vagrant-lxc-2.1-patch 1.4.0

data/scripts/lxc-template

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# This is a modified version of /usr/share/lxc/templates/lxc-download
+# that comes with ubuntu-lxc 1.0.0 stable from ppa changed to suit vagrant-lxc needs
+#
+# Copyright © 2014 Stéphane Graber <stgraber@ubuntu.com>
+# Copyright © 2014 Fábio Rehm <fgrehm@gmail.com>
+#
+#  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+#  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+#  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+#  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+#  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+#  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+#  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301
+#  USA
+
+set -eu
+
+LXC_HOOK_DIR="/usr/share/lxc/hooks"
+LXC_TEMPLATE_CONFIG="/usr/share/lxc/config"
+
+LXC_MAPPED_GID=
+LXC_MAPPED_UID=
+LXC_NAME=
+LXC_PATH=
+LXC_ROOTFS=
+LXC_TARBALL=
+LXC_CONFIG=
+LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS=2
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+vagrant-lxc default template
+
+Required arguments:
+[ --tarball <path> ]: The full path of the rootfs tarball
+
+Optional arguments:
+[ --config ]: Configuration file to be used when building the container
+[ -h | --help ]: This help message
+
+LXC internal arguments (do not pass manually!):
+[ --name <name> ]: The container name
+[ --path <path> ]: The path to the container
+[ --rootfs <rootfs> ]: The path to the container's rootfs
+[ --mapped-uid <map> ]: A uid map (user namespaces)
+[ --mapped-gid <map> ]: A gid map (user namespaces)
+[ --strip-components <num> ]: Number of path components to strip from tarball
+EOF
+    return 0
+}
+
+options=$(getopt -o h -l tarball:,config:,help:,name:,path:,rootfs:,mapped-uid:,mapped-gid:,strip-components: -- "$@")SS
+
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    usage $(basename $0)
+    exit 1
+fi
+eval set -- "$options"
+
+while true
+do
+    case "$1" in
+        -h|--help)          usage $0 && exit 0;;
+        --config)           LXC_CONFIG=$2; shift 2;;
+        --tarball)          LXC_TARBALL=$2; shift 2;;
+        --name)             LXC_NAME=$2; shift 2;;
+        --path)             LXC_PATH=$2; shift 2;;
+        --rootfs)           LXC_ROOTFS=$2; shift 2;;
+        --mapped-uid)       LXC_MAPPED_UID=$2; shift 2;;
+        --mapped-gid)       LXC_MAPPED_GID=$2; shift 2;;
+        --strip-components) LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS=$2; shift 2;;
+        *)                  break;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "${LXC_NAME}" ]; then
+    echo "'name' parameter is required"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${LXC_TARBALL}" ]; then
+    echo "'tarball' parameter is required"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${LXC_PATH}" ]; then
+    echo "'path' parameter is required"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# if $LXC_ROOTFS exists here, it was passed in with --rootfs
+if [ -z "${LXC_ROOTFS}" ]; then
+    config=${LXC_PATH}/config
+    if grep -q '^lxc.rootfs' $config 2>/dev/null ; then
+        LXC_ROOTFS=`grep 'lxc.rootfs =' $config | awk -F= '{ print $2 }'`
+    else
+        LXC_ROOTFS=$LXC_PATH/rootfs
+        echo "lxc.rootfs = ${LXC_ROOTFS}" >> $config
+    fi
+fi
+
+# Unpack the rootfs
+echo "Unpacking the rootfs"
+
+(
+    flock -x 200
+    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+        echo "Cache repository is busy."
