u 0.5.0 → 1.0.0

data/test/unit/u-1.0.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+untrust = Object.respond_to?(:untrust)
+
+Expectations do
+  expect U::String do ''.u end
+  expect U::String.new('abc') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.taint.u end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.untrust.u end if untrust
+end

data/test/unit/u-1.0/buffer.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+untrust = Object.respond_to?(:untrust)
+
+Expectations do
+  expect U::Buffer do U::Buffer.new end
+  expect U::Buffer do U::Buffer.new(128) end
+  expect U::Buffer do U::Buffer.new(nil) end
+  expect TypeError do U::Buffer.new('abc') end
+
+  expect U::Buffer.new(5).append('abc') do |buffer| buffer.dup end
+  expect false do
+    original = U::Buffer.new(5).append('abc')
+    original.dup.object_id == original.object_id
+  end
+  expect false do
+    original = U::Buffer.new(5).append('abc')
+    original.dup.append('de').object_id == original.object_id
+  end
+
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (0 for at least 1)') do U::Buffer.new.append end
+  expect 'abcde'.u do U::Buffer.new.append('abc', 'de').to_u end
+  expect 'abcde'.u do (U::Buffer.new << 'abc' << 'de').to_u end
+  expect "abc\0def".u do U::Buffer.new.append('abc', 0, 'def'.u).to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.taint.to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.append(U::Buffer.new.taint).to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.append(''.taint).to_u end
+  expect result.untrusted? do U::Buffer.new.untrust.to_u end if untrust
+  expect result.untrusted? do U::Buffer.new.append(U::Buffer.new.untrust).to_u end if untrust
+  expect result.untrusted? do U::Buffer.new.append(''.untrust).to_u end if untrust
+
+  expect 'äbc'.u do U::Buffer.new.append_format('%cbc'.u, 'ä').to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.append_format('abc'.taint).to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.append_format('%s', 'abc'.taint).to_u end
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.append_format('%p', 'abc'.taint).to_u end
+
+  expect ''.u do U::Buffer.new.to_u! end
+  expect 'äbc'.u do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc').to_u! end
+  expect ''.u do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc').tap(&:to_u!).to_u! end
+
+  expect '#<U::Buffer äbc>' do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc'.u).inspect end
+  expect '#<U::Buffer äbcdëwvxÿz>' do U::Buffer.new.append('äbcdëwvxÿz'.u).inspect end
+  expect '#<U::Buffer äbcdëfwvxÿz>' do U::Buffer.new.append('äbcdëfwvxÿz'.u).inspect end
+  expect '#<U::Buffer äbcdë…wvxÿz>' do U::Buffer.new.append('äbcdëfgwvxÿz'.u).inspect end
+
+  expect 3 do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc'.u).length end
+  expect 3 do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc'.u).size end
+  expect 4 do U::Buffer.new.append('äbc'.u).bytesize end
+  expect 4 do U::Buffer.new.append('あbc'.u).width end
+
+  expect result.tainted? do U::Buffer.new.taint.to_s end
+end

data/test/unit/u-1.0/string.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1439 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+untrust = Object.respond_to?(:untrust)
+word_regex = /\w/u =~ 'ä' ? /\w+/u : Regexp.new('[[:word:]]+')
+
+Expectations do
+  expect ''.u do U::String.new end
+  expect ''.u do U::String.new(nil) end
+  expect '' do U::String.new(nil).to_str end
+  expect 'äbc' do U::String.new('äbc').to_str end
+  if defined? Encoding
+    expect 'äbc' do U::String.new('äbc'.encode(Encoding::ISO8859_1)).to_str end
+    expect Encoding::UndefinedConversionError do U::String.new('äbc'.encode(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)) end
+  end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'u'.taint.u end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'u'.untrust.u end if untrust
+
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.dup end
+  expect false do a = ''.u; a.dup.object_id == a.object_id end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'u'.u.taint.dup end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'u'.u.untrust.dup end if untrust
+
+  expect true do 'äbc'.u.valid_encoding? end
+  expect true do "äbc\0def".u.valid_encoding? end
+  expect false do "\xc3bc".u.valid_encoding? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.alnum? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.alnum? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.alnum? end
+  expect false do '/'.u.alnum? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.alpha? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.alpha? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.alpha? end
+  expect false do 'a0'.u.alpha? end
+
+  expect true do 'abc'.u.ascii_only? end
+  expect false do 'äbc'.u.ascii_only? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.assigned? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.assigned? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.assigned? end
+  expect false do [0x0588].pack('U').u.assigned? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.case_ignorable? end
+  expect true do "'".u.case_ignorable? end
+  expect true do "'’".u.case_ignorable? end
+  expect true do [0x0307].pack('U').u.case_ignorable? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.case_ignorable? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.cased? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.cased? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.cased? end
+  expect false do '0'.u.cased? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.cntrl? end
+  expect true do "\0".u.cntrl? end
+  expect true do "\0\1".u.cntrl? end
+  expect false do "a".u.cntrl? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.defined? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.defined? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.defined? end
+  expect false do [0x0588].pack('U').u.defined? end
+  # TODO: This raises an error, as we’re using u_aref_char_validated_n for
+  # these functions.  Perhaps use u_aref_char_n and don’t raise errors on
+  # invalid input.
+  # expect false do [0xD800].pack('U').u.defined? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.digit? end
+  expect true do '0'.u.digit? end
+  expect true do '01'.u.digit? end
+  expect false do '0a'.u.digit? end
+
+  expect true do 'ss'.u.folded? end
+  expect false do 'ß'.u.folded? end
+  expect true do 'abc\0ß'.u.foldcase.folded? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.graph? end
+  expect true do '0'.u.graph? end
+  expect true do '01'.u.graph? end
+  expect false do "\0".u.graph? end
+
+  expect true do 'i'.u.lower? end
+  expect true do 'i'.u.lower?('lt') end
+  expect false do 'I'.u.lower? end
+  expect false do 'I'.u.lower?('lt') end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.newline? end
+  expect true do [0x2028].pack('U').u.newline? end
+  expect true do "\r\n".u.newline? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.newline? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.print? end
+  expect true do 'a'.u.print? end
+  expect true do 'ab'.u.print? end
+  expect false do "\n".u.print? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.punct? end
+  expect true do '.'.u.punct? end
+  expect true do '()'.u.punct? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.punct? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.soft_dotted? end
+  expect true do 'i'.u.soft_dotted? end
+  expect true do 'ij'.u.soft_dotted? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.soft_dotted? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.space? end
+  expect true do ' '.u.space? end
+  expect true do " \t\n".u.space? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.space? end
+
+  expect false do 'i'.u.title? end
+  expect false do 'I'.u.title? end
+  expect false do 'DZ'.u.title? end
+  expect true do 'Dz'.u.title? end
+
+  expect false do 'i'.u.upper? end
+  expect false do 'i'.u.upper?('lt') end
+  expect false do 'i'.u.upper?('tr') end
+  expect true do 'I'.u.upper? end
+  expect true do 'I'.u.upper?('lt') end
+  expect true do 'I'.u.upper?('tr') end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.valid? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.wide? end
+  expect true do '豈'.u.wide? end
+  expect true do '豈豈'.u.wide? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.wide? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.wide_cjk? end
+  expect true do '豈'.u.wide_cjk? end
+  expect true do '豈豈'.u.wide_cjk? end
+  expect true do '豈♣'.u.wide_cjk? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.wide_cjk? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.xdigit? end
+  expect true do '0'.u.xdigit? end
+  expect true do '0a'.u.xdigit? end
+  expect false do 'g'.u.xdigit? end
+
+  expect true do ''.u.zero_width? end
+  expect true do [0x200b].pack('U').u.zero_width? end
+  expect true do [0x200b, 0x1160].pack('U*').u.zero_width? end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.zero_width? end
+
+  expect result.normalized?(:nfc) do 'äbc'.u end
+  expect result.normalized?(:nfd) do 'äbc'.u.normalize(:nfd) end
+  expect result.normalized? do 'äbc'.u.normalize(:nfd) end
+
+  expect result.not.eql?('abc') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.not.eql?('äbc'.u) do 'äbc'.u.normalize(:nfd) end
+  expect result.eql?('äbc'.u) do 'äbc'.u.normalize(:nfd).normalize(:nfc) end
+
+  expect TypeError do 'abc'.u =~ 'abc' end
+  expect TypeError do 'abc'.u =~ 'abc'.u end
+  expect 10 do 'FëëFiëFöö-Fum'.u =~ /Fum$/u end
+  expect nil do 'FëëFiëFöö-Fum'.u =~ /FUM$/u end
+  expect 'fööbar' do 'föö'.u =~ stub(:=~ => proc{ |t| t + 'bar'.u }) end
+
+  expect 'a' do 'abc'.u.match(/a/)[0] end
+  expect nil do 'abc'.u.match(/d/) end
+  expect 'a' do 'abc'.u.match('a')[0] end
+  expect nil do 'abc'.u.match('d') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.taint.match(/a/) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.untrust.match(/a/) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.taint.match('a') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.untrust.match('a') end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.match(/a/.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.match(/a/.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.match('a'.taint) end if 'abc'.match('a'.taint).tainted?
