unicorn-fotopedia 0.99.1

data/ext/unicorn_http/unicorn_http_common.rl

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+%%{
+
+  machine unicorn_http_common;
+
+#### HTTP PROTOCOL GRAMMAR
+# line endings
+  CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+# character types
+  CTL = (cntrl | 127);
+  safe = ("$" | "-" | "_" | ".");
+  extra = ("!" | "*" | "'" | "(" | ")" | ",");
+  reserved = (";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+");
+  sorta_safe = ("\"" | "<" | ">");
+  unsafe = (CTL | " " | "#" | "%" | sorta_safe);
+  national = any -- (alpha | digit | reserved | extra | safe | unsafe);
+  unreserved = (alpha | digit | safe | extra | national);
+  escape = ("%" xdigit xdigit);
+  uchar = (unreserved | escape | sorta_safe);
+  pchar = (uchar | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+");
+  tspecials = ("(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@" | "," | ";" | ":" | "\\" | "\"" | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "=" | "{" | "}" | " " | "\t");
+  lws = (" " | "\t");
+
+# elements
+  token = (ascii -- (CTL | tspecials));
+
+# URI schemes and absolute paths
+  scheme = ( "http"i ("s"i)? ) $downcase_char >mark %scheme;
+  hostname = (alnum | "-" | "." | "_")+;
+  host_with_port = (hostname (":" digit*)?) >mark %host;
+  userinfo = ((unreserved | escape | ";" | ":" | "&" | "=" | "+")+ "@")*;
+
+  path = ( pchar+ ( "/" pchar* )* ) ;
+  query = ( uchar | reserved )* %query_string ;
+  param = ( pchar | "/" )* ;
+  params = ( param ( ";" param )* ) ;
+  rel_path = (path? (";" params)? %request_path) ("?" %start_query query)?;
+  absolute_path = ( "/"+ rel_path );
+  path_uri = absolute_path > mark %request_uri;
+  Absolute_URI = (scheme "://" userinfo host_with_port path_uri);
+
+  Request_URI = ((absolute_path | "*") >mark %request_uri) | Absolute_URI;
+  Fragment = ( uchar | reserved )* >mark %fragment;
+  Method = (token){1,20} >mark %request_method;
+  GetOnly = "GET" >mark %request_method;
+
+  http_number = ( digit+ "." digit+ ) ;
+  HTTP_Version = ( "HTTP/" http_number ) >mark %http_version ;
+  Request_Line = ( Method " " Request_URI ("#" Fragment){0,1} " " HTTP_Version CRLF ) ;
+
+  field_name = ( token -- ":" )+ >start_field $snake_upcase_field %write_field;
+
+  field_value = any* >start_value %write_value;
+
+  value_cont = lws+ any* >start_value %write_cont_value;
+
+  message_header = ((field_name ":" lws* field_value)|value_cont) :> CRLF;
+  chunk_ext_val = token*;
+  chunk_ext_name = token*;
+  chunk_extension = ( ";" " "* chunk_ext_name ("=" chunk_ext_val)? )*;
+  last_chunk = "0"+ chunk_extension CRLF;
+  chunk_size = (xdigit* [1-9a-fA-F] xdigit*) $add_to_chunk_size;
+  chunk_end = CRLF;
+  chunk_body = any >skip_chunk_data;
+  chunk_begin = chunk_size chunk_extension CRLF;
+  chunk = chunk_begin chunk_body chunk_end;
+  ChunkedBody := chunk* last_chunk @end_chunked_body;
+  Trailers := (message_header)* CRLF @end_trailers;
+
+  FullRequest = Request_Line (message_header)* CRLF @header_done;
+  SimpleRequest = GetOnly " " Request_URI ("#"Fragment){0,1} CRLF @header_done;
+
+main := FullRequest | SimpleRequest;
+
+}%%

data/lib/unicorn.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,847 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+
+require 'fcntl'
+require 'etc'
+require 'rack'
+require 'unicorn/socket_helper'
+require 'unicorn/const'
+require 'unicorn/http_request'
+require 'unicorn/configurator'
+require 'unicorn/util'
+require 'unicorn/tee_input'
+require 'unicorn/http_response'
+
+# Unicorn module containing all of the classes (include C extensions) for running
+# a Unicorn web server.  It contains a minimalist HTTP server with just enough
+# functionality to service web application requests fast as possible.
