unicorn 1.1.7 → 2.0.0pre1

data/lib/unicorn/app/exec_cgi.rb

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ module Unicorn::App
 
     # Calls the app
     def call(env)
-      out, err = Unicorn::Util.tmpio, Unicorn::Util.tmpio
+      out, err = Unicorn::TmpIO.new, Unicorn::TmpIO.new
       inp = force_file_input(env)
       pid = fork { run_child(inp, out, err, env) }
       inp.close
@@ -113,9 +113,8 @@ module Unicorn::App
         when /^[ \t]/ then headers[prev] << "\n#{line}" if prev
         end
       end
-      status = headers.delete("Status") || 200
       headers['Content-Length'] = size.to_s
-      [ status, headers, out ]
+      [ 200, headers, out ]
     end
 
     # ensures rack.input is a file handle that we can redirect stdin to
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ module Unicorn::App
       if inp.respond_to?(:size) && inp.size == 0
         ::File.open('/dev/null', 'rb')
       else
-        tmp = Unicorn::Util.tmpio
+        tmp = Unicorn::TmpIO.new
 
         buf = inp.read(CHUNK_SIZE)
         begin

data/lib/unicorn/configurator.rb

@@ -9,13 +9,19 @@ require 'logger'
 # nginx is also available at
 # http://unicorn.bogomips.org/examples/nginx.conf
 class Unicorn::Configurator < Struct.new(:set, :config_file, :after_reload)
+  # :stopdoc:
   # used to stash stuff for deferred processing of cli options in
   # config.ru after "working_directory" is bound.  Do not rely on
   # this being around later on...
-  RACKUP = {} # :nodoc:
+  RACKUP = {
+    :daemonize => false,
+    :host => Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_HOST,
+    :port => Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_PORT,
+    :set_listener => false,
+    :options => { :listeners => [] }
+  }
 
   # Default settings for Unicorn
-  # :stopdoc:
   DEFAULTS = {
     :timeout => 60,
     :logger => Logger.new($stderr),
@@ -36,28 +42,28 @@ class Unicorn::Configurator < Struct.new(:set, :config_file, :after_reload)
 
   def initialize(defaults = {}) #:nodoc:
     self.set = Hash.new(:unset)
-    @use_defaults = defaults.delete(:use_defaults)
+    use_defaults = defaults.delete(:use_defaults)
     self.config_file = defaults.delete(:config_file)
 
     # after_reload is only used by unicorn_rails, unsupported otherwise
     self.after_reload = defaults.delete(:after_reload)
 
-    set.merge!(DEFAULTS) if @use_defaults
-    defaults.each { |key, value| self.__send__(key, value) }
+    set.merge!(DEFAULTS) if use_defaults
+    defaults.each { |key, value| self.send(key, value) }
     Hash === set[:listener_opts] or
         set[:listener_opts] = Hash.new { |hash,key| hash[key] = {} }
     Array === set[:listeners] or set[:listeners] = []
-    reload(false)
+    reload
   end
 
-  def reload(merge_defaults = true) #:nodoc:
-    if merge_defaults && @use_defaults
-      set.merge!(DEFAULTS) if @use_defaults
-    end
+  def reload #:nodoc:
     instance_eval(File.read(config_file), config_file) if config_file
 
     parse_rackup_file
 
+    RACKUP[:set_listener] and
+      set[:listeners] << "#{RACKUP[:host]}:#{RACKUP[:port]}"
+
     # unicorn_rails creates dirs here after working_directory is bound
     after_reload.call if after_reload
 
@@ -395,10 +401,7 @@ class Unicorn::Configurator < Struct.new(:set, :config_file, :after_reload)
 
   # sets the working directory for Unicorn.  This ensures SIGUSR2 will
   # start a new instance of Unicorn in this directory.  This may be
-  # a symlink, a common scenario for Capistrano users.  Unlike
-  # all other Unicorn configuration directives, this binds immediately
-  # for error checking and cannot be undone by unsetting it in the
-  # configuration file and reloading.
+  # a symlink, a common scenario for Capistrano users.
   def working_directory(path)
     # just let chdir raise errors
     path = File.expand_path(path)
@@ -495,23 +498,15 @@ private
     /^#\\(.*)/ =~ File.read(ru) or return
     RACKUP[:optparse].parse!($1.split(/\s+/))
 
-    # XXX ugly as hell, WILL FIX in 2.x (along with Rainbows!/Zbatery)
-    host, port, set_listener, options, daemonize =
-                    eval("[ host, port, set_listener, options, daemonize ]",
-                         TOPLEVEL_BINDING)
-
-    # XXX duplicate code from bin/unicorn{,_rails}
-    set[:listeners] << "#{host}:#{port}" if set_listener
-
-    if daemonize
+    if RACKUP[:daemonize]
       # unicorn_rails wants a default pid path, (not plain 'unicorn')
       if after_reload
         spid = set[:pid]
         pid('tmp/pids/unicorn.pid') if spid.nil? || spid == :unset
       end
       unless RACKUP[:daemonized]
-        Unicorn::Launcher.daemonize!(options)
-        RACKUP[:ready_pipe] = options.delete(:ready_pipe)
+        Unicorn::Launcher.daemonize!(RACKUP[:options])
+        RACKUP[:ready_pipe] = RACKUP[:options].delete(:ready_pipe)
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/unicorn/const.rb