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.match('a'.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect result.to.be.empty? do ''.u end
+  expect result.not.to.be.empty? do 'not'.u end
+
+  expect result.to.end_with?('c') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.end_with?('d') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.to.end_with?('ä') do 'cbä'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.end_with?('äb') do 'cbä'.u end
+  expect result.to.end_with?('a', 'ä') do 'cbä'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.end_with? do 'cbä'.u end
+
+  expect result.to.include?('f'.u) do 'fööbär'.u end
+  expect result.to.include?('föö'.u) do 'fööbär'.u end
+  expect result.to.include?('bär'.u) do 'fööbär'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.include?('bäz'.u) do 'fööbär'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.include?('z'.u) do 'fööbär'.u end
+
+  expect 0 do 'hëllö'.u.index('') end
+  expect 0 do 'hëllö'.u.index('h') end
+  expect 4 do 'hëllö'.u.index('ö') end
+  expect 1 do 'hëllö'.u.index('ëll') end
+  expect 2 do 'hëllö'.u.index(/ll/u) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index('hëllö!') end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index('z') end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index(/z./u) end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö'.u.index('l', 3) end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö'.u.index(/l./u, 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index('hëllö!', 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index('z', 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.index(/z./u, 3) end
+  expect 2 do 'hëllö'.u.index(stub(:to_str => 'llö')) end
+  expect TypeError do 'hëllö'.u.index(Object.new) end
+  expect nil do 'föö'.u.index(//, -100) end
+  expect nil do 'föö'.u.index(//, -100); $~ end
+
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö'.u.rindex('') end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö'.u.rindex('l') end
+  expect 6 do 'ëll, hëllö'.u.rindex('ëll') end
+  expect 7 do 'ëll, hëllö'.u.rindex(/ll./u) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.rindex('hëllö!') end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.rindex('z') end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.rindex(/z./u) end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö,lö'.u.rindex('l', 3) end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö,lö'.u.rindex(/l./u, 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö,lö'.u.rindex('hëllö!', 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö,lö'.u.rindex('z', 3) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö,lö'.u.rindex(/z./u, 3) end
+  expect 6 do 'fööbarbarbaz'.u.rindex(stub(:to_str => 'bar')) end
+  expect TypeError do 'hëllö'.u.rindex(Object.new) end
+  expect nil do 'föö'.u.rindex(//, -100) end
+  expect nil do 'föö'.u.rindex(//, -100); $~ end
+
+  expect result.to.start_with?('a') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.start_with?('b') do 'abc'.u end
+  expect result.to.start_with?('ä') do 'äbc'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.start_with?('bc') do 'äbc'.u end
+  expect result.to.start_with?('a', 'ä') do 'äbc'.u end
+  expect result.not.to.start_with? do 'äbc'.u end
+
+  expect result.>(0) do 'あB'.u.casecmp('あa', 'en_US.UTF-8') end
+  expect result.>(0) do 'あB'.u.casecmp('あa'.u, 'en_US.UTF-8') end
+
+  expect "\0".u do "\0".u.collation_key('en_US.UTF-8') end
+  expect U::String do 'äbcdëf'.u.collation_key('en_US.UTF-8') end
+  expect U::String do "äbc\0dëf".u.collation_key('en_US.UTF-8') end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.collation_key('en_US.UTF-8') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.collation_key('en_US.UTF-8') end if untrust
+
+  expect 0 do 'a'.u.canonical_combining_class end
+  expect 230 do [0x0307].pack('U').u.canonical_combining_class end
+
+  expect :letter_uppercase do 'A'.u.general_category end
+  expect :punctuation_other do '.'.u.general_category end
+  expect :symbol_currency do '$'.u.general_category end
+  expect :separator_space do ' '.u.general_category end
+
+  expect :cr do "\r".u.grapheme_break end
+  expect :other do 'a'.u.grapheme_break end
+
+  expect :open_punctuation do '('.u.line_break end
+  expect :close_parenthesis do ')'.u.line_break end
+
+  expect ArgumentError do [0x002A, 0x1CED].pack('U*').u.script end
+  expect :common do [0x002A].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :inherited do [0x1CED].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :inherited do [0x0670].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :arabic do [0x060D].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :armenian do [0x0559].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :bengali do [0x09CD].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :bopomofo do [0x31B6].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :cherokee do [0x13A2].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :coptic do [0x2CFD].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :cyrillic do [0x0482].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :deseret do [0x10401].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :devanagari do [0x094D].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :ethiopic do [0x1258].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :georgian do [0x10FC].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :gothic do [0x10341].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :greek do [0x0375].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :gujarati do [0x0A83].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :gurmukhi do [0x0A3C].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :han do [0x3005].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :hangul do [0x1100].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :hebrew do [0x05BF].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :hiragana do [0x309F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :kannada do [0x0CBC].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :katakana do [0x30FF].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :khmer do [0x17DD].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :lao do [0x0EDD].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :latin do [0x0061].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :malayalam do [0x0D3D].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :mongolian do [0x1843].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :myanmar do [0x1031].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :ogham do [0x169C].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :old_italic do [0x10322].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :oriya do [0x0B3C].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :runic do [0x16EF].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :sinhala do [0x0DBD].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :syriac do [0x0711].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tamil do [0x0B82].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :telugu do [0x0C03].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :thaana do [0x07B1].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :thai do [0x0E31].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tibetan do [0x0FD4].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :canadian_aboriginal do [0x1400].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :canadian_aboriginal do [0x1401].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :yi do [0xA015].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tagalog do [0x1700].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :hanunoo do [0x1720].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :buhid do [0x1740].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tagbanwa do [0x1760].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :braille do [0x2800].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :cypriot do [0x10808].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :limbu do [0x1932].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :osmanya do [0x10480].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :shavian do [0x10450].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :linear_b do [0x10000].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tai_le do [0x1950].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :ugaritic do [0x1039F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :new_tai_lue do [0x1980].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :buginese do [0x1A1F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :glagolitic do [0x2C00].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tifinagh do [0x2D6F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :syloti_nagri do [0xA800].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :old_persian do [0x103D0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :kharoshthi do [0x10A3F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :unknown do ''.u.script end
+  expect :balinese do [0x1B04].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :cuneiform do [0x12000].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :phoenician do [0x10900].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :phags_pa do [0xA840].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :nko do [0x07C0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :kayah_li do [0xA900].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :lepcha do [0x1C00].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :rejang do [0xA930].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :sundanese do [0x1B80].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :saurashtra do [0xA880].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :cham do [0xAA00].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :ol_chiki do [0x1C50].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :vai do [0xA500].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :carian do [0x102A0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :lycian do [0x10280].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :lydian do [0x1093F].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :avestan do [0x10B00].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :bamum do [0xA6A0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :egyptian_hieroglyphs do [0x13000].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :imperial_aramaic do [0x10840].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :inscriptional_pahlavi do [0x10B60].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :inscriptional_parthian do [0x10B40].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :javanese do [0xA980].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :kaithi do [0x11082].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :lisu do [0xA4D0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :meetei_mayek do [0xABE5].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :old_south_arabian do [0x10A60].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :old_turkic do [0x10C00].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :samaritan do [0x0800].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tai_tham do [0x1A20].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :tai_viet do [0xAA80].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :batak do [0x1BC0].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :brahmi do [0x11000].pack('U').u.script end
