traits 0.9.0 → 0.9.1
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- data/README +686 -0
- data/README.tmpl +136 -0
- data/gemspec.rb +23 -0
- data/gen_readme.rb +29 -0
- data/install.rb +201 -0
- data/lib/{traits-0.9.0.rb → traits-0.9.1.rb} +36 -10
- data/lib/traits.rb +36 -10
- data/sample/a.rb +22 -0
- data/sample/b.rb +14 -0
- data/sample/c.rb +49 -0
- data/sample/d.rb +30 -0
- data/sample/e.rb +10 -0
- data/sample/f.rb +25 -0
- data/sample/g.rb +16 -0
- data/sample/h.rb +17 -0
- data/sample/i.rb +36 -0
- data/sample/j.rb +23 -0
- data/sample/k.rb +36 -0
- data/sample/l.rb +15 -0
- data/sample/m.rb +24 -0
- data/sample/n.rb +37 -0
- data/sample/p.rb +23 -0
- metadata +25 -3
data/README
ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
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URLS
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http://rubyforge.org/projects/codeforpeople/
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http://codeforpeople.com/lib/ruby/traits
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ABOUT
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traits.rb is set of attr_* like methods on steroids, caffeine, and botox. it
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encourages better living through meta-programming and uniform access
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priciples. traits.rb supports smart inheritence of class attributes and a
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fistful of hooks for veryifying and munging attr values.
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VERSION
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0.9.1
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HISTORY
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0.9.0
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- luke kaines made quite a few suggestions and bug reports that enabled this
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release including making a few methods indifferent about string/symbol
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args/keys and the introduction of a simple method 'trait_init' that can be
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used to create keyword based initializers, eg:
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require 'traits'
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class C
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include TraitInit
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trait :a, :type => Integer
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trait :b, :type => Integer
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def initialize opts = {}
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trait_init opts
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end
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end
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C::new :a => 4, :b => 2
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0.8.0
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- traits now supports a whole slew of hooks that can be registered to fire
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pre or post setting an attribute, to cast a value to another type, to
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munge a value destructively, to require only certain types, to require a
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certain ducktype signature, and to validate arguments passed. check out
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sample/m.rb, sample/n.rb, or sample.o.rb to see it in action. the
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mechanism is quite flexible allowing method names, lambdas of varying
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arity, and lists of either/or to be passed to any hook.
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- you can find a gem for trais on codeforpeople - but i've still not coded
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up automated updating from codeforpeople to rubyforge so it won't show up
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as a remote gem yet.
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0.7.0
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- patched in the support i had written eariler for 'hooks' to be called
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pre/post setting a trait. plus shortcut to 'validate' traits which simply
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sets up a 'pre' hook which is used as a predicate. eg:
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class C; trait 'number', 'validate' => proc{|n| Numeric === n}
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pre and post hooks are used in the same way, eg:
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class C
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trait 'a',
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'pre' => proc{|val| p "#{ val } to set with"},
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'post' => proc{|val| p "#{ val } set"},
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end
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but the really cool thing is that all of these blocks are both passed the
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value in question but also evaluate with 'self' set appropriately. eg
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class Car
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positive_int = lambda{|n| Fixnum === n and n > 0}
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legal = proc{|s| s < speed_limit}
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trait 'speed_limit', 'validate' => positive_int, 'default' => 42
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trait 'speed', 'validate' => legal
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end
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c = Car::new
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c.speed = 115
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works as you'd expect:
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(eval):14:in `speed=': validation of speed=(115) failed! (ArgumentError)
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from a.rb:13
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0.6.0
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- fixed bug in where a default trait given as an empty array, eg:
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class C; has 'a' => []; end
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was exploded into the empty list when passed to the setter to initialize
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the default value.
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0.5.0
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- general code cleanup
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0.4.0
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- tweaked writer code so multiple values can be passed to setters
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- tweaked method of running blocks to use instance_eval so explicit 'this'
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arg is no longer needed (though it can still be used)
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0.3.0
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added ability of default values to be specified with block for deferred
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context sensitive initialization (see sample/c.rb)
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0.1.0
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completely reworked impl so NO parsing of inspect strings is required -
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it's all straight methods (albeit quite confusing ones) now. the
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interface is unchanged.
