t-ruby 0.0.1

data/lib/t_ruby/smt_solver.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1076 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module TRuby
+  module SMT
+    #==========================================================================
+    # Logical Formulas
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    # Base class for all formulas
+    class Formula
+      def &(other)
+        And.new(self, other)
+      end
+
+      def |(other)
+        Or.new(self, other)
+      end
+
+      def !
+        Not.new(self)
+      end
+
+      def implies(other)
+        Implies.new(self, other)
+      end
+
+      def iff(other)
+        Iff.new(self, other)
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Boolean constant
+    class BoolConst < Formula
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      def initialize(value)
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        Set.new
+      end
+
+      def substitute(_bindings)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        @value ? [[]] : [[]]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(BoolConst) && other.value == @value
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @value.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    TRUE = BoolConst.new(true)
+    FALSE = BoolConst.new(false)
+
+    # Propositional variable
+    class Variable < Formula
+      attr_reader :name
+
+      def initialize(name)
+        @name = name.to_s
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        Set.new([@name])
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        bindings[@name] || self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        [[@name]]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Variable) && other.name == @name
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @name.hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        self == other
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @name
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Negation
+    class Not < Formula
+      attr_reader :operand
+
+      def initialize(operand)
+        @operand = operand
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        @operand.free_variables
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        Not.new(@operand.substitute(bindings))
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        inner = @operand.simplify
+        case inner
+        when BoolConst
+          BoolConst.new(!inner.value)
+        when Not
+          inner.operand
+        else
+          Not.new(inner)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        case @operand
+        when Variable
+          [["!#{@operand.name}"]]
+        when Not
+          @operand.operand.to_cnf
+        when And
+          # De Morgan: !(A & B) = !A | !B
+          Or.new(Not.new(@operand.left), Not.new(@operand.right)).to_cnf
+        when Or
+          # De Morgan: !(A | B) = !A & !B
+          And.new(Not.new(@operand.left), Not.new(@operand.right)).to_cnf
+        else
+          [["!#{@operand}"]]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Not) && other.operand == @operand
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "!#{@operand}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Conjunction
+    class And < Formula
+      attr_reader :left, :right
+
+      def initialize(left, right)
+        @left = left
+        @right = right
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        @left.free_variables | @right.free_variables
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        And.new(@left.substitute(bindings), @right.substitute(bindings))
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        l = @left.simplify
+        r = @right.simplify
+
+        return FALSE if l == FALSE || r == FALSE
+        return r if l == TRUE
+        return l if r == TRUE
+        return l if l == r
+
+        And.new(l, r)
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        @left.to_cnf + @right.to_cnf
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(And) && other.left == @left && other.right == @right
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "(#{@left} && #{@right})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Disjunction
+    class Or < Formula
+      attr_reader :left, :right
+
+      def initialize(left, right)
+        @left = left
+        @right = right
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        @left.free_variables | @right.free_variables
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        Or.new(@left.substitute(bindings), @right.substitute(bindings))
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        l = @left.simplify
+        r = @right.simplify
+
+        return TRUE if l == TRUE || r == TRUE
+        return r if l == FALSE
+        return l if r == FALSE
+        return l if l == r
+
+        Or.new(l, r)
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        left_cnf = @left.to_cnf
+        right_cnf = @right.to_cnf
+
+        # Distribute: (A & B) | C = (A | C) & (B | C)
+        result = []
+        left_cnf.each do |left_clause|
+          right_cnf.each do |right_clause|
+            result << (left_clause + right_clause).uniq
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Or) && other.left == @left && other.right == @right
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "(#{@left} || #{@right})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Implication
+    class Implies < Formula
+      attr_reader :antecedent, :consequent
+
+      def initialize(antecedent, consequent)
+        @antecedent = antecedent
+        @consequent = consequent
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        @antecedent.free_variables | @consequent.free_variables
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        Implies.new(@antecedent.substitute(bindings), @consequent.substitute(bindings))
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        # A -> B = !A | B
+        Or.new(Not.new(@antecedent), @consequent).simplify
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        # A -> B = !A | B
+        Or.new(Not.new(@antecedent), @consequent).to_cnf
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Implies) && other.antecedent == @antecedent && other.consequent == @consequent
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "(#{@antecedent} -> #{@consequent})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Biconditional