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    mkdir -p ${LXC_ROOTFS}
+    (cd ${LXC_ROOTFS} && tar xfz ${LXC_TARBALL} --strip-components=${LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS} --xattrs --xattrs-include=* || true)
+    if [ ! -f ${LXC_ROOTFS}/bin/true ]; then
+        echo "Failed to extract rootfs"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+) 200>${LXC_PATH}/vagrant_lock
+rm ${LXC_PATH}/vagrant_lock
+
+mkdir -p ${LXC_ROOTFS}/dev/pts/
+
+## Extract all the network config entries
+sed -i -e "/lxc.network/{w ${LXC_PATH}/config-network" -e "d}" \
+    ${LXC_PATH}/config
+
+## Extract any other config entry
+sed -i -e "/lxc./{w ${LXC_PATH}/config-auto" -e "d}" ${LXC_PATH}/config
+
+## Add the container-specific config
+echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+echo "# Container specific configuration (automatically set)" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+if [ -e "${LXC_PATH}/config-auto" ]; then
+    cat ${LXC_PATH}/config-auto >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    rm ${LXC_PATH}/config-auto
+fi
+echo "lxc.uts.name = ${LXC_NAME}" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+
+## Re-add the previously removed network config
+if [ -e "${LXC_PATH}/config-network" ]; then
+    echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "# Network configuration (automatically set)" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    cat ${LXC_PATH}/config-network >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    rm ${LXC_PATH}/config-network
+fi
+
+if [ -n "${LXC_CONFIG}" ]; then
+    ## Append the defaults
+    echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "# vagrant-lxc base box specific configuration" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    cat ${LXC_CONFIG} >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+fi
+
+# Empty section for lxc.customize calls from vagrantfile
+echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+echo "# vagrant-lxc container specific configuration" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+
+exit 0

data/scripts/pipework

@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# This code should (try to) follow Google's Shell Style Guide
+# (https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/shell.xml)
+set -e
+
+case "$1" in
+  --wait)
+    WAIT=1
+    ;;
+esac
+
+IFNAME=$1
+
+# default value set further down if not set here
+CONTAINER_IFNAME=
+if [ "$2" = "-i" ]; then
+  CONTAINER_IFNAME=$3
+  shift 2
+fi
+
+if [ "$2" = "-l" ]; then
+  LOCAL_IFNAME=$3
+  shift 2
+fi
+
+GUESTNAME=$2
+IPADDR=$3
+MACADDR=$4
+
+case "$MACADDR" in
+  *@*)
+    VLAN="${MACADDR#*@}"
+    VLAN="${VLAN%%@*}"
+    MACADDR="${MACADDR%%@*}"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    VLAN=
+    ;;
+esac
+
+# did they ask to generate a custom MACADDR?
+# generate the unique string
+case "$MACADDR" in
+  U:*)
+    macunique="${MACADDR#*:}"
+    # now generate a 48-bit hash string from $macunique
+    MACADDR=$(echo $macunique|md5sum|sed 's/^\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\).*$/02:\1:\2:\3:\4:\5/')
+   ;;
+esac
+
+
+[ "$IPADDR" ] || [ "$WAIT" ] || {
+  echo "Syntax:"
+  echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] [-l localinterfacename] <guest> <ipaddr>/<subnet>[@default_gateway] [macaddr][@vlan]"
+  echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] [-l localinterfacename] <guest> dhcp [macaddr][@vlan]"
+  echo "pipework route <guest> <route_command>"
+  echo "pipework --wait [-i containerinterface]"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+# Succeed if the given utility is installed. Fail otherwise.
+# For explanations about `which` vs `type` vs `command`, see:
+# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/592620/check-if-a-program-exists-from-a-bash-script/677212#677212
+# (Thanks to @chenhanxiao for pointing this out!)
+installed () {
+  command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+# Google Styleguide says error messages should go to standard error.
+warn () {
+  echo "$@" >&2
+}
+die () {
+  status="$1"
+  shift
+  warn "$@"
+  exit "$status"
+}
+
+# First step: determine type of first argument (bridge, physical interface...),
+# Unless "--wait" is set (then skip the whole section)
+if [ -z "$WAIT" ]; then 
+  if [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME" ]
+  then
+    if [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME/bridge" ]; then
+      IFTYPE=bridge
+      BRTYPE=linux
+    elif installed ovs-vsctl && ovs-vsctl list-br|grep -q "^${IFNAME}$"; then
+      IFTYPE=bridge
+      BRTYPE=openvswitch
+    elif [ "$(cat "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME/type")" -eq 32 ]; then # InfiniBand IPoIB interface type 32
+      IFTYPE=ipoib
+      # The IPoIB kernel module is fussy, set device name to ib0 if not overridden
+      CONTAINER_IFNAME=${CONTAINER_IFNAME:-ib0}
+      PKEY=$VLAN
+    else IFTYPE=phys
+    fi
+  else
+    case "$IFNAME" in
+      br*)
+        IFTYPE=bridge
+        BRTYPE=linux
+        ;;
+      ovs*)
+        if ! installed ovs-vsctl; then
+          die 1 "Need OVS installed on the system to create an ovs bridge"
+        fi
+        IFTYPE=bridge
+        BRTYPE=openvswitch
+        ;;
+      route*)
+        IFTYPE=route
+        ;;
+      dummy*)
+        IFTYPE=dummy
+        ;;
+      *) die 1 "I do not know how to setup interface $IFNAME." ;;
+    esac
+  fi
+fi
+
+# Set the default container interface name to eth1 if not already set
+CONTAINER_IFNAME=${CONTAINER_IFNAME:-eth1}
+
+[ "$WAIT" ] && {
+  while true; do
+    # This first method works even without `ip` or `ifconfig` installed,
+    # but doesn't work on older kernels (e.g. CentOS 6.X). See #128.
