toolmantim-zeroconf 0.0.2

data/lib/net/dns/resolv-mdns.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+=begin
+  Copyright (C) 2005 Sam Roberts
+
+  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the same terms as the ruby language itself, see the file COPYING for
+  details.
+=end
+
+require 'net/dns/resolvx'
+require 'net/dns/mdns'
+
+class Resolv
+  # == Address Lookups
+  # Requiring 'net/dns/mdns-resolv' causes a Resolv::MDNS resolver to be added
+  # to list of default resolvers queried when using Resolv#getaddress, and the
+  # other Resolv module methods.
+  #
+  # It can be used by doing:
+  #   require 'net/dns/resolv-mdns'
+  #   Resolv.getaddress('localhost')       # resolved using Resolv::Hosts("/etc/hosts")
+  #   Resolv.getaddress('www.example.com') # resolved using Resolv::DNS
+  #   Resolv.getaddress('example.local')   # resolved using Resolv::MDNS
+  #
+  # Using this approach means that both global DNS names and local names can be
+  # resolved.  When doing this, you may also consider doing:
+  #
+  #   require 'net/dns/resolv-mdns'
+  #   require 'net/dns/resolv-replace'
+  #
+  # This has the effect of replacing the default ruby implementation of address
+  # lookup using the C library in IPSocket, TCPSocket, UDPSocket, and
+  # SOCKSocket with Resolv.getaddress. Since 'net/dns/resolv-mdns' has been
+  # required Resolv.getaddress and the standard libraries TCP/IP classes will
+  # use mDNS for name lookups in the .local mDNS domain, without even knowing
+  # it themselves.
+  #
+  # NOTE: the version of resolv.rb and resolv-replace.rb in net-mdns are based
+  # on the head of ruby 1.8.x cvs + bug fixes required by net-mdns and not
+  # present in the cvs. They must be used in place of the standard library's
+  # resolv implementation!
+  #
+  # == Service Discovery (DNS-SD)
+  #
+  # Service discovery consists of 2 stages:
+  # - enumerating the names of the instances of the service
+  # - resolving the instance names
+  #
+  # The Net::DNS::MDNSSD API is better documented and easier to use for DNS-SD.
+  # Still, here's some information on using the Resolv APIs for DNS-SD, and
+  # examples of doing so are:
+  # - link:exhttpv1.txt
+  # - link:v1mdns.txt
+  # - link:v1demo.txt.
+  #
+  # = Service Enumeration
+  #
+  # To do this query the pointer records (Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR) for
+  # names of the form _svc._prot.local. The values of svc and prot for common
+  # services can be found at http://www.dns-sd.org/ServiceTypes.html.
+  # The first label of the name returned is suitable for display to people, and
+  # should be unique in the network.
+  #
+  # = Service Resolution
+  #
+  # In order to resolve a service name query the service record
+  # (Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SRV) for the name. The service record contains
+  # a host and port to connect to. The host name will have to be resolved to an
+  # address. This can be done explicitly using mDNS or, if resolv-replace has
+  # been required, it will be done by the standard library.  In addition, some
+  # services put "extra" information about the service in a text
+  # (Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT) record associated with the service name.
+  # The format of the text record is service-specific.
+  class MDNS
+
+    # How many seconds to wait before assuming all responses have been seen.
+    DefaultTimeout = 2
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#new.
+    def initialize(config_info=nil)
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      @config = DNS::Config.new(config_info)
+      @initialized = nil
+    end
+
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        unless @initialized
+          @config.lazy_initialize
+          @initialized = true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getaddress.
+    def getaddress(name)
+      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+      raise ResolvError.new("mDNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getaddresss.
+    def getaddresses(name)
+      ret = []
+      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#each_address.
+    def each_address(name)
+      each_resource(name, DNS::Resource::IN::A) {|resource| yield resource.address}
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getname.
+    def getname(address)
+      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+      raise ResolvError.new("mDNS result has no information for #{address}")
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getnames.
+    def getnames(address)
+      ret = []
+      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#each_name.
+    def each_name(address)
+      case address
+      when DNS::Name
+        ptr = address
+      when IPv4::Regex
+        ptr = IPv4.create(address).to_name
+      when IPv6::Regex
+        ptr = IPv6.create(address).to_name
+      else
+        raise ResolvError.new("cannot interpret as address: #{address}")
+      end
+      each_resource(ptr, DNS::Resource::IN::PTR) {|resource| yield resource.name}
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getresource.
+    def getresource(name, typeclass)
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| return resource}
+      raise ResolvError.new("mDNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#getresources.
+    def getresources(name, typeclass)
+      ret = []
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ret << resource}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def generate_candidates(name) # :nodoc:
+      # Names ending in .local MUST be resolved using mDNS. Other names may be, but
+      # SHOULD NOT be, so a local machine can't spoof a non-local address.
+      #
+      # Reverse lookups in the domain '.254.169.in-addr.arpa' should also be resolved
+      # using mDNS.
+      #
+      # TODO - those are the IPs auto-allocated with ZeroConf. In my (common)
+      # situation, I have a net of OS X machines behind and ADSL firewall box,
+      # and all IPs were allocated in 192.168.123.*. I can do mDNS queries to
+      # get these addrs, but I can't do an mDNS query to reverse lookup the
+      # addrs. There are security reasons to not allow all addrs to be reversed
+      # on the local network, but maybe it wouldn't be so bad if MDNS was after
+      # DNS, so it only did it for addrs that were unmatched by DNS?
+      #
+      # Or perhaps IP addrs in the netmask of the ifx should be considered local,
+      # and mDNS allowed on them?
+      #
+      # If the search domains includes .local, we can add .local to it only if
+      # it has no dots and wasn't absolute.
+      lazy_initialize
+      dotlocal = DNS::Name.create('local')
+      search_dotlocal = @config.search.map.include?( dotlocal.to_a )
+      name = DNS::Name.create(name)
+      if name.absolute?
+        name = name
+      elsif name.length == 1 && search_dotlocal
+        name = name + dotlocal
+      elsif name.length > 1
+        name = name
+      else
+        name = nil
+      end
+      if name.subdomain_of?('local') || name.subdomain_of?('254.169.in-addr.arpa')
+        name.absolute = true
+        name
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # See Resolv::DNS#eachresource.
+    def each_resource(name, typeclass)
+      name = generate_candidates(name)
+
+      query = Net::DNS::MDNS::Query.new(name, typeclass)
+
+      begin
+        # We want all the answers we can get, within the timeout period.
+        begin
+          timeout(DefaultTimeout) do
+            query.each do |answers|
+              answers.each do |an|
+                yield an.data
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        rescue TimeoutError
+        end
+      ensure
+        query.stop
+      end
+    end
+
+    Default = Resolv::MDNS.new
+
+    # Return the default MDNS Resolver. This is what is used when
+    # Resolv.getaddress and friends are called. Use it unless you need to
+    # specify config_info to Resolv::MDNS.new.