@@ -1,36 +1,37 @@
 # -*- encoding: binary -*-
 
-module Unicorn
+# Frequently used constants when constructing requests or responses.
+# Many times the constant just refers to a string with the same
+# contents.  Using these constants gave about a 3% to 10% performance
+# improvement over using the strings directly.  Symbols did not really
+# improve things much compared to constants.
+module Unicorn::Const
 
-  # Frequently used constants when constructing requests or responses.  Many times
-  # the constant just refers to a string with the same contents.  Using these constants
-  # gave about a 3% to 10% performance improvement over using the strings directly.
-  # Symbols did not really improve things much compared to constants.
-  module Const
+  # The current version of Unicorn, currently 2.0.0pre1
+  UNICORN_VERSION = "2.0.0pre1"
 
-    # The current version of Unicorn, currently 1.1.7
-    UNICORN_VERSION="1.1.7"
+  # default TCP listen host address (0.0.0.0, all interfaces)
+  DEFAULT_HOST = "0.0.0.0"
 
-    DEFAULT_HOST = "0.0.0.0" # default TCP listen host address
-    DEFAULT_PORT = 8080      # default TCP listen port
-    DEFAULT_LISTEN = "#{DEFAULT_HOST}:#{DEFAULT_PORT}"
+  # default TCP listen port (8080)
+  DEFAULT_PORT = 8080
 
-    # The basic max request size we'll try to read.
-    CHUNK_SIZE=(16 * 1024)
+  # default TCP listen address and port (0.0.0.0:8080)
+  DEFAULT_LISTEN = "#{DEFAULT_HOST}:#{DEFAULT_PORT}"
 
-    # Maximum request body size before it is moved out of memory and into a
-    # temporary file for reading (112 kilobytes).
-    MAX_BODY=1024 * 112
+  # The basic request body size we'll try to read at once (16 kilobytes).
+  CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024
 
-    # common errors we'll send back
-    ERROR_400_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n"
-    ERROR_500_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n\r\n"
-    EXPECT_100_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n"
+  # Maximum request body size before it is moved out of memory and into a
+  # temporary file for reading (112 kilobytes).
+  MAX_BODY = 1024 * 112
 
-    # A frozen format for this is about 15% faster
-    REMOTE_ADDR="REMOTE_ADDR".freeze
-    RACK_INPUT="rack.input".freeze
-    HTTP_EXPECT="HTTP_EXPECT"
-  end
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # common errors we'll send back
+  ERROR_400_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n"
+  ERROR_500_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n\r\n"
+  EXPECT_100_RESPONSE = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n"
 
+  HTTP_EXPECT = "HTTP_EXPECT"
+  # :startdoc:
 end

data/lib/unicorn/http_request.rb

@@ -2,70 +2,77 @@
 
 require 'unicorn_http'
 
-module Unicorn
-  class HttpRequest
+class Unicorn::HttpRequest
 
-    # default parameters we merge into the request env for Rack handlers
-    DEFAULTS = {
-      "rack.errors" => $stderr,
-      "rack.multiprocess" => true,
-      "rack.multithread" => false,
-      "rack.run_once" => false,
-      "rack.version" => [1, 1],
-      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "",
+  # default parameters we merge into the request env for Rack handlers
+  DEFAULTS = {
+    "rack.errors" => $stderr,
+    "rack.multiprocess" => true,
+    "rack.multithread" => false,
+    "rack.run_once" => false,
+    "rack.version" => [1, 1],
+    "SCRIPT_NAME" => "",
 
-      # this is not in the Rack spec, but some apps may rely on it
-      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Unicorn #{Const::UNICORN_VERSION}"
-    }
+    # this is not in the Rack spec, but some apps may rely on it
+    "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Unicorn #{Unicorn::Const::UNICORN_VERSION}"
+  }
 
-    NULL_IO = StringIO.new("")
-    LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1'
+  NULL_IO = StringIO.new("")
 
-    # Being explicitly single-threaded, we have certain advantages in
-    # not having to worry about variables being clobbered :)
-    BUF = ""
-    PARSER = HttpParser.new
-    REQ = {}
+  # :stopdoc:
+  # A frozen format for this is about 15% faster
+  REMOTE_ADDR = 'REMOTE_ADDR'.freeze
+  RACK_INPUT = 'rack.input'.freeze
+  # :startdoc:
 
-    # Does the majority of the IO processing.  It has been written in
-    # Ruby using about 8 different IO processing strategies.
-    #
-    # It is currently carefully constructed to make sure that it gets
-    # the best possible performance for the common case: GET requests
-    # that are fully complete after a single read(2)
-    #
-    # Anyone who thinks they can make it faster is more than welcome to
-    # take a crack at it.
-    #
-    # returns an environment hash suitable for Rack if successful
-    # This does minimal exception trapping and it is up to the caller
-    # to handle any socket errors (e.g. user aborted upload).
-    def read(socket)
-      REQ.clear
-      PARSER.reset
+  attr_reader :env, :parser, :buf
 