+    class Iff < Formula
+      attr_reader :left, :right
+
+      def initialize(left, right)
+        @left = left
+        @right = right
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        @left.free_variables | @right.free_variables
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        Iff.new(@left.substitute(bindings), @right.substitute(bindings))
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        # A <-> B = (A -> B) & (B -> A)
+        And.new(Implies.new(@left, @right), Implies.new(@right, @left)).simplify
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        And.new(Implies.new(@left, @right), Implies.new(@right, @left)).to_cnf
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Iff) && other.left == @left && other.right == @right
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "(#{@left} <-> #{@right})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # Type Constraints
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    # Type variable
+    class TypeVar < Formula
+      attr_reader :name, :bounds
+
+      def initialize(name, bounds: nil)
+        @name = name.to_s
+        @bounds = bounds # { upper: Type, lower: Type }
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        Set.new([@name])
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        bindings[@name] || self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        [[@name]]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(TypeVar) && other.name == @name
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @name.hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        self == other
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @name
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Subtype constraint: A <: B (A is subtype of B)
+    class Subtype < Formula
+      attr_reader :subtype, :supertype
+
+      def initialize(subtype, supertype)
+        @subtype = subtype
+        @supertype = supertype
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        vars = Set.new
+        vars.add(@subtype.name) if @subtype.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars.add(@supertype.name) if @supertype.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        sub = @subtype.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@subtype.name] || @subtype) : @subtype
+        sup = @supertype.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@supertype.name] || @supertype) : @supertype
+        Subtype.new(sub, sup)
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        [["#{@subtype}<:#{@supertype}"]]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Subtype) && other.subtype == @subtype && other.supertype == @supertype
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "#{@subtype} <: #{@supertype}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Type equality: A = B
+    class TypeEqual < Formula
+      attr_reader :left, :right
+
+      def initialize(left, right)
+        @left = left
+        @right = right
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        vars = Set.new
+        vars.add(@left.name) if @left.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars.add(@right.name) if @right.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        l = @left.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@left.name] || @left) : @left
+        r = @right.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@right.name] || @right) : @right
+        TypeEqual.new(l, r)
+      end
+
+      def simplify
+        return TRUE if @left == @right
+        self
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        [["#{@left}=#{@right}"]]
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(TypeEqual) && other.left == @left && other.right == @right
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "#{@left} = #{@right}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Instance constraint: T has property P
+    class HasProperty < Formula
+      attr_reader :type_var, :property, :property_type
+
+      def initialize(type_var, property, property_type)
+        @type_var = type_var
+        @property = property
+        @property_type = property_type
+      end
+
+      def free_variables
+        vars = Set.new
+        vars.add(@type_var.name) if @type_var.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars.add(@property_type.name) if @property_type.is_a?(TypeVar)
+        vars
+      end
+
+      def substitute(bindings)
+        tv = @type_var.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@type_var.name] || @type_var) : @type_var
+        pt = @property_type.is_a?(TypeVar) ? (bindings[@property_type.name] || @property_type) : @property_type
+        HasProperty.new(tv, @property, pt)
+      end
+
+      def to_cnf
+        [["#{@type_var}.#{@property}:#{@property_type}"]]
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        "#{@type_var} has #{@property}: #{@property_type}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # Concrete Types for Solver
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    class ConcreteType
+      attr_reader :name
+
+      def initialize(name)
+        @name = name
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(ConcreteType) && other.name == @name
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @name.hash
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        self == other
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @name
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # SAT Solver (DPLL Algorithm)
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    class SATSolver
+      attr_reader :assignments, :conflicts
+
+      def initialize
+        @assignments = {}
+        @conflicts = []
+      end
+
+      # Solve CNF formula
+      def solve(cnf)
+        @assignments = {}
+        @conflicts = []
+
+        dpll(cnf.dup, {})
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def dpll(clauses, assignment)
+        # Unit propagation
+        loop do
+          unit = find_unit_clause(clauses)
+          break unless unit
+
+          var, value = parse_literal(unit)
+          assignment[var] = value
+          clauses = propagate(clauses, var, value)
+
+          return nil if clauses.any?(&:empty?) # Conflict
+        end
+
+        # All clauses satisfied
+        return assignment if clauses.empty?
+
+        # Check for empty clause (conflict)
+        return nil if clauses.any?(&:empty?)
