hasher);
+                            }
+                            "counter".hash(&mut hasher);
+
+                            // Get the final u64 hash value
+                            let hash_value = hasher.finish();
+
+                            let start = SystemTime::now();
+                            let since_the_epoch = start
+                                .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+                                .expect("Time went backwards");
+
+                            m.counter = Some(io::prometheus::client::Counter {
+                                value: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                created_timestamp: None,
+                                exemplar: Some(io::prometheus::client::Exemplar{
+                                    label: vec![
+                                        io::prometheus::client::LabelPair {
+                                            name: Some("traceID".to_string()),
+                                            value: Some("123456789".to_string()),
+                                        }
+                                    ],
+                                    value: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                    timestamp: Some(prost_types::Timestamp { seconds:since_the_epoch.as_secs() as i64 , nanos: since_the_epoch.as_nanos() as i32 }),
+                                }),
+                            });
+
+                            mtrcs.insert(hash_value, m);
+                            metric_types.insert(hash_value, "counter");
+                            metric_names.insert(hash_value, gr.1.metric_name);
+                        }
+                        "gauge" => {
+                            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+                            // Iterate over the tuples and hash their elements
+                            for (a, b) in lbls {
+                                a.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                b.hash(&mut hasher);
+                            }
+                            "gauge".hash(&mut hasher);
+
+                            let hash_value = hasher.finish();
+
+                            m.gauge = Some(io::prometheus::client::Gauge {
+                                value: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                            });
+                            mtrcs.insert(hash_value, m);
+                            metric_types.insert(hash_value, "gauge");
+                            metric_names.insert(hash_value, gr.1.metric_name);
+                        }
+                        "histogram" => {
+                            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+                            let mut le: Option<f64> = None;
+
+                            // Iterate over the tuples and hash their elements
+                            for (a, b) in lbls {
+                                if a != "le" {
+                                    a.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                    b.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                }
+
+                                // Safe to ignore +Inf bound.
+                                if a == "le" {
+                                    if b == "+Inf" {
+                                        continue 'outer;
+                                    }
+                                    let leparsed = b.parse::<f64>();
+                                    match leparsed {
+                                        Ok(p) => le = Some(p),
+                                        Err(e) => panic!("failed to parse {} due to {}", b, e),
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            "histogram".hash(&mut hasher);
+
+                            let hash_value = hasher.finish();
+
+                            match mtrcs.get_mut(&hash_value) {
+                                Some(v) => {
+                                    let hs =
+                                        v.histogram.as_mut().expect("getting mutable histogram");
+
+                                    for bucket in &mut hs.bucket {
+                                        if bucket.upper_bound != le {
+                                            continue;
+                                        }
+
+                                        let mut curf: f64 =
+                                            bucket.cumulative_count_float.unwrap_or_default();
+                                        curf += gr.0.meta.value;
+
+                                        bucket.cumulative_count_float = Some(curf);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    let mut final_metric_name = gr.1.metric_name;
+
+                                    if let Some(stripped) =
+                                        final_metric_name.strip_suffix("_bucket")
+                                    {
+                                        final_metric_name = stripped;
+                                    }
+                                    if let Some(stripped) = final_metric_name.strip_suffix("_sum") {
+                                        final_metric_name = stripped;
+                                    }
+                                    if let Some(stripped) = final_metric_name.strip_suffix("_count")
+                                    {
+                                        final_metric_name = stripped;
+                                    }
+
+                                    let buckets = vec![io::prometheus::client::Bucket {
+                                        cumulative_count: None,
+                                        cumulative_count_float: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                        upper_bound: Some(
+                                            le.expect(
+                                                &format!("got no LE for {}", gr.1.metric_name)
+                                                    .to_string(),
+                                            ),
+                                        ),
+                                        exemplar: None,
+                                    }];
+                                    m.label = m
+                                        .label
+                                        .into_iter()
+                                        .filter(|l| l.name != Some("le".to_string()))
+                                        .collect_vec();
+                                    // Create a new metric.
+                                    m.histogram = Some(io::prometheus::client::Histogram {
+                                        // All native histogram fields.
