syntax_tree 5.0.0 → 5.1.0

data/lib/syntax_tree/yarv/compiler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2287 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module SyntaxTree
+  module YARV
+    # This class is an experiment in transforming Syntax Tree nodes into their
+    # corresponding YARV instruction sequences. It attempts to mirror the
+    # behavior of RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile.
+    #
+    # You use this as with any other visitor. First you parse code into a tree,
+    # then you visit it with this compiler. Visiting the root node of the tree
+    # will return a SyntaxTree::Visitor::Compiler::InstructionSequence object.
+    # With that object you can call #to_a on it, which will return a serialized
+    # form of the instruction sequence as an array. This array _should_ mirror
+    # the array given by RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_a.
+    #
+    # As an example, here is how you would compile a single expression:
+    #
+    #     program = SyntaxTree.parse("1 + 2")
+    #     program.accept(SyntaxTree::YARV::Compiler.new).to_a
+    #
+    #     [
+    #       "YARVInstructionSequence/SimpleDataFormat",
+    #       3,
+    #       1,
+    #       1,
+    #       {:arg_size=>0, :local_size=>0, :stack_max=>2},
+    #       "<compiled>",
+    #       "<compiled>",
+    #       "<compiled>",
+    #       1,
+    #       :top,
+    #       [],
+    #       {},
+    #       [],
+    #       [
+    #         [:putobject_INT2FIX_1_],
+    #         [:putobject, 2],
+    #         [:opt_plus, {:mid=>:+, :flag=>16, :orig_argc=>1}],
+    #         [:leave]
+    #       ]
+    #     ]
+    #
+    # Note that this is the same output as calling:
+    #
+    #     RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("1 + 2").to_a
+    #
+    class Compiler < BasicVisitor
+      # This represents a set of options that can be passed to the compiler to
+      # control how it compiles the code. It mirrors the options that can be
+      # passed to RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile, except it only includes
+      # options that actually change the behavior.
+      class Options
+        def initialize(
+          frozen_string_literal: false,
+          inline_const_cache: true,
+          operands_unification: true,
+          peephole_optimization: true,
+          specialized_instruction: true,
+          tailcall_optimization: false
+        )
+          @frozen_string_literal = frozen_string_literal
+          @inline_const_cache = inline_const_cache
+          @operands_unification = operands_unification
+          @peephole_optimization = peephole_optimization
+          @specialized_instruction = specialized_instruction
+          @tailcall_optimization = tailcall_optimization
+        end
+
+        def to_hash
+          {
+            frozen_string_literal: @frozen_string_literal,
+            inline_const_cache: @inline_const_cache,
+            operands_unification: @operands_unification,
+            peephole_optimization: @peephole_optimization,
+            specialized_instruction: @specialized_instruction,
+            tailcall_optimization: @tailcall_optimization
+          }
+        end
+
+        def frozen_string_literal!
+          @frozen_string_literal = true
+        end
+
+        def frozen_string_literal?
+          @frozen_string_literal
+        end
+
+        def inline_const_cache?
+          @inline_const_cache
+        end
+
+        def operands_unification?
+          @operands_unification
+        end
+
+        def peephole_optimization?
+          @peephole_optimization
+        end
+
+        def specialized_instruction?
+          @specialized_instruction
+        end
+
+        def tailcall_optimization?
+          @tailcall_optimization
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This visitor is responsible for converting Syntax Tree nodes into their
+      # corresponding Ruby structures. This is used to convert the operands of
+      # some instructions like putobject that push a Ruby object directly onto
+      # the stack. It is only used when the entire structure can be represented
+      # at compile-time, as opposed to constructed at run-time.
+      class RubyVisitor < BasicVisitor
+        # This error is raised whenever a node cannot be converted into a Ruby
+        # object at compile-time.
+        class CompilationError < StandardError
+        end
+
+        # This will attempt to compile the given node. If it's possible, then
+        # it will return the compiled object. Otherwise it will return nil.
+        def self.compile(node)
+          node.accept(new)
+        rescue CompilationError
+        end
+
+        def visit_array(node)
+          node.contents ? visit_all(node.contents.parts) : []
+        end
+
+        def visit_bare_assoc_hash(node)
+          node.assocs.to_h do |assoc|
+            # We can only convert regular key-value pairs. A double splat **
+            # operator means it has to be converted at run-time.