+    grep -q '^1$' "/sys/class/net/$CONTAINER_IFNAME/carrier" && break
+    # This method hopefully works on those older kernels.
+    ip link ls dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" && break
+    sleep 1
+  done > /dev/null 2>&1
+  exit 0
+}
+
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && [ "$BRTYPE" = linux ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && {
+  die 1 "VLAN configuration currently unsupported for Linux bridge."
+}
+
+[ "$IFTYPE" = ipoib ] && [ "$MACADDR" ] && {
+  die 1 "MACADDR configuration unsupported for IPoIB interfaces."
+}
+
+# Second step: find the guest (for now, we only support LXC containers)
+while read _ mnt fstype options _; do
+  [ "$fstype" != "cgroup" ] && continue
+  echo "$options" | grep -qw devices || continue
+  CGROUPMNT=$mnt
+done < /proc/mounts
+
+[ "$CGROUPMNT" ] || {
+    die 1 "Could not locate cgroup mount point."
+}
+
+# Try to find a cgroup matching exactly the provided name.
+N=$(find "$CGROUPMNT" -name "$GUESTNAME" | wc -l)
+case "$N" in
+  0)
+    # If we didn't find anything, try to lookup the container with Docker.
+    if installed docker; then
+      RETRIES=3
+      while [ "$RETRIES" -gt 0 ]; do
+        DOCKERPID=$(docker inspect --format='{{ .State.Pid }}' "$GUESTNAME")
+        [ "$DOCKERPID" != 0 ] && break
+        sleep 1
+        RETRIES=$((RETRIES - 1))
+      done
+
+      [ "$DOCKERPID" = 0 ] && {
+        die 1 "Docker inspect returned invalid PID 0"
+      }
+
+      [ "$DOCKERPID" = "<no value>" ] && {
+        die 1 "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and unknown to Docker."
+      }
+    else
+      die 1 "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and Docker not installed."
+    fi
+    ;;
+  1) true ;;
+  *) die 1 "Found more than one container matching $GUESTNAME." ;;
+esac
+
+# only check IPADDR if we are not in a route mode
+[ "$IFTYPE" != route ] && {
+  case "$IPADDR" in
+    # Let's check first if the user asked for DHCP allocation.
+    dhcp|dhcp:*)
+      # Use Docker-specific strategy to run the DHCP client
+      # from the busybox image, in the network namespace of
+      # the container.
+      if ! [ "$DOCKERPID" ]; then
+        warn "You asked for a Docker-specific DHCP method."
+        warn "However, $GUESTNAME doesn't seem to be a Docker container."
+        warn "Try to replace 'dhcp' with another option?"
+        die 1 "Aborting."
+      fi
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${IPADDR%%:*}
+      ;;
+    udhcpc|udhcpc:*|udhcpc-f|udhcpc-f:*|dhcpcd|dhcpcd:*|dhclient|dhclient:*|dhclient-f|dhclient-f:*)
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${IPADDR%%:*}
+      # did they ask for the client to remain?
+      DHCP_FOREGROUND=
+      [ "${DHCP_CLIENT: -2}" = '-f' ] && {
+        DHCP_FOREGROUND=true
+      }
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${DHCP_CLIENT%-f}
+      if ! installed "$DHCP_CLIENT"; then
+        die 1 "You asked for DHCP client $DHCP_CLIENT, but I can't find it."