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0.0.0
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initial version
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AUTHOR
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ara [dot] t [dot] howard [at] noaa [dot] gov
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SAMPLES
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<========< sample/a.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/a.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# defining a trait is like attr_accessor in the simple case
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#
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class C
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trait :t
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end
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o = C::new
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o.t = 42
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p o.t
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#
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# and can be made even shorter
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#
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class B; has :x; end
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o = B::new
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o.x = 42
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p o.x
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~ > ruby sample/a.rb
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42
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42
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<========< sample/b.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/b.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# multiple traits can be defined at once using a list/array of string/sybmol
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# arguments
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#
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class C
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has :t0, :t1
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has %w( t2 t3 )
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end
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obj = C::new
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obj.t0 = 4
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obj.t3 = 2
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print obj.t0, obj.t3, "\n"
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~ > ruby sample/b.rb
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42
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<========< sample/c.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/c.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# a hash argument can be used to specify default values
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#
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class C
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has 'a' => 4, :b => 2
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end
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o = C::new
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print o.a, o.b, "\n"
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#
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# and these traits are smartly inherited
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#
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class K < C; end
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o = K::new
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o.a = 40
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p( o.a + o.b ) # note that we pick up a default b from C class here since it
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# has not been set
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o.a = 42
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o.b = nil
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p( o.b || o.a ) # but not here since we've explicitly set it to nil
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#
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# if a block is specifed as the default the initialization of the default value
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# is deferred until needed which makes for quite natural trait definitions. the
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# block is passed 'self' so references to the current object can be made. (if
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# this were not done 'self' in the block would be bound to the class!)
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#
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class C
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class << self
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has('classname'){ name.upcase }
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end
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has('classname'){ self.class.classname.downcase }
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end
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class B < C; end
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o = C::new
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p C::classname
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p o.classname
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o = B::new
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p B::classname
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p o.classname
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~ > ruby sample/c.rb
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42
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42
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42
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"C"
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"c"
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"B"
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"b"
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<========< sample/d.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/d.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# all behaviours work within class scope (metal/singleton-class) to define
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# class methods
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#
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class C
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class << self
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traits 'a' => 4, 'b' => 2
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end
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end
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print C::a, C::b, "\n"
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#
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# singleton methods can even be defined on objects
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#
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class << (a = %w[dog cat ostrich])
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has 'category' => 'pets'
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end
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p a.category
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#
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# and modules
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#
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module Mmmm
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class << self; trait 'good' => 'bacon'; end
