u-case 3.1.0 → 4.2.1

data/README.pt-BR.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <p align="center">
-  <img src="./assets/ucase_logo_v1.png" alt="u-case - Create simple and powerful use cases as Ruby objects.">
+  <img src="./assets/ucase_logo_v1.png" alt="u-case - Represent use cases in a simple and powerful way while writing modular, expressive and sequentially logical code.">
 
-  <p align="center"><i>Crie simples e poderosos casos de uso como objetos em Ruby.</i></p>
+  <p align="center"><i> Represente casos de uso de forma simples e poderosa ao escrever código modular, expressivo e sequencialmente lógico.</i></p>
   <br>
 </p>
 
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ Principais objetivos deste projeto:
 
 Versão    | Documentação
 --------- | -------------
-3.1.0 | https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/README.md
+unreleased| https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/README.md
+4.2.1     | https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/v4.x/README.md
+3.1.0     | https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/v3.x/README.md
 2.6.0     | https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/v2.x/README.md
 1.1.0     | https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/v1.x/README.md
 
@@ -80,6 +82,9 @@ Versão    | Documentação
     - [Success results](#success-results)
     - [Failure results](#failure-results)
   - [`Micro::Cases::Flow`](#microcasesflow)
+  - [Execuntando os benchmarks](#execuntando-os-benchmarks)
+    - [Performance (Benchmarks IPS)](#performance-benchmarks-ips)
+    - [Memory profiling](#memory-profiling)
   - [Comparações](#comparações)
 - [Exemplos](#exemplos)
   - [1️⃣ Criação de usuários](#1️⃣-criação-de-usuários)
@@ -93,11 +98,12 @@ Versão    | Documentação
 
 ## Compatibilidade
 
-| u-case         | branch  | ruby     |  activemodel  |
-| -------------- | ------- | -------- | ------------- |
-| 3.1.0      | main    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |
-| 2.6.0          | v2.x    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |
-| 1.1.0          | v1.x    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |
+| u-case         | branch  | ruby     |  activemodel  | u-attributes |
+| -------------- | ------- | -------- | ------------- | ------------ |
+| 4.2.1          | main    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |       ~> 2.0 |
+| 3.1.0          | v3.x    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |       ~> 1.1 |
+| 2.6.0          | v2.x    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |       ~> 1.1 |
+| 1.1.0          | v1.x    | >= 2.2.0 | >= 3.2, < 6.1 |       ~> 1.1 |
 
 > Nota: O activemodel é uma dependência opcional, esse módulo que [pode ser habilitado](#u-casewith_activemodel_validation---como-validar-os-atributos-do-caso-de-uso) para validar os atributos dos casos de uso.
 
@@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ Versão    | Documentação
 Adicione essa linha ao Gemfile da sua aplicação:
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'u-case', '~> 3.1.0'
+gem 'u-case', '~> 4.1.0'
 ```
 
 E então execute:
@@ -127,7 +133,7 @@ E então execute:
 
 Ou instale manualmente:
 
-    $ gem install u-case --pre
+    $ gem install u-case
 
 ## Uso
 
@@ -1195,106 +1201,108 @@ end
 
 #### Success results
 
-| Gem / Abstração        | Iterações por segundo |        Comparação |
-| -----------------      | --------------------: | ----------------: |
-| Dry::Monads            |              141730.1 | _**O mais rápido**_ |
-| **Micro::Case**        |              103541.3 |     1.37x slower  |
-| Interactor             |               29100.8 |     4.87x slower  |
-| Trailblazer::Operation |               15031.4 |     9.43x slower  |
-| Dry::Transaction       |                5674.0 |    24.98x slower  |
+| Gem / Abstração        | Iterações por segundo |           Comparação |
+| -----------------      | --------------------: | -------------------: |
+| Dry::Monads            |              315635.1 |  _**O mais rápido**_ |
+| **Micro::Case**        |               75837.7 |     4.16x mais lento |
+| Interactor             |               59745.5 |     5.28x mais lento |
+| Trailblazer::Operation |               28423.9 |    11.10x mais lento |
+| Dry::Transaction       |               10130.9 |    31.16x mais lento |
 
 <details>
   <summary>Show the full <a href="https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips">benchmark/ips</a> results.</summary>
 