-      # From http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875:
-      # "Script authors should be aware that the REMOTE_ADDR and
-      #  REMOTE_HOST meta-variables (see sections 4.1.8 and 4.1.9)
-      #  may not identify the ultimate source of the request.  They
-      #  identify the client for the immediate request to the server;
-      #  that client may be a proxy, gateway, or other intermediary
-      #  acting on behalf of the actual source client."
-      REQ[Const::REMOTE_ADDR] =
-                    TCPSocket === socket ? socket.peeraddr[-1] : LOCALHOST
+  def initialize
+    @parser = Unicorn::HttpParser.new
+    @buf = ""
+    @env = {}
+  end
 
-      # short circuit the common case with small GET requests first
-      if PARSER.headers(REQ, socket.readpartial(Const::CHUNK_SIZE, BUF)).nil?
-        # Parser is not done, queue up more data to read and continue parsing
-        # an Exception thrown from the PARSER will throw us out of the loop
-        begin
-          BUF << socket.readpartial(Const::CHUNK_SIZE)
-        end while PARSER.headers(REQ, BUF).nil?
-      end
-      REQ[Const::RACK_INPUT] = 0 == PARSER.content_length ?
-                   NULL_IO : Unicorn::TeeInput.new(socket, REQ, PARSER, BUF)
-      REQ.update(DEFAULTS)
-    end
+  def response_headers?
+    @parser.headers?
+  end
 
+  # Does the majority of the IO processing.  It has been written in
+  # Ruby using about 8 different IO processing strategies.
+  #
+  # It is currently carefully constructed to make sure that it gets
+  # the best possible performance for the common case: GET requests
+  # that are fully complete after a single read(2)
+  #
+  # Anyone who thinks they can make it faster is more than welcome to
+  # take a crack at it.
+  #
+  # returns an environment hash suitable for Rack if successful
+  # This does minimal exception trapping and it is up to the caller
+  # to handle any socket errors (e.g. user aborted upload).
+  def read(socket)
+    @env.clear
+    @parser.reset
+
+    # From http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875:
+    # "Script authors should be aware that the REMOTE_ADDR and
+    #  REMOTE_HOST meta-variables (see sections 4.1.8 and 4.1.9)
+    #  may not identify the ultimate source of the request.  They
+    #  identify the client for the immediate request to the server;
+    #  that client may be a proxy, gateway, or other intermediary
+    #  acting on behalf of the actual source client."
+    @env[REMOTE_ADDR] = socket.kgio_addr
+
+    # short circuit the common case with small GET requests first
+    if @parser.headers(@env, socket.kgio_read!(16384, @buf)).nil?
+      # Parser is not done, queue up more data to read and continue parsing
+      # an Exception thrown from the PARSER will throw us out of the loop
+      begin
+        @buf << socket.kgio_read!(16384)
+      end while @parser.headers(@env, @buf).nil?
+    end
+    @env[RACK_INPUT] = 0 == @parser.content_length ?
+                       NULL_IO : Unicorn::TeeInput.new(socket, self)
+    @env.merge!(DEFAULTS)
   end
 end

data/lib/unicorn/http_response.rb

@@ -5,19 +5,12 @@ require 'time'
 # You use it by simply doing:
 #
 #   status, headers, body = rack_app.call(env)
-#   HttpResponse.write(socket, [ status, headers, body ])
+#   http_response_write(socket, [ status, headers, body ])
 #
 # Most header correctness (including Content-Length and Content-Type)
-# is the job of Rack, with the exception of the "Connection: close"
-# and "Date" headers.
+# is the job of Rack, with the exception of the "Date" and "Status" header.
 #
-# A design decision was made to force the client to not pipeline or
-# keepalive requests.  HTTP/1.1 pipelining really kills the
-# performance due to how it has to be handled and how unclear the
-# standard is.  To fix this the HttpResponse always gives a
-# "Connection: close" header which forces the client to close right
-# away.  The bonus for this is that it gives a pretty nice speed boost
-# to most clients since they can close their connection immediately.
+# TODO: allow keepalive
 module Unicorn::HttpResponse
 
   # Every standard HTTP code mapped to the appropriate message.
@@ -25,44 +18,32 @@ module Unicorn::HttpResponse
     hash[code] = "#{code} #{msg}"
     hash
   }
-
-  # Rack does not set/require a Date: header.  We always override the
-  # Connection: and Date: headers no matter what (if anything) our
-  # Rack application sent us.
-  SKIP = { 'connection' => true, 'date' => true, 'status' => true }
+  CRLF = "\r\n"
 
   # writes the rack_response to socket as an HTTP response
-  def self.write(socket, rack_response, have_header = true)
+  def http_response_write(socket, rack_response)
     status, headers, body = rack_response
+    status = CODES[status.to_i] || status
 