+      fi
+      ;;
+    # Alright, no DHCP? Then let's see if we have a subnet *and* gateway.
+    */*@*)
+      GATEWAY="${IPADDR#*@}" GATEWAY="${GATEWAY%%@*}"
+      IPADDR="${IPADDR%%@*}"
+      ;;
+    # No gateway? We need at least a subnet, anyway!
+    */*) : ;;
+    # ... No? Then stop right here.
+    *)
+      warn "The IP address should include a netmask."
+      die 1 "Maybe you meant $IPADDR/24 ?"
+      ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+# If a DHCP method was specified, extract the DHCP options.
+if [ "$DHCP_CLIENT" ]; then
+  case "$IPADDR" in
+    *:*) DHCP_OPTIONS="${IPADDR#*:}" ;;
+  esac
+fi
+
+if [ "$DOCKERPID" ]; then
+  NSPID=$DOCKERPID
+else
+  NSPID=$(head -n 1 "$(find "$CGROUPMNT" -name "$GUESTNAME" | head -n 1)/tasks")
+  [ "$NSPID" ] || {
+    # it is an alternative way to get the pid
+    NSPID=$(lxc-info -n  "$GUESTNAME" | grep PID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+')
+    [ "$NSPID" ] || {
+      die 1 "Could not find a process inside container $GUESTNAME."
+    }
+  }
+fi
+
+# Check if an incompatible VLAN device already exists
+[ "$IFTYPE" = phys ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME.VLAN" ] && {
+  ip -d link show "$IFNAME.$VLAN" | grep -q "vlan.*id $VLAN" || {
+    die 1 "$IFNAME.VLAN already exists but is not a VLAN device for tag $VLAN"
+  }
+}
+
+[ ! -d /var/run/netns ] && mkdir -p /var/run/netns
+rm -f "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"
+ln -s "/proc/$NSPID/ns/net" "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"
+
+# Check if we need to create a bridge.
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && [ ! -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME" ] && {
+  [ "$BRTYPE" = linux ] && {
+    (ip link add dev "$IFNAME" type bridge > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addbr "$IFNAME")
+    ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+  }
+  [ "$BRTYPE" = openvswitch ] && {
+    ovs-vsctl add-br "$IFNAME"
+  }
+}
+
+[ "$IFTYPE" != "route" ] && [ "$IFTYPE" != "dummy" ] && MTU=$(ip link show "$IFNAME" | awk '{print $5}')
+
+# If it's a bridge, we need to create a veth pair
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && {
+  if [ -z "$LOCAL_IFNAME" ]; then
+    LOCAL_IFNAME="v${CONTAINER_IFNAME}pl${NSPID}"
+  fi
+  GUEST_IFNAME="v${CONTAINER_IFNAME}pg${NSPID}"
+  # Does the link already exist?
+  if ip link show "$LOCAL_IFNAME" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    # link exists, is it in use?
+    if ip link show "$LOCAL_IFNAME" up | grep -q "UP"; then
+      echo "Link $LOCAL_IFNAME exists and is up"
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    # delete the link so we can re-add it afterwards
+    ip link del "$LOCAL_IFNAME"
+  fi
+  ip link add name "$LOCAL_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU" type veth peer name "$GUEST_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU"
+  case "$BRTYPE" in
+    linux)
+      (ip link set "$LOCAL_IFNAME" master "$IFNAME" > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addif "$IFNAME" "$LOCAL_IFNAME")
+      ;;
+    openvswitch)
+      if ! ovs-vsctl list-ports "$IFNAME" | grep -q "^${LOCAL_IFNAME}$"; then
+        ovs-vsctl add-port "$IFNAME" "$LOCAL_IFNAME" ${VLAN:+tag="$VLAN"}
+      fi
+      ;;
+  esac
+  ip link set "$LOCAL_IFNAME" up
+}
+
+# If it's a physical interface, create a macvlan subinterface
+[ "$IFTYPE" = phys ] && {
+  [ "$VLAN" ] && {
+    [ ! -d "/sys/class/net/${IFNAME}.${VLAN}" ] && {
+      ip link add link "$IFNAME" name "$IFNAME.$VLAN" mtu "$MTU" type vlan id "$VLAN"
+    }
+    ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+    IFNAME=$IFNAME.$VLAN
+  }
+  GUEST_IFNAME=ph$NSPID$CONTAINER_IFNAME
+  ip link add link "$IFNAME" dev "$GUEST_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU" type macvlan mode bridge
+  ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+}
+
+# If it's an IPoIB interface, create a virtual IPoIB interface (the IPoIB
+# equivalent of a macvlan device)
+#
+# Note: no macvlan subinterface nor Ethernet bridge can be created on top of an
+# IPoIB interface. InfiniBand is not Ethernet. IPoIB is an IP layer on top of
+# InfiniBand, without an intermediate Ethernet layer.