+    def self.default
+      Default
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  DefaultResolver.resolvers.push( Resolv::MDNS.default )
+end
+

data/lib/net/dns/resolv-replace.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# net/dns/resolv-replace.rb is a copy of resolv-replace.rb from the ruby
+# library, where it is maintained by Tanaka Akira. See net/dns/resolv.rb for
+# more information.
+require 'socket'
+require 'net/dns/resolv'
+
+class << IPSocket
+  alias original_resolv_getaddress getaddress
+  def getaddress(host)
+    return original_resolv_getaddress(host) if Fixnum === host
+    begin
+      return Resolv.getaddress(host).to_s
+    rescue Resolv::ResolvError
+      raise SocketError, "Hostname not known: #{host}"
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class TCPSocket
+  alias original_resolv_initialize initialize
+  def initialize(host, serv, *rest)
+    rest[0] = IPSocket.getaddress(rest[0]) unless rest.empty?
+    original_resolv_initialize(IPSocket.getaddress(host), serv, *rest)
+  end
+end
+
+class UDPSocket
+  alias original_resolv_bind bind
+  def bind(host, port)
+    original_resolv_bind(IPSocket.getaddress(host), port)
+  end
+
+  alias original_resolv_connect connect
+  def connect(host, port)
+    original_resolv_connect(IPSocket.getaddress(host), port)
+  end
+
+  alias original_resolv_send send
+  def send(mesg, flags, *rest)
+    if rest.length == 2
+      host, port = rest
+      begin
+        addrs = Resolv.getaddresses(host)
+      rescue Resolv::ResolvError
+        raise SocketError, "Hostname not known: #{host}"
+      end
+      err = nil
+      addrs[0...-1].each {|addr|
+        begin
+          return original_resolv_send(mesg, flags, addr, port)
+        rescue SystemCallError
+        end
+      }
+      original_resolv_send(mesg, flags, addrs[-1], port)
+    else
+      original_resolv_send(mesg, flags, *rest)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class SOCKSSocket
+  alias original_resolv_initialize initialize
+  def initialize(host, serv)
+    original_resolv_initialize(IPSocket.getaddress(host), port)
+  end
+end if defined? SOCKSSocket

data/lib/net/dns/resolv.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2012 @@
+# net/dns/resolv.rb is a copy of resolv.rb from the ruby library, where it is
+# maintained by Tanaka Akira.
+#
+# It contains modifications I found necessary, some of which have been accepted
+# into ruby 1.8's cvs, and others that I hope will be accepted.
+#
+# net/dns/resolvx.rb contains extensions to resolv.rb (as opposed to modifications),
+# some of these may also be worth accepting into the standard library.
+#
+# Note that until net/dns/resolv.rb is accepted AND released in ruby 1.8.x's
+# resolv.rb I still need a copy in net-mdns. Without it, it would be necessary
+# to install ruby from CVS in order to use net-mdns.
+#
+# = Bug fixes/Required changes
+# - resolv-replace.rb: IPSocket#getaddress fails when passed a Fixnum, such as when
+#   calling UDPSocket#bind(Socket:INADDR_ANY, 5353)
+# - MessageEncoder#put_string: would silently create a garbage record if string was
+#   longer than 255 characters.
+# - TXT.new: correctly deal with TXT records longer than 255 characters.
+# - TXT#data: correctly concatenate strings into a TXT record longer than 255 characters.
+# - Message#encode/Message#decode: question and answer arrays now contain the
+#   mDNS unicast and cacheflush bit, respectively. All APIs, including
+#   #each_question and #each_answer, are backwards compatible.
+# - A.new(A#address) failed because IPv4.create() wouldn't accept an address in the
+#   form of A#address (4 bytes in network byte order).
+#
+# = Ease-of-use changes
+#
+# - partial rdocifying
+# - Str#inspect: difficult to notice whitespace at beginning of string, added quotes.
+# - Name#==: allow arg to be String or Name, as does Name#create.
+# - Name#subdomain_of?: allow arg to be String or Name, as does Name#create.
+# - Name#subdomain_of?: disregard absolute, it doesn't make sense that:
+#     www.example.com subdomain_of? www.example.com. => false
+#     www.example.com subdomain_of? www.example.com  => true
+#   If you can't compare a variable thing to a known thing.. how can you compare a
+#   variable thing to a variable thing?
+#
+# I had a lot of bugs using Name comparison related to trailing dots. Name#==
+# is almost impossible to use correctly when comparing against an other which
+# is a Name or a String, and may have come from a DNS Message (in which case it
+# will be absolute), or from input from a user, in which case they probably did
+# not type the trailing dot.
+
+=begin
+= resolv library
+resolv.rb is a resolver library written in Ruby.
+Since it is written in Ruby, it is thread-aware.
+I.e. it can resolv many hostnames concurrently.
+
+It is possible to lookup various resources of DNS using DNS module directly.
+
+== example
+  p Resolv.getaddress("www.ruby-lang.org")
+  p Resolv.getname("210.251.121.214")
+
+  Resolv::DNS.open {|dns|
+    p dns.getresources("www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A).collect {|r| r.address}
+    p dns.getresources("ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX).collect {|r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference]}
+  }
+
+== Resolv class
+
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv.getaddress(name)
+--- Resolv.getaddresses(name)
+--- Resolv.each_address(name) {|address| ...}
+    They lookups IP addresses of ((|name|)) which represents a hostname
+    as a string by default resolver.
+
+    getaddress returns first entry of lookupped addresses.
+    getaddresses returns lookupped addresses as an array.
+    each_address iterates over lookupped addresses.
+
+--- Resolv.getname(address)
+--- Resolv.getnames(address)
+--- Resolv.each_name(address) {|name| ...}
+    lookups hostnames of ((|address|)) which represents IP address as a string.
+
+    getname returns first entry of lookupped names.
+    getnames returns lookupped names as an array.
+    each_names iterates over lookupped names.
+
+== Resolv::Hosts class
+hostname resolver using /etc/hosts format.
+
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv::Hosts.new(hosts='/etc/hosts')
+
+=== methods
+--- Resolv::Hosts#getaddress(name)
+--- Resolv::Hosts#getaddresses(name)
+--- Resolv::Hosts#each_address(name) {|address| ...}
+    address lookup methods.
+
+--- Resolv::Hosts#getname(address)
+--- Resolv::Hosts#getnames(address)
+--- Resolv::Hosts#each_name(address) {|name| ...}
+    hostnames lookup methods.
+
+== Resolv::DNS class
+DNS stub resolver.
+
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv::DNS.new(config_info=nil)
+
+    ((|config_info|)) should be nil, a string or a hash.
+    If nil is given, /etc/resolv.conf and platform specific information is used.
