texplay 0.4.3-x86-mingw32

data/ext/texplay/bindings.h

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef GUARD_BINDINGS_H
+#define GUARD_BINDINGS_H
+
+/* class methods */
+VALUE M_create_macro(VALUE self , VALUE method_name);
+VALUE M_remove_macro(VALUE self, VALUE method_name);
+VALUE M_refresh_cache_all(VALUE self);
+VALUE M_create_blank(VALUE self, VALUE window, VALUE width, VALUE height);
+
+/* instance methods */
+VALUE m_paint(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_getpixel(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_circle(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_line(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_rect(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_pixel(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_flood_fill(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_bezier(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_polyline(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_ngon(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_special_pixel(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_splice(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_clear(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_offset(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_color(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_missing(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_bitmask(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_lshift(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+VALUE m_rshift(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+
+VALUE m_each(int argc, VALUE * argv, VALUE self);
+
+VALUE m_quad_cached(VALUE self);
+VALUE m_cache_refresh(VALUE self);
+
+VALUE m_user_set_options(VALUE self, VALUE options);
+VALUE m_user_delete_options(VALUE self);
+VALUE m_get_options(VALUE self);
+VALUE m_force_sync(VALUE self, VALUE ary);
+
+VALUE m_dup_image(VALUE self);
+VALUE m_clone_image(VALUE self);
+
+VALUE m_to_blob(VALUE self);
+
+#endif

data/ext/texplay/cache.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/* cache.c */
+
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#include <glut.h>
+#else
+#include <GL/glut.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "texplay.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    int len;
+    cache_entry entry[CACHE_SIZE];                                          
+} cache_t;
+
+/* var has internal linkage, static duration */
+/* contains cache data */
+static cache_t cache = {0}; 
+
+/* create a new cache entry */
+cache_entry*
+cache_create_entry(int tname) {
+    float * new_array;
+    int sidelength, new_element = cache.len;
+
+    if(cache.len >= CACHE_SIZE) {  rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cache is full! increase CACHE_SIZE");  }
+
+    /* opengl initialization code */
+    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tname);
+
+    /* get length of a side, since square texture */
+    glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH, &sidelength);
+
+    /* initialize texture data array, mult. by 4 because {rgba} */
+    new_array = malloc(sidelength * sidelength * 4 * sizeof(float));
+
+    /* get texture data from video memory */
+    glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D,  0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT,(void*)(new_array));
+
+    /* save texture data in the cache */
+    cache.entry[new_element].tname = tname;
+    cache.entry[new_element].sidelength = sidelength;
+    cache.entry[new_element].tdata = new_array;
+
+    /* update size of cache */
+    cache.len++;
+
+    glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    return &cache.entry[new_element];
+}
+
+/* return the entry if it exists, otherwise return NULL */
+cache_entry*
+find_in_cache(int tname) {
+    /* check if entry exists in cache */
+    int index;
+    for(index = 0; index < cache.len; index++) 
+        if(cache.entry[index].tname == tname) 
+            return &cache.entry[index];
+    
+    
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* if the entry doesn't exist then create it and return it.
+   otherwise just return it */
+cache_entry*
+find_or_create_cache_entry(int tname) {
+    cache_entry * entry;
+
+    if((entry=find_in_cache(tname)))
+        return entry;
+    else
+        return cache_create_entry(tname);
+}
+
+/* refresh the cache for all quads */
+void
+cache_refresh_all(void) {
+    float * tdata;
+    int tname, index;
+
+    /* opengl initialization code */
+    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+
+    for(index = 0; index < cache.len; index++) {
+        tdata = cache.entry[index].tdata;
+        tname = cache.entry[index].tname;
+
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tname);
+
+        glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D,  0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, (void*)(tdata));
+    }
+
+    glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+}
+
+/* refresh the cache for a specific quad */
+void
+cache_refresh_entry(int tname) {
+    cache_entry * entry;
+
+    entry = find_in_cache(tname);
+    
+    /* opengl initialization code */
+    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, entry->tname);
+
+    glGetTexImage(GL_TEXTURE_2D,  0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, (void*)(entry->tdata));
+
+    glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+}
+

data/ext/texplay/cache.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* cache.h */
+/* see cache.c for annotations */
+
+#ifndef GUARD_CACHE_H
+#define GUARD_CACHE_H
+
+/* defines */
+#define CACHE_SIZE 10000
+
+/* data types */
+typedef struct {
+    int tname;
+    int sidelength;
+    float * tdata;
+} cache_entry;
+
+/* functions */
+void cache_refresh_all(void);
+void cache_refresh_entry(int tname);
+cache_entry * cache_create_entry(int texture_name);
+cache_entry * find_in_cache(int texture_name);
+cache_entry * find_or_create_cache_entry(int texture_name);
+
+#endif

data/ext/texplay/compat.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/* contains basic macros to facilitate ruby 1.8 and ruby 1.9 compatibility */
+
+#ifndef GUARD_COMPAT_H
+#define GUARD_COMPAT_H
+
+#include <ruby.h>
+
+/* this is the test we use to identify ruby 1.9.1 */
+
+/* commenting out this test because it doesn't seem to work in 1.8.7 */
+/*
+#ifdef RCLASS_M_TBL
+# define RUBY_19
+#endif
+*/
+
+/* macros for backwards compatibility with 1.8 */
+#ifndef RUBY_19
+# define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->m_tbl)
+# define RCLASS_SUPER(c) (RCLASS(c)->super)
+# define RCLASS_IV_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->iv_tbl)
+#endif
+
+/* a useful macro. cannot use ordinary CLASS_OF as it does not return an lvalue */
+#define KLASS_OF(c) (RBASIC(c)->klass)
+
+#endif

data/ext/texplay/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+name = 'texplay/texplay'
+
+dir_config name
+
+
+# linux
+if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /linux/
+  exit unless have_library("glut")
+  exit unless have_library("GL")
+    
+# macosx
+elsif RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+  $LDFLAGS +=  " -framework GLUT"
+  $CFLAGS += " -I/System/Library/Frameworks/GLUT.framework/Headers"
+
+# windows    
+else
+  freeglut_path = File.expand_path "vendor/freeglut", File.dirname(__FILE__)
+
+  $CFLAGS << " -I#{File.join freeglut_path, "include"}"
+
+  exit unless find_library "freeglut_static", 'main', File.join(freeglut_path, "lib")
+  exit unless have_library "opengl32"
+
+end
+
+# Stop getting annoying warnings for valid C99 code.