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end
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p Mmmm.good
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~ > ruby sample/d.rb
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42
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"pets"
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"bacon"
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<========< sample/e.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/e.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# shorhands exit to enter 'class << self' in order to define class traits
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#
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class C
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class_trait 'a' => 4
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c_has :b => 2
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end
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print C::a, C::b, "\n"
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~ > ruby sample/e.rb
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42
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<========< sample/f.rb >========>
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~ > cat sample/f.rb
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require 'traits'
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#
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# as traits are defined they are remembered and can be accessed
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#
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class C
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class_trait :first_class_method
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trait :first_instance_method
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end
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class C
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class_trait :second_class_method
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trait :second_instance_method
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end
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#
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# readers and writers are remembered separatedly
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#
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329
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p C::class_reader_traits
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p C::instance_writer_traits
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331
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332
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#
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# and can be gotten together at class or instance level
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334
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#
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p C::class_traits
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p C::traits
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337
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~ > ruby sample/f.rb
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339
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|
340
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["first_class_method", "second_class_method"]
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["first_instance_method=", "second_instance_method="]
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[["first_class_method", "first_class_method="], ["second_class_method", "second_class_method="]]
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343
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[["first_instance_method", "first_instance_method="], ["second_instance_method", "second_instance_method="]]
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344
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|
345
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|
346
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<========< sample/g.rb >========>
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347
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|
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~ > cat sample/g.rb
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349
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|
350
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require 'traits'
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#
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352
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# another neat feature is that they are remembered per hierarchy
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353
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#
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354
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class C
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355
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class_traits :base_class_method
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356
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trait :base_instance_method
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357
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end
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358
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|
359
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class K < C
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360
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class_traits :derived_class_method
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361
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trait :derived_instance_method
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362
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end
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363
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|
364
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p C::class_traits
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365
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p K::class_traits
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366
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+
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367
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~ > ruby sample/g.rb
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368
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+
|
369
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[["base_class_method", "base_class_method="]]
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370
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[["derived_class_method", "derived_class_method="], ["base_class_method", "base_class_method="]]
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371
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+
|
372
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+
|
373
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<========< sample/h.rb >========>
|
374
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+
|
375
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~ > cat sample/h.rb
|
376
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+
|
377
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require 'traits'
|
378
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#
|
379
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+
# a depth first search path is used to find defaults
|