+                                        sample_count: None,
+                                        sample_count_float: None,
+                                        sample_sum: None,
+                                        created_timestamp: None,
+                                        schema: None,
+                                        zero_count: None,
+                                        zero_count_float: None,
+                                        zero_threshold: None,
+                                        negative_count: vec![],
+                                        negative_delta: vec![],
+                                        negative_span: vec![],
+                                        positive_count: vec![],
+                                        positive_delta: vec![],
+                                        positive_span: vec![],
+                                        // All classic histogram fields.
+                                        bucket: buckets,
+                                    });
+                                    mtrcs.insert(hash_value, m);
+                                    metric_types.insert(hash_value, "histogram");
+                                    metric_names.insert(hash_value, final_metric_name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        "summary" => {
+                            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+
+                            let mut quantile: Option<f64> = None;
+
+                            // Iterate over the tuples and hash their elements
+                            for (a, b) in lbls {
+                                if a != "quantile" {
+                                    a.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                    b.hash(&mut hasher);
+                                }
+                                if a == "quantile" {
+                                    let quantileparsed = b.parse::<f64>();
+                                    match quantileparsed {
+                                        Ok(p) => quantile = Some(p),
+                                        Err(e) => {
+                                            panic!("failed to parse quantile {} due to {}", b, e)
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            "summary".hash(&mut hasher);
+                            let hash_value = hasher.finish();
+
+                            match mtrcs.get_mut(&hash_value) {
+                                Some(v) => {
+                                    // Go through and edit buckets.
+                                    let smry = v.summary.as_mut().expect(
+                                        &format!(
+                                            "getting mutable summary for {}",
+                                            gr.1.metric_name
+                                        )
+                                        .to_string(),
+                                    );
+
+                                    if gr.1.metric_name.ends_with("_count") {
+                                        let samplecount = smry.sample_count.unwrap_or_default();
+                                        smry.sample_count =
+                                            Some((gr.0.meta.value as u64) + samplecount);
+                                    } else if gr.1.metric_name.ends_with("_sum") {
+                                        let samplesum: f64 = smry.sample_sum.unwrap_or_default();
+                                        smry.sample_sum = Some(gr.0.meta.value + samplesum);
+                                    } else {
+                                        let mut found_quantile = false;
+                                        for qntl in &mut smry.quantile {
+                                            if qntl.quantile != quantile {
+                                                continue;
+                                            }
+
+                                            let mut curq: f64 = qntl.quantile.unwrap_or_default();
+                                            curq += gr.0.meta.value;
+
+                                            qntl.quantile = Some(curq);
+                                            found_quantile = true;
+                                        }
+
+                                        if !found_quantile {
+                                            smry.quantile.push(io::prometheus::client::Quantile {
+                                                quantile: quantile,
+                                                value: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                            });
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                None => {
+                                    m.label = m
+                                        .label
+                                        .into_iter()
+                                        .filter(|l| l.name != Some("quantile".to_string()))
+                                        .collect_vec();
+
+                                    let mut final_metric_name = gr.1.metric_name;
+                                    // If quantile then add to quantiles.
+                                    // if ends with _count then add it to count.
+                                    // If ends with _sum then add it to sum.