+$warnflags.gsub!('-Wdeclaration-after-statement', '') if $warnflags
+
+# 1.9 compatibility
+$CFLAGS += " -DRUBY_19" if RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1\.9/
+
+# let's use c99
+$CFLAGS += " -std=c99"
+
+create_makefile name

data/ext/texplay/graphics_utils.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1313 @@
+#include "texplay.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+#include "graphics_utils.h"
+#include "cache.h"
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#include <glut.h>
+#else
+#include <GL/glut.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/* small helper functions */
+static void initialize_action_struct(action_struct * cur, VALUE hash_arg, sync sync_mode);
+static void process_common_hash_args(action_struct * cur, VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary);
+static void prepare_drawing_mode(action_struct * cur);
+static void prepare_alpha_blend(action_struct * cur);
+static void prepare_fill_texture(action_struct * cur);
+static void prepare_color_control(action_struct * cur);
+static void prepare_color_select(action_struct * cur);
+static rgba apply_lerp(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y);
+static rgba apply_alpha_blend(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel);
+static rgba apply_drawing_mode(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel);
+
+static rgba apply_color_control_transform(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y);
+static rgba exec_color_control_proc(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel);
+/* end helpers */
+
+
+void
+update_lazy_bounds(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex)
+{
+    
+    /* only update global bounds if we're doing a lazy_sync */
+    if (cur->sync_mode != lazy_sync)
+      return;
+    
+    VALUE lazy_bounds;
+    int xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax;
+
+    lazy_bounds = get_image_local(tex->image, LAZY_BOUNDS);
+    
+    xmin = INT2FIX(MIN(cur->xmin, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 0))));
+    ymin = INT2FIX(MIN(cur->ymin, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 1))));
+    xmax = INT2FIX(MAX(cur->xmax, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 2))));
+    ymax = INT2FIX(MAX(cur->ymax, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 3))));
+    
+    set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 0, xmin);
+    set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 1, ymin);
+    set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 2, xmax);
+    set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 3, ymax);
+}
+
+void
+update_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax)
+{
+    if(xmin > xmax) SWAP(xmin, xmax);
+    if(ymin > ymax) SWAP(ymin, ymax);
+    
+    cur->xmin = MIN(cur->xmin, xmin);
+    cur->ymin = MIN(cur->ymin, ymin);
+    cur->xmax = MAX(cur->xmax, xmax);
+    cur->ymax = MAX(cur->ymax, ymax);
+}
+
+void
+set_local_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax, texture_info * tex)
+{
+
+    /* local bounds used by both eager_sync and lazy_sync: */
+    if(cur->sync_mode == no_sync)
+        return;
+            
+    /* eager sync: to demarcate precise area to sync to opengl */
+    /* lazy sync: to update global bounds */
+    cur->xmin = xmin;
+    cur->ymin = ymin;
+    cur->xmax = xmax;
+    cur->ymax = ymax;
+}
+
+void
+draw_prologue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax,
+              VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct ** payload_ptr)
+{
+    if(!primary) return;
+
+    /* set the payload pointer */
+    *payload_ptr = cur;
+    
+    /* not too happy about having this here, look at texplay.h for why */
+    cur->tex = tex;
+    
+    process_common_hash_args(cur, hash_arg, sync_mode, primary);
+    
+    set_local_bounds(cur, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, tex);
+}
+
+void
+draw_epilogue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, bool primary)
+{
+    /* only primary actions get sync'd */
+    if(!primary) return;
+    
+    switch(cur->sync_mode) {
+
+        /* do not sync */
+    case no_sync:
+        return;
+        break;
+
+        /* sync immediately */
+    case eager_sync:
+        create_subtexture_and_sync_to_gl(IMAGE_BOUNDS(cur), tex);
+        break;
+
+        /* sync later (at end of paint block?) */
+    case lazy_sync:
+        update_lazy_bounds(cur, tex);
+        break;
+        
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+                 "sync_mode may only be: lazy_sync, eager_sync, no_sync. got %d\n", cur->sync_mode);
+    }
+}
+
+/* set the pixel color at (x, y) */
+void
+set_pixel_color(rgba * pixel_color, texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
+{
+    float * tex_data; 
+
+    /* should pixel be drawn ? */
+    if (x > (tex->width - 1) || x < 0 || y > (tex->height - 1) || y < 0)
+        return;
+
+    /* if not a color then do not draw */
+    if(not_a_color(*pixel_color))
+        return;
+    
+    tex_data = get_pixel_data(tex, x, y);
+
+    /* set the pixel color */
+    tex_data[red] = pixel_color->red;
+    tex_data[green] = pixel_color->green;
+    tex_data[blue] = pixel_color->blue;
+    tex_data[alpha] = pixel_color->alpha;    
+}
+
+/* utility func to manage both kinds of color comparions */
+static bool
+cmp_color_with_or_without_tolerance(rgba c1, rgba c2, action_struct * payload)
+{
+  return payload->pen.has_tolerance ? cmp_color_with_tolerance(c1, c2, payload->pen.tolerance) : cmp_color(c1, c2);
+}
+
+static bool
+skip_pixel(rgba source_color, action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+{
+  
+  if (!payload->pen.has_color_select) return false;
+  
+  rgba dest_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+  bool color_match = false;
+  
+  if (payload->pen.source_select.size > 0) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < payload->pen.source_select.size; i++) {
+        if (cmp_color_with_or_without_tolerance(source_color, payload->pen.source_select.colors[i], payload)) {
+            color_match = true;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!color_match) return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (payload->pen.source_ignore.size > 0) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < payload->pen.source_ignore.size; i++) {
+      if (cmp_color_with_or_without_tolerance(source_color, payload->pen.source_ignore.colors[i], payload))
+              return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  color_match = false;