+module Unicorn
+
+  # raised inside TeeInput when a client closes the socket inside the
+  # application dispatch.  This is always raised with an empty backtrace
+  # since there is nothing in the application stack that is responsible
+  # for client shutdowns/disconnects.
+  class ClientShutdown < EOFError
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    def run(app, options = {})
+      HttpServer.new(app, options).start.join
+    end
+
+    # This returns a lambda to pass in as the app, this does not "build" the
+    # app (which we defer based on the outcome of "preload_app" in the
+    # Unicorn config).  The returned lambda will be called when it is
+    # time to build the app.
+    def builder(ru, opts)
+      if ru =~ /\.ru\z/
+        # parse embedded command-line options in config.ru comments
+        /^#\\(.*)/ =~ File.read(ru) and opts.parse!($1.split(/\s+/))
+      end
+
+      lambda do ||
+        inner_app = case ru
+        when /\.ru$/
+          raw = File.read(ru)
+          raw.sub!(/^__END__\n.*/, '')
+          eval("Rack::Builder.new {(#{raw}\n)}.to_app", TOPLEVEL_BINDING, ru)
+        else
+          require ru
+          Object.const_get(File.basename(ru, '.rb').capitalize)
+        end
+
+        pp({ :inner_app => inner_app }) if $DEBUG
+
+        # return value, matches rackup defaults based on env
+        case ENV["RACK_ENV"]
+        when "development"
+          Rack::Builder.new do
+            use Rack::CommonLogger, $stderr
+            use Rack::ShowExceptions
+            use Rack::Lint
+            run inner_app
+          end.to_app
+        when "deployment"
+          Rack::Builder.new do
+            use Rack::CommonLogger, $stderr
+            run inner_app
+          end.to_app
+        else
+          inner_app
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # returns an array of strings representing TCP listen socket addresses
+    # and Unix domain socket paths.  This is useful for use with
+    # Raindrops::Middleware under Linux: http://raindrops.bogomips.org/
+    def listener_names
+      HttpServer::LISTENERS.map { |io| SocketHelper.sock_name(io) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This is the process manager of Unicorn. This manages worker
+  # processes which in turn handle the I/O and application process.
+  # Listener sockets are started in the master process and shared with
+  # forked worker children.
+
+  class HttpServer < Struct.new(:app, :soft_timeout, :timeout, :worker_processes,
+                                :before_fork, :after_fork, :before_exec,
+                                :logger, :pid, :listener_opts, :preload_app,
+                                :reexec_pid, :orig_app, :init_listeners,
+                                :master_pid, :config, :ready_pipe, :user)
+    include ::Unicorn::SocketHelper
+
+    # prevents IO objects in here from being GC-ed
+    IO_PURGATORY = []
+
+    # all bound listener sockets
+    LISTENERS = []
+
+    # This hash maps PIDs to Workers
+    WORKERS = {}
+
+    # We use SELF_PIPE differently in the master and worker processes:
+    #
+    # * The master process never closes or reinitializes this once
+    # initialized.  Signal handlers in the master process will write to
+    # it to wake up the master from IO.select in exactly the same manner
+    # djb describes in http://cr.yp.to/docs/selfpipe.html
+    #
+    # * The workers immediately close the pipe they inherit from the
+    # master and replace it with a new pipe after forking.  This new
+    # pipe is also used to wakeup from IO.select from inside (worker)
+    # signal handlers.  However, workers *close* the pipe descriptors in
+    # the signal handlers to raise EBADF in IO.select instead of writing
+    # like we do in the master.  We cannot easily use the reader set for
+    # IO.select because LISTENERS is already that set, and it's extra
+    # work (and cycles) to distinguish the pipe FD from the reader set
+    # once IO.select returns.  So we're lazy and just close the pipe when
+    # a (rare) signal arrives in the worker and reinitialize the pipe later.