-    if have_header
-      status = CODES[status.to_i] || status
-      out = []
-
-      # Don't bother enforcing duplicate supression, it's a Hash most of
-      # the time anyways so just hope our app knows what it's doing
+    if headers
+      buf = "HTTP/1.1 #{status}\r\n" \
+            "Date: #{Time.now.httpdate}\r\n" \
+            "Status: #{status}\r\n" \
+            "Connection: close\r\n"
       headers.each do |key, value|
-        next if SKIP.include?(key.downcase)
+        next if %r{\A(?:Date\z|Status\z|Connection\z)}i =~ key
         if value =~ /\n/
           # avoiding blank, key-only cookies with /\n+/
-          out.concat(value.split(/\n+/).map! { |v| "#{key}: #{v}\r\n" })
+          buf << value.split(/\n+/).map! { |v| "#{key}: #{v}\r\n" }.join('')
         else
-          out << "#{key}: #{value}\r\n"
+          buf << "#{key}: #{value}\r\n"
         end
       end
-
-      # Rack should enforce Content-Length or chunked transfer encoding,
-      # so don't worry or care about them.
-      # Date is required by HTTP/1.1 as long as our clock can be trusted.
-      # Some broken clients require a "Status" header so we accomodate them
-      socket.write("HTTP/1.1 #{status}\r\n" \
-                   "Date: #{Time.now.httpdate}\r\n" \
-                   "Status: #{status}\r\n" \
-                   "Connection: close\r\n" \
-                   "#{out.join('')}\r\n")
+      socket.write(buf << CRLF)
     end
 
     body.each { |chunk| socket.write(chunk) }
+    socket.close # flushes and uncorks the socket immediately
     ensure
       body.respond_to?(:close) and body.close
   end