+    If a string is given, it should be a filename which format is same as /etc/resolv.conf.
+    If a hash is given, it may contains information for nameserver, search and ndots as follows.
+
+      Resolv::DNS.new({:nameserver=>["210.251.121.21"], :search=>["ruby-lang.org"], :ndots=>1})
+
+--- Resolv::DNS.open(config_info=nil)
+--- Resolv::DNS.open(config_info=nil) {|dns| ...}
+
+=== methods
+--- Resolv::DNS#close
+
+--- Resolv::DNS#getaddress(name)
+--- Resolv::DNS#getaddresses(name)
+--- Resolv::DNS#each_address(name) {|address| ...}
+    address lookup methods.
+
+    ((|name|)) must be a instance of Resolv::DNS::Name or String.  Lookupped
+    address is represented as an instance of Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6.
+
+--- Resolv::DNS#getname(address)
+--- Resolv::DNS#getnames(address)
+--- Resolv::DNS#each_name(address) {|name| ...}
+    hostnames lookup methods.
+
+    ((|address|)) must be a instance of Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or String.
+    Lookupped name is represented as an instance of Resolv::DNS::Name.
+
+--- Resolv::DNS#getresource(name, typeclass)
+--- Resolv::DNS#getresources(name, typeclass)
+--- Resolv::DNS#each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ...}
+    They lookup DNS resources of ((|name|)).
+    ((|name|)) must be a instance of Resolv::Name or String.
+
+    ((|typeclass|)) should be one of follows:
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SRV
+    * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA
+
+    Lookupped resource is represented as an instance of (a subclass of)
+    Resolv::DNS::Resource. 
+    (Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A, etc.)
+
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS class
+--- name
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME class
+--- name
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA class
+--- mname
+--- rname
+--- serial
+--- refresh
+--- retry
+--- expire
+--- minimum
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO class
+--- cpu
+--- os
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO class
+--- rmailbx
+--- emailbx
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX class
+--- preference
+--- exchange
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT class
+--- data
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A class
+--- address
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS class
+--- address
+--- protocol
+--- bitmap
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR class
+--- name
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA class
+--- address
+
+== Resolv::DNS::Name class
+
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv::DNS::Name.create(name)
+
+=== methods
+--- Resolv::DNS::Name#to_s
+
+== Resolv::DNS::Resource class
+
+== Resolv::IPv4 class
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv::IPv4.create(address)
+
+=== methods
+--- Resolv::IPv4#to_s
+--- Resolv::IPv4#to_name
+
+=== constants
+--- Resolv::IPv4::Regex
+    regular expression for IPv4 address.
+
+== Resolv::IPv6 class
+=== class methods
+--- Resolv::IPv6.create(address)
+
+=== methods
+--- Resolv::IPv6#to_s
+--- Resolv::IPv6#to_name
+
+=== constants
+--- Resolv::IPv6::Regex
+    regular expression for IPv6 address.
+
+== Bugs
+* NIS is not supported.
+* /etc/nsswitch.conf is not supported.
+* IPv6 is not supported.
+
+=end
+
+require 'socket'
+require 'fcntl'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'thread'
+
+class Resolv
+  def self.getaddress(name)
+    DefaultResolver.getaddress(name)
+  end
+
+  def self.getaddresses(name)
+    DefaultResolver.getaddresses(name)
+  end
+
+  def self.each_address(name, &block)
+    DefaultResolver.each_address(name, &block)
+  end
+
+  def self.getname(address)
+    DefaultResolver.getname(address)
+  end
+
+  def self.getnames(address)
+    DefaultResolver.getnames(address)
+  end
+
+  def self.each_name(address, &proc)
+    DefaultResolver.each_name(address, &proc)
+  end
+
+  def initialize(resolvers=[Hosts.new, DNS.new])
+    @resolvers = resolvers
+  end
+
+  def getaddress(name)
+    each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+    raise ResolvError.new("no address for #{name}")
+  end
+
+  def getaddresses(name)
+    ret = []
+    each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+    return ret
+  end
+
+  def each_address(name)
+    if AddressRegex =~ name
+      yield name
+      return
+    end
+    yielded = false
+    @resolvers.each {|r|
+      r.each_address(name) {|address|
+        yield address.to_s
+        yielded = true
+      }
+      return if yielded
+    }
+  end
+
+  def getname(address)
+    each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+    raise ResolvError.new("no name for #{address}")
+  end
+
+  def getnames(address)
+    ret = []
+    each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+    return ret
+  end
+
+  def each_name(address)
+    yielded = false
+    @resolvers.each {|r|
+      r.each_name(address) {|name|
+        yield name.to_s
+        yielded = true
+      }
+      return if yielded
+    }
+  end
+
+  class ResolvError < StandardError
+  end
+
+  class ResolvTimeout < TimeoutError
+  end
+
+  # Resolves names and addresses using the hosts file, "/etc/hosts" or
+  # whatever it is on Windows.
+  class Hosts
+    if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      require 'win32/resolv'
+      DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path
+    else
+      DefaultFileName = '/etc/hosts'
+    end
+
+    def initialize(filename = DefaultFileName)
+      @filename = filename
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      @initialized = nil
+    end
+
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        unless @initialized
+          @name2addr = {}
+          @addr2name = {}
+          open(@filename) {|f|
+            f.each {|line|
+              line.sub!(/#.*/, '')
+              addr, hostname, *aliases = line.split(/\s+/)
+              next unless addr
+              addr.untaint
+              hostname.untaint
+              @addr2name[addr] = [] unless @addr2name.include? addr
+              @addr2name[addr] << hostname
+              @addr2name[addr] += aliases
+              @name2addr[hostname] = [] unless @name2addr.include? hostname
+              @name2addr[hostname] << addr
+              aliases.each {|n|
+                n.untaint
+                @name2addr[n] = [] unless @name2addr.include? n
+                @name2addr[n] << addr
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          @name2addr.each {|name, arr| arr.reverse!}
+          @initialized = true
+        end
+      }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def getaddress(name)
+      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no name: #{name}")
+    end
+
+    def getaddresses(name)
+      ret = []
+      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def each_address(name, &proc)
+      lazy_initialize
+      if @name2addr.include?(name)
+        @name2addr[name].each(&proc)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def getname(address)
+      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no address: #{address}")
+    end
+
+    def getnames(address)
+      ret = []
+      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def each_name(address, &proc)
+      lazy_initialize
+      if @addr2name.include?(address)
+        @addr2name[address].each(&proc)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DNS
+    # STD0013 (RFC 1035, etc.)
+    # ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/dns-parameters
+
+    Port = 53
+    UDPSize = 512
+
+    DNSThreadGroup = ThreadGroup.new # :nodoc:
+
+    def self.open(*args)
+      dns = new(*args)
+      return dns unless block_given?