 ```ruby
 # Warming up --------------------------------------
-#           Interactor     2.915k i/100ms
-# Trailblazer::Operation   1.543k i/100ms
-#          Dry::Monads    14.288k i/100ms
-#     Dry::Transaction   571.000  i/100ms
-#          Micro::Case    10.418k i/100ms
-#  Micro::Case::Strict     8.296k i/100ms
-#    Micro::Case::Safe    10.254k i/100ms
+#           Interactor     5.711k i/100ms
+# Trailblazer::Operation
+#                          2.283k i/100ms
+#          Dry::Monads    31.130k i/100ms
+#     Dry::Transaction   994.000  i/100ms
+#          Micro::Case     7.911k i/100ms
+#    Micro::Case::Safe     7.911k i/100ms
+#  Micro::Case::Strict     6.248k i/100ms
 
 # Calculating -------------------------------------
-#           Interactor     29.101k (± 2.1%) i/s -    145.750k in   5.010660s
-# Trailblazer::Operation   15.031k (± 2.0%) i/s -     75.607k in   5.032071s
-#          Dry::Monads    141.730k (± 3.1%) i/s -    714.400k in   5.045546s
-#     Dry::Transaction      5.674k (± 1.9%) i/s -     28.550k in   5.033564s
-#          Micro::Case    103.541k (± 1.6%) i/s -    520.900k in   5.032077s
-#  Micro::Case::Strict     83.045k (± 2.4%) i/s -    423.096k in   5.098031s
-#    Micro::Case::Safe    101.662k (± 1.5%) i/s -    512.700k in   5.044386s
+#           Interactor     59.746k (±29.9%) i/s -    274.128k in   5.049901s
+# Trailblazer::Operation
+#                          28.424k (±15.8%) i/s -    141.546k in   5.087882s
+#          Dry::Monads    315.635k (± 6.1%) i/s -      1.588M in   5.048914s
+#     Dry::Transaction     10.131k (± 6.4%) i/s -     50.694k in   5.025150s
+#          Micro::Case     75.838k (± 9.7%) i/s -    379.728k in   5.052573s
+#    Micro::Case::Safe     75.461k (±10.1%) i/s -    379.728k in   5.079238s
+#  Micro::Case::Strict     64.235k (± 9.0%) i/s -    324.896k in   5.097028s
 
 # Comparison:
-#          Dry::Monads:   141730.1 i/s
-#          Micro::Case:   103541.3 i/s - 1.37x  (± 0.00) slower
-#    Micro::Case::Safe:   101662.2 i/s - 1.39x  (± 0.00) slower
-#  Micro::Case::Strict:    83044.6 i/s - 1.71x  (± 0.00) slower
-#           Interactor:    29100.8 i/s - 4.87x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Trailblazer::Operation:  15031.4 i/s - 9.43x  (± 0.00) slower
-#     Dry::Transaction:     5674.0 i/s - 24.98x  (± 0.00) slower
+#          Dry::Monads:   315635.1 i/s
+#          Micro::Case:    75837.7 i/s - 4.16x  (± 0.00) slower
+#    Micro::Case::Safe:    75461.3 i/s - 4.18x  (± 0.00) slower
+#  Micro::Case::Strict:    64234.9 i/s - 4.91x  (± 0.00) slower
+#           Interactor:    59745.5 i/s - 5.28x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Trailblazer::Operation:    28423.9 i/s - 11.10x  (± 0.00) slower
+#     Dry::Transaction:    10130.9 i/s - 31.16x  (± 0.00) slower
 ```
 </details>
 
-https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/use_case/with_success_result.rb
+https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/perfomance/use_case/success_results.
 
 #### Failure results
 
-| Gem / Abstração        | Iterações por segundo |        Comparação |
-| -----------------      | --------------------: | ----------------: |
-| **Micro::Case**        |               98820.8 | _**O mais rápido**_ |
-| Dry::Monads            |               71329.7 |     1.39x slower  |
-| Trailblazer::Operation |               15034.9 |     6.57x slower  |
-| Interactor             |               13958.7 |     7.08x slower  |
-| Dry::Transaction       |                5067.5 |    19.50x slower  |
+| Gem / Abstração        | Iterações por segundo |           Comparação |
+| -----------------      | --------------------: | -------------------: |
+| Dry::Monads            |              135386.9 | _**O mais rápido**_  |
+| **Micro::Case**        |               73489.3 |     1.85x mais lento |
+| Trailblazer::Operation |               29016.4 |     4.67x mais lento |
+| Interactor             |               27037.0 |     5.01x mais lento |
+| Dry::Transaction       |                8988.6 |    15.06x mais lento |
 
 <details>
   <summary>Mostrar o resultado completo do <a href="https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips">benchmark/ips</a>.</summary>
 