+    SELF_PIPE = []
+
+    # signal queue used for self-piping
+    SIG_QUEUE = []
+
+    # constant lookups are faster and we're single-threaded/non-reentrant
+    REQUEST = HttpRequest.new
+
+    # We populate this at startup so we can figure out how to reexecute
+    # and upgrade the currently running instance of Unicorn
+    # This Hash is considered a stable interface and changing its contents
+    # will allow you to switch between different installations of Unicorn
+    # or even different installations of the same applications without
+    # downtime.  Keys of this constant Hash are described as follows:
+    #
+    # * 0 - the path to the unicorn/unicorn_rails executable
+    # * :argv - a deep copy of the ARGV array the executable originally saw
+    # * :cwd - the working directory of the application, this is where
+    # you originally started Unicorn.
+    #
+    # To change your unicorn executable to a different path without downtime,
+    # you can set the following in your Unicorn config file, HUP and then
+    # continue with the traditional USR2 + QUIT upgrade steps:
+    #
+    #   Unicorn::HttpServer::START_CTX[0] = "/home/bofh/1.9.2/bin/unicorn"
+    START_CTX = {
+      :argv => ARGV.map { |arg| arg.dup },
+      :cwd => lambda {
+          # favor ENV['PWD'] since it is (usually) symlink aware for
+          # Capistrano and like systems
+          begin
+            a = File.stat(pwd = ENV['PWD'])
+            b = File.stat(Dir.pwd)
+            a.ino == b.ino && a.dev == b.dev ? pwd : Dir.pwd
+          rescue
+            Dir.pwd
+          end
+        }.call,
+      0 => $0.dup,
+    }
+
+    # This class and its members can be considered a stable interface
+    # and will not change in a backwards-incompatible fashion between
+    # releases of Unicorn.  You may need to access it in the
+    # before_fork/after_fork hooks.  See the Unicorn::Configurator RDoc
+    # for examples.
+    class Worker < Struct.new(:nr, :tmp, :switched)
+
+      # worker objects may be compared to just plain numbers
+      def ==(other_nr)
+        self.nr == other_nr
+      end
+
+      # Changes the worker process to the specified +user+ and +group+
+      # This is only intended to be called from within the worker
+      # process from the +after_fork+ hook.  This should be called in
+      # the +after_fork+ hook after any priviledged functions need to be
+      # run (e.g. to set per-worker CPU affinity, niceness, etc)
+      #
+      # Any and all errors raised within this method will be propagated
+      # directly back to the caller (usually the +after_fork+ hook.
+      # These errors commonly include ArgumentError for specifying an
+      # invalid user/group and Errno::EPERM for insufficient priviledges
+      def user(user, group = nil)
+        # we do not protect the caller, checking Process.euid == 0 is
+        # insufficient because modern systems have fine-grained
+        # capabilities.  Let the caller handle any and all errors.
+        uid = Etc.getpwnam(user).uid
+        gid = Etc.getgrnam(group).gid if group
+        Unicorn::Util.chown_logs(uid, gid)
+        tmp.chown(uid, gid)
+        if gid && Process.egid != gid
+          Process.initgroups(user, gid)
+          Process::GID.change_privilege(gid)
+        end
+        Process.euid != uid and Process::UID.change_privilege(uid)
+        self.switched = true
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    # Creates a working server on host:port (strange things happen if
+    # port isn't a Number).  Use HttpServer::run to start the server and
+    # HttpServer.run.join to join the thread that's processing
+    # incoming requests on the socket.
+    def initialize(app, options = {})
+      self.app = app
+      self.reexec_pid = 0
+      self.ready_pipe = options.delete(:ready_pipe)
+      self.init_listeners = options[:listeners] ? options[:listeners].dup : []
+      self.config = Configurator.new(options.merge(:use_defaults => true))
+      self.listener_opts = {}
+
+      # we try inheriting listeners first, so we bind them later.
