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-The MIT License (MIT)
-=====================
-* Copyright © 2012 David Chelimsky, Myron Marston
-* Copyright © 2006 David Chelimsky, The RSpec Development Team
-* Copyright © 2005 Steven Baker
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
-IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
-CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
-SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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-# RSpec Mocks [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/rspec/rspec-mocks.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/rspec/rspec-mocks) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/rspec/rspec-mocks.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/rspec/rspec-mocks)
-rspec-mocks is a test-double framework for rspec with support for method stubs,
-fakes, and message expectations on generated test-doubles and real objects
-alike.
-## Install
-    gem install rspec       # for rspec-core, rspec-expectations, rspec-mocks
-    gem install rspec-mocks # for rspec-mocks only
-Want to run against the `master` branch? You'll need to include the dependent
-RSpec repos as well. Add the following to your `Gemfile`:
-```ruby
-%w[rspec-core rspec-expectations rspec-mocks rspec-support].each do |lib|
-  gem lib, :git => "https://github.com/rspec/#{lib}.git", :branch => 'master'
-end
-```
-## Contributing
-Once you've set up the environment, you'll need to cd into the working
-directory of whichever repo you want to work in. From there you can run the
-specs and cucumber features, and make patches.
-NOTE: You do not need to use rspec-dev to work on a specific RSpec repo. You
-can treat each RSpec repo as an independent project.
-For information about contributing to RSpec, please refer to the following markdown files:
-* [Build details](BUILD_DETAIL.md)
-* [Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)
-* [Detailed contributing guide](CONTRIBUTING.md)
-* [Development setup guide](DEVELOPMENT.md)
-## Test Doubles
-A test double is an object that stands in for another object in your system
-during a code example. Use the `double` method, passing in an optional identifier, to create one:
-```ruby
-book = double("book")
-```
-Most of the time you will want some confidence that your doubles resemble an
-existing object in your system. Verifying doubles are provided for this
-purpose. If the existing object is available, they will prevent you from adding
-stubs and expectations for methods that do not exist or that have an invalid
-number of parameters.
-```ruby
-book = instance_double("Book", :pages => 250)
-```
-Verifying doubles have some clever tricks to enable you to both test in
-isolation without your dependencies loaded while still being able to validate
-them against real objects. More detail is available in [their
-documentation](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-mocks/blob/master/features/verifying_doubles).
-Verifying doubles can also accept custom identifiers, just like double(), e.g.:
-```ruby
-books = []
-books << instance_double("Book", :rspec_book, :pages => 250)
-books << instance_double("Book", "(Untitled)", :pages => 5000)
-puts books.inspect # with names, it's clearer which were actually added
-```
-## Method Stubs
-A method stub is an implementation that returns a pre-determined value.  Method
-stubs can be declared on test doubles or real objects using the same syntax.
-rspec-mocks supports 3 forms for declaring method stubs:
-```ruby
-allow(book).to receive(:title) { "The RSpec Book" }
-allow(book).to receive(:title).and_return("The RSpec Book")
-allow(book).to receive_messages(
-    :title => "The RSpec Book",
-    :subtitle => "Behaviour-Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends")
-```
-You can also use this shortcut, which creates a test double and declares a
-method stub in one statement:
-```ruby
-book = double("book", :title => "The RSpec Book")
-```
-The first argument is a name, which is used for documentation and appears in
-failure messages. If you don't care about the name, you can leave it out,
-making the combined instantiation/stub declaration very terse:
-```ruby
-double(:foo => 'bar')
-```
-This is particularly nice when providing a list of test doubles to a method
-that iterates through them:
-```ruby
-order.calculate_total_price(double(:price => 1.99), double(:price => 2.99))
-```
-### Stubbing a chain of methods
-You can use `receive_message_chain` in place of `receive` to stub a chain of messages:
-```ruby
-allow(double).to receive_message_chain("foo.bar") { :baz }
-allow(double).to receive_message_chain(:foo, :bar => :baz)
-allow(double).to receive_message_chain(:foo, :bar) { :baz }
-# Given any of the above forms:
-double.foo.bar # => :baz
-```
-Chains can be arbitrarily long, which makes it quite painless to violate the Law of Demeter in violent ways, so you should consider any use of `receive_message_chain` a code smell. Even though not all code smells indicate real problems (think fluent interfaces), `receive_message_chain` still results in brittle examples. For example, if you write `allow(foo).to receive_message_chain(:bar, :baz => 37)` in a spec and then the implementation calls `foo.baz.bar`, the stub will not work.