 ```ruby
 # Warming up --------------------------------------
-#           Interactor     1.324k i/100ms
-# Trailblazer::Operation   1.525k i/100ms
-#          Dry::Monads     7.126k i/100ms
-#     Dry::Transaction   499.000  i/100ms
-#          Micro::Case     9.919k i/100ms
-#  Micro::Case::Strict     7.837k i/100ms
-#    Micro::Case::Safe     9.762k i/100ms
+#           Interactor     2.626k i/100ms
+# Trailblazer::Operation   2.343k i/100ms
+#          Dry::Monads    13.386k i/100ms
+#     Dry::Transaction   868.000  i/100ms
+#          Micro::Case     7.603k i/100ms
+#    Micro::Case::Safe     7.598k i/100ms
+#  Micro::Case::Strict     6.178k i/100ms
 
 # Calculating -------------------------------------
-#           Interactor     13.959k (± 2.5%) i/s -     70.172k in   5.030240s
-# Trailblazer::Operation   15.035k (± 2.2%) i/s -     76.250k in   5.074108s
-#          Dry::Monads     71.330k (± 2.4%) i/s -    363.426k in   5.097993s
-#     Dry::Transaction      5.068k (± 1.9%) i/s -     25.449k in   5.023922s
-#          Micro::Case     98.821k (± 2.9%) i/s -    495.950k in   5.023421s
-#  Micro::Case::Strict     79.936k (± 3.1%) i/s -    399.687k in   5.005435s
-#    Micro::Case::Safe     98.695k (± 1.9%) i/s -    497.862k in   5.046246s
+#           Interactor     27.037k (±24.9%) i/s -    128.674k in   5.102133s
+# Trailblazer::Operation   29.016k (±12.4%) i/s -    145.266k in   5.074991s
+#          Dry::Monads    135.387k (±15.1%) i/s -    669.300k in   5.055356s
+#     Dry::Transaction      8.989k (± 9.2%) i/s -     45.136k in   5.084820s
+#          Micro::Case     73.247k (± 9.9%) i/s -    364.944k in   5.030449s
+#    Micro::Case::Safe     73.489k (± 9.6%) i/s -    364.704k in   5.007282s
+#  Micro::Case::Strict     61.980k (± 8.0%) i/s -    308.900k in   5.014821s
 
 # Comparison:
-#          Micro::Case:    98820.8 i/s
-#    Micro::Case::Safe:    98695.0 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
-#  Micro::Case::Strict:    79935.9 i/s - 1.24x  (± 0.00) slower
-#          Dry::Monads:    71329.7 i/s - 1.39x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Trailblazer::Operation:  15034.9 i/s - 6.57x  (± 0.00) slower
-#           Interactor:    13958.7 i/s - 7.08x  (± 0.00) slower
-#     Dry::Transaction:     5067.5 i/s - 19.50x  (± 0.00) slower
+#          Dry::Monads:   135386.9 i/s
+#    Micro::Case::Safe:    73489.3 i/s - 1.84x  (± 0.00) slower
+#          Micro::Case:    73246.6 i/s - 1.85x  (± 0.00) slower
+#  Micro::Case::Strict:    61979.7 i/s - 2.18x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Trailblazer::Operation:    29016.4 i/s - 4.67x  (± 0.00) slower
+#           Interactor:    27037.0 i/s - 5.01x  (± 0.00) slower
+#     Dry::Transaction:     8988.6 i/s - 15.06x  (± 0.00) slower
 ```
 </details>
 
-https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/use_case/with_failure_result.rb
+https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/perfomance/use_case/failure_results.
 
 ---
 
 ### `Micro::Cases::Flow`
 
-| Gem / Abstração      | [Resultados de sucesso](https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/flow/with_success_result.rb#L40) | [Resultados de falha](https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/flow/with_failure_result.rb#L40) |
+| Gem / Abstração      | [Resultados de sucesso](https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/perfomance/flow/success_results.rb) | [Resultados de falha](https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/perfomance/flow/failure_results.rb) |
 | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------: | ----------------: |
-| Micro::Case internal flow (private methods) | _**O mais rápido**_ | _**O mais rápido**_ |
-| Micro::Case internal flow (through lambdas) |      1.03x slower |      1.04x slower |
-| Micro::Case `then` method                   |      1.49x slower |         0x slower |
-| Micro::Cases.flow                           |      1.53x slower |      1.04x slower |
-| Micro::Cases.safe_flow                      |      1.54x slower |      1.04x slower |
-| Interactor::Organizer                       |      2.05x slower |      6.27x slower |
+| Micro::Case::Result `pipe` method           |       80936.2 i/s |       78280.4 i/s |
+| Micro::Case::Result `then` method           |     0x mais lento |     0x mais lento |
+| Micro::Cases.flow                           |     0x mais lento |     0x mais lento |
+| Micro::Case class with an inner flow        |  1.72x mais lento |  1.68x mais lento |
+| Micro::Case class including itself as a step|  1.93x mais lento |  1.87x mais lento |
+| Interactor::Organizer                       |  3.33x mais lento |  3.22x mais lento |
 
 \* As gems `Dry::Monads`, `Dry::Transaction`, `Trailblazer::Operation` estão fora desta análise por não terem esse tipo de funcionalidade.
 
@@ -1303,40 +1311,28 @@ https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/use_case/with_failure_r
 