+      # we don't write the pid file until we've bound listeners in case
+      # unicorn was started twice by mistake.  Even though our #pid= method
+      # checks for stale/existing pid files, race conditions are still
+      # possible (and difficult/non-portable to avoid) and can be likely
+      # to clobber the pid if the second start was in quick succession
+      # after the first, so we rely on the listener binding to fail in
+      # that case.  Some tests (in and outside of this source tree) and
+      # monitoring tools may also rely on pid files existing before we
+      # attempt to connect to the listener(s)
+      config.commit!(self, :skip => [:listeners, :pid])
+      self.orig_app = app
+    end
+
+    # Runs the thing.  Returns self so you can run join on it
+    def start
+      BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+
+      # inherit sockets from parents, they need to be plain Socket objects
+      # before they become UNIXServer or TCPServer
+      inherited = ENV['UNICORN_FD'].to_s.split(/,/).map do |fd|
+        io = Socket.for_fd(fd.to_i)
+        set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+        IO_PURGATORY << io
+        logger.info "inherited addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{fd}"
+        server_cast(io)
+      end
+
+      config_listeners = config[:listeners].dup
+      LISTENERS.replace(inherited)
+
+      # we start out with generic Socket objects that get cast to either
+      # TCPServer or UNIXServer objects; but since the Socket objects
+      # share the same OS-level file descriptor as the higher-level *Server
+      # objects; we need to prevent Socket objects from being garbage-collected
+      config_listeners -= listener_names
+      if config_listeners.empty? && LISTENERS.empty?
+        config_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+        init_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+        START_CTX[:argv] << "-l#{Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN}"
+      end
+      config_listeners.each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+      raise ArgumentError, "no listeners" if LISTENERS.empty?
+
+      # this pipe is used to wake us up from select(2) in #join when signals
+      # are trapped.  See trap_deferred.
+      init_self_pipe!
+
+      # setup signal handlers before writing pid file in case people get
+      # trigger happy and send signals as soon as the pid file exists.
+      # Note that signals don't actually get handled until the #join method
+      QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap_deferred(sig) }
+      trap(:CHLD) { |_| awaken_master }
+      self.pid = config[:pid]
+
+      self.master_pid = $$
+      build_app! if preload_app
+      maintain_worker_count
+      self
+    end
+
+    # replaces current listener set with +listeners+.  This will
+    # close the socket if it will not exist in the new listener set
+    def listeners=(listeners)
+      cur_names, dead_names = [], []
+      listener_names.each do |name|
+        if ?/ == name[0]
+          # mark unlinked sockets as dead so we can rebind them
+          (File.socket?(name) ? cur_names : dead_names) << name
+        else
+          cur_names << name
+        end
+      end
+      set_names = listener_names(listeners)
+      dead_names.concat(cur_names - set_names).uniq!
+
+      LISTENERS.delete_if do |io|
+        if dead_names.include?(sock_name(io))
+          IO_PURGATORY.delete_if do |pio|
+            pio.fileno == io.fileno && (pio.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+          end
+          (io.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+        else
+          set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      (set_names - cur_names).each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+    end
+
+    def stdout_path=(path); redirect_io($stdout, path); end
+    def stderr_path=(path); redirect_io($stderr, path); end
+
+    def logger=(obj)
+      HttpRequest::DEFAULTS["rack.logger"] = super
+    end
+
+    # sets the path for the PID file of the master process
+    def pid=(path)
+      if path
+        if x = valid_pid?(path)
+          return path if pid && path == pid && x == $$
+          raise ArgumentError, "Already running on PID:#{x} " \
+                               "(or pid=#{path} is stale)"
+        end
+      end
+      unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+
+      if path
+        fp = begin
+          tmp = "#{File.dirname(path)}/#{rand}.#$$"
+          File.open(tmp, File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL, 0644)
+        rescue Errno::EEXIST
+          retry
+        end
+        fp.syswrite("#$$\n")
+        File.rename(fp.path, path)
+        fp.close
+      end
+      super(path)
+    end
+
+    # add a given address to the +listeners+ set, idempotently
+    # Allows workers to add a private, per-process listener via the
+    # after_fork hook.  Very useful for debugging and testing.
+    # +:tries+ may be specified as an option for the number of times
+    # to retry, and +:delay+ may be specified as the time in seconds
+    # to delay between retries.
+    # A negative value for +:tries+ indicates the listen will be
+    # retried indefinitely, this is useful when workers belonging to
+    # different masters are spawned during a transparent upgrade.