+      begin
+        yield dns
+      ensure
+        dns.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(config_info=nil)
+      @mutex = Mutex.new
+      @config = Config.new(config_info)
+      @initialized = nil
+    end
+
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        unless @initialized
+          @config.lazy_initialize
+
+          if nameserver = @config.single?
+            @requester = Requester::ConnectedUDP.new(nameserver)
+          else
+            @requester = Requester::UnconnectedUDP.new
+          end
+
+          @initialized = true
+        end
+      }
+      self
+    end
+
+    def close
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        if @initialized
+          @requester.close if @requester
+          @requester = nil
+          @initialized = false
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    def getaddress(name)
+      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    def getaddresses(name)
+      ret = []
+      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def each_address(name)
+      each_resource(name, Resource::IN::A) {|resource| yield resource.address}
+    end
+
+    def getname(address)
+      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{address}")
+    end
+
+    def getnames(address)
+      ret = []
+      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def each_name(address)
+      case address
+      when Name
+        ptr = address
+      when IPv4::Regex
+        ptr = IPv4.create(address).to_name
+      when IPv6::Regex
+        ptr = IPv6.create(address).to_name
+      else
+        raise ResolvError.new("cannot interpret as address: #{address}")
+      end
+      each_resource(ptr, Resource::IN::PTR) {|resource| yield resource.name}
+    end
+
+    def getresource(name, typeclass)
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| return resource}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    def getresources(name, typeclass)
+      ret = []
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ret << resource}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    def each_resource(name, typeclass, &proc)
+      lazy_initialize
+      q = Queue.new
+      senders = {}
+      begin
+        @config.resolv(name) {|candidate, tout, nameserver|
+          msg = Message.new
+          msg.rd = 1
+          msg.add_question(candidate, typeclass)
+          unless sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]]
+            sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]] =
+              @requester.sender(msg, candidate, q, nameserver)
+          end
+          sender.send
+          reply = reply_name = nil
+          timeout(tout, ResolvTimeout) { reply, reply_name = q.pop }
+          case reply.rcode
+          when RCode::NoError
+            extract_resources(reply, reply_name, typeclass, &proc)
+            return
+          when RCode::NXDomain
+            raise Config::NXDomain.new(reply_name.to_s)
+          else
+            raise Config::OtherResolvError.new(reply_name.to_s)
+          end
+        }
+      ensure
+        @requester.delete(q)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def extract_resources(msg, name, typeclass) # :nodoc:
+      if typeclass < Resource::ANY
+        n0 = Name.create(name)
+        msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
+          yield data if n0 == n
+        }
+      end
+      yielded = false
+      n0 = Name.create(name)
+      msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
+        if n0 == n
+          case data
+          when typeclass
+            yield data
+            yielded = true
+          when Resource::CNAME
+            n0 = data.name
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      return if yielded
+      msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
+        if n0 == n
+          case data
+          when typeclass
+            yield data
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    class Requester # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @senders = {}
+      end
+
+      def close
+        thread, sock, @thread, @sock = @thread, @sock
+        begin
+          if thread
+            thread.kill
+            thread.join
+          end
+        ensure
+          sock.close if sock
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Sender
+          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s == arg }
+        when Queue
+          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s.queue == arg }
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("neither Sender or Queue: #{arg}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Sender # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(msg, data, sock, queue)
+          @msg = msg
+          @data = data
+          @sock = sock
+          @queue = queue
+        end
+        attr_reader :queue
+
+        def recv(msg)
+          @queue.push([msg, @data])
+        end
+      end
+
+      class UnconnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize
+          super()
+          @sock = UDPSocket.new
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
+          @id = {}
+          @id.default = -1
+          @thread = Thread.new {
+            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
+            loop {
+              reply, from = @sock.recvfrom(UDPSize)
+              msg = begin
+                Message.decode(reply)
+              rescue DecodeError
+                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}\n")
+                next
+              end
+              if s = @senders[[[from[3],from[1]],msg.id]]
+                s.recv msg
+              else
+                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect} from #{from.inspect}\n")
+              end
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, queue, host, port=Port)
+          service = [host, port]
+          id = Thread.exclusive {
+            @id[service] = (@id[service] + 1) & 0xffff
+          }
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
+          return @senders[[service, id]] =
+            Sender.new(request, data, @sock, host, port, queue)
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(msg, data, sock, host, port, queue)
+            super(msg, data, sock, queue)
+            @host = host
+            @port = port
+          end
+
+          def send
+            @sock.send(@msg, 0, @host, @port)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ConnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(host, port=Port)
+          super()
+          @host = host
+          @port = port
+          @sock = UDPSocket.new
+          @sock.connect(host, port)
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
+          @id = -1
+          @thread = Thread.new {
+            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
+            loop {
+              reply = @sock.recv(UDPSize)
+              msg = begin
+                Message.decode(reply)
+              rescue DecodeError
+                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
+                next
+              end
+              if s = @senders[msg.id]
+                s.recv msg
+              else
+                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
+              end
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
+          unless host == @host && port == @port
+            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
+          end
+          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
+          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def send
+            @sock.send(@msg, 0)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class TCP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(host, port=Port)
+          super()
+          @host = host
+          @port = port
+          @sock = TCPSocket.new
+          @sock.connect(host, port)
+          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
+          @id = -1
+          @senders = {}
+          @thread = Thread.new {
+            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
+            loop {
+              len = @sock.read(2).unpack('n')
+              reply = @sock.read(len)
+              msg = begin
+                Message.decode(reply)
+              rescue DecodeError
+                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
+                next
+              end
+              if s = @senders[msg.id]
+                s.push msg
+              else
+                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
+              end
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
+          unless host == @host && port == @port
+            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
+          end
+          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [request.length, id].pack('nn')
+          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def send
+            @sock.print(@msg)
+            @sock.flush
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class RequestError < StandardError
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Encapsulates the resolver configuration information.
+    #
+    # +config_info+ can be nil, a String or a Hash:
+    #   - nil is the default, configuration is read from /etc/resolv.conf, or
+    #     from Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info on Windows.
+    #   - String is used as the name of the config file to parse instead of
+    #     /etc/resolv.conf.
+    #   - Hash must map the :nameserver and/or :search symbol keys to a single
+    #     String or an array of String to use as the value of those config options.
+    class Config
+      def initialize(config_info=nil)
+        @mutex = Mutex.new
+        @config_info = config_info
+        @initialized = nil
+      end
+
+      def Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename) # :nodoc:
+        nameserver = []
+        search = nil
+        ndots = 1
+        open(filename) {|f|
+          f.each {|line|
+            line.sub!(/[#;].*/, '')
+            keyword, *args = line.split(/\s+/)
+            args.each { |arg|
+              arg.untaint
+            }
+            next unless keyword
+            case keyword
+            when 'nameserver'
+              nameserver += args
+            when 'domain'
+              next if args.empty?