 ```ruby
 # Warming up --------------------------------------
-# Interactor::Organizer
-#                          4.837k i/100ms
-# Micro::Cases.flow([])
-#                          6.755k i/100ms
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([])
-#                          6.809k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method
-#                          6.968k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods
-#                         10.362k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas
-#                         10.258k i/100ms
+# Interactor::Organizer             1.809k i/100ms
+# Micro::Cases.flow([])             7.808k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case flow in a class       4.816k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case including the class   4.094k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case::Result#|             7.656k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case::Result#then          7.138k i/100ms
 
 # Calculating -------------------------------------
-# Interactor::Organizer
-#                          50.731k (± 1.6%) i/s -    256.361k in   5.054694s
-# Micro::Cases.flow([])
-#                          67.757k (± 1.6%) i/s -    344.505k in   5.085681s
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([])
-#                          67.613k (± 1.6%) i/s -    340.450k in   5.036562s
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method
-#                          69.483k (± 1.5%) i/s -    348.400k in   5.015351s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods
-#                         103.788k (± 1.0%) i/s -    528.462k in   5.092240s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas
-#                         101.081k (± 1.2%) i/s -    512.900k in   5.074904s
+# Interactor::Organizer             24.290k (±24.0%) i/s -    113.967k in   5.032825s
+# Micro::Cases.flow([])             74.790k (±11.1%) i/s -    374.784k in   5.071740s
+# Micro::Case flow in a class       47.043k (± 8.0%) i/s -    235.984k in   5.047477s
+# Micro::Case including the class   42.030k (± 8.5%) i/s -    208.794k in   5.002138s
+# Micro::Case::Result#|             80.936k (±15.9%) i/s -    398.112k in   5.052531s
+# Micro::Case::Result#then          71.459k (± 8.8%) i/s -    356.900k in   5.030526s
 
 # Comparison:
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods:                 103787.5 i/s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas: 101080.6 i/s - 1.03x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method:                    69483.3 i/s - 1.49x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Micro::Cases.flow([]):                                   67757.2 i/s - 1.53x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([]):                             67613.3 i/s - 1.54x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Interactor::Organizer:                                   50730.8 i/s - 2.05x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Micro::Case::Result#|:            80936.2 i/s
+# Micro::Cases.flow([]):            74790.1 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
+# Micro::Case::Result#then:         71459.5 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
+# Micro::Case flow in a class:      47042.6 i/s - 1.72x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Micro::Case including the class:  42030.2 i/s - 1.93x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Interactor::Organizer:            24290.3 i/s - 3.33x  (± 0.00) slower
 ```
 </details>
 
@@ -1345,43 +1341,72 @@ https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/use_case/with_failure_r
 