+            raise CompilationError unless assoc.is_a?(Assoc)
+            [visit(assoc.key), visit(assoc.value)]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def visit_float(node)
+          node.value.to_f
+        end
+
+        alias visit_hash visit_bare_assoc_hash
+
+        def visit_imaginary(node)
+          node.value.to_c
+        end
+
+        def visit_int(node)
+          case (value = node.value)
+          when /^0b/
+            value[2..].to_i(2)
+          when /^0o/
+            value[2..].to_i(8)
+          when /^0d/
+            value[2..].to_i
+          when /^0x/
+            value[2..].to_i(16)
+          else
+            value.to_i
+          end
+        end
+
+        def visit_label(node)
+          node.value.chomp(":").to_sym
+        end
+
+        def visit_mrhs(node)
+          visit_all(node.parts)
+        end
+
+        def visit_qsymbols(node)
+          node.elements.map { |element| visit(element).to_sym }
+        end
+
+        def visit_qwords(node)
+          visit_all(node.elements)
+        end
+
+        def visit_range(node)
+          left, right = [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)]
+          node.operator.value === ".." ? left..right : left...right
+        end
+
+        def visit_rational(node)
+          node.value.to_r
+        end
+
+        def visit_regexp_literal(node)
+          if node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+            Regexp.new(node.parts.first.value, visit_regexp_literal_flags(node))
+          else
+            # Any interpolation of expressions or variables will result in the
+            # regular expression being constructed at run-time.
+            raise CompilationError
+          end
+        end
+
+        # This isn't actually a visit method, though maybe it should be. It is
+        # responsible for converting the set of string options on a regular
+        # expression into its equivalent integer.
+        def visit_regexp_literal_flags(node)
+          node
+            .options
+            .chars
+            .inject(0) do |accum, option|
+              accum |
+                case option
+                when "i"
+                  Regexp::IGNORECASE
+                when "x"
+                  Regexp::EXTENDED
+                when "m"
+                  Regexp::MULTILINE
+                else
+                  raise "Unknown regexp option: #{option}"
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        def visit_symbol_literal(node)
+          node.value.value.to_sym
+        end
+
+        def visit_symbols(node)
+          node.elements.map { |element| visit(element).to_sym }
+        end
+
+        def visit_tstring_content(node)
+          node.value
+        end
+
+        def visit_var_ref(node)
+          raise CompilationError unless node.value.is_a?(Kw)
+
+          case node.value.value
+          when "nil"
+            nil
+          when "true"
+            true
+          when "false"
+            false
+          else
+            raise CompilationError
+          end
+        end
+
+        def visit_word(node)
+          if node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+            node.parts.first.value
+          else
+            # Any interpolation of expressions or variables will result in the
+            # string being constructed at run-time.
+            raise CompilationError
+          end
+        end
+
+        def visit_words(node)
+          visit_all(node.elements)
+        end
+
+        def visit_unsupported(_node)
+          raise CompilationError
+        end
+
+        # Please forgive the metaprogramming here. This is used to create visit
+        # methods for every node that we did not explicitly handle. By default
+        # each of these methods will raise a CompilationError.
+        handled = instance_methods(false)
+        (Visitor.instance_methods(false) - handled).each do |method|
+          alias_method method, :visit_unsupported
+        end
+      end
+
+      # These options mirror the compilation options that we currently support
+      # that can be also passed to RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile.
+      attr_reader :options
+
+      # The current instruction sequence that is being compiled.
+      attr_reader :iseq
+
+      # A boolean to track if we're currently compiling the last statement
+      # within a set of statements. This information is necessary to determine
+      # if we need to return the value of the last statement.
+      attr_reader :last_statement
+
+      def initialize(options)
+        @options = options
+        @iseq = nil
+        @last_statement = false
+      end
+
+      def visit_BEGIN(node)
+        visit(node.statements)
+      end
+
+      def visit_CHAR(node)
+        if options.frozen_string_literal?
+          iseq.putobject(node.value[1..])
+        else
+          iseq.putstring(node.value[1..])