+
+        # Choose variable
+        var = choose_variable(clauses)
+        return assignment unless var
+
+        # Try true
+        result = dpll(propagate(clauses.dup, var, true), assignment.merge(var => true))
+        return result if result
+
+        # Try false
+        dpll(propagate(clauses.dup, var, false), assignment.merge(var => false))
+      end
+
+      def find_unit_clause(clauses)
+        clauses.each do |clause|
+          return clause.first if clause.length == 1
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def parse_literal(literal)
+        if literal.start_with?("!")
+          [literal[1..], false]
+        else
+          [literal, true]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def propagate(clauses, var, value)
+        result = []
+
+        clauses.each do |clause|
+          # If clause contains literal with matching polarity, clause is satisfied
+          satisfied = clause.any? do |lit|
+            lit_var, lit_value = parse_literal(lit)
+            lit_var == var && lit_value == value
+          end
+
+          next if satisfied
+
+          # Remove literals with opposite polarity
+          new_clause = clause.reject do |lit|
+            lit_var, lit_value = parse_literal(lit)
+            lit_var == var && lit_value != value
+          end
+
+          result << new_clause
+        end
+
+        result
+      end
+
+      def choose_variable(clauses)
+        # VSIDS-like heuristic: choose most frequent variable
+        counts = Hash.new(0)
+
+        clauses.each do |clause|
+          clause.each do |lit|
+            var, = parse_literal(lit)
+            counts[var] += 1
+          end
+        end
+
+        counts.max_by { |_, v| v }&.first
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # Type Constraint Solver
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    class ConstraintSolver
+      attr_reader :constraints, :solution, :errors
+
+      # Type hierarchy (built-in)
+      TYPE_HIERARCHY = {
+        "Integer" => ["Numeric", "Object"],
+        "Float" => ["Numeric", "Object"],
+        "Numeric" => ["Object"],
+        "String" => ["Object"],
+        "Array" => ["Enumerable", "Object"],
+        "Hash" => ["Enumerable", "Object"],
+        "Enumerable" => ["Object"],
+        "Boolean" => ["Object"],
+        "Symbol" => ["Object"],
+        "nil" => ["Object"],
+        "Object" => []
+      }.freeze
+
+      def initialize
+        @constraints = []
+        @solution = {}
+        @errors = []
+        @type_vars = {}
+      end
+
+      # Create a new type variable
+      def fresh_var(prefix = "T")
+        name = "#{prefix}#{@type_vars.length}"
+        var = TypeVar.new(name)
+        @type_vars[name] = var
+        var
+      end
+
+      # Add constraint
+      def add_constraint(constraint)
+        @constraints << constraint
+      end
+
+      # Add subtype constraint
+      def add_subtype(sub, sup)
+        add_constraint(Subtype.new(sub, sup))
+      end
+
+      # Add equality constraint
+      def add_equal(left, right)
+        add_constraint(TypeEqual.new(left, right))
+      end
+
+      # Solve all constraints
+      def solve
+        @solution = {}
+        @errors = []
+
+        # Phase 1: Unification
+        unified = unify_constraints
+
+        # Phase 2: Subtype checking
+        check_subtypes(unified) if @errors.empty?
+
+        # Phase 3: Instantiation
+        instantiate_remaining if @errors.empty?