+    def listen(address, opt = {}.merge(listener_opts[address] || {}))
+      address = config.expand_addr(address)
+      return if String === address && listener_names.include?(address)
+
+      delay = opt[:delay] || 0.5
+      tries = opt[:tries] || 5
+      begin
+        io = bind_listen(address, opt)
+        unless TCPServer === io || UNIXServer === io
+          IO_PURGATORY << io
+          io = server_cast(io)
+        end
+        logger.info "listening on addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{io.fileno}"
+        LISTENERS << io
+        io
+      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE => err
+        logger.error "adding listener failed addr=#{address} (in use)"
+        raise err if tries == 0
+        tries -= 1
+        logger.error "retrying in #{delay} seconds " \
+                     "(#{tries < 0 ? 'infinite' : tries} tries left)"
+        sleep(delay)
+        retry
+      rescue => err
+        logger.fatal "error adding listener addr=#{address}"
+        raise err
+      end
+    end
+
+    # monitors children and receives signals forever
+    # (or until a termination signal is sent).  This handles signals
+    # one-at-a-time time and we'll happily drop signals in case somebody
+    # is signalling us too often.
+    def join
+      respawn = true
+      last_check = Time.now
+
+      proc_name 'master'
+      logger.info "master process ready" # test_exec.rb relies on this message
+      if ready_pipe
+        ready_pipe.syswrite($$.to_s)
+        ready_pipe.close rescue nil
+        self.ready_pipe = nil
+      end
+      begin
+        loop do
+          reap_all_workers
+          case SIG_QUEUE.shift
+          when nil
+            # avoid murdering workers after our master process (or the
+            # machine) comes out of suspend/hibernation
+            if (last_check + soft_timeout) >= (last_check = Time.now)
+              murder_lazy_workers
+            else
+              # wait for workers to wakeup on suspend
+              master_sleep(timeout/2.0 + 1)
+            end
+            maintain_worker_count if respawn
+            master_sleep(1)
+          when :QUIT # graceful shutdown
+            break
+          when :TERM, :INT # immediate shutdown
+            stop(false)
+            break
+          when :USR1 # rotate logs
+            logger.info "master reopening logs..."
+            Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+            logger.info "master done reopening logs"
+            kill_each_worker(:USR1)
+          when :USR2 # exec binary, stay alive in case something went wrong
+            reexec
+          when :WINCH
+            if Process.ppid == 1 || Process.getpgrp != $$
+              respawn = false
+              logger.info "gracefully stopping all workers"
+              kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+            else
+              logger.info "SIGWINCH ignored because we're not daemonized"
+            end
+          when :TTIN
+            self.worker_processes += 1
+          when :TTOU
+            self.worker_processes -= 1 if self.worker_processes > 0
+          when :HUP
+            respawn = true
+            if config.config_file
+              load_config!
+              redo # immediate reaping since we may have QUIT workers
+            else # exec binary and exit if there's no config file
+              logger.info "config_file not present, reexecuting binary"
+              reexec
+              break
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EINTR
+        retry
+      rescue => e
+        logger.error "Unhandled master loop exception #{e.inspect}."
+        logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+        retry
+      end
+      stop # gracefully shutdown all workers on our way out
+      logger.info "master complete"
+      unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+    end
+
+    # Terminates all workers, but does not exit master process
+    def stop(graceful = true)
+      self.listeners = []
+      limit = Time.now + timeout
+      until WORKERS.empty? || Time.now > limit
+        kill_each_worker(graceful ? :QUIT : :TERM)
+        sleep(0.1)
+        reap_all_workers
+      end
+      kill_each_worker(:KILL)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # list of signals we care about and trap in master.