-## Consecutive return values
-When a stub might be invoked more than once, you can provide additional
-arguments to `and_return`.  The invocations cycle through the list. The last
-value is returned for any subsequent invocations:
-```ruby
-allow(die).to receive(:roll).and_return(1, 2, 3)
-die.roll # => 1
-die.roll # => 2
-die.roll # => 3
-die.roll # => 3
-die.roll # => 3
-```
-To return an array in a single invocation, declare an array:
-```ruby
-allow(team).to receive(:players).and_return([double(:name => "David")])
-```
-## Message Expectations
-A message expectation is an expectation that the test double will receive a
-message some time before the example ends. If the message is received, the
-expectation is satisfied. If not, the example fails.
-```ruby
-validator = double("validator")
-expect(validator).to receive(:validate) { "02134" }
-zipcode = Zipcode.new("02134", validator)
-zipcode.valid?
-```
-## Test Spies
-Verifies the given object received the expected message during the course of
-the test. For a message to be verified, the given object must be setup to spy
-on it, either by having it explicitly stubbed or by being a null object double
-(e.g. `double(...).as_null_object`). Convenience methods are provided to easily
-create null object doubles for this purpose:
-```ruby
-spy("invitation") # => same as `double("invitation").as_null_object`
-instance_spy("Invitation") # => same as `instance_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
-class_spy("Invitation") # => same as `class_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
-object_spy("Invitation") # => same as `object_double("Invitation").as_null_object`
-```
-Verifying messages received in this way implements the Test Spy pattern.
-```ruby
-invitation = spy('invitation')
-user.accept_invitation(invitation)
-expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept)
-# You can also use other common message expectations. For example:
-expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
-expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).twice
-expect(invitation).to_not have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
-# One can specify a return value on the spy the same way one would a double.
-invitation = spy('invitation', :accept => true)
-expect(invitation).to have_received(:accept).with(mailer)
-expect(invitation.accept).to eq(true)
-```
-Note that `have_received(...).with(...)` is unable to work properly when
-passed arguments are mutated after the spy records the received message.
-For example, this does not work properly:
-```ruby
-greeter = spy("greeter")
-message = "Hello"
-greeter.greet_with(message)
-message << ", World"
-expect(greeter).to have_received(:greet_with).with("Hello")
-```
-## Nomenclature
-### Mock Objects and Test Stubs
-The names Mock Object and Test Stub suggest specialized Test Doubles.  i.e.
-a Test Stub is a Test Double that only supports method stubs, and a Mock
-Object is a Test Double that supports message expectations and method
-stubs.
-There is a lot of overlapping nomenclature here, and there are many
-variations of these patterns (fakes, spies, etc). Keep in mind that most of
-the time we're talking about method-level concepts that are variations of
-method stubs and message expectations, and we're applying to them to _one_
-generic kind of object: a Test Double.
-### Test-Specific Extension
-a.k.a. Partial Double, a Test-Specific Extension is an extension of a
-real object in a system that is instrumented with test-double like
-behaviour in the context of a test. This technique is very common in Ruby
-because we often see class objects acting as global namespaces for methods.
-For example, in Rails:
-```ruby
-person = double("person")
-allow(Person).to receive(:find) { person }
-```
-In this case we're instrumenting Person to return the person object we've
-defined whenever it receives the `find` message. We can also set a message
-expectation so that the example fails if `find` is not called:
-```ruby
-person = double("person")
-expect(Person).to receive(:find) { person }
-```
-RSpec replaces the method we're stubbing or mocking with its own
-test-double-like method. At the end of the example, RSpec verifies any message
-expectations, and then restores the original methods.
-## Expecting Arguments
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(*args)
-expect(double).to_not receive(:msg).with(*args)
-```
-You can set multiple expectations for the same message if you need to:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("A", 1, 3)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("B", 2, 4)
-```
-## Argument Matchers
-Arguments that are passed to `with` are compared with actual arguments
-received using ===. In cases in which you want to specify things about the
-arguments rather than the arguments themselves, you can use any of the
-matchers that ship with rspec-expectations. They don't all make syntactic
-sense (they were primarily designed for use with RSpec::Expectations), but
-you are free to create your own custom RSpec::Matchers.
-rspec-mocks also adds some keyword Symbols that you can use to
-specify certain kinds of arguments:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(no_args)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(any_args)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, any_args) # any args acts like an arg splat and can go anywhere
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, kind_of(Numeric), "b") #2nd argument can be any kind of Numeric
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, boolean(), "b") #2nd argument can be true or false
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, /abc/, "b") #2nd argument can be any String matching the submitted Regexp
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, anything(), "b") #2nd argument can be anything at all
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(1, duck_type(:abs, :div), "b") #2nd argument can be object that responds to #abs and #div
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(hash_including(:a => 5)) # first arg is a hash with a: 5 as one of the key-values
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(array_including(5)) # first arg is an array with 5 as one of the key-values
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with(hash_excluding(:a => 5)) # first arg is a hash without a: 5 as one of the key-values
-```
-## Receive Counts
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).once
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).twice
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).exactly(n).time
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).exactly(n).times
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(:once)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(:twice)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(n).time
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_least(n).times
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(:once)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(:twice)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(n).time
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).at_most(n).times
-```
-## Ordering
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).ordered
-expect(double).to receive(:other_msg).ordered
-  # This will fail if the messages are received out of order
-```
-This can include the same message with different arguments:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("A", 1, 3).ordered
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).with("B", 2, 4).ordered
-```
-## Setting Responses
-Whether you are setting a message expectation or a method stub, you can
-tell the object precisely how to respond. The most generic way is to pass
-a block to `receive`:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg) { value }
-```
-When the double receives the `msg` message, it evaluates the block and returns
-the result.