+  expect :mandaic do [0x0840].pack('U').u.script end
+
+  expect :aletter do 'a'.u.word_break end
+
+  expect 4 do 'äbc'.u.bytesize end
+  expect 9 do "äbc\0dëf".u.bytesize end
+
+  expect 0 do ''.u.length end
+  expect 4 do '1234'.u.length end
+  expect 6 do "1234\r\n".u.length end
+  expect 7 do "\0011234\r\n".u.length end
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö'.u.length end
+  expect 6 do "\0hëllö".u.length end
+  expect 12 do "hëllö\0agäin\303".u.length end
+
+  expect 0 do ''.u.size end
+  expect 4 do '1234'.u.size end
+  expect 6 do "1234\r\n".u.size end
+  expect 7 do "\0011234\r\n".u.size end
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö'.u.size end
+  expect 6 do "\0hëllö".u.size end
+  expect 12 do "hëllö\0agäin\303".u.size end
+
+  expect 0 do ''.u.width end
+  expect 1 do 'a'.u.width end
+  expect 1 do "a\xcc\x87".u.width end
+  expect 2 do '豈'.u.width end
+  expect 3 do 'a豈'.u.width end
+
+  expect [0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x00, 0x64, 0xc3, 0xab, 0x66] do "abc\0dëf".u.each_byte.to_a end
+  expect 8 do "abc\0dëf".u.each_byte.size end if ''.u.each_byte.respond_to? :size
+
+  expect [0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x00, 0x64, 0xc3, 0xab, 0x66] do "abc\0dëf".u.bytes end
+
+  expect ['h'.u, 'ë'.u, 'l'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.each_char.to_a end
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö'.u.each_char.size end if ''.u.each_byte.respond_to? :size
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.each_char.first end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.each_char.first end if untrust
+
+  expect ['h'.u, 'ë'.u, 'l'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.chars end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.chars.first end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.chars.first end if untrust
+
+  expect [0x0068, 0x00eb, 0x006c, 0x006c, 0x00f6] do 'hëllö'.u.each_codepoint.to_a end
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö'.u.each_codepoint.size end if ''.u.each_byte.respond_to? :size
+
+  expect [0x0068, 0x00eb, 0x006c, 0x006c, 0x00f6] do 'hëllö'.u.codepoints end
+
+  expect ['h'.u, 'ë'.u.normalize(:nfd), 'l'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u.normalize(:nfd)] do 'hëllö'.u.normalize(:nfd).grapheme_clusters.to_a end
+
+  expect ["hello\n".u, 'world'.u] do with_global(:$/, "\n"){ "hello\nworld".u.each_line.to_a } end
+  expect ["hello\n\n\n".u, 'world'.u] do "hello\n\n\nworld".u.each_line('').to_a end
+  expect ['hello!'.u, 'world'.u] do with_global(:$/, '!'){ 'hello!world'.u.each_line.to_a } end
+  expect ["hello\nworld".u] do with_global(:$/, nil){ "hello\nworld".u.each_line.to_a } end
+  expect ['hëll hëllö'.u, ' world'.u] do 'hëll hëllö world'.u.each_line('llö').to_a end
+  expect ["hello\0".u, 'world'.u] do "hello\0world".u.each_line("\0").to_a end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.each_line.first end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.each_line.first end if untrust
+
+  expect ["hello\n".u, 'world'.u] do with_global(:$/, "\n"){ "hello\nworld".u.lines } end
+  expect ["hello\n\n\n".u, 'world'.u] do "hello\n\n\nworld".u.lines('') end
+  expect ['hello!'.u, 'world'.u] do with_global(:$/, '!'){ 'hello!world'.u.lines } end
+  expect ["hello\nworld".u] do with_global(:$/, nil){ "hello\nworld".u.lines } end
+  expect ['hëll hëllö'.u, ' world'.u] do 'hëll hëllö world'.u.lines('llö') end
+  expect ["hello\0".u, 'world'.u] do "hello\0world".u.lines("\0") end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.lines.first end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.lines.first end if untrust
+
+  expect ['hello'.u, ' '.u, 'world'.u] do 'hello world'.u.words.to_a end
+
+  expect nil do ''.u[0, -2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[0, -1] end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u[0, 0] end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u[0, 1] end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u[0, 2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[-1, -2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[-1, -1] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[-1, 0] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[-1, 1] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[-1, 2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[1, -2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[1, -1] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[1, 0] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[1, 1] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[1, 2] end
+  expect nil do ''.u[0] end
+  expect 'h'.u do 'hëllö'.u[0] end
+  expect 'ö'.u do 'hëllö'.u[-1] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u[5] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u[-6] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u[0, 2] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u[-2, 2] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u[3, 2] end
+  expect 'hël'.u do 'hëllö'.u[0..2] end
+  expect 'hël'.u do 'hëllö'.u[0...3] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u[-2..-1] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/\Ah./u] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/.ö\z/u] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u[/other/u] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u['hë'.u] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u['lö'.u] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u['hë'] end
+  expect 'lö'.u do 'hëllö'.u['lö'] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u['other'.u] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u['other'] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, 1] end
+  expect 'll'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, 2] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, 3] end
+  expect 'll'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, -1] end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, -2] end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u[/(..)(..)/u, -3] end
+  expect 'l'.u do 'hëllö'.u[stub(:to_int => 2)] end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.u[1, 2, 3] end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.u[] end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint[0] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust[0] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint[0, 1] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust[0, 1] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint[0...1] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust[0...1] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint[/a/] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust[/a/] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u[/a/.taint] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u[/a/.untrust] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u[/(a)/.taint, 1] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u[/(a)/.untrust, 1] end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint['a'.u] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust['a'.u] end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint['a'] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust['a'] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u['a'.u.taint] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u['a'.u.untrust] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u['a'.taint] end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u['a'.untrust] end if untrust
+
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(0, -2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(0, -1) end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.byteslice(0, 0) end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.byteslice(0, 1) end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.byteslice(0, 2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(-1, -2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(-1, -1) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(-1, 0) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(-1, 1) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(-1, 2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(1, -2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(1, -1) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(1, 0) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(1, 1) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(1, 2) end
+  expect nil do ''.u.byteslice(0) end
+  expect 'h'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(0) end
+  expect "\xb6".u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(-1) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(7) end
+  expect nil do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(-8) end
+  expect "h\xc3".u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(0, 2) end
+  expect 'ö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(-2, 2) end
+  expect 'll'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(3, 2) end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(0..2) end
+  expect 'hë'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(0...3) end
+  expect 'ö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(-2..-1) end
+  expect 'l'.u do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(stub(:to_int => 3)) end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice(1, 2, 3) end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.u.byteslice() end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.byteslice(0) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.byteslice(0) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.byteslice(0, 1) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.byteslice(0, 1) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.byteslice(0...1) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.byteslice(0...1) end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hello'.u do 'hello'.u.chomp("\n") end
+  expect 'hello'.u do "hello\n".u.chomp("\n") end
+  expect 'hello'.u do with_global(:$/, "\n"){ 'hello'.u.chomp } end
+  expect 'hello'.u do with_global(:$/, "\n"){ "hello\n".u.chomp } end
+  expect 'hello'.u do with_global(:$/, '!'){ 'hello'.u.chomp } end
+  expect 'hello'.u do with_global(:$/, '!'){ 'hello!'.u.chomp } end
+  expect 'hello!!'.u do 'hello!!!'.u.chomp('!') end
+  expect "hello\r\n".u do "hello\r\n\r\n".u.chomp("\n") end
+  expect 'hello'.u do "hello\r".u.chomp("\n") end
+  expect 'hello'.u do "hello\r\n".u.chomp('') end
+  expect "hello".u do "hello\r\n\r\n".u.chomp('') end
+  # NOTE This differs from Ruby because U treats \r as a newline character and
+  # thus removes it.