 ```ruby
 # Warming up --------------------------------------
-# Interactor::Organizer
-#                          2.299k i/100ms
-# Micro::Cases.flow([])
-#                         14.187k i/100ms
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([])
-#                         13.609k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method
-#                         14.578k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods
-#                         14.101k i/100ms
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas
-#                         13.670k i/100ms
+# Interactor::Organizer            1.734k i/100ms
+# Micro::Cases.flow([])            7.515k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case flow in a class      4.636k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case including the class  4.114k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case::Result#|            7.588k i/100ms
+# Micro::Case::Result#then         6.681k i/100ms
+
 # Calculating -------------------------------------
-# Interactor::Organizer
-#                          23.306k (± 2.1%) i/s -    117.249k in   5.033171s
-# Micro::Cases.flow([])
-#                         140.111k (± 1.6%) i/s -    709.350k in   5.064041s
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([])
-#                         139.927k (± 1.7%) i/s -    707.668k in   5.058971s
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method
-#                         146.073k (± 2.0%) i/s -    743.478k in   5.091741s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods
-#                         142.092k (± 1.5%) i/s -    719.151k in   5.062298s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas
-#                         140.791k (± 1.2%) i/s -    710.840k in   5.049584s
+# Interactor::Organizer            24.280k (±24.5%) i/s -    112.710k in   5.013334s
+# Micro::Cases.flow([])            74.999k (± 9.8%) i/s -    375.750k in   5.055777s
+# Micro::Case flow in a class      46.681k (± 9.3%) i/s -    236.436k in   5.105105s
+# Micro::Case including the class  41.921k (± 8.9%) i/s -    209.814k in   5.043622s
+# Micro::Case::Result#|            78.280k (±12.6%) i/s -    386.988k in   5.022146s
+# Micro::Case::Result#then         68.898k (± 8.8%) i/s -    347.412k in   5.080116s
 