+                                    if gr.1.metric_name.ends_with("_count") {
+                                        final_metric_name =
+                                            gr.1.metric_name.strip_suffix("_count").unwrap();
+                                        m.summary = Some(io::prometheus::client::Summary {
+                                            quantile: vec![],
+                                            sample_count: Some(gr.0.meta.value as u64),
+                                            sample_sum: None,
+                                            created_timestamp: None,
+                                        });
+                                    } else if gr.1.metric_name.ends_with("_sum") {
+                                        final_metric_name =
+                                            gr.1.metric_name.strip_suffix("_sum").unwrap();
+                                        m.summary = Some(io::prometheus::client::Summary {
+                                            quantile: vec![],
+                                            sample_sum: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                            sample_count: None,
+                                            created_timestamp: None,
+                                        });
+                                    } else {
+                                        let quantiles = vec![io::prometheus::client::Quantile {
+                                            quantile: quantile,
+                                            value: Some(gr.0.meta.value),
+                                        }];
+                                        m.summary = Some(io::prometheus::client::Summary {
+                                            quantile: quantiles,
+                                            sample_count: None,
+                                            sample_sum: None,
+                                            created_timestamp: None,
+                                        });
+                                    }
+
+                                    mtrcs.insert(hash_value, m);
+                                    metric_types.insert(hash_value, "summary");
+                                    metric_names.insert(hash_value, final_metric_name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        mtype => {
+                            panic!("unhandled metric type {}", mtype)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+        mtrcs.iter().for_each(|mtrc| {
+            let metric_name = metric_names.get(mtrc.0).expect("getting metric name");
+            let metric_type = metric_types.get(mtrc.0).expect("getting metric type");
+
+            let protobuf_mf = io::prometheus::client::MetricFamily {
+                name: Some(metric_name.to_string()),
+                help: Some("Multiprocess metric".to_string()),
+                r#type: match metric_type.to_string().as_str() {
+                    "counter" => Some(Counter.into()),
+                    "gauge" => Some(Gauge.into()),
+                    "histogram" => Some(Histogram.into()),
+                    "summary" => Some(Summary.into()),
+                    mtype => panic!("unhandled metric type {}", mtype),
+                },
+                metric: vec![mtrc.1.clone()],
+            };
+
+            let encoded_mf = protobuf_mf.encode_to_vec();
+
+            buffer
+                .write_u32_varint(
+                    encoded_mf
+                        .len()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("failed to encode metricfamily"),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            buffer
+                .write_all(&encoded_mf)
+                .expect("failed to write output");
+        });
+
+        // NOTE: Rust strings are bytes encoded in UTF-8. Ruby doesn't have such
+        // invariant. So, let's convert those bytes to a string since everything ends
+        // up as a string in Ruby.
+        unsafe { Ok(str::from_utf8_unchecked(buffer.get_ref()).to_string()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the sorted entries into a String in Prometheus metrics format.
+    pub fn entries_to_string(entries: Vec<FileEntry>) -> Result<String> {
+        // We guesstimate that lines are ~100 bytes long, preallocate the string to
+        // roughly that size.
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        out.try_reserve(entries.len() * 128)
+            .map_err(|_| MmapError::OutOfMemory(entries.len() * 128))?;
+
+        let mut prev_name: Option<String> = None;
+
+        let entry_count = entries.len();
+        let mut processed_count = 0;
+
+        for entry in entries {
+            let metrics_data = match serde_json::from_str::<MetricText>(&entry.data.json) {
+                Ok(m) => {
+                    if m.labels.len() != m.values.len() {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    m
+                }
+                // We don't exit the function here so the total number of invalid
+                // entries can be calculated below.
+                Err(_) => continue,
+            };
+
+            match prev_name.as_ref() {
+                Some(p) if p == metrics_data.family_name => {}
+                _ => {
+                    entry.append_header(metrics_data.family_name, &mut out);
+                    prev_name = Some(metrics_data.family_name.to_owned());
+                }
+            }
+
+            entry.append_entry(metrics_data, &mut out)?;
+
+            writeln!(&mut out, " {}", entry.meta.value)
+                .map_err(|e| MmapError::Other(format!("Failed to append to output: {e}")))?;
+
+            processed_count += 1;
+        }
+
+        if processed_count != entry_count {
+            return Err(MmapError::legacy(
+                format!("Processed entries {processed_count} != map entries {entry_count}"),
+                RubyError::Runtime,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn append_header(&self, family_name: &str, out: &mut String) {
+        out.push_str("# HELP ");
+        out.push_str(family_name);
+        out.push_str(" Multiprocess metric\n");
+
+        out.push_str("# TYPE ");
+        out.push_str(family_name);
+        out.push(' ');
+
+        out.push_str(&self.meta.type_.name().expect("name was invalid UTF-8"));
+        out.push('\n');
+    }
+
+    fn append_entry(&self, json_data: MetricText, out: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
+        out.push_str(json_data.metric_name);
+
+        if json_data.labels.is_empty() {
+            if let Some(pid) = self.data.pid.as_ref() {
+                out.push_str("{pid=\"");
+                out.push_str(pid);
+                out.push_str("\"}");
+            }
+
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        out.push('{');
+
+        let it = json_data.labels.iter().zip(json_data.values.iter());
+
+        for (i, (&key, val)) in it.enumerate() {
+            out.push_str(key);
+            out.push('=');
+
+            match val.get() {
+                "null" => out.push_str("\"\""),
+                s if s.starts_with('"') => out.push_str(s),
+                s => {
+                    // Quote numeric values.