+  expect 'hello'.u do "hello\r".u.chomp('') end
+  expect 'a'.u do 'a'.u.chomp("\xC3") end
+  expect 'a'.u do 'aā'.u.chomp('ā') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'hello'.u.taint.chomp end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'hello'.u.untrust.chomp end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hell'.u do 'hellö'.u.chop end
+  expect 'hellö'.u do "hellö\r\n".u.chop end
+  expect "hellö\n".u do "hellö\n\r".u.chop end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.chop end
+  expect ''.u do "\r\n".u.chop end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'hello'.u.taint.chop end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'hello'.u.untrust.chop end if untrust
+
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.chr end
+  expect 'ä'.u do 'ä'.u.chr end
+  expect 'ä'.u do 'äbc'.u.chr end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.chr end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.chr end if untrust
+
+  expect 0x00c3 do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(0) end
+  expect 0x00a4 do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(1) end
+  expect nil do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(4) end
+  expect 0x00a4 do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(-3) end
+  expect 0x00c3 do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(-4) end
+  expect nil do 'äbc'.u.getbyte(-5) end
+
+  # TODO Add tests for Unicode whitespace characters
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'あ'.u.lstrip end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '     あ'.u.lstrip end
+  expect 'あ     '.u do 'あ     '.u.lstrip end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'あ'.u.taint.lstrip end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'あ'.u.untrust.lstrip end if untrust
+
+  expect ArgumentError.new('empty string') do ''.u.ord end
+  expect 0x00e4 do 'ä'.u.ord end
+  expect 0x00e4 do 'äbc'.u.ord end
+
+  # TODO Add tests for Unicode whitespace characters
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'あ'.u.rstrip end
+  expect '     あ'.u do '     あ'.u.rstrip end
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'あ     '.u.rstrip end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'あ'.u.taint.rstrip end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'あ'.u.untrust.rstrip end if untrust
+
+  # TODO Add tests for Unicode whitespace characters
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'あ'.u.strip end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '     あ'.u.strip end
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'あ     '.u.strip end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '     あ     '.u.strip end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'あ'.u.taint.strip end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'あ'.u.untrust.strip end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëlLÖ'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'HËLLÖ'.u.downcase end
+  expect "abc\0dëf".u do "ABC\0DËF".u.downcase end
+  expect 'σ'.u do 'Σ'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'ας'.u do 'ΑΣ'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'ασβ'.u do 'ΑΣΒ'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'ας '.u do 'ΑΣ '.u.downcase end
+  expect 'ας’'.u do 'ΑΣ’'.u.downcase end
+  expect '’σ'.u do '’Σ'.u.downcase end
+  expect 'i'.u do 'I'.u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x80\xcc\x87".u do "I\xcc\x80\xcc\x87".u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x87".u do "I\xcc\x87".u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x80".u do "I\xcc\x80".u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "j\xcc\x87\xcc\x80".u do "J\xcc\x80".u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "į\xcc\x87\xcc\x80".u do "Į\xcc\x80".u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x80".u do 'Ì'.u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x81".u do 'Í'.u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect "i\xcc\x87\xcc\x83".u do 'Ĩ'.u.downcase('lt') end
+  expect 'i'.u do 'İ'.u.downcase('tr') end
+  expect 'i'.u do 'İ'.u.downcase('az') end
+  expect 'i'.u do 'İ'.u.downcase('tr') end
+  expect 'i'.u do 'İ'.u.downcase('az') end
+  expect 'ı'.u do 'I'.u.downcase('tr') end
+  expect 'ı'.u do 'I'.u.downcase('az') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'A'.u.taint.downcase end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'A'.u.untrust.downcase end if untrust
+
+  expect "abc\0ss".u do "abc\0ß".u.foldcase end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.foldcase end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.foldcase end if untrust
+
+  expect 'Ab Iς Ssσ/Ffi'.u do 'aB iς ßσ/ffi'.u.titlecase end
+  expect 'Ijssel Igloo Ijssel'.u do 'ijssEl iglOo IJSSEL'.u.titlecase end
+  expect 'IJssel Igloo IJssel'.u do 'ijssEl iglOo IJSSEL'.u.titlecase('nl') end
+
+  expect 'HËLLÖ'.u do 'hëlLÖ'.u.upcase end
+  expect 'HËLLÖ'.u do 'hëllö'.u.upcase end
+  expect 'HËLLÖ'.u do 'HËLLÖ'.u.upcase end
+  expect "ABC\0DËF".u do "abc\0dëF".u.upcase end
+  expect "I\xcc\x87".u do "i\xcc\x87".u.upcase end
+  expect 'I'.u do "i\xcc\x87".u.upcase('lt') end
+  expect "K\xcc\x87".u do "k\xcc\x87".u.upcase('lt') end
+  expect "A\xcc\x81Ι".u do "a\xcd\x85\xcc\x81".u.upcase end
+  expect 'I'.u do 'i'.u.upcase end
+  expect 'İ'.u do 'i'.u.upcase('tr') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.upcase end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.upcase end if untrust
+
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.mirror end
+  expect ')'.u do '('.u.mirror end
+  expect ')('.u do '()'.u.mirror end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.mirror end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.mirror end if untrust
+
+  expect TypeError.new('not a symbol: 1') do ''.u.normalize(1) end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('unknown normalization form: :ufc') do ''.u.normalize(:ufc) end
+  expect 'Ḋ'.u do "D\xcc\x87".u.normalize(:nfc) end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.normalize end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.normalize end if untrust
+
+  expect ''.u do ''.u.reverse end
+  expect 'a'.u do 'a'.u.reverse end
+  expect 'ateb'.u do 'beta'.u.reverse end
+  expect 'madamImadam'.u do 'madamImadam'.u.reverse end
+  expect "alpha\0beta".u do "ateb\0ahpla".u.reverse end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.reverse end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.reverse end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.center(4) end
+  expect '   hëllö   '.u do 'hëllö'.u.center(11) end
+  expect 'ababaababa'.u do ''.u.center(10, 'ab') end
+  expect 'ababaababab'.u do ''.u.center(11, 'ab') end
+  expect 'あ3あ'.u do '3'.u.center(5, 'あ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('zero-width padding') do '3'.u.center(2, '') end
+  expect 'あ3あ'.u do '3'.u.center(5, 'あ ') end
+  expect 'あ3あ '.u do '3'.u.center(6, 'あ ') end
+  expect 'あ 3あ '.u do '3'.u.center(7, 'あ ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('padding is too wide to complete rounding (2 > 1)') do '3'.u.center(4, 'あ') end
+  # TODO Adjust this to LONG_MAX in Ruby
+  # expect ArgumentError do ''.u.center(9223372036854775807) end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.center(1) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.center(1) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.center(3) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.center(3) end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.center(1, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.center(1, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.center(3, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.center(3, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.ljust(4) end
+  expect 'hëllö      '.u do 'hëllö'.u.ljust(11) end
+  expect 'ababababab'.u do ''.u.ljust(10, 'ab') end
+  expect 'abababababa'.u do ''.u.ljust(11, 'ab') end
+  expect '3ああ'.u do '3'.u.ljust(5, 'あ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('zero-width padding') do '3'.u.ljust(2, '') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('padding is too wide to complete rounding (2 > 1)') do '3'.u.ljust(5, 'あ ') end
+  expect '3あ あ'.u do '3'.u.ljust(6, 'あ ') end
+  expect '3あ あ '.u do '3'.u.ljust(7, 'あ ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('padding is too wide to complete rounding (2 > 1)') do '3'.u.ljust(4, 'あ') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.ljust(1) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.ljust(1) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.ljust(3) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.ljust(3) end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.ljust(1, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.ljust(1, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.ljust(3, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.ljust(3, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.rjust(4) end
+  expect '      hëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.rjust(11) end
+  expect 'ababababab'.u do ''.u.rjust(10, 'ab') end
+  expect 'abababababa'.u do ''.u.rjust(11, 'ab') end
+  expect 'ああ3'.u do '3'.u.rjust(5, 'あ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('zero-width padding') do '3'.u.rjust(2, '') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('padding is too wide to complete rounding (2 > 1)') do '3'.u.rjust(5, 'あ ') end
+  expect 'あ あ3'.u do '3'.u.rjust(6, 'あ ') end
+  expect 'あ あ 3'.u do '3'.u.rjust(7, 'あ ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('padding is too wide to complete rounding (2 > 1)') do '3'.u.rjust(4, 'あ') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.rjust(1) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.rjust(1) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.rjust(3) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.rjust(3) end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.rjust(1, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.rjust(1, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.rjust(3, ' '.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.rjust(3, ' '.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect 5 do 'hëllö wörld'.u.count('lö') end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö wörld'.u.count('l', 'lö') end
+  expect 2 do 'hëllö wörld'.u.count('lö', 'ö') end
+  expect 4 do 'hëllö wörld'.u.count('hëllö', '^l') end
+  expect 3 do 'hëllö wörld'.u.count('ej-m') end
+  expect 0 do 'y'.u.count('a\\-z') end
+  expect 5 do 'abcあいう'.u.count('^a') end
+  expect 5 do 'abcあいう'.u.count('^あ') end
+  expect 2 do 'abcあいう'.u.count('a-z', '^a') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (0 for at least 1)') do 'föö'.u.count end
+
+  expect 'hë wrd'.u do 'hëllö wörld'.u.delete('lö') end
+  expect 'hëö wörd'.u do 'hëllö wörld'.u.delete('l', 'lö') end
+  expect 'hëll wrld'.u do 'hëllö wörld'.u.delete('lö', 'ö') end
+  expect 'hëll wrld'.u do 'hëllö wörld'.u.delete('aëiöu', '^ë') end
+  expect 'hö wörd'.u do 'hëllö wörld'.u.delete('ëj-m') end
+  expect 'a'.u do 'aā'.u.delete('ā') end
+  expect 'a'.u do 'abcあいう'.u.delete('^a') end
+  expect 'bcあいう'.u do 'abcあいう'.u.delete('a') end
+  expect 'あ'.u do 'abcあいう'.u.delete('^あ') end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (0 for at least 1)') do 'föö'.u.delete end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.delete('a') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.delete('a') end if untrust
+
+  expect 'äbc'.u do 'äääbbbbccc'.u.squeeze end
+  expect 'ää bb cc'.u do 'ää   bb   cc'.u.squeeze(' ') end
+  expect 'BxTÿWz'.u do 'BxTÿÿÿWzzz'.u.squeeze('a-zä-ÿ') end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.taint.squeeze end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.untrust.squeeze end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'abc'.u.squeeze('b'.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.squeeze('b'.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hïppö' do 'hëllö'.u.tr('ël', 'ïp') end