+    QUEUE_SIGS = [ :WINCH, :QUIT, :INT, :TERM, :USR1, :USR2, :HUP,
+                   :TTIN, :TTOU ]
+
+    # defer a signal for later processing in #join (master process)
+    def trap_deferred(signal)
+      trap(signal) do |sig_nr|
+        if SIG_QUEUE.size < 5
+          SIG_QUEUE << signal
+          awaken_master
+        else
+          logger.error "ignoring SIG#{signal}, queue=#{SIG_QUEUE.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # wait for a signal hander to wake us up and then consume the pipe
+    # Wake up every second anyways to run murder_lazy_workers
+    def master_sleep(sec)
+      begin
+        ready = IO.select([SELF_PIPE.first], nil, nil, sec) or return
+        ready.first && ready.first.first or return
+        loop { SELF_PIPE.first.read_nonblock(Const::CHUNK_SIZE) }
+      rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EINTR
+      end
+    end
+
+    def awaken_master
+      begin
+        SELF_PIPE.last.write_nonblock('.') # wakeup master process from select
+      rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EINTR
+        # pipe is full, master should wake up anyways
+        retry
+      end
+    end
+
+    # reaps all unreaped workers
+    def reap_all_workers
+      begin
+        loop do
+          wpid, status = Process.waitpid2(-1, Process::WNOHANG)
+          wpid or break
+          if reexec_pid == wpid
+            logger.error "reaped #{status.inspect} exec()-ed"
+            self.reexec_pid = 0
+            self.pid = pid.chomp('.oldbin') if pid
+            proc_name 'master'
+          else
+            worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.tmp.close rescue nil
+            logger.info "reaped #{status.inspect} " \
+                        "worker=#{worker.nr rescue 'unknown'}"
+          end
+        end
+      rescue Errno::ECHILD
+      end
+    end
+
+    # reexecutes the START_CTX with a new binary
+    def reexec
+      if reexec_pid > 0
+        begin
+          Process.kill(0, reexec_pid)
+          logger.error "reexec-ed child already running PID:#{reexec_pid}"
+          return
+        rescue Errno::ESRCH
+          self.reexec_pid = 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      if pid
+        old_pid = "#{pid}.oldbin"
+        prev_pid = pid.dup
+        begin
+          self.pid = old_pid  # clear the path for a new pid file
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          logger.error "old PID:#{valid_pid?(old_pid)} running with " \
+                       "existing pid=#{old_pid}, refusing rexec"
+          return
+        rescue => e
+          logger.error "error writing pid=#{old_pid} #{e.class} #{e.message}"
+          return
+        end
+      end
+
+      self.reexec_pid = fork do
+        listener_fds = LISTENERS.map { |sock| sock.fileno }
+        ENV['UNICORN_FD'] = listener_fds.join(',')
+        Dir.chdir(START_CTX[:cwd])
+        cmd = [ START_CTX[0] ].concat(START_CTX[:argv])
+
+        # avoid leaking FDs we don't know about, but let before_exec
+        # unset FD_CLOEXEC, if anything else in the app eventually
+        # relies on FD inheritence.
+        (3..1024).each do |io|
+          next if listener_fds.include?(io)
+          io = IO.for_fd(io) rescue nil
+          io or next
+          IO_PURGATORY << io
+          io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+        end
+        logger.info "executing #{cmd.inspect} (in #{Dir.pwd})"
+        before_exec.call(self)
+        exec(*cmd)
+      end
+      proc_name 'master (old)'
+    end
+
+    # forcibly terminate all workers that haven't checked in in timeout
+    # seconds.  The timeout is implemented using an unlinked File
+    # shared between the parent process and each worker.  The worker
+    # runs File#chmod to modify the ctime of the File.  If the ctime
+    # is stale for >timeout seconds, then we'll kill the corresponding
+    # worker.