+  if (payload->pen.dest_select.size > 0) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < payload->pen.dest_select.size; i++) {
+      if (cmp_color_with_or_without_tolerance(dest_color, payload->pen.dest_select.colors[i], payload)) {
+            color_match = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!color_match) return true;
+  }
+
+  if (payload->pen.dest_ignore.size > 0) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < payload->pen.dest_ignore.size; i++) {
+      if (cmp_color_with_or_without_tolerance(dest_color, payload->pen.dest_ignore.colors[i], payload))
+              return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+void
+set_pixel_color_with_style(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+{
+
+    rgba blended_pixel;
+
+    blended_pixel = payload->color;
+
+
+    /* for linear interpolation */
+    if(payload->pen.has_lerp) {
+      blended_pixel = apply_lerp(payload, tex, x, y);
+    }
+
+    /* for color_control transform */
+    if(payload->pen.has_color_control_transform)
+        blended_pixel = apply_color_control_transform(payload, tex, x, y);
+    
+    /* for texture fill  */
+    if(payload->pen.has_source_texture)
+        blended_pixel = get_pixel_color(&payload->pen.source_tex,
+                                         x % payload->pen.source_tex.width,
+                                         y % payload->pen.source_tex.height);
+
+    /* for color_control proc */
+    if(payload->pen.has_color_control_proc)
+        blended_pixel = exec_color_control_proc(payload, tex, x,  y, blended_pixel);
+
+    /* should skip this pixel? color selection */
+    if (skip_pixel(blended_pixel, payload, tex, x, y))
+      return;
+
+    /* drawing modes */
+    if(payload->pen.has_drawing_mode) {
+      blended_pixel = apply_drawing_mode(payload, tex, x, y, blended_pixel);
+    }
+
+    /*  TO DO: refactor into its own helper function
+        & rewrite using sse2 */
+    if(payload->pen.alpha_blend)
+        blended_pixel = apply_alpha_blend(payload, tex, x,  y, blended_pixel);
+    
+
+    set_pixel_color(&blended_pixel, tex, x, y);
+}
+
+
+rgba
+get_pixel_color_from_chunk(float * chunk, int width, int height, int x, int y)
+{
+    rgba my_color;
+
+    int offset;
+
+    if (x > (width - 1) || x < 0 || y > (height - 1) || y < 0)
+        return not_a_color_v;
+
+    offset = 4 * (x + y * width);
+
+    my_color.red = chunk[offset + red];
+    my_color.green = chunk[offset + green];
+    my_color.blue = chunk[offset + blue];
+    my_color.alpha = chunk[offset + alpha];
+
+    return my_color;
+}
+
+
+rgba
+get_pixel_color(texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
+{
+    rgba my_color;
+    
+    int offset;
+
+    /* if pixel location is out of range return not_a_color_v */
+    if (x > (tex->width - 1) || x < 0 || y > (tex->height - 1) || y < 0)
+        return not_a_color_v;
+
+    offset = calc_pixel_offset(tex, x, y);
+    
+    my_color.red = tex->td_array[offset + red];
+    my_color.green = tex->td_array[offset + green];
+    my_color.blue = tex->td_array[offset + blue];
+    my_color.alpha = tex->td_array[offset + alpha];
+
+    return my_color;
+}
+
+/* return the array where pixel data is stored */
+float*
+get_pixel_data(texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
+{
+    int offset = calc_pixel_offset(tex, x, y); 
+
+    return &tex->td_array[offset];
+}
+
+/* if 2nd param is Qnil, then create a blank image with 'width' and 'height
+   otherwise, try to use the 2nd param (dup) to create a duplicate image 
+ */
+VALUE
+create_image(VALUE window, int width, int height)
+{
+    static VALUE empty_image_stub = 0;
+    static VALUE image = 0;
+
+    if (empty_image_stub == 0) {
+        VALUE gosu = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Gosu"));
+        VALUE tp = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("TexPlay"));
+        empty_image_stub = rb_const_get(tp, rb_intern("EmptyImageStub"));
+        image = rb_const_get(gosu, rb_intern("Image"));
+    }
+
+    VALUE rmagick_img;
+    VALUE new_image;
+    VALUE options = rb_hash_new();
+
+    set_hash_value(options, "caching", Qfalse);
+
+    rmagick_img = rb_funcall(empty_image_stub, rb_intern("new"), 2, INT2FIX(width), INT2FIX(height));
+
+    new_image = rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("new"), 3, window, rmagick_img, options);
+
+    return new_image;
+}
+    
+
+
+/* static functions */
+static void
+initialize_action_struct(action_struct * cur, VALUE hash_arg, sync sync_mode)
+{
+    /* initialize action-struct to default values */
+    cur->sync_mode = sync_mode;
+    cur->hash_arg = hash_arg;
+
+    cur->color = convert_image_local_color_to_rgba(cur->tex->image);
+    cur->pen.has_color_control_proc = false;
+    cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = false;
+    cur->pen.has_source_texture = false;
+
+    /* alpha blending */
+    cur->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+
+    /* set static color control transformations to defaults */
+    cur->pen.color_mult.red = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.green = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.blue = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.alpha = 1.0;
+
+    cur->pen.color_add.red = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.green = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.blue = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.alpha = 0.0;
+
+    /* lerp is off by default */
+    cur->pen.has_lerp = false;
+
+    /* drawing mode is off by deafult */
+    cur->pen.has_drawing_mode = false;
+
+    /* color selection */
+    cur->pen.has_color_select = false;
+    cur->pen.source_select.size = 0;
+    cur->pen.source_ignore.size = 0;
+    cur->pen.dest_select.size = 0;
+    cur->pen.dest_ignore.size = 0;
+
+    /* tolerance */
+    cur->pen.has_tolerance = false;
+    cur->pen.tolerance = 0.0;
+}
+    
+/* TODO: fix this function below, it's too ugly and bulky and weird **/
+static void
+process_common_hash_args(action_struct * cur, VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary)
+{
+    
+    VALUE user_defaults;  
+    VALUE hash_blend;
+
+
+    /* if a hash doesn't exist then create one */
+    if(!is_a_hash(*hash_arg)) 
+        *hash_arg = rb_hash_new();
+
+    /* init the action to default values */
+    initialize_action_struct(cur, *hash_arg, sync_mode);
+
+    /* get the user default options & merge with given options */
+    user_defaults = get_image_local(cur->tex->image, USER_DEFAULTS);