380
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+
#
|
381
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class C
|
382
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has 'a' => 42
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383
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end
|
384
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class K < C; end
|
385
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+
|
386
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k = K::new
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387
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p k.a
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388
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+
|
389
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#
|
390
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+
# once assigned this is short-circuited
|
391
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+
#
|
392
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+
k.a = 'forty-two'
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393
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+
p k.a
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394
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+
|
395
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+
~ > ruby sample/h.rb
|
396
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+
|
397
|
+
42
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398
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+
"forty-two"
|
399
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+
|
400
|
+
|
401
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+
<========< sample/i.rb >========>
|
402
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+
|
403
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~ > cat sample/i.rb
|
404
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+
|
405
|
+
require 'traits'
|
406
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+
#
|
407
|
+
# getters and setters can be defined separately
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408
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#
|
409
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+
class C
|
410
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+
has_r :r
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411
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end
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412
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class D
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413
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has_w :w
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end
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415
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+
|
416
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#
|
417
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# defining a reader trait still defines __public__ query and __private__ writer
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418
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# methods
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419
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#
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420
|
+
class C
|
421
|
+
def using_private_writer_and_query
|
422
|
+
p r?
|
423
|
+
self.r = 42
|
424
|
+
p r
|
425
|
+
end
|
426
|
+
end
|
427
|
+
C::new.using_private_writer_and_query
|
428
|
+
|
429
|
+
#
|
430
|
+
# defining a writer trait still defines __private__ query and __private__ reader
|
431
|
+
# methods
|
432
|
+
#
|
433
|
+
class D
|
434
|
+
def using_private_reader
|
435
|
+
p w?
|
436
|
+
self.w = 'forty-two'
|
437
|
+
p w
|
438
|
+
end
|
439
|
+
end
|
440
|
+
D::new.using_private_reader
|
441
|
+
|
442
|
+
~ > ruby sample/i.rb
|
443
|
+
|
444
|
+
false
|
445
|
+
42
|
446
|
+
false
|
447
|
+
"forty-two"
|
448
|
+
|
449
|
+
|
450
|
+
<========< sample/j.rb >========>
|
451
|
+
|
452
|
+
~ > cat sample/j.rb
|
453
|
+
|
454
|
+
require 'traits'
|
455
|
+
#
|
456
|
+
# getters delegate to setters iff called with arguments
|
457
|
+
#
|
458
|
+
class AbstractWidget
|
459
|
+
class_trait 'color' => 'pinky-green'
|
460
|
+
class_trait 'size' => 42
|
461
|
+
class_trait 'shape' => 'square'
|
462
|
+
|
463
|
+
# we define instance traits which get their default from the class
|
464
|
+
%w( color size shape ).each{|t| trait(t){self.class.send t}}
|
465
|
+
|
466
|
+
def inspect
|
467
|
+
"color <#{ color }> size <#{ size }> shape <#{ shape }>"
|
468
|
+
end
|
469
|
+
end
|
470
|
+
|
471
|
+
class BlueWidget < AbstractWidget
|
472
|
+
color 'blue'
|
473
|
+
size 420
|
474
|
+
end
|
475
|
+
|
476
|
+
p BlueWidget::new
|
477
|
+
|
478
|
+
~ > ruby sample/j.rb
|
479
|
+
|
480
|
+
color <blue> size <420> shape <square>
|
481
|
+
|
482
|
+
|
483
|
+
<========< sample/k.rb >========>
|
484
|
+
|
485
|
+
~ > cat sample/k.rb
|
486
|
+
|
487
|
+
require 'traits'
|
488
|
+
#
|
489
|
+
# the rememberance of traits can make generic intializers pretty slick
|
490
|
+
#
|
491
|
+
class C
|
492
|
+
#
|
493
|
+
# define class traits with defaults
|
494
|
+
#
|
495
|
+
class_traits(
|
496
|
+
'a' => 40,
|
497
|
+
'b' => 1,
|
498
|
+
'c' => 0
|
499
|
+
)
|
500
|
+
|
501
|
+
#
|
502
|
+
# define instance traits whose defaults come from readable class ones
|
503
|
+
#
|
504
|
+
class_rtraits.each{|ct| instance_trait ct => send(ct)}
|
505
|
+
|
506
|
+
#
|
507
|
+
# any option we respond_to? clobbers defaults
|
508
|
+
#
|
509
|
+
def initialize opts = {}
|
510
|
+
opts.each{|k,v| send(k,v) if respond_to? k}
|
511
|
+
end
|
512
|
+
|
513
|
+
#
|
514
|
+
# show anything we can read
|
515
|
+
#
|
516
|
+
def inspect
|
517
|
+
self.class.rtraits.inject(0){|n,t| n += send(t)}
|
518
|
+
end
|
519
|
+
end
|
520
|
+
|
521
|
+
c = C::new 'c' => 1
|
522
|
+
p c
|
523
|
+
|
524
|
+
~ > ruby sample/k.rb
|
525
|
+
|
526
|
+
42
|
527
|
+
|
528
|
+
|
529
|
+
<========< sample/l.rb >========>
|
530
|
+
|
531
|
+
~ > cat sample/l.rb
|
532
|
+
|
533
|
+
require 'traits'
|
534
|
+
#
|
535
|
+
# even defining single methods on object behaves
|
536
|
+
#
|
537
|
+
a = []
|
538
|
+
|
539
|
+
class << a
|
540
|
+
trait 'singleton_class' => class << self;self;end
|
541
|
+
|
542
|
+
class << self
|
543
|
+
class_trait 'x' => 42
|
544
|
+
end
|
545
|
+
end
|
546
|
+
|
547
|
+
p a.singleton_class.x
|
548
|
+
|
549
|
+
~ > ruby sample/l.rb
|
550
|
+
|
551
|
+
42
|
552
|
+
|
553
|
+
|
554
|
+
<========< sample/m.rb >========>
|
555
|
+
|
556
|
+
~ > cat sample/m.rb
|
557
|
+
|
558
|
+
require 'traits'
|
559
|
+
#
|
560
|
+
# pre and post hooks can be passed a proc or the name of a method, the arity is
|
561
|
+
# detected and the proc/method sent either the value, or the name/value pair
|
562
|
+
#
|
563
|
+
|
564
|
+
class C
|
565
|
+
HOOK_A = lambda{|value| puts "HOOK_A : #{ value }"}
|
566
|
+
HOOK_B = lambda{|name, value| puts "HOOK_B : #{ name } = #{ value }"}
|
567
|
+
|
568
|
+
def hook_a value
|
569
|
+
puts "hook_a : #{ value }"
|
570
|
+
end
|
571
|
+
def hook_b name, value
|
572
|
+
puts "hook_b : #{ name } = #{ value }"
|
573
|
+
end
|
574
|
+
|
575
|
+
trait 'x', 'pre' => HOOK_A, 'post' => 'hook_b'
|
576
|
+
trait 'y', 'pre' => HOOK_B, 'post' => 'hook_a'
|
577
|
+
end
|
578
|
+
|
579
|
+
c = C::new
|
580
|
+
c.x = 42
|
581
|
+
c.y = 'forty-two'
|
582
|
+
|
583
|
+
~ > ruby sample/m.rb
|
584
|
+
|
585
|
+
HOOK_A : 42
|
586
|
+
hook_b : x = 42
|
587
|
+
HOOK_B : y = forty-two
|
588
|
+
hook_a : forty-two
|
589
|
+
|
590
|
+
|
591
|
+
<========< sample/n.rb >========>
|
592
|
+
|
593
|
+
~ > cat sample/n.rb
|
594
|
+
|
595
|
+
require 'traits'