data/lib/unicorn/http_server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+
+# This is the process manager of Unicorn. This manages worker
+# processes which in turn handle the I/O and application process.
+# Listener sockets are started in the master process and shared with
+# forked worker children.
+class Unicorn::HttpServer
+  attr_accessor :app, :request, :timeout, :worker_processes,
+                :before_fork, :after_fork, :before_exec,
+                :logger, :pid, :listener_opts, :preload_app,
+                :reexec_pid, :orig_app, :init_listeners,
+                :master_pid, :config, :ready_pipe, :user
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+  include Unicorn::SocketHelper
+  include Unicorn::HttpResponse
+
+  # backwards compatibility with 1.x
+  Worker = Unicorn::Worker
+
+  # prevents IO objects in here from being GC-ed
+  IO_PURGATORY = []
+
+  # all bound listener sockets
+  LISTENERS = []
+
+  # This hash maps PIDs to Workers
+  WORKERS = {}
+
+  # We use SELF_PIPE differently in the master and worker processes:
+  #
+  # * The master process never closes or reinitializes this once
+  # initialized.  Signal handlers in the master process will write to
+  # it to wake up the master from IO.select in exactly the same manner
+  # djb describes in http://cr.yp.to/docs/selfpipe.html
+  #
+  # * The workers immediately close the pipe they inherit from the
+  # master and replace it with a new pipe after forking.  This new
+  # pipe is also used to wakeup from IO.select from inside (worker)
+  # signal handlers.  However, workers *close* the pipe descriptors in
+  # the signal handlers to raise EBADF in IO.select instead of writing
+  # like we do in the master.  We cannot easily use the reader set for
+  # IO.select because LISTENERS is already that set, and it's extra
+  # work (and cycles) to distinguish the pipe FD from the reader set
+  # once IO.select returns.  So we're lazy and just close the pipe when
+  # a (rare) signal arrives in the worker and reinitialize the pipe later.
+  SELF_PIPE = []
+
+  # signal queue used for self-piping
+  SIG_QUEUE = []
+
+  # We populate this at startup so we can figure out how to reexecute
+  # and upgrade the currently running instance of Unicorn
+  # This Hash is considered a stable interface and changing its contents
+  # will allow you to switch between different installations of Unicorn
+  # or even different installations of the same applications without
+  # downtime.  Keys of this constant Hash are described as follows:
+  #
+  # * 0 - the path to the unicorn/unicorn_rails executable
+  # * :argv - a deep copy of the ARGV array the executable originally saw
+  # * :cwd - the working directory of the application, this is where
+  # you originally started Unicorn.
+  #
+  # To change your unicorn executable to a different path without downtime,
+  # you can set the following in your Unicorn config file, HUP and then
+  # continue with the traditional USR2 + QUIT upgrade steps:
+  #
+  #   Unicorn::HttpServer::START_CTX[0] = "/home/bofh/1.9.2/bin/unicorn"
+  START_CTX = {
+    :argv => ARGV.map { |arg| arg.dup },
+    :cwd => lambda {
+        # favor ENV['PWD'] since it is (usually) symlink aware for
+        # Capistrano and like systems
+        begin
+          a = File.stat(pwd = ENV['PWD'])
+          b = File.stat(Dir.pwd)
+          a.ino == b.ino && a.dev == b.dev ? pwd : Dir.pwd
+        rescue
+          Dir.pwd
+        end
+      }.call,
+    0 => $0.dup,
+  }
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Creates a working server on host:port (strange things happen if
+  # port isn't a Number).  Use HttpServer::run to start the server and
+  # HttpServer.run.join to join the thread that's processing
+  # incoming requests on the socket.
+  def initialize(app, options = {})
+    @app = app
+    @request = Unicorn::HttpRequest.new
+    self.reexec_pid = 0
+    options = options.dup
+    self.ready_pipe = options.delete(:ready_pipe)
+    self.init_listeners = options[:listeners] ? options[:listeners].dup : []
+    options[:use_defaults] = true
+    self.config = Unicorn::Configurator.new(options)
+    self.listener_opts = {}
+
+    # we try inheriting listeners first, so we bind them later.
+    # we don't write the pid file until we've bound listeners in case
+    # unicorn was started twice by mistake.  Even though our #pid= method
+    # checks for stale/existing pid files, race conditions are still
+    # possible (and difficult/non-portable to avoid) and can be likely
+    # to clobber the pid if the second start was in quick succession
+    # after the first, so we rely on the listener binding to fail in
+    # that case.  Some tests (in and outside of this source tree) and
+    # monitoring tools may also rely on pid files existing before we
+    # attempt to connect to the listener(s)
+    config.commit!(self, :skip => [:listeners, :pid])
+    self.orig_app = app
+  end
+
+  # Runs the thing.  Returns self so you can run join on it
+  def start
+    BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+
+    # inherit sockets from parents, they need to be plain Socket objects
+    # before they become Kgio::UNIXServer or Kgio::TCPServer
+    inherited = ENV['UNICORN_FD'].to_s.split(/,/).map do |fd|
+      io = Socket.for_fd(fd.to_i)
+      set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+      IO_PURGATORY << io
+      logger.info "inherited addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{fd}"
+      server_cast(io)
+    end
+
+    config_listeners = config[:listeners].dup
+    LISTENERS.replace(inherited)
+
+    # we start out with generic Socket objects that get cast to either
+    # Kgio::TCPServer or Kgio::UNIXServer objects; but since the Socket
+    # objects share the same OS-level file descriptor as the higher-level
+    # *Server objects; we need to prevent Socket objects from being
+    # garbage-collected
+    config_listeners -= listener_names
+    if config_listeners.empty? && LISTENERS.empty?
+      config_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      init_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      START_CTX[:argv] << "-l#{Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN}"
+    end
+    config_listeners.each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+    raise ArgumentError, "no listeners" if LISTENERS.empty?
+
+    # this pipe is used to wake us up from select(2) in #join when signals
+    # are trapped.  See trap_deferred.
+    init_self_pipe!