+  expect '*ë**ö' do 'hëllö'.u.tr('^aëiöu', '*') end
+  expect 'hal' do 'ibm'.u.tr('b-z', 'a-z') end
+  expect 'hal' do 'hal'.u.tr('a-z', 'a-z') end
+  expect true do a = 'hal'.u; a.tr('a-z', 'a-z').object_id == a.object_id end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.taint.tr('a', 'b') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.untrust.tr('a', 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'abc'.u.tr('a'.taint, 'b') end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.tr('a'.untrust, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'abc'.u.tr('a', 'b'.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.tr('a', 'b'.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hïpö' do 'hëllö'.u.tr_s('ël', 'ïp') end
+  expect '*ë*ö' do 'hëllö'.u.tr_s('^aëiöu', '*') end
+  expect 'hal' do 'ibm'.u.tr_s('b-z', 'a-z') end
+  expect 'hal' do 'hal'.u.tr_s('a-z', 'a-z') end
+  expect true do a = 'hal'.u; a.tr_s('a-z', 'a-z').object_id == a.object_id end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'abc'.u.taint.tr_s('a', 'b') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.untrust.tr_s('a', 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'abc'.u.tr_s('a'.taint, 'b') end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.tr_s('a'.untrust, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'abc'.u.tr_s('a', 'b'.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'abc'.u.tr_s('a', 'b'.untrust) end if untrust
+
+  expect ['hë'.u, 'l'.u, 'lö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.partition(/l/u) end
+  expect ['hë'.u, 'l'.u, 'lö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.partition('l'.u) end
+  expect ['hë'.u, 'l'.u, 'lö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.partition('l') end
+  expect TypeError do 'hëllö'.u.partition(0) end
+  expect ['föö'.u, '-'.u, 'bär'.u] do 'föö-bär'.u.partition(stub(:to_str => '-')) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.partition(/b/).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.partition(/b/).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.partition(/b/.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.partition(/b/.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.partition(/b/.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.partition(/b/.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, false, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.partition('b').map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, false, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.partition('b').map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.partition('b'.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.partition('b'.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.partition('b'.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.partition('b'.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+
+  expect ['hël'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.rpartition(/l/u) end
+  expect ['hël'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.rpartition('l'.u) end
+  expect ['hël'.u, 'l'.u, 'ö'.u] do 'hëllö'.u.rpartition('l') end
+  expect TypeError do 'hëllö'.u.rpartition(0) end
+  expect ['föö'.u, '-'.u, 'bär'.u] do 'föö-bär'.u.rpartition(stub(:to_str => '-')) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.rpartition(/b/).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.rpartition(/b/).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.rpartition(/b/.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.rpartition(/b/.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.rpartition(/b/.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.rpartition(/b/.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, false, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.rpartition('b').map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, false, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.rpartition('b').map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.rpartition('b'.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, true, false] do 'abc'.u.rpartition('b'.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.rpartition('b'.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.rpartition('b'.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+
+  expect ['crüel'.u, 'wörld'.u] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(word_regex) end
+  expect ['crü'.u, 'el '.u, 'wör'.u] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(/.../u) end
+  expect [['crü'.u], ['el '.u], ['wör'.u]] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(/(...)/u) end
+  expect ['crüel'.u, 'wörld'.u] do 'crüel wörld'.u.to_enum(:scan, word_regex).to_a end
+  expect ['crü'.u, 'el '.u, 'wör'.u] do 'crüel wörld'.u.to_enum(:scan, /.../u).to_a end
+  expect [['crü'.u], ['el '.u], ['wör'.u]] do 'crüel wörld'.u.to_enum(:scan, /(...)/u).to_a end
+  expect [''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u, ''.u] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(//u) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.taint.scan(word_regex).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.untrust.scan(word_regex).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(word_regex.dup.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(word_regex.dup.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.taint.scan(' ').map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true] do 'crüel wörld'.u.untrust.scan(' ').map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(' '.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false] do 'crüel wörld'.u.scan(' '.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [] do ''.u.split(''.u, 1) end
+  expect ['abc'.u] do 'abc'.u.split(''.u, 1) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.split(/b/).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.split(/b/).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, false] do 'abc'.u.split(/b/.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, false] do 'abc'.u.split(/b/.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [true, true] do 'abc'.u.taint.split('b').map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [true, true] do 'abc'.u.untrust.split('b').map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [false, false] do 'abc'.u.split('b'.taint).map(&:tainted?) end
+  expect [false, false] do 'abc'.u.split('b'.untrust).map(&:untrusted?) end if untrust
+  expect [' ä '.u, ' b '.u, ' c '.u] do ' ä | b | c '.u.split('|'.u) end
+  expect ['ä|b|c'.u] do 'ä|b|c'.u.split('|'.u, 1) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b|c'.u] do 'ä|b|c'.u.split('|'.u, 2) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do 'ä|b|c'.u.split('|'.u, 3) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u, ''.u] do 'ä|b|c|'.u.split('|'.u, -1) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u, ''.u, ''.u] do 'ä|b|c||'.u.split('|'.u, -1) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, ''.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do 'ä||b|c|'.u.split('|'.u) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, ''.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u, ''.u] do 'ä||b|c|'.u.split('|'.u, -1) end
+  expect [] do with_global(:$;, nil){ '  '.u.split } end
+  expect [''.u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ '  '.u.split(nil, -1) } end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b c'.u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ 'ä b c'.u.split(nil, 2) } end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ " ä  b\t c ".u.split } end
+  expect ['ä'.u, "b\t c ".u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ " ä  b\t c ".u.split(nil, 2) } end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ " ä  b\t c".split } end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do with_global(:$;, nil){ " ä  b\t c".u.split(' ') } end
+  expect [] do ''.split(//u, 1) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do 'äXXbXXcXX'.u.split(/X./u) end
+  expect ['ä'.u, 'b'.u, 'c'.u] do 'äbc'.u.split(//u) end
+  expect ['b'.u, 'c'.u] do 'bäc'.u.split(/ä?/u) end
+
+  expect 'bbc'.u do 'abc'.u.gsub('a', 'b') end
+  expect 'h*ll*'.u do 'hello'.u.gsub(/[aeiou]/u, '*'.u) end
+  expect 'h*ll*'.u do 'hëllö'.u.gsub(/[äëïöü]/u, '*'.u) end
+  expect 'h<ë>ll<ö>'.u do 'hëllö'.u.gsub(/([äëïöü])/u, '<\\1>'.u) end
+  expect 'h<ë>ll<ö>'.u do 'hëllö'.u.gsub(/([ëö])/u, 'ë'.u => '<ë>'.u, 'ö'.u => '<ö>'.u) end
+  expect 'h ë l l ö '.u do 'hëllö'.u.gsub(/./u){ |s| s[0].to_s + ' ' } end
+  expect 'HËLL-ö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.gsub(/(hëll)(.)/u){ |s| $1.u.upcase + '-'.u + $2.u } end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.gsub end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.gsub(/a/, 'b') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.gsub(/a/, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/.taint, 'b') end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/.untrust, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, 'b'.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, 'b'.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'}.taint) end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'}.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'.taint}) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'.untrust}) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, Hash.new{ 'b'.taint }) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/, Hash.new{ 'b'.untrust }) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/){ 'b'.taint } end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.gsub(/a/){ 'b'.untrust } end if untrust
+
+  expect 'bbc'.u do 'abc'.u.sub('a', 'b') end
+  expect 'h*llo'.u do 'hello'.u.sub(/[aeiou]/u, '*'.u) end
+  expect 'h*llö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.sub(/[äëïöü]/u, '*'.u) end
+  expect 'h<ë>llö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.sub(/([äëïöü])/u, '<\\1>'.u) end
+  expect 'h<ë>llö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.sub(/([ëö])/u, 'ë'.u => '<ë>'.u, 'ö'.u => '<ö>'.u) end
+  expect 'h ëllö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.sub(/./u){ |s| s[0].to_s + ' ' } end
+  expect 'HËLL-ö'.u do 'hëllö'.u.sub(/(hëll)(.)/u){ |s| $1.u.upcase + '-'.u + $2.u } end
+  expect ArgumentError do 'hëllö'.sub end
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.taint.sub(/a/, 'b') end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.untrust.sub(/a/, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/.taint, 'b') end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/.untrust, 'b') end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, 'b'.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, 'b'.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'}.taint) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'}.untrust) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'.taint}) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, {'a'.u => 'b'.untrust}) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, Hash.new{ 'b'.taint }) end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/, Hash.new{ 'b'.untrust }) end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/){ 'b'.taint } end
+  expect result.untrusted? do 'a'.u.sub(/a/){ 'b'.untrust } end if untrust
+
+  expect 'hëll'.u do 'hëll'.u + ''.u end
+  expect 'ö'.u do ''.u + 'ö'.u end
+  expect 'hëllö'.u do 'hëll'.u + 'ö'.u end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint + ''.u end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u + ''.u.taint end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust + ''.u end if untrust
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do ''.u + ''.u.untrust end if untrust
+
+  expect ArgumentError do '*'.u * -1 end
+  expect ''.u do ''.u * 10 end
+  expect '**********'.u do '*'.u * 10 end
+  # TODO Test LONG_MAX.