+    hash_blend = rb_funcall(user_defaults, rb_intern("merge"), 1, *hash_arg);
+    rb_funcall(*hash_arg, rb_intern("merge!"), 1, hash_blend);
+
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(*hash_arg, "color")) {
+        VALUE c = get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "color");
+        cur->color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(c);
+        if(c == string2sym("random")) {
+            set_hash_value(*hash_arg, "color", convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&cur->color));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* shadows */
+    if(RTEST(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "shadow"))) {
+        cur->pen.color_mult.red = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.green = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.blue = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.alpha = 1;
+
+        cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+    }
+
+    /* tolerance */
+    if(RTEST(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "tolerance"))) {
+      cur->pen.tolerance = NUM2DBL(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "tolerance"));
+
+      /* maximum length of hypotonese extended in 4-space (color space) is sqrt(4) */
+      if (cur->pen.tolerance >= 2)
+        cur->pen.tolerance = 2;
+
+      if (cur->pen.tolerance < 0)
+        cur->pen.tolerance = 0;
+      
+      cur->pen.has_tolerance = true;
+    }
+       
+    /* lerp */
+    if(RTEST(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "lerp"))) {
+      cur->pen.lerp = NUM2DBL(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "lerp"));
+
+      /* bounds */
+      if(cur->pen.lerp > 1.0) cur->pen.lerp = 1.0;
+      if(cur->pen.lerp < 0.0) cur->pen.lerp = 0.0;
+      cur->pen.has_lerp = true;
+    }
+    
+    /* sync mode */
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(*hash_arg, "sync_mode")) {
+        VALUE user_sync_mode = get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "sync_mode");
+
+        Check_Type(user_sync_mode, T_SYMBOL);
+        
+        if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("lazy_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = lazy_sync;
+        else if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("eager_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = eager_sync;
+        else if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("no_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = no_sync;
+        else
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized sync mode: %s\n. Allowable modes are "
+                     ":lazy_sync, :eager_sync, :no_sync.",
+                     sym2string(user_sync_mode));
+
+        delete_from_hash(*hash_arg, "sync_mode");
+        
+    }
+
+    /* prepare color selection */
+    prepare_color_select(cur);
+    
+    /* process drawing mode */
+    prepare_drawing_mode(cur);
+
+    /* process the color_control block or transform (if there is one) */
+    prepare_color_control(cur);
+
+    /* process the filling texture (if there is one) */
+    prepare_fill_texture(cur);
+
+    /* does the user want to blend alpha values ? */
+    prepare_alpha_blend(cur);
+}
+
+static void
+prepare_alpha_blend(action_struct * cur)
+{
+  if(has_optional_hash_arg(cur->hash_arg, "alpha_blend")) {
+
+    VALUE blend_mode = get_from_hash(cur->hash_arg, "alpha_blend");
+
+    /* true is equivalent to default blend mode, 'source' */
+    if(blend_mode == Qtrue)
+      blend_mode = string2sym("source");
+
+    /* where false or nil is passed */
+    if(!RTEST(blend_mode)) {
+      cur->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    cur->pen.alpha_blend = true;
+
+    Check_Type(blend_mode, T_SYMBOL);
+    
+    if(blend_mode == string2sym("source")) {
+      cur->pen.alpha_blend_mode = source;
+    }      
+    else if(blend_mode == string2sym("dest")) {
+      cur->pen.alpha_blend_mode = dest;
+    }
+    else if(blend_mode == string2sym("source_with_fixed_alpha")) {
+      cur->pen.alpha_blend_mode = source_with_fixed_alpha;
+    }
+    else if(blend_mode == string2sym("dest_with_fixed_alpha")) {
+      cur->pen.alpha_blend_mode = dest_with_fixed_alpha;
+    }
+    else
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized blend mode: %s\n.",
+               sym2string(blend_mode));
+
+  }
+
+
+}
+
+static void
+prepare_drawing_mode(action_struct * cur)
+{
+  if(is_a_hash(cur->hash_arg)) {
+    /* drawing mode */
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(cur->hash_arg, "mode")) {
+      cur->pen.has_drawing_mode = true;
+
+      VALUE draw_mode = get_from_hash(cur->hash_arg, "mode");
+
+
+      Check_Type(draw_mode, T_SYMBOL);
+        
+      if(draw_mode == string2sym("default")) {
+        cur->pen.has_drawing_mode = false;
+
+        return;
+      }
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("clear"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = clear;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("copy"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = copy;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("noop"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = noop;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("set"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = set;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("copy_inverted"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = copy_inverted;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("invert"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = invert;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("and_reverse"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = and_reverse;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("and"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = and;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("or"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = or;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("nand"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = nand;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("nor"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = nor;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("xor"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = xor;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("equiv"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = equiv;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("and_inverted"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = and_inverted;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("or_inverted"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = or_inverted;