+    def murder_lazy_workers
+      WORKERS.dup.each_pair do |wpid, worker|
+        stat = worker.tmp.stat
+        # skip workers that disable fchmod or have never fchmod-ed
+        stat.mode == 0100600 and next
+        # FIXME: if the worker has not been working for soft_timeout, it will be
+        # killed even if it is not blocking
+        (diff = (Time.now - stat.ctime)) <= soft_timeout and
+          diff <= timeout and next
+        # lazy since less than timeout, attempt soft kill
+        if diff < timeout
+          logger.error "worker=#{worker.nr} PID:#{wpid} soft timeout " \
+                     "(#{diff}s > #{soft_timeout}s), killing softly"
+          kill_worker(:ABRT, wpid)
+        else
+         logger.error "worker=#{worker.nr} PID:#{wpid} hard timeout " \
+                     "(#{diff}s > #{timeout}s), killing"
+          kill_worker(:KILL, wpid) # take no prisoners for timeout violations
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def spawn_missing_workers
+      (0...worker_processes).each do |worker_nr|
+        WORKERS.values.include?(worker_nr) and next
+        worker = Worker.new(worker_nr, Unicorn::Util.tmpio)
+        before_fork.call(self, worker)
+        WORKERS[fork {
+          ready_pipe.close if ready_pipe
+          self.ready_pipe = nil
+          worker_loop(worker)
+        }] = worker
+      end
+    end
+
+    def maintain_worker_count
+      (off = WORKERS.size - worker_processes) == 0 and return
+      off < 0 and return spawn_missing_workers
+      WORKERS.dup.each_pair { |wpid,w|
+        w.nr >= worker_processes and kill_worker(:QUIT, wpid) rescue nil
+      }
+    end
+
+    # if we get any error, try to write something back to the client
+    # assuming we haven't closed the socket, but don't get hung up
+    # if the socket is already closed or broken.  We'll always ensure
+    # the socket is closed at the end of this function
+    def handle_error(client, e)
+      msg = case e
+      when EOFError,Errno::ECONNRESET,Errno::EPIPE,Errno::EINVAL,Errno::EBADF
+        Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+      when HttpParserError # try to tell the client they're bad
+        Const::ERROR_400_RESPONSE
+      else
+        logger.error "Read error: #{e.inspect}"
+        logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+        Const::ERROR_500_RESPONSE
+      end
+      client.write_nonblock(msg)
+      client.close
+      rescue
+        nil
+    end
+
+    # once a client is accepted, it is processed in its entirety here
+    # in 3 easy steps: read request, call app, write app response
+    def process_client(client)
+      client.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+      response = app.call(env = REQUEST.read(client))
+
+      if 100 == response.first.to_i
+        client.write(Const::EXPECT_100_RESPONSE)
+        env.delete(Const::HTTP_EXPECT)
+        response = app.call(env)
+      end
+      HttpResponse.write(client, response, HttpRequest::PARSER.headers?)
+    rescue => e
+      handle_error(client, e)
+    end
+
+    # gets rid of stuff the worker has no business keeping track of
+    # to free some resources and drops all sig handlers.
+    # traps for USR1, USR2, and HUP may be set in the after_fork Proc
+    # by the user.
+    def init_worker_process(worker)
+      QUEUE_SIGS.each { |sig| trap(sig, nil) }
+      trap(:CHLD, 'DEFAULT')
+      SIG_QUEUE.clear
+      proc_name "worker[#{worker.nr}]"
+      START_CTX.clear
+      init_self_pipe!
+
+      # try to handle SIGABRT correctly
+      trap('ABRT') do
+        raise SignalException, "SIGABRT"
+      end
+
+      WORKERS.values.each { |other| other.tmp.close rescue nil }
+      WORKERS.clear
+      LISTENERS.each { |sock| sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+      worker.tmp.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+      after_fork.call(self, worker) # can drop perms
+      worker.user(*user) if user.kind_of?(Array) && ! worker.switched
+      self.timeout /= 2.0 # halve it for select()
+      build_app! unless preload_app
+    end
+
+    def reopen_worker_logs(worker_nr)
+      logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} reopening logs..."
+      Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+      logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} done reopening logs"
+      init_self_pipe!
+    end
+
+    # runs inside each forked worker, this sits around and waits
+    # for connections and doesn't die until the parent dies (or is
+    # given a INT, QUIT, or TERM signal)
+    def worker_loop(worker)
+      ppid = master_pid
+      init_worker_process(worker)
+      nr = 0 # this becomes negative if we need to reopen logs
+      alive = worker.tmp # tmp is our lifeline to the master process
+      ready = LISTENERS
+
+      # closing anything we IO.select on will raise EBADF
+      trap(:USR1) { nr = -65536; SELF_PIPE.first.close rescue nil }
+      trap(:QUIT) { alive = nil; LISTENERS.each { |s| s.close rescue nil } }
+      [:TERM, :INT].each { |sig| trap(sig) { exit!(0) } } # instant shutdown
+      logger.info "worker=#{worker.nr} ready"
+      m = 0
+
+      begin
+        nr < 0 and reopen_worker_logs(worker.nr)
+        nr = 0
+
+        # we're a goner in timeout seconds anyways if alive.chmod
+        # breaks, so don't trap the exception.  Using fchmod() since
+        # futimes() is not available in base Ruby and I very strongly
+        # prefer temporary files to be unlinked for security,
+        # performance and reliability reasons, so utime is out.  No-op
+        # changes with chmod doesn't update ctime on all filesystems; so
+        # we change our counter each and every time (after process_client
+        # and before IO.select).