+                    out.push('"');
+                    out.push_str(s);
+                    out.push('"');
+                }
+            }
+
+            if i < json_data.labels.len() - 1 {
+                out.push(',');
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(pid) = self.data.pid.as_ref() {
+            out.push_str(",pid=\"");
+            out.push_str(pid);
+            out.push('"');
+        }
+
+        out.push('}');
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use bstr::BString;
+    use indoc::indoc;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::file_info::FileInfo;
+    use crate::raw_entry::RawEntry;
+    use crate::testhelper::{TestEntry, TestFile};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_trim_quotes() {
+        assert_eq!("foo", FileEntry::trim_quotes("foo"));
+        assert_eq!("foo", FileEntry::trim_quotes("\"foo\""));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_entries_to_string() {
+        struct TestCase {
+            name: &'static str,
+            multiprocess_mode: &'static str,
+            json: &'static [&'static str],
+            values: &'static [f64],
+            pids: &'static [&'static str],
+            expected_out: Option<&'static str>,
+            expected_err: Option<MmapError>,
+        }
+
+        let _cleanup = unsafe { magnus::embed::init() };
+        let ruby = magnus::Ruby::get().unwrap();
+        crate::init(&ruby).unwrap();
+
+        let tc = vec![
+            TestCase {
+                name: "one metric, pid significant",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 1
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "one metric, no pid",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 1
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "many labels",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b","label_c","label_d","label_e"],["value_a","value_b","value_c","value_d","value_e"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",label_c="value_c",label_d="value_d",label_e="value_e"} 1
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "floating point shown",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 1.5
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "numeric value",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b","label_c"],["value_a",403,-0.2E5]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="403",label_c="-0.2E5"} 1.5
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "null value",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a",null]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b=""} 1.5
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "comma in value",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value,_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value,_b"} 1.5
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "no labels, pid significant",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",[],[]]"#],
+                values: &[1.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name{pid="worker-1"} 1
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "no labels, no pid",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",[],[]]"#],
+                values: &[1.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    name 1
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "two metrics, same family, pid significant",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["family","first",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["family","second",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE family gauge
+                    first{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 1
+                    second{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 2
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "two metrics, different family, pid significant",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["second_family","second_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP first_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE first_family gauge
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 1
+                    # HELP second_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE second_family gauge
+                    second_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 2
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "three metrics, two different families, pid significant",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["first_family","second_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["second_family","second_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-1", "worker-1"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP first_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE first_family gauge
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 1
+                    second_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 2
+                    # HELP second_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE second_family gauge
+                    second_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 3
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "same metrics, pid significant, separate workers",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-2"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP first_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE first_family gauge
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-1"} 1
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b",pid="worker-2"} 2
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "same metrics, pid not significant, separate workers",
+                multiprocess_mode: "max",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-2"],
+                expected_out: Some(indoc! {r##"# HELP first_family Multiprocess metric
+                    # TYPE first_family gauge
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 1
+                    first_name{label_a="value_a",label_b="value_b"} 2
+                    "##}),
+                expected_err: None,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "entry fails to parse",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[
+                    r#"["first_family","first_name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#,
+                    r#"[not valid"#,
+                ],
+                values: &[1.0, 2.0],