+
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("additive"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = additive;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("multiply"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = multiply;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("screen"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = screen;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("overlay"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = overlay;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("darken"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = darken;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("lighten"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = lighten;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("color_dodge"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = color_dodge;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("color_burn"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = color_burn;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("hard_light"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = hard_light;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("soft_light"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = soft_light;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("difference"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = difference;
+      else if(draw_mode == string2sym("exclusion"))
+        cur->pen.drawing_mode = exclusion;      
+      else
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized drawing mode: %s\n.",
+                 sym2string(draw_mode));
+    }
+  }
+}
+  
+
+/* set action color to return value of color_control proc */
+static void
+prepare_color_control(action_struct * cur)
+{
+
+    if(is_a_hash(cur->hash_arg)) {
+        VALUE try_val = get_from_hash(cur->hash_arg, "color_control");
+        
+        if(rb_respond_to(try_val, rb_intern("call"))) {
+            cur->pen.color_control_proc = try_val;
+            cur->pen.color_control_arity = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(try_val, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+            cur->pen.has_color_control_proc = true;
+        }
+        else if(is_a_hash(try_val)) {
+            VALUE try_add = get_from_hash(try_val, "add");
+            VALUE try_mult = get_from_hash(try_val, "mult");
+
+            if(is_an_array(try_add)) {
+                
+                cur->pen.color_add = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(try_add);
+
+                cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+            }
+            if(is_an_array(try_mult)) {
+
+                cur->pen.color_mult = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(try_mult);
+
+                cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+            }
+                
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static rgba 
+exec_color_control_proc(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel)
+{
+    int arity = cur->pen.color_control_arity;
+    VALUE proc = cur->pen.color_control_proc;
+    rgba old_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+    rgba current_color = blended_pixel;
+    rgba new_color;
+
+    if(!cur->pen.has_color_control_proc)
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "needs a proc");
+
+    switch(arity) {
+    case -1:
+    case 0:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 0));
+        break;
+        
+    case 1:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color)));
+        break;
+            
+    case 2:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&current_color)));
+        break;
+            
+    case 3:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        INT2FIX(x), INT2FIX(y)));
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&current_color),
+                                                        INT2FIX(x), INT2FIX(y)));
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "permissible arities for color_control proc are 1, 2, 3  and 4. Got %d\n",
+                 arity);
+    }
+        
+    /* update the action color */
+    return new_color;
+}
+
+static void
+prepare_fill_texture(action_struct * payload)
+{
+    if(is_a_hash(payload->hash_arg)) {
+        VALUE try_image = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg, "texture");
+        if(is_gosu_image(try_image)) {
+
+            get_texture_info(try_image, &payload->pen.source_tex);
+            payload->pen.has_source_texture = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+process_select_color_list(rgba_list * clist, VALUE try_color)
+{
+    /* is a general array of colors? i.e [:red, Gosu::Color::RED, [1,1,1,1] ] */
+    if (TYPE(try_color) == T_ARRAY && not_rb_raw_color(try_color)) {
+      int num_colors = RARRAY_LEN(try_color);
+
+      if (num_colors > RGBA_LIST_SIZE)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Too many colors given in array. Maximum is %d\n. Got %d\n",
+                 RGBA_LIST_SIZE, num_colors);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(try_color); ++i) {
+        clist->colors[i] = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(get_from_array(try_color, i));
+      }
+      
+      clist->size = num_colors;
+    }
+
+    /* is a single color value? i.e :red, [1,1,1,1], Gosu::Color::GREEN */
+    else {
+        clist->colors[0] = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(try_color);
+        clist->size = 1;
+    }
+}  
+  
+
+static void
+prepare_color_select(action_struct * payload)
+{
+  VALUE try_color = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg,
+                                        "source_select");
+  if (!NIL_P(try_color)) {
+    process_select_color_list(&payload->pen.source_select, try_color);
+    payload->pen.has_color_select = true;
+  }
+
+  try_color = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg,
+                                        "source_ignore");
+  if (!NIL_P(try_color)) {
+    process_select_color_list(&payload->pen.source_ignore, try_color);
+    payload->pen.has_color_select = true;
+  }
+
+  try_color = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg,
+                                        "dest_select");
+  if (!NIL_P(try_color)) {
+    process_select_color_list(&payload->pen.dest_select, try_color);
+    payload->pen.has_color_select = true;
+  }