+              search = [args[0]]
+            when 'search'
+              next if args.empty?
+              search = args
+            when 'options'
+              args.each {|arg|
+                case arg
+                when /\Andots:(\d+)\z/
+                  ndots = $1.to_i
+                end
+              }
+            end
+          }
+        }
+        return { :nameserver => nameserver, :search => search, :ndots => ndots }
+      end
+
+      def Config.default_config_hash(filename="/etc/resolv.conf") # :nodoc:
+        if File.exist? filename
+          config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
+        else
+          if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+            search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
+            config_hash = {}
+            config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
+            config_hash[:search] = [search].flatten if search
+          end
+        end
+        config_hash
+      end
+
+      def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+        @mutex.synchronize {
+          unless @initialized
+            @nameserver = []
+            @search = nil
+            @ndots = 1
+            case @config_info
+            when nil
+              config_hash = Config.default_config_hash
+            when String
+              config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(@config_info)
+            when Hash
+              config_hash = @config_info.dup
+              if String === config_hash[:nameserver]
+                config_hash[:nameserver] = [config_hash[:nameserver]]
+              end
+              if String === config_hash[:search]
+                config_hash[:search] = [config_hash[:search]]
+              end
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid resolv configuration: #{@config_info.inspect}")
+            end
+            @nameserver = config_hash[:nameserver] if config_hash.include? :nameserver
+            @search = config_hash[:search] if config_hash.include? :search
+            @ndots = config_hash[:ndots] if config_hash.include? :ndots
+
+            @nameserver = ['0.0.0.0'] if @nameserver.empty?
+            if @search
+              @search = @search.map {|arg| Label.split(arg) }
+            else
+              hostname = Socket.gethostname
+              if /\./ =~ hostname
+                @search = [Label.split($')]
+              else
+                @search = [[]]
+              end
+            end
+
+            if !@nameserver.kind_of?(Array) ||
+               !@nameserver.all? {|ns| String === ns }
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid nameserver config: #{@nameserver.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            if !@search.kind_of?(Array) ||
+               !@search.all? {|ls| ls.all? {|l| Label::Str === l } }
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid search config: #{@search.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            if !@ndots.kind_of?(Integer)
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid ndots config: #{@ndots.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            @initialized = true
+          end
+        }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def single?
+        lazy_initialize
+        if @nameserver.length == 1
+          return @nameserver[0]
+        else
+          return nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_candidates(name) # :nodoc:
+        candidates = nil
+        name = Name.create(name)
+        if name.absolute?
+          candidates = [name]
+        else
+          if @ndots <= name.length - 1
+            candidates = [Name.new(name.to_a)]
+          else
+            candidates = []
+          end
+          candidates.concat(@search.map {|domain| Name.new(name.to_a + domain)})
+        end
+        return candidates
+      end
+
+      InitialTimeout = 5 # :nodoc:
+
+      def generate_timeouts # :nodoc:
+        ts = [InitialTimeout]
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2 / @nameserver.length
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2
+        return ts
+      end
+
+      def resolv(name) # :nodoc:
+        candidates = generate_candidates(name)
+        timeouts = generate_timeouts
+        begin
+          candidates.each {|candidate|
+            begin
+              timeouts.each {|tout|
+                @nameserver.each {|nameserver|
+                  begin
+                    yield candidate, tout, nameserver
+                  rescue ResolvTimeout
+                  end
+                }
+              }
+              raise ResolvError.new("DNS resolv timeout: #{name}")
+            rescue NXDomain
+            end
+          }
+        rescue ResolvError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class NXDomain < ResolvError
+      end
+
+      class OtherResolvError < ResolvError
+      end
+    end
+
+    module OpCode # :nodoc:
+      Query = 0
+      IQuery = 1
+      Status = 2
+      Notify = 4
+      Update = 5
+    end
+
+    module RCode # :nodoc:
+      NoError = 0
+      FormErr = 1
+      ServFail = 2
+      NXDomain = 3
+      NotImp = 4
+      Refused = 5
+      YXDomain = 6
+      YXRRSet = 7
+      NXRRSet = 8
+      NotAuth = 9
+      NotZone = 10
+      BADVERS = 16
+      BADSIG = 16
+      BADKEY = 17
+      BADTIME = 18
+      BADMODE = 19
+      BADNAME = 20
+      BADALG = 21
+    end
+
+    class DecodeError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    class EncodeError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    module Label #:nodoc:
+      def self.split(arg)
+        labels = []
+        arg.scan(/[^\.]+/) {labels << Str.new($&)}
+        return labels
+      end
+
+      # A String wrapper that compares (and hashes) case insensitively, used to
+      # represent DNS labels.
+      class Str
+        def initialize(string) # :nodoc:
+          @string = string
+          @downcase = string.downcase
+        end
+        attr_reader :string, :downcase
+
+        def to_s
+          return @string
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s.inspect}>"
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          return @downcase == other.downcase
+        end
+
+        def eql?(other)
+          return self == other
+        end
+
+        def hash
+          return @downcase.hash
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A DNS name is a sequence of labels seperated by (or followed by) a dot
+    # (".").
+    #
+    # The labels are defined to be case-insensitive ("example.COM" is the same
+    # as "EXAMPLE.com").
+    #
+    # Names created from DNS messages names are always absolute. Names created
+    # from a String are absolute only if they have a trailing dot.
+    class Name
+      # Create a Name from a Name (in which case +arg+ is returned
+      # directly), or from a String (in which case new Name is returned).
+      def self.create(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Name
+          return arg
+        when String
+          return Name.new(Label.split(arg), /\.\z/ =~ arg ? true : false)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as DNS name: #{arg.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(labels, absolute=true) # :nodoc:
+        @labels = labels
+        @absolute = absolute
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class}: #{self.to_s}#{@absolute ? '.' : ''}>"
+      end
+
+      # Tests if +self+ is absolute, i.e., had a trailing dot.
+      # For example:
+      #   example.com.
+      # is absolute, whereas:
+      #   example.com
+      # is not. Absolute names will never have the default search domains
+      # added to them during resolution.
+      def absolute?
+        return @absolute
+      end
+
+      # Tests equivalence to +other+, a Name or a String.
+      #
+      # Names are equivalent if their labels are equal (comparison is
+      # case-insensitive) and their "absoluteness" is equal.
+      #
+      #  p Name.create("example.COM")  == "EXAMPLE.com" => true
+      #  p Name.create("example.com.") == "example.com" => false
+      def ==(other)
+        other = Name.create(other)
+        return false unless Name === other
+        return @labels == other.to_a && @absolute == other.absolute?
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      # Tests subdomain-of relation.