|
596
|
+
#
|
597
|
+
# two kinds of in-place modifications are supported : casting and munging.
|
598
|
+
# casting is a hook that requires either a proc or the name of a method that
|
599
|
+
# will be used to convert the objects type. munging is similar execpt the
|
600
|
+
# method is called on the object itself. like all hooks, lists may be provided
|
601
|
+
# instead of a single argument
|
602
|
+
#
|
603
|
+
# you'll notice that the hooks and methods defined here are not strictly needed,
|
604
|
+
# but are for illustration purposes only. note that all hooks operate in the
|
605
|
+
# context of self - they have access to instance vars, etc., like instance_eval
|
606
|
+
#
|
607
|
+
|
608
|
+
class C
|
609
|
+
INT = lambda{|i| int i}
|
610
|
+
def int i
|
611
|
+
Integer i
|
612
|
+
end
|
613
|
+
trait 'a', 'cast' => 'int'
|
614
|
+
trait 'b', 'cast' => INT
|
615
|
+
trait 'c', 'munge' => 'to_i'
|
616
|
+
trait 'd', 'cast' => 'Integer'
|
617
|
+
trait 'e', 'munge' => %w( to_i abs )
|
618
|
+
end
|
619
|
+
|
620
|
+
c = C::new
|
621
|
+
|
622
|
+
c.a = '42'
|
623
|
+
p c.a
|
624
|
+
c.b = '42'
|
625
|
+
p c.b
|
626
|
+
c.c = '42'
|
627
|
+
p c.c
|
628
|
+
c.d = '42'
|
629
|
+
p c.d
|
630
|
+
c.e = '-42'
|
631
|
+
p c.e
|
632
|
+
|
633
|
+
~ > ruby sample/n.rb
|
634
|
+
|
635
|
+
42
|
636
|
+
42
|
637
|
+
42
|
638
|
+
42
|
639
|
+
42
|
640
|
+
|
641
|
+
|
642
|
+
<========< sample/p.rb >========>
|
643
|
+
|
644
|
+
~ > cat sample/p.rb
|
645
|
+
|
646
|
+
require 'traits'
|
647
|
+
#
|
648
|
+
# the TraitInit module provide a simple method for initializing an object's
|
649
|
+
# traits from an options hash
|
650
|
+
#
|
651
|
+
|
652
|
+
class C
|
653
|
+
include TraitInit
|
654
|
+
|
655
|
+
LIST_OF_INTS = lambda{|a| Array === a and a.map{|i| Integer === i}.all?}
|
656
|
+
LIST_OF_STRINGS = lambda{|a| Array === a and a.map{|s| String === s}.all?}
|
657
|
+
|
658
|
+
trait :li, :validate => LIST_OF_INTS
|
659
|
+
trait :ls, :validate => LIST_OF_STRINGS
|
660
|
+
|
661
|
+
def initialize opts = {}
|
662
|
+
trait_init opts
|
663
|
+
end
|
664
|
+
end
|
665
|
+
|
666
|
+
c = C::new "li" => [4, 2], "ls" => %w[4 2]
|
667
|
+
p c.li.join
|
668
|
+
p c.ls.join
|
669
|
+
|
670
|
+
~ > ruby sample/p.rb
|
671
|
+
|
672
|
+
"42"
|
673
|
+
"42"
|
674
|
+
|
675
|
+
|
676
|
+
CAVEATS
|
677
|
+
|
678
|
+
this library is experimental and subject to change - though it has not for
|
679
|
+
several versions and much of my code hinges is on it now so you can expect the
|
680
|
+
interface to be stable in the near future - the only changes planned are those
|
681
|
+
that fix bugs or add features.
|
682
|
+
|
683
|
+
LICENSE
|
684
|
+
|
685
|
+
same as ruby's
|
686
|
+
|