+  
+  try_color = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg,
+                                        "dest_ignore");
+  if (!NIL_P(try_color)) {
+    process_select_color_list(&payload->pen.dest_ignore, try_color);
+    payload->pen.has_color_select = true;
+  }
+
+}
+
+/***********************************/
+/**** drawing mode related code ****/
+/***********************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned char red, green, blue, alpha;
+} rgba_char;
+
+static inline rgba_char 
+color_float_to_int_format(rgba c)
+{
+  return (rgba_char) { c.red * 255,
+                       c.green * 255,
+                       c.blue * 255,
+                       c.alpha * 255
+                      };
+}
+
+static inline rgba 
+color_int_vals_to_float_format(unsigned char r, unsigned char g, unsigned char b,
+                   unsigned char a)
+{
+  return (rgba) { r / 255.0,
+                  g / 255.0,
+                  b / 255.0,
+                  a / 255.0
+                };
+}
+
+/* using terminology from photoshop PDF. b=background, s=source */
+static inline rgba
+mode_multiply(rgba b, rgba s)
+{
+  return (rgba) { b.red * s.red,
+                  b.green * s.green,
+                  b.blue * s.blue,
+                  b.alpha * s.alpha };
+}
+
+static inline rgba
+mode_screen(rgba b, rgba s)
+{
+  return (rgba) { b.red + s.red - (b.red * s.red),
+                  b.green + s.green - (b.green * s.green),
+                  b.blue + s.blue - (b.blue * s.blue),
+                  b.alpha + s.alpha - (b.alpha * s.alpha) };
+}
+
+static inline float
+mode_hardlight_channel(float b, float s)
+{
+  if (s <= 0.5)
+    return 2 * b *  s; 
+          
+  else
+    return b + s - (b * s); 
+}
+
+static inline rgba
+mode_hardlight(rgba b, rgba s)
+{
+  return (rgba) { mode_hardlight_channel(b.red, s.red),
+                  mode_hardlight_channel(b.green, s.green),
+                  mode_hardlight_channel(b.blue, s.blue),
+                  mode_hardlight_channel(b.alpha, s.alpha) };
+}
+
+/* function from the photoshop PDF to implement soft lighting */
+static inline float
+D(float x)
+{
+  if (x <= 0.25)
+    return ((16 * x - 12) * x + 4) * x;
+  else
+    return sqrt(x);
+}
+
+static inline float
+mode_softlight_channel(float b, float s)
+{
+  if (s <= 0.5)
+    return b - (1 - 2 * s) * b * (1 - b);
+  else
+    return b + (2 * s - 1) * (D(b) - b);
+}
+
+static inline rgba
+mode_softlight(rgba b, rgba s)
+{
+  return (rgba) { mode_softlight_channel(b.red, s.red),
+                  mode_softlight_channel(b.green, s.green),
+                  mode_softlight_channel(b.blue, s.blue),
+                  mode_softlight_channel(b.alpha, s.alpha) };
+}
+
+static inline float
+mode_colordodge_channel(float b, float s)
+{
+  if (s < 1)
+    return MIN(1, b / (1 - s));
+  else
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static inline float
+mode_colorburn_channel(float b, float s)
+{
+  if (s > 0)
+    return 1 - MIN(1, (1 - b) / s);
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+  
+static rgba
+apply_drawing_mode(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba source_pixel)
+{
+  rgba finished_pixel;
+  
+  rgba dest_pixel = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+
+  rgba_char dest_pixel_char = color_float_to_int_format(dest_pixel);
+  rgba_char source_pixel_char = color_float_to_int_format(source_pixel);
+  
+  switch(payload->pen.drawing_mode)
+    {
+      
+    /* bitwise blending functions */
+    case clear:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+      break;
+    case copy:
+      finished_pixel = source_pixel;
+      break;
+    case noop:
+      finished_pixel = dest_pixel;
+      break;
+    case set:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { 1, 1, 1, 1 };
+      break;
+    case copy_inverted:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~source_pixel_char.red,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.green,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      break;
+    case invert:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               ~dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               ~dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               dest_pixel_char.alpha);
+                                               
+      break;
+    case and_reverse:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(source_pixel_char.red | ~dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               source_pixel_char.green | ~dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               source_pixel_char.blue | ~dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      break;
+    case and:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(source_pixel_char.red & dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               source_pixel_char.green & dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               source_pixel_char.blue & dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      break;
+    case or:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(source_pixel_char.red | dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               source_pixel_char.green | dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               source_pixel_char.blue | dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      
+      break;
+    case nand:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~(source_pixel_char.red & dest_pixel_char.red),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.green & dest_pixel_char.green),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.blue & dest_pixel_char.blue),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.alpha & dest_pixel_char.alpha));
+      
+      break;
+    case nor:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~(source_pixel_char.red | dest_pixel_char.red),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.green | dest_pixel_char.green),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.blue | dest_pixel_char.blue),
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      
+      break;
+    case xor:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(source_pixel_char.red ^ dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               source_pixel_char.green ^ dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               source_pixel_char.blue ^ dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      
+      break;