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_END(node)
+        once_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.block_child_iseq(node.location)) do
+            postexe_iseq =
+              with_child_iseq(iseq.block_child_iseq(node.location)) do
+                iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL)
+
+                *statements, last_statement = node.statements.body
+                visit_all(statements)
+                with_last_statement { visit(last_statement) }
+
+                iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)
+                iseq.leave
+              end
+
+            iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+            iseq.send(
+              YARV.calldata(:"core#set_postexe", 0, CallData::CALL_FCALL),
+              postexe_iseq
+            )
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        iseq.once(once_iseq, iseq.inline_storage)
+        iseq.pop
+      end
+
+      def visit_alias(node)
+        iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+        iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CBASE)
+        visit(node.left)
+        visit(node.right)
+        iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#set_method_alias", 3))
+      end
+
+      def visit_aref(node)
+        calldata = YARV.calldata(:[], 1)
+        visit(node.collection)
+
+        if !options.frozen_string_literal? &&
+             options.specialized_instruction? && (node.index.parts.length == 1)
+          arg = node.index.parts.first
+
+          if arg.is_a?(StringLiteral) && (arg.parts.length == 1)
+            string_part = arg.parts.first
+
+            if string_part.is_a?(TStringContent)
+              iseq.opt_aref_with(string_part.value, calldata)
+              return
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        visit(node.index)
+        iseq.send(calldata)
+      end
+
+      def visit_arg_block(node)
+        visit(node.value)
+      end
+
+      def visit_arg_paren(node)
+        visit(node.arguments)
+      end
+
+      def visit_arg_star(node)
+        visit(node.value)
+        iseq.splatarray(false)
+      end
+
+      def visit_args(node)
+        visit_all(node.parts)
+      end
+
+      def visit_array(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duparray(compiled)
+        elsif node.contents && node.contents.parts.length == 1 &&
+              node.contents.parts.first.is_a?(BareAssocHash) &&
+              node.contents.parts.first.assocs.length == 1 &&
+              node.contents.parts.first.assocs.first.is_a?(AssocSplat)
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.newhash(0)
+          visit(node.contents.parts.first)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#hash_merge_kwd", 2))
+          iseq.newarraykwsplat(1)
+        else
+          length = 0
+
+          node.contents.parts.each do |part|
+            if part.is_a?(ArgStar)
+              if length > 0
+                iseq.newarray(length)
+                length = 0
+              end
+
+              visit(part.value)
+              iseq.concatarray
+            else
+              visit(part)
+              length += 1
+            end
+          end
+
+          iseq.newarray(length) if length > 0
+          iseq.concatarray if length > 0 && length != node.contents.parts.length
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_aryptn(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_assign(node)
+        case node.target
+        when ARefField
+          calldata = YARV.calldata(:[]=, 2)
+
+          if !options.frozen_string_literal? &&
+               options.specialized_instruction? &&
+               (node.target.index.parts.length == 1)
+            arg = node.target.index.parts.first
+
+            if arg.is_a?(StringLiteral) && (arg.parts.length == 1)
+              string_part = arg.parts.first
+
+              if string_part.is_a?(TStringContent)
+                visit(node.target.collection)
+                visit(node.value)
+                iseq.swap
+                iseq.topn(1)
+                iseq.opt_aset_with(string_part.value, calldata)
+                iseq.pop
+                return
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          iseq.putnil
+          visit(node.target.collection)
+          visit(node.target.index)
+          visit(node.value)
+          iseq.setn(3)
+          iseq.send(calldata)
+          iseq.pop
+        when ConstPathField
+          names = constant_names(node.target)
+          name = names.pop
+
+          if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.2"
+            iseq.opt_getconstant_path(names)
+            visit(node.value)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.topn(1)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.setconstant(name)
+          else
+            visit(node.value)
+            iseq.dup if last_statement?
+            iseq.opt_getconstant_path(names)
+            iseq.setconstant(name)
+          end
+        when Field
+          iseq.putnil
+          visit(node.target)
+          visit(node.value)
+          iseq.setn(2)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"#{node.target.name.value}=", 1))
+          iseq.pop
+        when TopConstField
+          name = node.target.constant.value.to_sym
+
+          if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.2"
+            iseq.putobject(Object)
+            visit(node.value)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.topn(1)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.setconstant(name)
+          else
+            visit(node.value)
+            iseq.dup if last_statement?
+            iseq.putobject(Object)
+            iseq.setconstant(name)
+          end
+        when VarField
+          visit(node.value)
+          iseq.dup if last_statement?
+
+          case node.target.value
+          when Const
+            iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CONST_BASE)
+            iseq.setconstant(node.target.value.value.to_sym)
+          when CVar
+            iseq.setclassvariable(node.target.value.value.to_sym)
+          when GVar
+            iseq.setglobal(node.target.value.value.to_sym)
+          when Ident
+            lookup = visit(node.target)
+
+            if lookup.local.is_a?(LocalTable::BlockLocal)
+              iseq.setblockparam(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+            else
+              iseq.setlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+            end
+          when IVar
+            iseq.setinstancevariable(node.target.value.value.to_sym)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_assoc(node)
+        visit(node.key)
+        visit(node.value)
+      end
+
+      def visit_assoc_splat(node)
+        visit(node.value)
+      end
+
+      def visit_backref(node)
+        iseq.getspecial(GetSpecial::SVAR_BACKREF, node.value[1..].to_i << 1)
+      end
+
+      def visit_bare_assoc_hash(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duphash(compiled)
+        else
+          visit_all(node.assocs)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_begin(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_binary(node)
+        case node.operator
+        when :"&&"
+          done_label = iseq.label
+
+          visit(node.left)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.branchunless(done_label)
+
+          iseq.pop
+          visit(node.right)
+          iseq.push(done_label)
+        when :"||"
+          visit(node.left)
+          iseq.dup
+
+          skip_right_label = iseq.label
+          iseq.branchif(skip_right_label)
+          iseq.pop
+
+          visit(node.right)
+          iseq.push(skip_right_label)
+        else
+          visit(node.left)
+          visit(node.right)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(node.operator, 1))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_block(node)
+        with_child_iseq(iseq.block_child_iseq(node.location)) do
+          iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL)
+          visit(node.block_var)
+          visit(node.bodystmt)
+          iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)
+          iseq.leave
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_block_var(node)
+        params = node.params
+
+        if params.requireds.length == 1 && params.optionals.empty? &&
+             !params.rest && params.posts.empty? && params.keywords.empty? &&
+             !params.keyword_rest && !params.block
+          iseq.argument_options[:ambiguous_param0] = true
+        end
+
+        visit(node.params)
+
+        node.locals.each { |local| iseq.local_table.plain(local.value.to_sym) }
+      end
+
+      def visit_blockarg(node)
+        iseq.argument_options[:block_start] = iseq.argument_size
+        iseq.local_table.block(node.name.value.to_sym)
+        iseq.argument_size += 1
+      end
+
+      def visit_bodystmt(node)
+        visit(node.statements)
+      end
+
+      def visit_break(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_call(node)
+        if node.is_a?(CallNode)
+          return(
+            visit_call(
+              CommandCall.new(
+                receiver: node.receiver,
+                operator: node.operator,
+                message: node.message,
+                arguments: node.arguments,
+                block: nil,
+                location: node.location
+              )
+            )
+          )
+        end
+
+        # Track whether or not this is a method call on a block proxy receiver.