+      #
+      #   domain = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z")
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #
+      def subdomain_of?(other)
+        other = Name.create(other)
+        other_len = other.length
+        return false if @labels.length <= other_len
+        return @labels[-other_len, other_len] == other.to_a
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        return @labels.hash ^ @absolute.hash
+      end
+
+      # Returns the array of labels, each label is a Label::Str.
+      def to_a
+        return @labels
+      end
+
+      # Returns the length of the array of labels.
+      def length
+        return @labels.length
+      end
+
+      # Returns the +i+th label.
+      def [](i)
+        return @labels[i]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the domain name as a string.
+      #
+      # The domain name doesn't have a trailing dot even if the name object is
+      # absolute.
+      #
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
+      #
+      def to_s
+        return @labels.join('.')
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Message # :nodoc:
+      @@identifier = -1
+
+      def initialize(id = (@@identifier += 1) & 0xffff)
+        @id = id
+        @qr = 0
+        @opcode = 0
+        @aa = 0
+        @tc = 0
+        @rd = 0 # recursion desired
+        @ra = 0 # recursion available
+        @rcode = 0
+        @question = []
+        @answer = []
+        @authority = []
+        @additional = []
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :id, :qr, :opcode, :aa, :tc, :rd, :ra, :rcode
+      attr_reader :question, :answer, :authority, :additional
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return @id == other.id &&
+               @qr == other.qr &&
+               @opcode == other.opcode &&
+               @aa == other.aa &&
+               @tc == other.tc &&
+               @rd == other.rd &&
+               @ra == other.ra &&
+               @rcode == other.rcode &&
+               @question == other.question &&
+               @answer == other.answer &&
+               @authority == other.authority &&
+               @additional == other.additional
+      end
+
+      def add_question(name, typeclass, unicast = false)
+        @question << [Name.create(name), typeclass, unicast]
+      end
+
+      # Can accept either |name, typeclass| as block arguments
+      # (backwards-compatible/DNS-style), or |name, typeclass, unicast|
+      # (mDNS-style).
+      def each_question # :yields: name, typeclass, unicast
+        @question.each {|ary|
+          yield ary
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_answer(name, ttl, data, cacheflush = false)
+        @answer << [Name.create(name), ttl, data, cacheflush]
+      end
+
+      # Can accept either |name, ttl, data| as block arguments
+      # (backwards-compatible/DNS-style), or |name, ttl, data, cacheflush|
+      # (mDNS-style).
+      def each_answer # :yields: name, ttl, data, cacheflush
+        @answer.each {|ary|
+          yield ary
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_authority(name, ttl, data)
+        @authority << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
+      end
+
+      def each_authority
+        @authority.each {|name, ttl, data|
+          yield name, ttl, data
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_additional(name, ttl, data)
+        @additional << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
+      end
+
+      def each_additional
+        @additional.each {|name, ttl, data|
+          yield name, ttl, data
+        }
+      end
+
+      def each_resource
+        each_answer {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+        each_authority {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+        each_additional {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+      end
+
+      def encode
+        return MessageEncoder.new {|msg|
+          msg.put_pack('nnnnnn',
+            @id,
+            (@qr & 1) << 15 |
+            (@opcode & 15) << 11 |
+            (@aa & 1) << 10 |
+            (@tc & 1) << 9 |
+            (@rd & 1) << 8 |
+            (@ra & 1) << 7 |
+            (@rcode & 15),
+            @question.length,
+            @answer.length,
+            @authority.length,
+            @additional.length)
+          @question.each {|q|
+            name, typeclass, unicast = q
+            hibit = unicast ? (1<<15) : 0x00
+            msg.put_name(name)
+            msg.put_pack('nn', typeclass::TypeValue, typeclass::ClassValue|hibit)
+          }
+          [@answer, @authority, @additional].each {|rr|
+            rr.each {|r|
+              name, ttl, data, cacheflush = r
+              hibit = cacheflush ? (1<<15) : 0x00
+              msg.put_name(name)
+              msg.put_pack('nnN', data.class::TypeValue, data.class::ClassValue|hibit, ttl)
+              msg.put_length16 {data.encode_rdata(msg)}
+            }
+          }
+        }.to_s
+      end
+
+      class MessageEncoder # :nodoc: used to implement Message.encode
+        def initialize
+          @data = ''
+          @names = {}
+          yield self
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          return @data
+        end
+
+        def put_bytes(d)
+          @data << d
+        end
+
+        def put_pack(template, *d)
+          @data << d.pack(template)
+        end
+
+        def put_length16
+          length_index = @data.length
+          @data << "\0\0"
+          data_start = @data.length
+          yield
+          data_end = @data.length
+          @data[length_index, 2] = [data_end - data_start].pack("n")
+        end
+
+        def put_string(d)
+          raise ArgumentError, "strings longer than 255 characters cannot be encoded" if d.length > 255
+          self.put_pack("C", d.length)
+          @data << d
+        end
+
+        def put_string_list(ds)
+          ds.each {|d|
+            self.put_string(d)
+          }
+        end
+
+        def put_name(d)
+          put_labels(d.to_a)
+        end
+
+        def put_labels(d)
+          d.each_index {|i|
+            domain = d[i..-1]
+            if idx = @names[domain]
+              self.put_pack("n", 0xc000 | idx)
+              return
+            else
+              @names[domain] = @data.length
+              self.put_label(d[i])
+            end
+          }
+          @data << "\0"
+        end
+
+        def put_label(d)
+          self.put_string(d.string)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def Message.decode(m)
+        o = Message.new(0)
+        MessageDecoder.new(m) {|msg|
+          id, flag, qdcount, ancount, nscount, arcount =
+            msg.get_unpack('nnnnnn')
+          o.id = id
+          o.qr = (flag >> 15) & 1
+          o.opcode = (flag >> 11) & 15
+          o.aa = (flag >> 10) & 1
+          o.tc = (flag >> 9) & 1
+          o.rd = (flag >> 8) & 1
+          o.ra = (flag >> 7) & 1
+          o.rcode = flag & 15
+          (1..qdcount).each {
+            name, typeclass, unicast = msg.get_question
+            o.add_question(name, typeclass, unicast)
+          }
+          (1..ancount).each {
+            name, ttl, data, cacheflush = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_answer(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+          (1..nscount).each {
+            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_authority(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+          (1..arcount).each {
+            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_additional(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+        }
+        return o
+      end
+
+      class MessageDecoder # :nodoc: used to implement Message.decode
+        def initialize(data)
+          @data = data
+          @index = 0
+          @limit = data.length
+          yield self
+        end
+
+        def get_length16
+          len, = self.get_unpack('n')
+          save_limit = @limit
+          @limit = @index + len
+          d = yield(len)
+          if @index < @limit
+            raise DecodeError.new("junk exists")
+          elsif @limit < @index
+            raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded")
+          end
+          @limit = save_limit
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_bytes(len = @limit - @index)
+          d = @data[@index, len]
+          @index += len
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_unpack(template)
+          len = 0
+          template.each_byte {|byte|
+            case byte
+            when ?c, ?C
+              len += 1
+            when ?n
+              len += 2