+
+        {
+          success: @errors.empty?,
+          solution: @solution,
+          errors: @errors
+        }
+      end
+
+      # Check if type A is subtype of type B
+      def subtype?(sub, sup)
+        return true if sub == sup
+        return true if sup.to_s == "Object"
+        return true if sub.to_s == "nil" # nil is subtype of everything (nullable)
+
+        sub_name = sub.is_a?(ConcreteType) ? sub.name : sub.to_s
+        sup_name = sup.is_a?(ConcreteType) ? sup.name : sup.to_s
+
+        # Check type hierarchy
+        ancestors = TYPE_HIERARCHY[sub_name] || []
+        return true if ancestors.include?(sup_name)
+
+        # Check transitive closure
+        ancestors.any? { |a| subtype?(ConcreteType.new(a), sup) }
+      end
+
+      # Infer type from constraints
+      def infer(var)
+        @solution[var.name] || @solution[var.to_s]
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def unify_constraints
+        worklist = @constraints.dup
+
+        while (constraint = worklist.shift)
+          case constraint
+          when TypeEqual
+            result = unify(constraint.left, constraint.right)
+            if result
+              # Apply substitution to remaining constraints
+              worklist = worklist.map { |c| c.substitute(result) }
+              @solution.merge!(result)
+            else
+              @errors << "Cannot unify #{constraint.left} with #{constraint.right}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        @constraints.reject { |c| c.is_a?(TypeEqual) }
+      end
+
+      def unify(left, right)
+        return {} if left == right
+
+        # If left is type variable, bind it
+        if left.is_a?(TypeVar)
+          return nil if occurs_check(left, right)
+          return { left.name => right }
+        end
+
+        # If right is type variable, bind it
+        if right.is_a?(TypeVar)
+          return nil if occurs_check(right, left)
+          return { right.name => left }
+        end
+
+        # Both are concrete types
+        if left.is_a?(ConcreteType) && right.is_a?(ConcreteType)
+          return {} if left.name == right.name
+          return nil
+        end
+
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def occurs_check(var, type)
+        return false unless type.respond_to?(:free_variables)
+        type.free_variables.include?(var.name)
+      end
+
+      def check_subtypes(remaining_constraints)
+        remaining_constraints.each do |constraint|
+          case constraint
+          when Subtype
+            sub = resolve_type(constraint.subtype)
+            sup = resolve_type(constraint.supertype)
+
+            # Skip if either is still a TypeVar (unresolved)
+            next if sub.is_a?(TypeVar) || sup.is_a?(TypeVar)
+
+            unless subtype?(sub, sup)
+              @errors << "Type #{sub} is not a subtype of #{sup}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_type(type)
+        case type
+        when TypeVar
+          @solution[type.name] || type
+        when ConcreteType
+          type
+        else
+          ConcreteType.new(type.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def instantiate_remaining
+        @type_vars.each do |name, var|
+          next if @solution[name]
+
+          # Default to Object if no constraints
+          @solution[name] = ConcreteType.new("Object")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # Type Inference Engine using SMT
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    class TypeInferenceEngine
+      attr_reader :solver, :type_env
+
+      def initialize
+        @solver = ConstraintSolver.new
+        @type_env = {} # Variable name -> Type
+      end
+
+      # Infer types for a method
+      def infer_method(method_ir)
+        param_types = {}
+        return_type = nil
+
+        # Create type variables for parameters without annotations
+        method_ir.params.each do |param|
+          if param.type_annotation
+            param_types[param.name] = type_from_ir(param.type_annotation)
+          else
+            param_types[param.name] = @solver.fresh_var("P_#{param.name}")
+          end
+          @type_env[param.name] = param_types[param.name]
+        end
+
+        # Create type variable for return type if not annotated
+        return_type = if method_ir.return_type
+          type_from_ir(method_ir.return_type)
+        else
+          @solver.fresh_var("R_#{method_ir.name}")
+        end
+
+        # Analyze body to generate constraints
+        if method_ir.body
+          infer_body(method_ir.body, return_type)
+        end
+
+        # Solve constraints
+        result = @solver.solve
+
+        if result[:success]
+          # Build inferred signature
+          inferred_params = param_types.transform_values do |type|
+            resolve_type(type, result[:solution])
+          end
+
+          inferred_return = resolve_type(return_type, result[:solution])
+
+          {
+            success: true,
+            params: inferred_params,
+            return_type: inferred_return
+          }
+        else
+          {
+            success: false,
+            errors: result[:errors]
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Generate constraints from method body
+      def infer_body(body_ir, expected_return)
+        case body_ir
+        when IR::Block
+          body_ir.statements.each do |stmt|
+            infer_statement(stmt, expected_return)
+          end
+        when IR::Return
+          if body_ir.value
+            value_type = infer_expression(body_ir.value)