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint * 10 end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust * 10 end if untrust
+
+  expect 'äbc'.u do 'äbc'.u % [] end
+
+  expect ArgumentError.new('invalid flag ‘ ’ given to directive ‘%’') do '% %'.u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('invalid flags “ #” given to directive ‘%’') do '% #%'.u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('invalid flags “ #+-0” given to directive ‘%’') do '% #+-0%'.u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive does not take an argument: %') do '%1$%'.u % [1] end
+  expect '%'.u do '%%'.u % [] end
+  expect 'ä%c'.u do 'ä%%c'.u % [] end
+
+  expect "%\nb".u do "%\nb".u % [] end
+  expect "%\0b".u do "%\0b".u % [] end
+  expect "%\0%".u do "%\0%".u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive does not allow specifying a width: %') do "%12\nb".u % [] end
+  expect 'b%'.u do "b%".u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive missing after absolute argument number') do "b%12".u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive missing after flags') do "b%#".u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive missing after absolute argument number') do "b%1$".u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive missing after argument name') do "b%<a>".u % [] end
+
+  expect ArgumentError.new('invalid flag ‘ ’ given to directive ‘c’') do '% c'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('directive does not allow specifying a precision: c') do '%.1c'.u % [0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (0 for at least 1)') do '%cbc'.u % [] end
+  expect 'äbc'.u do '%cbc'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect ' äbc'.u do '%2cbc'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect 'ä bc'.u do '%-2cbc'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (1 for at least 2)') do '%*cbc'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect ' äbc'.u do '%*cbc'.u % [2, 0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use positional argument numbers after absolute argument numbers') do '%*1$cbc'.u % [2, 0x00e4] end
+  expect ' äbc'.u do '%2$*1$cbc'.u % [2, 0x00e4] end
+  expect 'äbc'.u do '%<a>cbc'.u % { :a => 0x00e4 } end
+  expect ' äbc'.u do '%<a>2cbc'.u % { :a => 0x00e4 } end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '%c'.u % 0x3042 end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '%2c'.u % 0x3042 end
+  expect ' あ'.u do '%3c'.u % 0x3042 end
+  expect '   ​'.u do '%3c'.u % 0x200b end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('%c requires a character') do '%c'.u % "" end
+  expect 'ä'.u do '%c'.u % "ä" end
+  expect 'ä'.u do '%c'.u % "äbc" end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use absolute argument number 1: relative argument number already used') do '%c%1$c'.u % [0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use absolute argument number 1: named argument already used') do '%<a>c%1$c'.u % { :a => 0x00e4 } end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('absolute argument number beyond end of argument list: 1 > 0') do '%1$%'.u % [] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use named argument “a”: relative argument number already used') do '%c%<a>c'.u % [0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use named argument “a”: absolute argument number already used') do '%1$c%<a>c'.u % [0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('one Hash argument required when using named arguments in format') do '%<a>cbc'.u % 0x00e4 end
+  expect((defined?(KeyError) ? KeyError : ArgumentError).new('named argument not found: a')){ '%<a>cbc'.u % { :b => 0x00e4 } }
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use positional argument numbers after absolute argument numbers') do '%1$c%c'.u % [0x00e4] end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('cannot use positional argument numbers after named arguments') do '%<a>c%c'.u % { :a => 0x00e4 } end
+  expect ArgumentError.new('wrong number of arguments (0 for at least 1)') do '%c'.u % [] end
+
+  # TODO Add flag checks?
+  expect 'äbc'.u do '%sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect 'äc'.u do '%.1sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect ' äbc'.u do '%3sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect 'äb c'.u do '%-3sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect '  äc'.u do '%3.1sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect 'ä  c'.u do '%-3.1sc'.u % ['äb'.u] end
+  expect 'äbc'.u do '%{a}c'.u % { :a => 'äb'.u } end
+  expect 'äb3.3c'.u do '%{a}3.3c'.u % { :a => 'äb'.u } end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '%.1s'.u % ['あbc'.u] end
+  expect 'あ'.u do '%.2s'.u % ['あbc'.u] end
+  expect 'あb'.u do '%.3s'.u % ['あbc'.u] end
+  expect 'あbc'.u do '%.4s'.u % ['あbc'.u] end
+  expect ' あbc'.u do '%5s'.u % ['あbc'.u] end
+
+  # TODO Add flag checks?
+  expect '"äbc".u'.u do '%p'.u % ['äbc'.u] end
+
+  expect '123'.u do '%d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '123'.u do '%d'.u % 123.to_f end
+  expect '123'.u do '%d'.u % '123' end
+  expect '123'.u do '%d'.u % '123'.u end
+  expect '123'.u do '%d'.u % [stub(:to_int => 123)] end
+  expect ArgumentError do '%d'.u % '123.0' end
+  expect ArgumentError do '%d'.u % '123.0'.u end
+
+  expect ' 123'.u do '% d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+123'.u do '%+d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-123'.u do '%d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '   123'.u do '%6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '   123'.u do '% 6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  +123'.u do '%+6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  -123'.u do '%6d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '000123'.u do '%06d'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 00123'.u do '% 06d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+00123'.u do '%+06d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-00123'.u do '%06d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '123   '.u do '%-6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 123  '.u do '%- 6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+123  '.u do '%-+6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-123  '.u do '%-6d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '123   '.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%-06d'.u % 123 } end
+
+  expect '000123'.u do '%.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 000123'.u do '% .6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+000123'.u do '%+.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-000123'.u do '%.6d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '   000123'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%09.6d'.u % 123 } end
+  expect '   000123'.u do '%9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '   000123'.u do '% 9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  +000123'.u do '%+9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  -000123'.u do '%9.6d'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '000123   '.u do '%-9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 000123  '.u do '%- 9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+000123  '.u do '%-+9.6d'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-000123  '.u do '%-9.6d'.u % -123 end
+
+  # TODO Need a lot more tests for Bignum code-paths.