+            when ?N
+              len += 4
+            else
+              raise StandardError.new("unsupported template: '#{byte.chr}' in '#{template}'")
+            end
+          }
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + len
+          arr = @data.unpack("@#{@index}#{template}")
+          @index += len
+          return arr
+        end
+
+        def get_string
+          len = @data[@index]
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + 1 + len
+          d = @data[@index + 1, len]
+          @index += 1 + len
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_string_list
+          strings = []
+          while @index < @limit
+            strings << self.get_string
+          end
+          strings
+        end
+
+        def get_name
+          return Name.new(self.get_labels)
+        end
+
+        def get_labels(limit=nil)
+          limit = @index if !limit || @index < limit
+          d = []
+          while true
+            case @data[@index]
+            when 0
+              @index += 1
+              return d
+            when 192..255
+              idx = self.get_unpack('n')[0] & 0x3fff
+              if limit <= idx
+                raise DecodeError.new("non-backward name pointer")
+              end
+              save_index = @index
+              @index = idx
+              d += self.get_labels(limit)
+              @index = save_index
+              return d
+            else
+              d << self.get_label
+            end
+          end
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_label
+          return Label::Str.new(self.get_string)
+        end
+
+        def get_question
+          name = self.get_name
+          type, klass = self.get_unpack("nn")
+          typeclass = Resource.get_class(type, klass % 0x8000)
+          unicast = (klass >> 15) == 1
+          return name, typeclass, unicast
+        end
+
+        def get_rr
+          name = self.get_name
+          type, klass, ttl = self.get_unpack('nnN')
+          typeclass = Resource.get_class(type, klass % 0x8000)
+          data = self.get_length16 {typeclass.decode_rdata(self)}
+          cacheflush = (klass >> 15) == 1
+          return name, ttl, data, cacheflush
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Query # :nodoc:
+      def encode_rdata(msg)
+        raise EncodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
+      end
+
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg)
+        raise DecodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Resource < Query
+      ClassHash = {} # :nodoc:
+
+      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError.new
+      end
+
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError.new
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return self.class == other.class &&
+          self.instance_variables == other.instance_variables &&
+          self.instance_variables.collect {|name| self.instance_eval name} ==
+            other.instance_variables.collect {|name| other.instance_eval name}
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        return self == other
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        h = 0
+        self.instance_variables.each {|name|
+          h ^= self.instance_eval("#{name}.hash")
+        }
+        return h
+      end
+
+      def self.get_class(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
+        return ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] ||
+               Generic.create(type_value, class_value)
+      end
+
+      class Generic < Resource
+        def initialize(data)
+          @data = data
+        end
+        attr_reader :data
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_bytes(data)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          return self.new(msg.get_bytes)
+        end
+
+        def self.create(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
+          c = Class.new(Generic)
+          c.const_set(:TypeValue, type_value)
+          c.const_set(:ClassValue, class_value)
+          Generic.const_set("Type#{type_value}_Class#{class_value}", c)
+          ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] = c
+          return c
+        end
+      end
+
+      class DomainName < Resource
+        def initialize(name)
+          @name = name
+        end
+        attr_reader :name
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@name)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          return self.new(msg.get_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Standard (class generic) RRs
+      ClassValue = nil
+
+      class NS < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 2
+      end
+
+      class CNAME < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 5
+      end
+
+      class SOA < Resource
+        TypeValue = 6
+
+        def initialize(mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
+          @mname = mname
+          @rname = rname
+          @serial = serial
+          @refresh = refresh
+          @retry = retry_
+          @expire = expire
+          @minimum = minimum
+        end
+        attr_reader :mname, :rname, :serial, :refresh, :retry, :expire, :minimum
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@mname)
+          msg.put_name(@rname)
+          msg.put_pack('NNNNN', @serial, @refresh, @retry, @expire, @minimum)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          mname = msg.get_name
+          rname = msg.get_name
+          serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum = msg.get_unpack('NNNNN')
+          return self.new(
+            mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class PTR < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 12
+      end
+
+      class HINFO < Resource
+        TypeValue = 13
+
+        def initialize(cpu, os)
+          @cpu = cpu
+          @os = os
+        end
+        attr_reader :cpu, :os
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_string(@cpu)
+          msg.put_string(@os)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          cpu = msg.get_string
+          os = msg.get_string
+          return self.new(cpu, os)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MINFO < Resource
+        TypeValue = 14
+
+        def initialize(rmailbx, emailbx)
+          @rmailbx = rmailbx
+          @emailbx = emailbx
+        end
+        attr_reader :rmailbx, :emailbx
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@rmailbx)
+          msg.put_name(@emailbx)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          rmailbx = msg.get_string
+          emailbx = msg.get_string
+          return self.new(rmailbx, emailbx)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MX < Resource
+        TypeValue= 15
+
+        def initialize(preference, exchange)
+          @preference = preference
+          @exchange = exchange
+        end
+        attr_reader :preference, :exchange
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_pack('n', @preference)
+          msg.put_name(@exchange)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          preference, = msg.get_unpack('n')
+          exchange = msg.get_name
+          return self.new(preference, exchange)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class TXT < Resource
+        TypeValue = 16
+
+        # TXT resource records must have one or more character strings, but the
+        # string may be zero-length.
+        #
+        # If only the +first_string+ is supplied, it may be longer than 255
+        # characters (internally, it will split into multiple
+        # character-strings). If multiple strings are supplied, each string
+        # must not be longer than 255 characters.
+        def initialize(first_string = '', *rest_strings)
+          if first_string.length > 255
+            raise ArgumentError, 'TXT strings are longer than 255 characters' if rest_strings.first
+
+            @strings = []
+            first_string.scan(/.{1,255}/) { |s| @strings << s }
+          else
+            @strings = [first_string, *rest_strings].compact
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns an array of all the strings making up the resource data.
+        # There may be multiple strings if this is a mDNS record or if the
+        # resource data is longer than 255 bytes. In the case of mDNS, each
+        # individual string has the form: "key=value".
+        attr_reader :strings
+
+        # Returns the resource data as a single string. DNS uses multiple
+        # character strings to represent the data of a TXT record if the
+        # data is longer than 255 characters.