+
+    # setup signal handlers before writing pid file in case people get
+    # trigger happy and send signals as soon as the pid file exists.
+    # Note that signals don't actually get handled until the #join method
+    QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap_deferred(sig) }
+    trap(:CHLD) { |_| awaken_master }
+    self.pid = config[:pid]
+
+    self.master_pid = $$
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    maintain_worker_count
+    self
+  end
+
+  # replaces current listener set with +listeners+.  This will
+  # close the socket if it will not exist in the new listener set
+  def listeners=(listeners)
+    cur_names, dead_names = [], []
+    listener_names.each do |name|
+      if ?/ == name[0]
+        # mark unlinked sockets as dead so we can rebind them
+        (File.socket?(name) ? cur_names : dead_names) << name
+      else
+        cur_names << name
+      end
+    end
+    set_names = listener_names(listeners)
+    dead_names.concat(cur_names - set_names).uniq!
+
+    LISTENERS.delete_if do |io|
+      if dead_names.include?(sock_name(io))
+        IO_PURGATORY.delete_if do |pio|
+          pio.fileno == io.fileno && (pio.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+        end
+        (io.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+      else
+        set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    (set_names - cur_names).each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+  end
+
+  def stdout_path=(path); redirect_io($stdout, path); end
+  def stderr_path=(path); redirect_io($stderr, path); end
+
+  def logger=(obj)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest::DEFAULTS["rack.logger"] = @logger = obj
+  end
+
+  # sets the path for the PID file of the master process
+  def pid=(path)
+    if path
+      if x = valid_pid?(path)
+        return path if pid && path == pid && x == $$
+        if x == reexec_pid && pid =~ /\.oldbin\z/
+          logger.warn("will not set pid=#{path} while reexec-ed "\
+                      "child is running PID:#{x}")
+          return
+        end
+        raise ArgumentError, "Already running on PID:#{x} " \
+                             "(or pid=#{path} is stale)"
+      end
+    end
+    unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+
+    if path
+      fp = begin
+        tmp = "#{File.dirname(path)}/#{rand}.#$$"
+        File.open(tmp, File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL, 0644)
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST
+        retry
+      end
+      fp.syswrite("#$$\n")
+      File.rename(fp.path, path)
+      fp.close
+    end
+    @pid = path
+  end
+
+  # add a given address to the +listeners+ set, idempotently
+  # Allows workers to add a private, per-process listener via the
+  # after_fork hook.  Very useful for debugging and testing.
+  # +:tries+ may be specified as an option for the number of times
+  # to retry, and +:delay+ may be specified as the time in seconds
+  # to delay between retries.
+  # A negative value for +:tries+ indicates the listen will be
+  # retried indefinitely, this is useful when workers belonging to
+  # different masters are spawned during a transparent upgrade.
+  def listen(address, opt = {}.merge(listener_opts[address] || {}))
+    address = config.expand_addr(address)
+    return if String === address && listener_names.include?(address)
+
+    delay = opt[:delay] || 0.5
+    tries = opt[:tries] || 5
+    begin
+      io = bind_listen(address, opt)
+      unless Kgio::TCPServer === io || Kgio::UNIXServer === io
+        IO_PURGATORY << io
+        io = server_cast(io)
+      end
+      logger.info "listening on addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{io.fileno}"
+      LISTENERS << io
+      io
+    rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE => err
+      logger.error "adding listener failed addr=#{address} (in use)"
+      raise err if tries == 0
+      tries -= 1
+      logger.error "retrying in #{delay} seconds " \
+                   "(#{tries < 0 ? 'infinite' : tries} tries left)"
+      sleep(delay)
+      retry
+    rescue => err
+      logger.fatal "error adding listener addr=#{address}"
+      raise err
+    end
+  end
+
+  # monitors children and receives signals forever
+  # (or until a termination signal is sent).  This handles signals
+  # one-at-a-time time and we'll happily drop signals in case somebody
+  # is signalling us too often.
+  def join
+    respawn = true
+    last_check = Time.now
+
+    proc_name 'master'
+    logger.info "master process ready" # test_exec.rb relies on this message
+    if ready_pipe
+      ready_pipe.syswrite($$.to_s)
+      ready_pipe.close rescue nil
+      self.ready_pipe = nil
+    end
+    begin
+      reap_all_workers
+      case SIG_QUEUE.shift
+      when nil
+        # avoid murdering workers after our master process (or the
+        # machine) comes out of suspend/hibernation
+        if (last_check + timeout) >= (last_check = Time.now)
+          murder_lazy_workers
+        else
+          # wait for workers to wakeup on suspend
+          master_sleep(timeout/2.0 + 1)
+        end
+        maintain_worker_count if respawn
+        master_sleep(1)
+      when :QUIT # graceful shutdown
+        break
+      when :TERM, :INT # immediate shutdown
+        stop(false)
+        break
+      when :USR1 # rotate logs
+        logger.info "master reopening logs..."
+        Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+        logger.info "master done reopening logs"
+        kill_each_worker(:USR1)
+      when :USR2 # exec binary, stay alive in case something went wrong
+        reexec
+      when :WINCH
+        if Process.ppid == 1 || Process.getpgrp != $$
+          respawn = false
+          logger.info "gracefully stopping all workers"
+          kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+          self.worker_processes = 0
+        else
+          logger.info "SIGWINCH ignored because we're not daemonized"
+        end
+      when :TTIN
+        respawn = true
+        self.worker_processes += 1
+      when :TTOU
+        self.worker_processes -= 1 if self.worker_processes > 0
+      when :HUP
+        respawn = true
+        if config.config_file
+          load_config!
+        else # exec binary and exit if there's no config file
+          logger.info "config_file not present, reexecuting binary"
+          reexec
+        end
+      end
+    rescue Errno::EINTR
+    rescue => e