+  expect Bignum do 12345678901234567890 end
+  expect '12345678901234567890'.u do '%d'.u % 12345678901234567890 end
+
+  expect '173'.u do '%o'.u % 123 end
+
+  expect ' 173'.u do '% o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+173'.u do '%+o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-173'.u do '%+o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '   173'.u do '%6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '   173'.u do '% 6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  +173'.u do '%+6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  -173'.u do '%+6o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '000173'.u do '%06o'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 00173'.u do '% 06o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+00173'.u do '%+06o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-00173'.u do '%+06o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '173   '.u do '%-6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 173  '.u do '%- 6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+173  '.u do '%-+6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-173  '.u do '%-+6o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '000173'.u do '%.6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect ' 000173'.u do '% .6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '+000173'.u do '%+.6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-000173'.u do '%+.6o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '   000173'.u do '%9.6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '   000173'.u do '% 9.6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  +000173'.u do '%+9.6o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '  -000173'.u do '%+9.6o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '+173'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ o'.u % 123 } end
+  expect warning('‘o’ directive ignores ‘ ’ flag when ‘+’ flag has been specified') do '%+ o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '-173'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ o'.u % -123 } end
+  expect '0173'.u do '%#o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '..7605'.u do '%o'.u % -123 end
+  expect '..7605'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%#o'.u % -123 } end
+  expect warning('‘o’ directive ignores ‘#’ flag when given a negative argument') do '%#o'.u % -123 end
+
+  expect '   ..7777605'.u do '%12.9o'.u % -123 end
+  expect '   000000173'.u do '%#12.9o'.u % 123 end
+  expect '   ..7777605'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%#12.9o'.u % -123 } end
+
+  expect '0' do '%o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '0' do '%#o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '  0' do '%3o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '  0' do '%#3o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '000' do '%03o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '000' do '%#03o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '     0' do '%6o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '     0' do '%#6o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '   000' do '%6.3o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '   000' do '%#6.3o'.u % 0 end
+  expect '   000' do with_verbose(nil){ '%06.3o'.u % 0 } end
+  expect '   000' do with_verbose(nil){ '%#06.3o'.u % 0 } end
+
+  # TODO Need a lot more Bignum tests.
+  expect Bignum do 01255245230635307605322 end
+  expect '1255245230635307605322'.u do '%o'.u % 01255245230635307605322 end
+
+  expect '10e'.u do '%x'.u % 0x10e end
+
+  expect '0x10e'.u do '%#x'.u % 0x10e end
+
+  expect '0'.u do '%#x'.u % 0x0 end
+
+  expect ' 10e'.u do '% x'.u % +0x10e end
+  expect '+10e'.u do '%+x'.u % +0x10e end
+  expect '-10e'.u do '%+x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect ' 0x10e'.u do '%# x'.u % +0x10e end
+  expect '+0x10e'.u do '%#+x'.u % +0x10e end
+  expect '-0x10e'.u do '%#+x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '   10e'.u do '%6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '   10e'.u do '% 6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '  +10e'.u do '%+6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '  -10e'.u do '%+6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect ' 0x10e'.u do '%#6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x10e'.u do '%# 6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0x10e'.u do '%#+6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0x10e'.u do '%#+6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '00010e'.u do '%06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0010e'.u do '% 06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0010e'.u do '%+06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0010e'.u do '%+06x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '0x010e'.u do '%#06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x10e'.u do '%# 06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0x10e'.u do '%#+06x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0x10e'.u do '%#+06x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '10e   '.u do '%-6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 10e  '.u do '%- 6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+10e  '.u do '%-+6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-10e  '.u do '%-+6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '0x10e '.u do '%#-6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x10e'.u do '%#- 6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0x10e'.u do '%#-+6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0x10e'.u do '%#-+6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '00010e'.u do '%.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 00010e'.u do '% .6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+00010e'.u do '%+.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-00010e'.u do '%+.6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '0x00010e'.u do '%#.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x00010e'.u do '%# .6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0x00010e'.u do '%#+.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0x00010e'.u do '%#+.6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '   00010e'.u do '%9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '   00010e'.u do '% 9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '  +00010e'.u do '%+9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '  -00010e'.u do '%+9.6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect ' 0x00010e'.u do '%#9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x00010e'.u do '%# 9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '+0x00010e'.u do '%#+9.6x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-0x00010e'.u do '%#+9.6x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '+10e'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ x'.u % 0x10e } end
+  expect warning('‘x’ directive ignores ‘ ’ flag when ‘+’ flag has been specified') do '%+ x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-10e'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ x'.u % -0x10e } end
+  expect '..fef2'.u do '%x'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect '0x..fef2'.u do '%#x'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect '   ..ffffef2'.u do '%12.9x'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x00000010e'.u do '%#12.9x'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect ' 0x..ffffef2'.u do '%#12.9x'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '10E'.u do '%X'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '0X10E'.u do '%#X'.u % 0x10e end
+  expect '-10E'.u do '%+X'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect '-0X10E'.u do '%#+X'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect '..FEF2'.u do '%-X'.u % -0x10e end
+  expect '0X..FEF2'.u do '%#-X'.u % -0x10e end
+
+  expect '101'.u do '%b'.u % 0b101 end
+
+  expect '0b101'.u do '%#b'.u % 0b101 end
+
+  expect '0'.u do '%#b'.u % 0b0 end
+
+  expect ' 101'.u do '% b'.u % +0b101 end
+  expect '+101'.u do '%+b'.u % +0b101 end
+  expect '-101'.u do '%+b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect ' 0b101'.u do '%# b'.u % +0b101 end
+  expect '+0b101'.u do '%#+b'.u % +0b101 end
+  expect '-0b101'.u do '%#+b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '   101'.u do '%6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '   101'.u do '% 6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '  +101'.u do '%+6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '  -101'.u do '%+6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect ' 0b101'.u do '%#6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b101'.u do '%# 6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+0b101'.u do '%#+6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-0b101'.u do '%#+6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '000101'.u do '%06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 00101'.u do '% 06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+00101'.u do '%+06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-00101'.u do '%+06b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '0b0101'.u do '%#06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b101'.u do '%# 06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+0b101'.u do '%#+06b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-0b101'.u do '%#+06b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '101   '.u do '%-6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 101  '.u do '%- 6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+101  '.u do '%-+6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-101  '.u do '%-+6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '0b101 '.u do '%#-6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b101'.u do '%#- 6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+0b101'.u do '%#-+6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-0b101'.u do '%#-+6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '000101'.u do '%.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 000101'.u do '% .6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+000101'.u do '%+.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-000101'.u do '%+.6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '0b000101'.u do '%#.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b000101'.u do '%# .6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+0b000101'.u do '%#+.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-0b000101'.u do '%#+.6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '   000101'.u do '%9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '   000101'.u do '% 9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '  +000101'.u do '%+9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '  -000101'.u do '%+9.6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect ' 0b000101'.u do '%#9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b000101'.u do '%# 9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '+0b000101'.u do '%#+9.6b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-0b000101'.u do '%#+9.6b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '+101'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ b'.u % 0b101 } end
+  expect warning('‘b’ directive ignores ‘ ’ flag when ‘+’ flag has been specified') do '%+ b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect '-101'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ b'.u % -0b101 } end
+  expect '..1011'.u do '%b'.u % -0b101 end
+  expect '0b..1011'.u do '%#b'.u % -0b101 end
+  expect '   ..1111011'.u do '%12.9b'.u % -0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b000000101'.u do '%#12.9b'.u % 0b101 end
+  expect ' 0b..1111011'.u do '%#12.9b'.u % -0b101 end
+
+  expect '0B101'.u do '%#B'.u % 0b101 end
+
+  expect 'NaN'.u do '%f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect 'NaN'.u do '%-f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+NaN'.u do '%+f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' NaN'.u do '% f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+
+  expect '   NaN'.u do '%6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +NaN'.u do '%+6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '   NaN'.u do '% 6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +NaN'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ 6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) } end
+
+  expect '   NaN'.u do '%06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +NaN'.u do '%+06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '   NaN'.u do '% 06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +NaN'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ 06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) } end
+
+  expect 'NaN   '.u do '%-6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect 'NaN   '.u do '%-06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+NaN  '.u do '%-+6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+NaN  '.u do '%-+06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' NaN  '.u do '%- 6f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' NaN  '.u do '%- 06f'.u % (0.0/0.0) end
+
+  expect 'Inf'.u do '%f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect 'Inf'.u do '%-f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+Inf'.u do '%+f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '-Inf'.u do '%+f'.u % -(1.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' Inf'.u do '% f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+
+  expect '   Inf'.u do '%6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +Inf'.u do '%+6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  -Inf'.u do '%+6f'.u % -(1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '   Inf'.u do '% 6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +Inf'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ 6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) } end
+
+  expect '   Inf'.u do '%06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +Inf'.u do '%+06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  -Inf'.u do '%+06f'.u % -(1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '   Inf'.u do '% 06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '  +Inf'.u do with_verbose(nil){ '%+ 06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) } end
+
+  expect 'Inf   '.u do '%-6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect 'Inf   '.u do '%-06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+Inf  '.u do '%-+6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '+Inf  '.u do '%-+06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '-Inf  '.u do '%-+6f'.u % -(1.0/0.0) end
+  expect '-Inf  '.u do '%-+06f'.u % -(1.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' Inf  '.u do '%- 6f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+  expect ' Inf  '.u do '%- 06f'.u % (1.0/0.0) end
+
+  # TODO Probably sizeof(double)-dependent.