+        def data
+          @strings.join
+        end
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_string_list(@strings)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          strings = msg.get_string_list
+          return self.new(*strings)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ANY < Query
+        TypeValue = 255 # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      ClassInsensitiveTypes = [ # :nodoc:
+        NS, CNAME, SOA, PTR, HINFO, MINFO, MX, TXT, ANY
+      ]
+
+      # ARPA Internet specific RRs
+      module IN
+        ClassValue = 1
+
+        ClassInsensitiveTypes.each {|s|
+          c = Class.new(s)
+          c.const_set(:TypeValue, s::TypeValue)
+          c.const_set(:ClassValue, ClassValue)
+          ClassHash[[s::TypeValue, ClassValue]] = c
+          self.const_set(s.name.sub(/.*::/, ''), c)
+        }
+
+        class A < Resource
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 1, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+
+          def initialize(address)
+            @address = IPv4.create(address)
+          end
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            return self.new(IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4)))
+          end
+        end
+
+        class WKS < Resource
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 11, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+
+          def initialize(address, protocol, bitmap)
+            @address = IPv4.create(address)
+            @protocol = protocol
+            @bitmap = bitmap
+          end
+          attr_reader :address, :protocol, :bitmap
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @protocol)
+            msg.put_bytes(@bitmap)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            address = IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4))
+            protocol, = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            bitmap = msg.get_bytes
+            return self.new(address, protocol, bitmap)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class AAAA < Resource
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 28, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self
+
+          def initialize(address)
+            @address = IPv6.create(address)
+          end
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            return self.new(IPv6.new(msg.get_bytes(16)))
+          end
+        end
+
+        # SRV resource record defined in RFC 2782
+        # 
+        # These records identify the hostname and port that a service is
+        # available at.
+        # 
+        # The format is:
+        #   _Service._Proto.Name TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
+        #
+        # The fields specific to SRV are defined in RFC 2782 as meaning:
+        # - +priority+ The priority of this target host.  A client MUST attempt
+        #   to contact the target host with the lowest-numbered priority it can
+        #   reach; target hosts with the same priority SHOULD be tried in an
+        #   order defined by the weight field.  The range is 0-65535.  Note that
+        #   it is not widely implemented and is commonly set to zero.
+        # 
+        # - +weight+ A server selection mechanism.  The weight field specifies
+        #   a relative weight for entries with the same priority. Larger weights
+        #   SHOULD be given a proportionately higher probability of being
+        #   selected. The range of this number is 0-65535.  Domain administrators
+        #   SHOULD use Weight 0 when there isn't any server selection to do, to
+        #   make the RR easier to read for humans (less noisy). Note that it is
+        #   not widely implemented and should be set to zero.
+        #
+        # - +port+  The port on this target host of this service.  The range is 0-
+        #   65535.
+        # 
+        # - +target+ The domain name of the target host. A target of "." means
+        #   that the service is decidedly not available at this domain.
+        class SRV < Resource
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue = 33, ClassValue = ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          # Create a SRV resource record.
+          #
+          # TODO - switch args to (target, port, priority = 0, weight = 0)? It
+          # would be more convenient to use.
+          def initialize(priority, weight, port, target)
+            @priority = priority.to_int
+            @weight = weight.to_int
+            @port = port.to_int
+            @target = Name.create(target)
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :target, :port, :priority, :weight
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_pack("n", @priority)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @weight)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @port)
+            msg.put_name(@target)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            priority, = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            weight,   = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            port,     = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            target    = msg.get_name
+            return self.new(priority, weight, port, target)
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Obsoleted by ipaddr.rb?
+  class IPv4 # :nodoc:
+    Regex = /\A(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\z/
+
+    def self.create(arg)
+      if(arg.kind_of?(String) && arg.length == 4)
+        return self.new(arg)
+      end
+      case arg
+      when IPv4
+        return arg
+      when Regex
+        if (0..255) === (a = $1.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (b = $2.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (c = $3.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (d = $4.to_i)
+          return self.new([a, b, c, d].pack("CCCC"))
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("IPv4 address with invalid value: " + arg)
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as IPv4 address: #{arg.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(address)
+      unless address.kind_of?(String) && address.length == 4
+        raise ArgumentError.new('IPv4 address must be 4 bytes')
+      end
+      @address = address
+    end
+    attr_reader :address
+
+    def to_s
+      return sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", *@address.unpack("CCCC"))
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s}>"
+    end
+
+    def to_name
+      return DNS::Name.create(
+        '%d.%d.%d.%d.in-addr.arpa.' % @address.unpack('CCCC').reverse)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      return @address == other.address
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      return self == other
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      return @address.hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Obsoleted by ipaddr.rb?
+  class IPv6 # :nodoc:
+    Regex_8Hex = /\A
+      (?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}
+         [0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}
+      \z/x
+
+    Regex_CompressedHex = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?)
+      \z/x
+
+    Regex_6Hex4Dec = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6,6})
+      (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
+      \z/x
+
+    Regex_CompressedHex4Dec = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)*)
+      (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
+      \z/x
+
+    Regex = /
+      (?:#{Regex_8Hex}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_6Hex4Dec}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex4Dec})/x
+
+    def self.create(arg)
+      case arg
+      when IPv6
+        return arg
+      when String
+        address = ''
+        if Regex_8Hex =~ arg
+          arg.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| address << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+        elsif Regex_CompressedHex =~ arg
+          prefix = $1
+          suffix = $2
+          a1 = ''
+          a2 = ''
+          prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a1 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+          suffix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a2 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+          omitlen = 16 - a1.length - a2.length
+          address << a1 << "\0" * omitlen << a2
+        elsif Regex_6Hex4Dec =~ arg
+          prefix, a, b, c, d = $1, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i
+          if (0..255) === a && (0..255) === b && (0..255) === c && (0..255) === d
+            prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| address << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            address << [a, b, c, d].pack('CCCC')
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+          end
+        elsif Regex_CompressedHex4Dec =~ arg
+          prefix, suffix, a, b, c, d = $1, $2, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i
+          if (0..255) === a && (0..255) === b && (0..255) === c && (0..255) === d
+            a1 = ''
+            a2 = ''
+            prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a1 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            suffix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a2 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            omitlen = 12 - a1.length - a2.length
+            address << a1 << "\0" * omitlen << a2 << [a, b, c, d].pack('CCCC')
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+          end
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+        end
+        return IPv6.new(address)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as IPv6 address: #{arg.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(address)
+      unless address.kind_of?(String) && address.length == 16
+        raise ArgumentError.new('IPv6 address must be 16 bytes')
+      end
+      @address = address
+    end
+    attr_reader :address
+
+    def to_s
+      address = sprintf("%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X:%X", *@address.unpack("nnnnnnnn"))
+      unless address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:0)+(:|$)/, '::')
+        address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:|$)/, '::')
+      end
+      return address
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s}>"
+    end
+
+    def to_name
+      # ip6.arpa should be searched too. [RFC3152]
+      return DNS::Name.new(
+        @address.unpack("H32")[0].split(//).reverse + ['ip6', 'int'])
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      return @address == other.address
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      return self == other
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      return @address.hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  DefaultResolver = self.new
+  AddressRegex = /(?:#{IPv4::Regex})|(?:#{IPv6::Regex})/
+end