+[ "$IFTYPE" = ipoib ] && {
+  GUEST_IFNAME="${IFNAME}.${NSPID}"
+
+  # If a partition key is provided, use it
+  [ "$PKEY" ] && {
+    GUEST_IFNAME="${IFNAME}.${PKEY}.${NSPID}"
+    PKEY="pkey 0x$PKEY"
+  }
+
+  ip link add link "$IFNAME" name "$GUEST_IFNAME" type ipoib $PKEY
+  ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+}
+
+# If its a dummy interface, create a dummy interface.
+[ "$IFTYPE" = dummy ] && {
+  GUEST_IFNAME=du$NSPID$CONTAINER_IFNAME
+  ip link add dev "$GUEST_IFNAME" type dummy
+}
+
+# If the `route` command was specified ...
+if [ "$IFTYPE" = route ]; then
+  # ... discard the first two arguments and pass the rest to the route command.
+  shift 2
+  ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route "$@"
+else 
+  # Otherwise, run normally.
+  ip link set "$GUEST_IFNAME" netns "$NSPID"
+  ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set "$GUEST_IFNAME" name "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+  [ "$MACADDR" ] && ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" address "$MACADDR"
+
+  # When using any of the DHCP methods, we start a DHCP client in the
+  # network namespace of the container. With the 'dhcp' method, the
+  # client used is taken from the Docker busybox image (therefore
+  # requiring no specific client installed on the host). Other methods
+  # use a locally installed client.
+  case "$DHCP_CLIENT" in
+    dhcp)
+      docker run -d --net container:$GUESTNAME --cap-add NET_ADMIN \
+             busybox udhcpc -i "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" -x "hostname:$GUESTNAME" \
+             $DHCP_OPTIONS \
+             >/dev/null
+      ;;
+    udhcpc)
+      DHCP_Q="-q"
+      [ "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        DHCP_OPTIONS="$DHCP_OPTIONS -f"
+      }
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" -qi "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" \
+                                            -x "hostname:$GUESTNAME" \
+                                            -p "/var/run/udhcpc.$GUESTNAME.pid" \
+                                            $DHCP_OPTIONS
+      [ ! "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        rm "/var/run/udhcpc.$GUESTNAME.pid"
+      }
+      ;;
+    dhclient)
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" \
+                                            -pf "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid" \
+                                            -lf "/etc/dhclient/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.leases" \
+                                            $DHCP_OPTIONS
+      # kill dhclient after get ip address to prevent device be used after container close
+      [ ! "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        kill "$(cat "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid")"
+        rm "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid"
+      }
+      ;;
+    dhcpcd)
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" -q "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" -h "$GUESTNAME"
+      ;;
+    "")
+      if installed ipcalc; then
+        eval $(ipcalc -b $IPADDR)
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip addr add "$IPADDR" brd "$BROADCAST" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+      else
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip addr add "$IPADDR" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+      fi
+
+      [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route delete default >/dev/null 2>&1 && true
+      }
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" up
+      [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route get "$GATEWAY" >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route add "$GATEWAY/32" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route replace default via "$GATEWAY"
+      }
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  # Give our ARP neighbors a nudge about the new interface
+  if installed arping; then
+    IPADDR=$(echo "$IPADDR" | cut -d/ -f1)
+    ip netns exec "$NSPID" arping -c 1 -A -I "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" "$IPADDR" > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  else
+    echo "Warning: arping not found; interface may not be immediately reachable"
+  fi
+fi
+# Remove NSPID to avoid `ip netns` catch it.
+rm -f "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"
+
+# vim: set tabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2 expandtab :