+    case equiv:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~(source_pixel_char.red ^ dest_pixel_char.red),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.green ^ dest_pixel_char.green),
+                                               ~(source_pixel_char.blue ^ dest_pixel_char.blue),
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      
+      break;
+    case and_inverted:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~source_pixel_char.red & dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.green & dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.blue & dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);      
+      break;
+    case or_inverted:
+      finished_pixel = color_int_vals_to_float_format(~source_pixel_char.red | dest_pixel_char.red,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.green | dest_pixel_char.green,
+                                               ~source_pixel_char.blue | dest_pixel_char.blue,
+                                               source_pixel_char.alpha);
+      
+      break;
+
+    /* photoshop style blending functions */
+    case additive:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { MIN(source_pixel.red + dest_pixel.red, 1),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.green + dest_pixel.green, 1),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.blue + dest_pixel.blue, 1),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.alpha + dest_pixel.alpha, 1) };
+      break;
+    case multiply:
+      finished_pixel = mode_multiply(dest_pixel, source_pixel);
+                       
+      break;
+    case screen:
+      finished_pixel = mode_screen(dest_pixel, source_pixel);
+      
+      break;
+    case overlay:
+      finished_pixel = mode_hardlight(source_pixel, dest_pixel);
+
+      break;
+    case darken:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { MIN(source_pixel.red, dest_pixel.red),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.green, dest_pixel.green),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.blue, dest_pixel.blue),
+                                MIN(source_pixel.alpha, dest_pixel.alpha) };
+      break;
+    case lighten:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { MAX(source_pixel.red, dest_pixel.red),
+                                MAX(source_pixel.green, dest_pixel.green),
+                                MAX(source_pixel.blue, dest_pixel.blue),
+                                MAX(source_pixel.alpha, dest_pixel.alpha) };
+      break;
+    case color_dodge:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { mode_colordodge_channel(dest_pixel.red, source_pixel.red),
+                                mode_colordodge_channel(dest_pixel.green, source_pixel.green),
+                                mode_colordodge_channel(dest_pixel.blue, source_pixel.blue),
+                                mode_colordodge_channel(dest_pixel.alpha, source_pixel.alpha) };
+                                
+      break;
+    case color_burn:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { mode_colorburn_channel(dest_pixel.red, source_pixel.red),
+                                mode_colorburn_channel(dest_pixel.green, source_pixel.green),
+                                mode_colorburn_channel(dest_pixel.blue, source_pixel.blue),
+                                mode_colorburn_channel(dest_pixel.alpha, source_pixel.alpha) };
+      break;
+    case hard_light:
+      finished_pixel = mode_hardlight(dest_pixel, source_pixel);
+
+      break;
+    case soft_light:
+      finished_pixel = mode_softlight(dest_pixel, source_pixel);
+
+      break;
+    case difference:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { ABS(dest_pixel.red - source_pixel.red),
+                                ABS(dest_pixel.green - source_pixel.green),
+                                ABS(dest_pixel.blue - source_pixel.blue),
+                                ABS(dest_pixel.alpha - source_pixel.alpha) };
+      break;
+    case exclusion:
+      finished_pixel = (rgba) { dest_pixel.red + source_pixel.red - (2 * dest_pixel.red * source_pixel.red),
+                                dest_pixel.green + source_pixel.green - (2 * dest_pixel.green * source_pixel.green),
+                                dest_pixel.blue + source_pixel.blue - (2 * dest_pixel.blue * source_pixel.blue),
+                                dest_pixel.alpha + source_pixel.alpha - (2 * dest_pixel.alpha * source_pixel.alpha) };
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return finished_pixel;
+}
+/***************************************/
+/**** end drawing mode related code ****/
+/***************************************/
+
+
+static rgba
+apply_lerp(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+{
+  rgba finished_pixel;
+  rgba dest_pixel = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+
+  finished_pixel.red = payload->pen.lerp * payload->color.red +
+    (1 - payload->pen.lerp) * dest_pixel.red;
+
+  finished_pixel.green = payload->pen.lerp * payload->color.green +
+    (1 - payload->pen.lerp) * dest_pixel.green;
+
+  finished_pixel.blue = payload->pen.lerp * payload->color.blue +
+    (1 - payload->pen.lerp) * dest_pixel.blue;
+
+  finished_pixel.alpha = payload->pen.lerp * payload->color.alpha +
+    (1 - payload->pen.lerp) * dest_pixel.alpha;
+
+  return finished_pixel;
+}
+
+  
+/* TODO: reimplement using SSE2 */
+static rgba
+apply_color_control_transform(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+                              
+{
+    rgba transformed_color;
+    
+    transformed_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+        
+    transformed_color.red += payload->pen.color_add.red; 
+    transformed_color.green += payload->pen.color_add.green; 
+    transformed_color.blue += payload->pen.color_add.blue; 
+    transformed_color.alpha += payload->pen.color_add.alpha;
+
+    transformed_color.red *= payload->pen.color_mult.red; 
+    transformed_color.green *= payload->pen.color_mult.green; 
+    transformed_color.blue *= payload->pen.color_mult.blue; 
+    transformed_color.alpha *= payload->pen.color_mult.alpha;
+
+    return transformed_color;
+}
+
+static rgba
+apply_alpha_blend(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel)
+{
+  rgba dest_pixel = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+  rgba finished_pixel;
+
+  if (not_a_color(blended_pixel))
+    return blended_pixel;
+    
+  alpha_blend_mode_t blend_mode = payload->pen.alpha_blend_mode;
+    
+  switch(blend_mode)
+    {
+    case source:
+    case source_with_fixed_alpha:
+      /** TO DO: rewrite this using sse2 instructions **/