+            @solver.add_subtype(value_type, expected_return)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Infer statement
+      def infer_statement(stmt, expected_return)
+        case stmt
+        when IR::Assignment
+          value_type = infer_expression(stmt.value)
+          @type_env[stmt.target] = value_type
+
+          if stmt.type_annotation
+            annotated = type_from_ir(stmt.type_annotation)
+            @solver.add_subtype(value_type, annotated)
+          end
+        when IR::Return
+          if stmt.value
+            value_type = infer_expression(stmt.value)
+            @solver.add_subtype(value_type, expected_return)
+          end
+        when IR::Conditional
+          infer_expression(stmt.condition)
+          infer_body(stmt.then_branch, expected_return) if stmt.then_branch
+          infer_body(stmt.else_branch, expected_return) if stmt.else_branch
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Infer expression type
+      def infer_expression(expr)
+        case expr
+        when IR::Literal
+          ConcreteType.new(literal_type(expr.literal_type))
+        when IR::VariableRef
+          @type_env[expr.name] || @solver.fresh_var("V_#{expr.name}")
+        when IR::MethodCall
+          infer_method_call(expr)
+        when IR::BinaryOp
+          infer_binary_op(expr)
+        when IR::ArrayLiteral
+          infer_array_literal(expr)
+        else
+          @solver.fresh_var("E")
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def type_from_ir(ir_type)
+        case ir_type
+        when IR::SimpleType
+          ConcreteType.new(ir_type.name)
+        when IR::GenericType
+          # Simplified: just use base type for now
+          ConcreteType.new(ir_type.base)
+        when IR::UnionType
+          # Create fresh var with union constraint
+          @solver.fresh_var("U")
+        when IR::NullableType
+          # T | nil
+          @solver.fresh_var("N")
+        else
+          @solver.fresh_var("T")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_type(type, solution)
+        case type
+        when TypeVar
+          resolved = solution[type.name]
+          resolved ? resolve_type(resolved, solution) : "Object"
+        when ConcreteType
+          type.name
+        else
+          type.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def literal_type(lit_type)
+        case lit_type
+        when :string then "String"
+        when :integer then "Integer"
+        when :float then "Float"
+        when :boolean then "Boolean"
+        when :symbol then "Symbol"
+        when :nil then "nil"
+        when :array then "Array"
+        when :hash then "Hash"
+        else "Object"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def infer_method_call(call)
+        # Get receiver type
+        receiver_type = if call.receiver
+          infer_expression(call.receiver)
+        else
+          @type_env["self"] || ConcreteType.new("Object")
+        end
+
+        # Look up method return type
+        return_type = lookup_method_type(receiver_type, call.method_name)
+        return_type || @solver.fresh_var("M_#{call.method_name}")
+      end
+
+      def lookup_method_type(receiver, method)
+        # Built-in method types
+        method_types = {
+          "to_s" => ConcreteType.new("String"),
+          "to_i" => ConcreteType.new("Integer"),
+          "to_f" => ConcreteType.new("Float"),
+          "length" => ConcreteType.new("Integer"),
+          "size" => ConcreteType.new("Integer"),
+          "empty?" => ConcreteType.new("Boolean"),
+          "nil?" => ConcreteType.new("Boolean")
+        }
+
+        method_types[method.to_s]
+      end
+
+      def infer_binary_op(expr)
+        left_type = infer_expression(expr.left)
+        right_type = infer_expression(expr.right)
+
+        case expr.operator
+        when "+", "-", "*", "/", "%"
+          # Numeric operations
+          @solver.add_subtype(left_type, ConcreteType.new("Numeric"))
+          @solver.add_subtype(right_type, ConcreteType.new("Numeric"))
+          ConcreteType.new("Numeric")
+        when "==", "!=", "<", ">", "<=", ">="
+          ConcreteType.new("Boolean")
+        when "&&", "||"
+          ConcreteType.new("Boolean")
+        else
+          @solver.fresh_var("Op")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def infer_array_literal(expr)
+        if expr.elements.empty?
+          ConcreteType.new("Array")
+        else
+          element_type = @solver.fresh_var("E")
+          expr.elements.each do |elem|
+            elem_type = infer_expression(elem)
+            @solver.add_subtype(elem_type, element_type)
+          end
+          ConcreteType.new("Array")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #==========================================================================
+    # DSL for building constraints
+    #==========================================================================
+
+    module DSL
+      def var(name)
+        Variable.new(name)
+      end
+
+      def type_var(name, bounds: nil)
+        TypeVar.new(name, bounds: bounds)
+      end
+
+      def concrete(name)
+        ConcreteType.new(name)
+      end
+
+      def subtype(sub, sup)
+        Subtype.new(sub, sup)
+      end
+
+      def type_equal(left, right)
+        TypeEqual.new(left, right)
+      end
+
+      def has_property(type, prop, prop_type)
+        HasProperty.new(type, prop, prop_type)
+      end
+
+      def all(*constraints)
+        constraints.reduce { |acc, c| acc & c }
+      end
+
+      def any(*constraints)
+        constraints.reduce { |acc, c| acc | c }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end