+        alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+
+        ready.each do |sock|
+          begin
+            process_client(sock.accept_nonblock)
+            nr += 1
+            alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+          rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::ECONNABORTED
+          end
+          break if nr < 0
+        end
+
+        # make the following bet: if we accepted clients this round,
+        # we're probably reasonably busy, so avoid calling select()
+        # and do a speculative accept_nonblock on ready listeners
+        # before we sleep again in select().
+        redo unless nr == 0 # (nr < 0) => reopen logs
+
+        ppid == Process.ppid or return
+        alive.chmod(m = 0 == m ? 1 : 0)
+        begin
+          # timeout used so we can detect parent death:
+          ret = IO.select(LISTENERS, nil, SELF_PIPE, timeout) or redo
+          ready = ret.first
+        rescue Errno::EINTR
+          ready = LISTENERS
+        rescue Errno::EBADF
+          nr < 0 or return
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        if alive
+          logger.error "Unhandled listen loop exception #{e.inspect}."
+          logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+        end
+      end while alive
+    end
+
+    # delivers a signal to a worker and fails gracefully if the worker
+    # is no longer running.
+    def kill_worker(signal, wpid)
+      begin
+        Process.kill(signal, wpid)
+      rescue Errno::ESRCH
+        worker = WORKERS.delete(wpid) and worker.tmp.close rescue nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # delivers a signal to each worker
+    def kill_each_worker(signal)
+      WORKERS.keys.each { |wpid| kill_worker(signal, wpid) }
+    end
+
+    # unlinks a PID file at given +path+ if it contains the current PID
+    # still potentially racy without locking the directory (which is
+    # non-portable and may interact badly with other programs), but the
+    # window for hitting the race condition is small
+    def unlink_pid_safe(path)
+      (File.read(path).to_i == $$ and File.unlink(path)) rescue nil
+    end
+
+    # returns a PID if a given path contains a non-stale PID file,
+    # nil otherwise.
+    def valid_pid?(path)
+      wpid = File.read(path).to_i
+      wpid <= 0 and return nil
+      begin
+        Process.kill(0, wpid)
+        wpid
+      rescue Errno::ESRCH
+        # don't unlink stale pid files, racy without non-portable locking...
+      end
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+    end
+
+    def load_config!
+      loaded_app = app
+      begin
+        logger.info "reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+        config[:listeners].replace(init_listeners)
+        config.reload
+        config.commit!(self)
+        kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+        Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+        self.app = orig_app
+        build_app! if preload_app
+        logger.info "done reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+      rescue StandardError, LoadError, SyntaxError => e
+        logger.error "error reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}: " \
+                     "#{e.class} #{e.message}"
+        self.app = loaded_app
+      end
+    end
+
+    # returns an array of string names for the given listener array
+    def listener_names(listeners = LISTENERS)
+      listeners.map { |io| sock_name(io) }
+    end
+
+    def build_app!
+      if app.respond_to?(:arity) && app.arity == 0
+        if defined?(Gem) && Gem.respond_to?(:refresh)
+          logger.info "Refreshing Gem list"
+          Gem.refresh
+        end
+        self.app = app.call
+      end
+    end
+
+    def proc_name(tag)
+      $0 = ([ File.basename(START_CTX[0]), tag
+            ]).concat(START_CTX[:argv]).join(' ')
+    end
+
+    def redirect_io(io, path)
+      File.open(path, 'ab') { |fp| io.reopen(fp) } if path
+      io.sync = true
+    end
+
+    def init_self_pipe!
+      SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.close rescue nil }
+      SELF_PIPE.replace(IO.pipe)
+      SELF_PIPE.each { |io| io.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC) }
+    end
+
+  end
+end