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).exactly(3).times.and_return(value1, value2, value3)
-  # returns value1 the first time, value2 the second, etc
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_raise(error)
-  # `error` can be an instantiated object (e.g. `StandardError.new(some_arg)`) or a class (e.g. `StandardError`)
-  # if it is a class, it must be instantiable with no args
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_throw(:msg)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield)
-expect(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield).and_yield(some, other, values, this, time)
-  # for methods that yield to a block multiple times
-```
-Any of these responses can be applied to a stub as well
-```ruby
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value)
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_return(value1, value2, value3)
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_raise(error)
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_throw(:msg)
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield)
-allow(double).to receive(:msg).and_yield(values, to, yield).and_yield(some, other, values, this, time)
-```
-## Arbitrary Handling
-Once in a while you'll find that the available expectations don't solve the
-particular problem you are trying to solve. Imagine that you expect the message
-to come with an Array argument that has a specific length, but you don't care
-what is in it. You could do this:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg) do |arg|
-  expect(arg.size).to eq 7
-end
-```
-If the method being stubbed itself takes a block, and you need to yield to it
-in some special way, you can use this:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:msg) do |&arg|
-  begin
-    arg.call
-  ensure
-    # cleanup
-  end
-end
-```
-## Delegating to the Original Implementation
-When working with a partial mock object, you may occasionally
-want to set a message expectation without interfering with how
-the object responds to the message. You can use `and_call_original`
-to achieve this:
-```ruby
-expect(Person).to receive(:find).and_call_original
-Person.find # => executes the original find method and returns the result
-```
-## Combining Expectation Details
-Combining the message name with specific arguments, receive counts and responses
-you can get quite a bit of detail in your expectations:
-```ruby
-expect(double).to receive(:<<).with("illegal value").once.and_raise(ArgumentError)
-```
-While this is a good thing when you really need it, you probably don't really
-need it! Take care to specify only the things that matter to the behavior of
-your code.
-## Stubbing and Hiding Constants
-See the [mutating constants
-README](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-mocks/blob/master/features/mutating_constants/README.md)
-for info on this feature.
-## Use `before(:example)`, not `before(:context)`
-Stubs in `before(:context)` are not supported. The reason is that all stubs and mocks get cleared out after each example, so any stub that is set in `before(:context)` would work in the first example that happens to run in that group, but not for any others.
-Instead of `before(:context)`, use `before(:example)`.
-## Settings mocks or stubs on any instance of a class
-rspec-mocks provides two methods, `allow_any_instance_of` and
-`expect_any_instance_of`, that will allow you to stub or mock any instance
-of a class. They are used in place of `allow` or `expect`:
-```ruby
-allow_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).and_return("Wibble")
-expect_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).and_return("Wobble")
-```
-These methods add the appropriate stub or expectation to all instances of
-`Widget`.
-This feature is sometimes useful when working with legacy code, though in
-general we discourage its use for a number of reasons:
-* The `rspec-mocks` API is designed for individual object instances, but this
-  feature operates on entire classes of objects. As a result there are some
-  semantically confusing edge cases. For example in
-  `expect_any_instance_of(Widget).to receive(:name).twice` it isn't clear
-  whether each specific instance is expected to receive `name` twice, or if two
-  receives total are expected. (It's the former.)
-* Using this feature is often a design smell. It may be
-  that your test is trying to do too much or that the object under test is too
-  complex.
-* It is the most complicated feature of `rspec-mocks`, and has historically
-  received the most bug reports. (None of the core team actively use it,
-  which doesn't help.)
-## Further Reading
-There are many different viewpoints about the meaning of mocks and stubs. If
-you are interested in learning more, here is some recommended reading:
-* Mock Objects: http://www.mockobjects.com/
-* Endo-Testing: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/research/demeter/related-work/extreme-programming/MockObjectsFinal.PDF
-* Mock Roles, Not Objects: http://www.jmock.org/oopsla2004.pdf
-* Test Double: http://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html
-* Test Double Patterns: http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Double%20Patterns.html
-* Mocks aren't stubs: http://www.martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html
-## Also see
-* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec](https://github.com/rspec/rspec)
-* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-core](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-core)
-* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-expectations](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-expectations)
-* [https://github.com/rspec/rspec-rails](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-rails)