+                pids: &["worker-1", "worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 1 != map entries 2".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many values",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a"],["value_a","value,_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "no values",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "no labels or values",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name","foo"]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many leading brackets",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"[["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many trailing brackets",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many leading label brackets",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",[["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many leading label brackets",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",[["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "too many leading value brackets",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],[["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "misplaced bracket",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],]["value_a","value_b"]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "comma in numeric",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a",403,0]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "non-e letter in numeric",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                json: &[r#"["family","name",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a",-2.0c5]]"#],
+                values: &[1.5],
+                pids: &["worker-1"],
+                expected_out: None,
+                expected_err: Some(MmapError::legacy(
+                    "Processed entries 0 != map entries 1".to_owned(),
+                    RubyError::Runtime,
+                )),
+            },
+        ];
+
+        for case in tc {
+            let name = case.name;
+
+            let input_bytes: Vec<BString> = case
+                .json
+                .iter()
+                .zip(case.values)
+                .map(|(&s, &value)| TestEntry::new(s, value).as_bstring())
+                .collect();
+
+            let mut file_infos = Vec::new();
+            for pid in case.pids {
+                let TestFile {
+                    file,
+                    path,
+                    dir: _dir,
+                } = TestFile::new(b"foobar");
+
+                let info = FileInfo {
+                    file,
+                    path,
+                    len: case.json.len(),
+                    multiprocess_mode: Symbol::new(case.multiprocess_mode),
+                    type_: Symbol::new("gauge"),
+                    pid: pid.to_string(),
+                };
+                file_infos.push(info);
+            }
+
+            let file_entries: Vec<FileEntry> = input_bytes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| RawEntry::from_slice(s).unwrap())
+                .zip(file_infos)
+                .map(|(entry, info)| {
+                    let meta = EntryMetadata::new(&entry, &info).unwrap();
+                    let borrowed =
+                        BorrowedData::new(&entry, &info, meta.is_pid_significant()).unwrap();
+                    let data = EntryData::try_from(borrowed).unwrap();
+                    FileEntry { data, meta }
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            let output = FileEntry::entries_to_string(file_entries);
+
+            if let Some(expected_out) = case.expected_out {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    expected_out,
+                    output.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                    "test case: {name} - output"
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let Some(expected_err) = case.expected_err {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    expected_err,
+                    output.unwrap_err(),
+                    "test case: {name} - error"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merge() {
+        struct TestCase {
+            name: &'static str,
+            metric_type: &'static str,
+            multiprocess_mode: &'static str,
+            values: &'static [f64],
+            expected_value: f64,
+        }
+
+        let _cleanup = unsafe { magnus::embed::init() };
+        let ruby = magnus::Ruby::get().unwrap();
+        crate::init(&ruby).unwrap();
+
+        let tc = vec![
+            TestCase {
+                name: "gauge max",
+                metric_type: "gauge",
+                multiprocess_mode: "max",
+                values: &[1.0, 5.0],
+                expected_value: 5.0,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "gauge min",
+                metric_type: "gauge",
+                multiprocess_mode: "min",
+                values: &[1.0, 5.0],
+                expected_value: 1.0,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "gauge livesum",
+                metric_type: "gauge",
+                multiprocess_mode: "livesum",
+                values: &[1.0, 5.0],
+                expected_value: 6.0,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "gauge all",
+                metric_type: "gauge",
+                multiprocess_mode: "all",
+                values: &[1.0, 5.0],
+                expected_value: 5.0,
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                name: "not a gauge",
+                metric_type: "histogram",
+                multiprocess_mode: "max",
+                values: &[1.0, 5.0],
+                expected_value: 6.0,
+            },
+        ];
+
+        for case in tc {
+            let name = case.name;
+            let json = r#"["family","metric",["label_a","label_b"],["value_a","value_b"]]"#;
+
+            let TestFile {
+                file,
+                path,
+                dir: _dir,
+            } = TestFile::new(b"foobar");
+
+            let info = FileInfo {
+                file,
+                path,
+                len: json.len(),
+                multiprocess_mode: Symbol::new(case.multiprocess_mode),
+                type_: Symbol::new(case.metric_type),
+                pid: "worker-1".to_string(),
+            };
+
+            let input_bytes: Vec<BString> = case
+                .values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&value| TestEntry::new(json, value).as_bstring())
+                .collect();
+
+            let entries: Vec<FileEntry> = input_bytes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|s| RawEntry::from_slice(s).unwrap())
+                .map(|entry| {
+                    let meta = EntryMetadata::new(&entry, &info).unwrap();
+                    let borrowed =
+                        BorrowedData::new(&entry, &info, meta.is_pid_significant()).unwrap();
+                    let data = EntryData::try_from(borrowed).unwrap();
+                    FileEntry { data, meta }
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            let mut entry_a = entries[0].clone();
+            let entry_b = entries[1].clone();
+            entry_a.meta.merge(&entry_b.meta);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                case.expected_value, entry_a.meta.value,
+                "test case: {name} - value"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}