+      logger.error "Unhandled master loop exception #{e.inspect}."
+      logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    end while true
+    stop # gracefully shutdown all workers on our way out
+    logger.info "master complete"
+    unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+  end
+
+  # Terminates all workers, but does not exit master process
+  def stop(graceful = true)
+    self.listeners = []
+    limit = Time.now + timeout
+    until WORKERS.empty? || Time.now > limit
+      kill_each_worker(graceful ? :QUIT : :TERM)
+      sleep(0.1)
+      reap_all_workers
+    end
+    kill_each_worker(:KILL)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # list of signals we care about and trap in master.
+  QUEUE_SIGS = [ :WINCH, :QUIT, :INT, :TERM, :USR1, :USR2, :HUP,
+                 :TTIN, :TTOU ]
+
+  # defer a signal for later processing in #join (master process)
+  def trap_deferred(signal)
+    trap(signal) do |sig_nr|
+      if SIG_QUEUE.size < 5
+        SIG_QUEUE << signal
+        awaken_master
+      else
+        logger.error "ignoring SIG#{signal}, queue=#{SIG_QUEUE.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # wait for a signal hander to wake us up and then consume the pipe
+  # Wake up every second anyways to run murder_lazy_workers
+  def master_sleep(sec)
+    IO.select([ SELF_PIPE[0] ], nil, nil, sec) or return
+    SELF_PIPE[0].kgio_tryread(11)
+  end
+
+  def awaken_master
+    SELF_PIPE[1].kgio_trywrite('.') # wakeup master process from select
+  end
+
+  # reaps all unreaped workers
+  def reap_all_workers
+    begin
+      wpid, status = Process.waitpid2(-1, Process::WNOHANG)
+      wpid or return
+      if reexec_pid == wpid
+        logger.error "reaped #{status.inspect} exec()-ed"
+        self.reexec_pid = 0
+        self.pid = pid.chomp('.oldbin') if pid
+        proc_name 'master'
+      else
+        worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.tmp.close rescue nil
+        m = "reaped #{status.inspect} worker=#{worker.nr rescue 'unknown'}"
+        status.success? ? logger.info(m) : logger.error(m)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::ECHILD
+      break
+    end while true
+  end
+
+  # reexecutes the START_CTX with a new binary
+  def reexec
+    if reexec_pid > 0
+      begin
+        Process.kill(0, reexec_pid)
+        logger.error "reexec-ed child already running PID:#{reexec_pid}"
+        return
+      rescue Errno::ESRCH
+        self.reexec_pid = 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    if pid
+      old_pid = "#{pid}.oldbin"
+      prev_pid = pid.dup
+      begin
+        self.pid = old_pid  # clear the path for a new pid file
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        logger.error "old PID:#{valid_pid?(old_pid)} running with " \
+                     "existing pid=#{old_pid}, refusing rexec"
+        return
+      rescue => e
+        logger.error "error writing pid=#{old_pid} #{e.class} #{e.message}"
+        return
+      end
+    end
+
+    self.reexec_pid = fork do
+      listener_fds = LISTENERS.map { |sock| sock.fileno }
+      ENV['UNICORN_FD'] = listener_fds.join(',')
+      Dir.chdir(START_CTX[:cwd])
+      cmd = [ START_CTX[0] ].concat(START_CTX[:argv])
+
+      # avoid leaking FDs we don't know about, but let before_exec
+      # unset FD_CLOEXEC, if anything else in the app eventually
+      # relies on FD inheritence.
+      (3..1024).each do |io|
+        next if listener_fds.include?(io)
+        io = IO.for_fd(io) rescue next
+        IO_PURGATORY << io
+        io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+      end
+      logger.info "executing #{cmd.inspect} (in #{Dir.pwd})"
+      before_exec.call(self)
+      exec(*cmd)
+    end
+    proc_name 'master (old)'
+  end
+
+  # forcibly terminate all workers that haven't checked in in timeout
+  # seconds.  The timeout is implemented using an unlinked File
+  # shared between the parent process and each worker.  The worker
+  # runs File#chmod to modify the ctime of the File.  If the ctime
+  # is stale for >timeout seconds, then we'll kill the corresponding
+  # worker.
+  def murder_lazy_workers
+    WORKERS.dup.each_pair do |wpid, worker|
+      stat = worker.tmp.stat
+      # skip workers that disable fchmod or have never fchmod-ed
+      stat.mode == 0100600 and next
+      (diff = (Time.now - stat.ctime)) <= timeout and next
+      logger.error "worker=#{worker.nr} PID:#{wpid} timeout " \
+                   "(#{diff}s > #{timeout}s), killing"
+      kill_worker(:KILL, wpid) # take no prisoners for timeout violations
+    end
+  end
+
+  def spawn_missing_workers
+    (0...worker_processes).each do |worker_nr|
+      WORKERS.values.include?(worker_nr) and next
+      worker = Worker.new(worker_nr, Unicorn::TmpIO.new)
+      before_fork.call(self, worker)
+      WORKERS[fork {
+        ready_pipe.close if ready_pipe
+        self.ready_pipe = nil
+        worker_loop(worker)
+      }] = worker
+    end
+  end
+
+  def maintain_worker_count
+    (off = WORKERS.size - worker_processes) == 0 and return
+    off < 0 and return spawn_missing_workers
+    WORKERS.dup.each_pair { |wpid,w|
+      w.nr >= worker_processes and kill_worker(:QUIT, wpid) rescue nil
+    }
+  end
+
+  # if we get any error, try to write something back to the client
+  # assuming we haven't closed the socket, but don't get hung up
+  # if the socket is already closed or broken.  We'll always ensure
+  # the socket is closed at the end of this function
+  def handle_error(client, e)
+    msg = case e
+    when EOFError,Errno::ECONNRESET,Errno::EPIPE,Errno::EINVAL,Errno::EBADF
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+    when HttpParserError # try to tell the client they're bad
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_400_RESPONSE
+    else
+      logger.error "Read error: #{e.inspect}"
+      logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+      Unicorn::Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+    end
+    client.kgio_trywrite(msg)
+    client.close
+    rescue
+      nil
+  end
+
+  # once a client is accepted, it is processed in its entirety here
+  # in 3 easy steps: read request, call app, write app response
+  def process_client(client)
+    r = @app.call(env = @request.read(client))
+
+    if 100 == r[0].to_i
+      client.write(Unicorn::Const::EXPECT_100_RESPONSE)
+      env.delete(Unicorn::Const::HTTP_EXPECT)
+      r = @app.call(env)
+    end
+    # r may be frozen or const, so don't modify it