+  expect '179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919299881250404026184124858368'.u do '%.0f'.u % 179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919299881250404026184124858368 end
+
+  expect '       -0.'.u do '%#10.0f'.u % -0.5 end
+
+  # NOTE This needs to be fixed.
+  # expect U::String do '%#+-0 .2147483638f'.u % 1 end
+
+  # TODO These two give different results in Ruby 1.8 and Ruby 1.9.
+  # expect '0x2p+1'.u do '%.0a'.u % 3.875 end
+  # expect '-0x2.0p+1'.u do '%.1a'.u % -3.9921875 end
+  expect '0x0p+0'.u do '%a'.u % 0.0 end
+  expect '-0x0p+0'.u do '%a'.u % -0.0 end
+  expect '0x1p+1'.u do '%a'.u % 2.0 end
+  expect '0x1p+0'.u do '%a'.u % 1.0 end
+  expect '0x1p-1'.u do '%a'.u % 0.5 end
+  expect '0x1p+10'.u do '%a'.u % 1024 end
+  # TODO Probably sizeof(double)-dependent.
+  expect '0x1.23456p+789'.u do '%a'.u % 3.704450999893983e+237 end
+  # TODO This is sizeof(double)-dependent.
+  # expect '0x0.0000000000001p-1022'.u do '%a'.u % 4.9e-324 end
+
+  expect '   -0x1p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1 end
+  expect ' -0x1.8p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1.5 end
+  expect ' -0x1.4p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1.25 end
+  expect ' -0x1.2p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1.125 end
+  expect ' -0x1.1p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1.0625 end
+  expect '-0x1.08p+0'.u do '%10a'.u % -1.03125 end
+
+  expect '-0x0001p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1 end
+  expect '-0x01.8p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1.5 end
+  expect '-0x01.4p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1.25 end
+  expect '-0x01.2p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1.125 end
+  expect '-0x01.1p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1.0625 end
+  expect '-0x1.08p+0'.u do '%010a'.u % -1.03125 end
+
+  expect '1.000000e+06'.u do '%e' % 1.000000e+06 end
+  expect '1.000000E+06'.u do '%E' % 1.000000E+06 end
+
+  expect '1e+06'.u do '%g' % 1e+06 end
+  expect '1E+06'.u do '%G' % 1E+06 end
+
+  expect result.tainted? do '%s'.u.taint % ['abc'] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do '%s'.u.untrust % ['abc'] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do '%s'.u.taint % ['abc'.taint] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do '%s'.u.untrust % ['abc'.untrust] end if untrust
+  expect result.not.tainted? do '%c'.u % ['a'.taint] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do '%c'.u % ['a'.untrust] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do '%s'.u % ['abc'.taint] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do '%s'.u % ['abc'.untrust] end if untrust
+  expect result.tainted? do '%p'.u % ['abc'.taint] end
+  expect result.not.untrusted? do '%p'.u % ['abc'.untrust] end if untrust
+
+  expect '"abc".u'.u do "abc".u.dump end
+  expect '"\u{e4}bc".u'.u do "äbc".u.dump end
+  expect '"\xC3".u'.u do "\xC3".u.dump end
+  expect '"\xF1\x80\x80".u'.u do "\xF1\x80\x80".u.dump end
+  expect '"\"\\\\\n\r\t\f\v\b\a\e".u'.u do "\"\\\n\r\t\f\v\b\a\e".u.dump end
+  expect '"\#$\#@\#{}".u'.u do '#$#@#{}'.u.dump end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.dump end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.dump end if untrust
+
+  expect '"abc".u'.u do "abc".u.inspect end
+  expect '"äbc".u'.u do "äbc".u.inspect end
+  expect '"\xC3".u'.u do "\xC3".u.inspect end
+  expect result.not.print? do [0x007F].pack('U').u end
+  expect '"\u007F".u'.u do [0x007F].pack('U').u.inspect end
+  expect result.not.print? do [0x110BD].pack('U').u end
+  expect '"\u{110BD}".u'.u do [0x110BD].pack('U').u.inspect end
+  expect '"\"\\\\\n\r\t\f\v\b\a\e".u'.u do "\"\\\n\r\t\f\v\b\a\e".u.inspect end
+  expect '"#\xC3".u'.u do "#\xC3".u.inspect end
+  expect '"\#$\#@\#{}".u'.u do '#$#@#{}'.u.inspect end
+  expect result.tainted? do ''.u.taint.inspect end
+  expect result.untrusted? do ''.u.untrust.inspect end if untrust
+
+  expect true do 'hëllö'.u.hash == 'hëllö'.u.hash end
+  expect false do 'hëllö'.u.hash == 'hëlLÖ'.u.hash end
+  expect false do 'a'.u.hash == "a\0".u.hash end
+
+  expect 255 do '0xff'.u.hex end
+  expect(-255) do '-0xff'.u.hex end
+  expect 255 do 'ff'.u.hex end
+  expect(-255) do '-ff'.u.hex end
+  expect 0 do '-ralph'.u.hex end
+  expect(-15) do '-fred'.u.hex end
+  expect 15 do 'fred'.u.hex end
+  # TODO Add tests for Unicode digit values.
+
+  # TODO: Add tests for Unicode digit values.
+  expect 255 do '0377'.u.oct end
+  expect 255 do '377'.u.oct end
+  expect(-255) do '-0377'.u.oct end
+  expect(-255) do '-377'.u.oct end
+  expect 0 do '00'.u.oct end
+  expect 24 do '030OO'.u.oct end
+
+  expect 1480 do '1480ft/sec'.u.to_i end
+  expect 0 do 'speed of sound in water @20C = 1480ft/sec'.u.to_i end
+  expect 0 do ' 0'.u.to_i end
+  expect 0 do '+0'.u.to_i end
+  expect 0 do '-0'.u.to_i end
+  expect 0 do '--0'.u.to_i end
+  expect 16 do '0x10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 16 do '0X10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 2 do '0b10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 2 do '0B10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 8 do '0o10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 8 do '0O10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 10 do '0d10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 10 do '0D10'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect 8 do '010'.u.to_i(0) end
+  expect ArgumentError do '010'.u.to_i(-10) end
+  expect ArgumentError do '0'.u.to_i(1) end
+  expect ArgumentError do '0'.u.to_i(37) end
+  expect 0 do 'z'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 35 do 'z'.u.to_i(36) end
+  expect 12 do '1_2'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 0x4000_0000 do '1073741824'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 0x4000_0000_0000_0000 do '4611686018427387904'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 1 do '1__2'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 1 do '1_z'.u.to_i(10) end
+  expect 1 do '١'.u.to_i end
+
+  expect String do ''.u.to_str end
+  expect '' do ''.u.to_str end
+  if defined? Encoding
+    expect Encoding::UTF_8 do ''.u.to_str.encoding end
+    expect Encoding::UTF_8 do ''.encode(Encoding::ASCII).u.to_str.encoding end
+  end
+
+  if defined? Encoding
+    expect Encoding::ASCII_8BIT do ''.u.b.encoding end
+  end
+
+  expect :koala do 'koala'.u.to_sym end
+  expect :'köälä' do 'köälä'.u.to_sym end
+
+  expect :koala do 'koala'.u.intern end
+  expect :'köälä' do 'köälä'.u.intern end
+
+  expect ''.u do |o| o.u end
+end