 # Comparison:
-# Micro::Case flow using `then` method:                     146073.0 i/s
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods:                   142091.7 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
-# Micro::Case flow using private methods through lambdas:   140791.1 i/s - 1.04x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Micro::Cases.flow([]):                                    140110.8 i/s - 1.04x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Micro::Cases::safe_flow([]):                              139926.6 i/s - 1.04x  (± 0.00) slower
-# Interactor::Organizer:                                     23305.9 i/s - 6.27x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Micro::Case::Result#|:            78280.4 i/s
+# Micro::Cases.flow([]):            74999.4 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
+# Micro::Case::Result#then:         68898.4 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
+# Micro::Case flow in a class:      46681.0 i/s - 1.68x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Micro::Case including the class:  41920.8 i/s - 1.87x  (± 0.00) slower
+# Interactor::Organizer:            24280.0 i/s - 3.22x  (± 0.00) slower
 ```
 </details>
 
-https://github.com/serradura/u-case/tree/main/benchmarks/flow
+https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/main/benchmarks/perfomance/flow/
+
+[⬆️ Voltar para o índice](#índice-)
+
+### Execuntando os benchmarks
+
+#### Performance (Benchmarks IPS)
+
+Clone este repositório e acesse a sua pasta, então execute os comandos abaixo:
+
+**Casos de uso**
+
+```sh
+ruby benchmarks/perfomance/use_case/failure_results.rb
+ruby benchmarks/perfomance/use_case/success_results.rb
+```
+
+**Flows**
+
+```sh
+ruby benchmarks/perfomance/flow/failure_results.rb
+ruby benchmarks/perfomance/flow/success_results.rb
+```
+
+#### Memory profiling
+
+**Casos de uso**
+
+```sh
+./benchmarks/memory/use_case/success/with_transitions/analyze.sh
+./benchmarks/memory/use_case/success/without_transitions/analyze.sh
+```
+
+**Flows**
+
+```sh
+./benchmarks/memory/flow/success/with_transitions/analyze.sh
+./benchmarks/memory/flow/success/without_transitions/analyze.sh
+```
+
+[⬆️ Voltar para o índice](#índice-)
 
 ### Comparações
 

data/lib/micro/case.rb

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require 'micro/case/version'
 
 module Micro
   class Case
+    require 'micro/cases/utils'
     require 'micro/case/utils'
     require 'micro/case/error'
     require 'micro/case/result'
@@ -16,10 +17,14 @@ module Micro
 
     require 'micro/cases'
 
-    include Micro::Attributes.without(:strict_initialize)
+    include Micro::Attributes
 
-    def self.call(options = Kind::Empty::HASH)
-      new(options).__call__
+    def self.call(input = Kind::Empty::HASH)
+      result = __new__(Result.new, input).__call__
+
+      return result unless block_given?
+
+      yield Result::Wrapper.new(result)
     end
 
     INVALID_INVOCATION_OF_THE_THEN_METHOD =
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ module Micro
     end
 
     def self.flow(*args)
-      @__flow_use_cases = args
+      @__flow_use_cases = Cases::Utils.map_use_cases(args)
     end
 
     class << self
@@ -63,7 +68,8 @@ module Micro
     end
 
     def self.inherited(subclass)
-      subclass.attributes(self.attributes_data({}))
+      subclass.__attributes_set_after_inherit__(self.__attributes_data__)
+
       subclass.extend ::Micro::Attributes.const_get('Macros::ForSubclasses'.freeze)
 
       if self.send(:__flow_use_cases) && !subclass.name.to_s.end_with?(FLOW_STEP)
@@ -80,6 +86,8 @@ module Micro
       new(input).__set_result__(result)
     end
 
+    private_class_method :new
+
     def self.__flow_builder__
       Cases::Flow
     end
@@ -121,6 +129,28 @@ module Micro
       __flow_set(__flow_use_cases_get) if !__flow_get__ && __flow_use_cases
     end
 
+    InspectKey = :__inspect_key__ # :nodoc:
+
+    def self.inspect
+      ids = (Thread.current[InspectKey] ||= [])
+
+      if ids.include?(object_id)
+        return sprintf('#<%s: ...>', self)
+      end
+
+      begin
+        ids << object_id
+
+        if __flow_use_cases
+          return '<%s (%s) use_cases=%s>' % [self, __flow_builder__, @__flow_use_cases]
+        else
+          return '<%s (%s) attributes=%s>' % [self, self.superclass, attributes]
+        end
+      ensure
+        ids.pop
+      end
+    end
+
     def initialize(input)
       __setup_use_case(input)
     end
@@ -130,7 +160,7 @@ module Micro
     end
 
     def __call__
-      call
+      __call_the_use_case_or_its_flow
     end
 
     def __set_result__(result)
@@ -144,12 +174,21 @@ module Micro
 
     private
 
+      def call(use_case, defaults = Kind::Empty::HASH)
+        raise Error::InvalidUseCase unless ::Micro.case_or_flow?(use_case)
+
+        input =
+          defaults.empty? ? attributes : attributes.merge(Utils::Hashes.stringify_keys(defaults))
+
+        use_case.__new__(@__result, input).__call__
+      end
+
       def apply(name)
         method(name)
       end
 
-      def call
-        return __call_use_case_flow if __call_use_case_flow?
+      def __call_the_use_case_or_its_flow
+        return __call_the_use_case_flow if __call_the_use_case_flow?
 
         __call_use_case
       end
@@ -170,11 +209,11 @@ module Micro
         raise Error::UnexpectedResult.new("#{self.class.name}#call!")
       end
 
-      def __call_use_case_flow?
+      def __call_the_use_case_flow?
         self.class.__flow_get__
       end
 
-      def __call_use_case_flow
+      def __call_the_use_case_flow
         self.class.__flow_get__.call(@__input)
       end
 
@@ -200,18 +239,32 @@ module Micro
         __get_result(false, value, type)
       end
 
-      def __result
-        @__result ||= Result.new
+      def __get_result(is_success, value, type)
+        @__result.__set__(is_success, value, type, self)
       end
 
-      def __get_result(is_success, value, type)
-        __result.__set__(is_success, value, type, self)
+      def transaction(adapter = :activerecord)
+        raise NotImplementedError unless adapter == :activerecord
+
+        result = nil
+
+        ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+          result = yield
+
+          raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if result.failure?
+        end
+
+        result
       end
 
     private_constant :MapFailureType, :INVALID_INVOCATION_OF_THE_THEN_METHOD
   end
 
+  def self.case?(arg)
+    arg.is_a?(Class) && arg < Case
+  end
+
   def self.case_or_flow?(arg)
-    (arg.is_a?(Class) && arg < Case) || arg.is_a?(Cases::Flow)
+    case?(arg) || arg.is_a?(Cases::Flow)
   end
 end