+    @request.response_headers? or r = [ r[0], nil, r[2] ]
+    http_response_write(client, r)
+  rescue => e
+    handle_error(client, e)
+  end
+
+  # gets rid of stuff the worker has no business keeping track of
+  # to free some resources and drops all sig handlers.
+  # traps for USR1, USR2, and HUP may be set in the after_fork Proc
+  # by the user.
+  def init_worker_process(worker)
+    QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap(sig, nil) }
+    trap(:CHLD, 'DEFAULT')
+    SIG_QUEUE.clear
+    proc_name "worker[#{worker.nr}]"
+    START_CTX.clear
+    init_self_pipe!
+    WORKERS.values.each { |other| other.tmp.close rescue nil }
+    WORKERS.clear
+    LISTENERS.each { |sock| sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+    worker.tmp.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+    after_fork.call(self, worker) # can drop perms
+    worker.user(*user) if user.kind_of?(Array) && ! worker.switched
+    self.timeout /= 2.0 # halve it for select()
+    build_app! unless preload_app
+  end
+
+  def reopen_worker_logs(worker_nr)
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} reopening logs..."
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} done reopening logs"
+    init_self_pipe!
+  end
+
+  # runs inside each forked worker, this sits around and waits
+  # for connections and doesn't die until the parent dies (or is
+  # given a INT, QUIT, or TERM signal)
+  def worker_loop(worker)
+    ppid = master_pid
+    init_worker_process(worker)
+    nr = 0 # this becomes negative if we need to reopen logs
+    alive = worker.tmp # tmp is our lifeline to the master process
+    ready = LISTENERS
+
+    # closing anything we IO.select on will raise EBADF
+    trap(:USR1) { nr = -65536; SELF_PIPE[0].close rescue nil }
+    trap(:QUIT) { alive = nil; LISTENERS.each { |s| s.close rescue nil } }
+    [:TERM, :INT].each { |sig| trap(sig) { exit!(0) } } # instant shutdown
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker.nr} ready"
+    m = 0
+
+    begin
+      nr < 0 and reopen_worker_logs(worker.nr)
+      nr = 0
+
+      # we're a goner in timeout seconds anyways if alive.chmod
+      # breaks, so don't trap the exception.  Using fchmod() since
+      # futimes() is not available in base Ruby and I very strongly
+      # prefer temporary files to be unlinked for security,
+      # performance and reliability reasons, so utime is out.  No-op
+      # changes with chmod doesn't update ctime on all filesystems; so
+      # we change our counter each and every time (after process_client
+      # and before IO.select).
+      alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+
+      ready.each do |sock|
+        if client = sock.kgio_tryaccept
+          process_client(client)
+          nr += 1
+          alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+        end
+        break if nr < 0
+      end
+
+      # make the following bet: if we accepted clients this round,
+      # we're probably reasonably busy, so avoid calling select()
+      # and do a speculative non-blocking accept() on ready listeners
+      # before we sleep again in select().
+      redo unless nr == 0 # (nr < 0) => reopen logs
+
+      ppid == Process.ppid or return
+      alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+
+      # timeout used so we can detect parent death:
+      ret = IO.select(LISTENERS, nil, SELF_PIPE, timeout) and ready = ret[0]
+    rescue Errno::EINTR
+      ready = LISTENERS
+    rescue Errno::EBADF
+      nr < 0 or return
+    rescue => e
+      if alive
+        logger.error "Unhandled listen loop exception #{e.inspect}."
+        logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+      end
+    end while alive
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to a worker and fails gracefully if the worker
+  # is no longer running.
+  def kill_worker(signal, wpid)
+    Process.kill(signal, wpid)
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH
+      worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.tmp.close rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to each worker
+  def kill_each_worker(signal)
+    WORKERS.keys.each { |wpid| kill_worker(signal, wpid) }
+  end
+
+  # unlinks a PID file at given +path+ if it contains the current PID
+  # still potentially racy without locking the directory (which is
+  # non-portable and may interact badly with other programs), but the
+  # window for hitting the race condition is small
+  def unlink_pid_safe(path)
+    (File.read(path).to_i == $$ and File.unlink(path)) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # returns a PID if a given path contains a non-stale PID file,
+  # nil otherwise.
+  def valid_pid?(path)
+    wpid = File.read(path).to_i
+    wpid <= 0 and return
+    Process.kill(0, wpid)
+    wpid
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH, Errno::ENOENT
+      # don't unlink stale pid files, racy without non-portable locking...
+  end
+
+  def load_config!
+    loaded_app = app
+    logger.info "reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+    config[:listeners].replace(init_listeners)
+    config.reload
+    config.commit!(self)
+    kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    self.app = orig_app
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    logger.info "done reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+  rescue StandardError, LoadError, SyntaxError => e
+    logger.error "error reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}: " \
+                 "#{e.class} #{e.message} #{e.backtrace}"
+    self.app = loaded_app
+  end
+
+  # returns an array of string names for the given listener array
+  def listener_names(listeners = LISTENERS)
+    listeners.map { |io| sock_name(io) }
+  end
+
+  def build_app!
+    if app.respond_to?(:arity) && app.arity == 0
+      if defined?(Gem) && Gem.respond_to?(:refresh)
+        logger.info "Refreshing Gem list"
+        Gem.refresh
+      end
+      self.app = app.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def proc_name(tag)
+    $0 = ([ File.basename(START_CTX[0]), tag
+          ]).concat(START_CTX[:argv]).join(' ')
+  end
+
+  def redirect_io(io, path)
+    File.open(path, 'ab') { |fp| io.reopen(fp) } if path
+    io.sync = true
+  end
+
+  def init_self_pipe!
+    SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.close rescue nil }
+    SELF_PIPE.replace(Kgio::Pipe.new)
+    SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+  end
+end
+