+      finished_pixel.red = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.red + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.red;
+
+      finished_pixel.green = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.green + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.green;
+
+      finished_pixel.blue = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.blue + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.blue;
+
+      if(blend_mode == source) {
+        finished_pixel.alpha = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.alpha + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+          * dest_pixel.alpha;
+      }
+      else {
+
+        // fixed alpha
+        finished_pixel.alpha = dest_pixel.alpha;
+      }
+        
+      break;
+    case dest:
+    case dest_with_fixed_alpha:
+      finished_pixel.red = dest_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.red + (1 - dest_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.red;
+
+      finished_pixel.green = dest_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.green + (1 - dest_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.green;
+
+      finished_pixel.blue = dest_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.blue + (1 - dest_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.blue;
+
+      if(blend_mode == dest) {
+        finished_pixel.alpha = dest_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.alpha + (1 - dest_pixel.alpha)
+          * dest_pixel.alpha;
+      }
+      else {
+
+        // fixed alpha
+        finished_pixel.alpha = dest_pixel.alpha;
+      }
+            
+      break;
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+               "apply_alpha_blend() impossible error. got %d\n", blend_mode);
+
+    }
+
+  return finished_pixel;
+}
+
+/* NEW from utils.c */
+float *
+allocate_texture(int width, int height)
+{
+    float * new_texture;
+    int mval;
+    
+    mval = 4 * width * height * sizeof(float);
+        
+    new_texture = malloc(mval);
+    
+    return new_texture;
+}
+
+/* get information from texture */
+void
+get_texture_info(VALUE image, texture_info * tex) 
+{
+    VALUE info, gc_state_off;
+    int toppos, leftpos;
+    float top, left;    
+    cache_entry * entry;
+
+    /* hack to prevent segfault */
+    gc_state_off = rb_gc_disable();
+
+    tex->width = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("width"), 0));
+    tex->height = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("height"), 0));
+
+    /* ensure gl_tex_info returns non nil */
+    info = check_for_texture_info(image);
+
+    top = NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(info, rb_intern("top"), 0));
+    left = NUM2DBL(rb_funcall(info, rb_intern("left"), 0));
+    tex->tname = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(info ,rb_intern("tex_name"),0));
+
+    /* search for texture in cache (& create if not extant) */
+    entry = find_or_create_cache_entry(tex->tname);
+
+    tex->td_array = entry->tdata;
+    tex->yincr = entry->sidelength;
+
+    /* scratch variables */
+    toppos = ROUND(top * entry->sidelength * entry->sidelength);
+    leftpos = ROUND(left * entry->sidelength);
+
+    /* find the first pixel for the image */
+    tex->firstpixel = (int)(toppos + leftpos);
+
+    tex->x_offset = ROUND(left * tex->yincr);
+    tex->y_offset = ROUND(top * tex->yincr);
+
+    /* save the associated Gosu::Image */
+    tex->image = image;
+    
+    /* only enable gc if was enabled on function entry */
+    if(!gc_state_off) rb_gc_enable();
+}
+
+/* ensure gl_tex_info returns non nil */
+VALUE
+check_for_texture_info(VALUE image) 
+{
+    VALUE info;
+
+    info = rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info"), 0);
+    
+    if(NIL_P(info)) {
+        VALUE image_name = rb_inspect(image);
+        int width = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("width"), 0));
+        int height = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(image, rb_intern("height"), 0));
+        
+        rb_raise(rb_eException, "Error: gl_tex_info returns nil for %s (%i x %i). Could be caused by "
+                 "very large image or Gosu bug. Try updating Gosu or use a smaller image. Note: TexPlay should"
+                 " be able to work with %i x %i images.",
+                 StringValuePtr(image_name), width, height, max_quad_size() - 2, max_quad_size() - 2);
+    }
+
+    return info;
+}
+
+/* responsible for syncing a subimage to gl */
+void
+sync_to_gl(int tex_name, int x_offset, int y_offset, int width, int height, void * sub)
+{
+    /* set the opengl texture context */
+    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_name);
+
+    /* sync subtexture */
+    glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, x_offset, y_offset, width, height,
+                    GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, sub);
+
+    glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+}
+
+void
+create_subtexture_and_sync_to_gl(image_bounds * img_bounds, texture_info * tex)
+{
+    /* image vars */
+    int xbound, ybound;
+    float * sub = NULL;
+
+    /* make the current action's boundaries sane; left until this point because we only
+       know height/width here */
+    constrain_boundaries(&img_bounds->xmin, &img_bounds->ymin, &img_bounds->xmax, &img_bounds->ymax,
+                         tex->width, tex->height);
+    
+    /* helper variables */
+    ybound = img_bounds->ymax - img_bounds->ymin + 1;
+    xbound = img_bounds->xmax - img_bounds->xmin + 1;
+        
+    sub = get_image_chunk(tex, img_bounds->xmin, img_bounds->ymin, img_bounds->xmax, img_bounds->ymax);
+
+    sync_to_gl(tex->tname, tex->x_offset + img_bounds->xmin, tex->y_offset + img_bounds->ymin, xbound,
+               ybound, (void*)sub);
+
+    free(sub);
+}
+
+float *
+get_image_chunk(texture_info * tex, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax)
+{
+    int xbound;
+    int ybound;
+    float * image_buf = NULL;
+
+    constrain_boundaries(&xmin, &ymin, &xmax, &ymax, tex->width, tex->height);
+
+    xbound = xmax - xmin + 1;
+    ybound = ymax - ymin + 1;
+
+    image_buf = allocate_texture(xbound, ybound);
+
+    for(int y = 0; y < ybound; y++)
+        for(int x = 0; x < xbound; x++) {
+            int buf_index = 4 * (x + y * xbound);
+                
+            int offset = calc_pixel_offset(tex, x + xmin, y + ymin);
+
+            color_copy(tex->td_array + offset, image_buf + buf_index);
+        }
+
+    return image_buf;
+}