+        # If it is, we can potentially do tailcall optimizations on it.
+        block_receiver = false
+
+        if node.receiver
+          if node.receiver.is_a?(VarRef)
+            lookup = iseq.local_variable(node.receiver.value.value.to_sym)
+
+            if lookup.local.is_a?(LocalTable::BlockLocal)
+              iseq.getblockparamproxy(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+              block_receiver = true
+            else
+              visit(node.receiver)
+            end
+          else
+            visit(node.receiver)
+          end
+        else
+          iseq.putself
+        end
+
+        after_call_label = nil
+        if node.operator&.value == "&."
+          iseq.dup
+          after_call_label = iseq.label
+          iseq.branchnil(after_call_label)
+        end
+
+        arg_parts = argument_parts(node.arguments)
+        argc = arg_parts.length
+        flag = 0
+
+        arg_parts.each do |arg_part|
+          case arg_part
+          when ArgBlock
+            argc -= 1
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG
+            visit(arg_part)
+          when ArgStar
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_ARGS_SPLAT
+            visit(arg_part)
+          when ArgsForward
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_TAILCALL if options.tailcall_optimization?
+
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_ARGS_SPLAT
+            lookup = iseq.local_table.find(:*)
+            iseq.getlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+            iseq.splatarray(arg_parts.length != 1)
+
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG
+            lookup = iseq.local_table.find(:&)
+            iseq.getblockparamproxy(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+          when BareAssocHash
+            flag |= CallData::CALL_KW_SPLAT
+            visit(arg_part)
+          else
+            visit(arg_part)
+          end
+        end
+
+        block_iseq = visit(node.block) if node.block
+
+        # If there's no block and we don't already have any special flags set,
+        # then we can safely call this simple arguments. Note that has to be the
+        # first flag we set after looking at the arguments to get the flags
+        # correct.
+        flag |= CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE if block_iseq.nil? && flag == 0
+
+        # If there's no receiver, then this is an "fcall".
+        flag |= CallData::CALL_FCALL if node.receiver.nil?
+
+        # If we're calling a method on the passed block object and we have
+        # tailcall optimizations turned on, then we can set the tailcall flag.
+        if block_receiver && options.tailcall_optimization?
+          flag |= CallData::CALL_TAILCALL
+        end
+
+        iseq.send(
+          YARV.calldata(node.message.value.to_sym, argc, flag),
+          block_iseq
+        )
+        iseq.event(after_call_label) if after_call_label
+      end
+
+      def visit_case(node)
+        visit(node.value) if node.value
+
+        clauses = []
+        else_clause = nil
+        current = node.consequent
+
+        while current
+          clauses << current
+
+          if (current = current.consequent).is_a?(Else)
+            else_clause = current
+            break
+          end
+        end
+
+        branches =
+          clauses.map do |clause|
+            visit(clause.arguments)
+            iseq.topn(1)
+            iseq.send(
+              YARV.calldata(
+                :===,
+                1,
+                CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE
+              )
+            )
+
+            label = iseq.label
+            iseq.branchif(label)
+            [clause, label]
+          end
+
+        iseq.pop
+        else_clause ? visit(else_clause) : iseq.putnil
+        iseq.leave
+
+        branches.each_with_index do |(clause, label), index|
+          iseq.leave if index != 0
+          iseq.push(label)
+          iseq.pop
+          visit(clause)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_class(node)
+        name = node.constant.constant.value.to_sym
+        class_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.class_child_iseq(name, node.location)) do
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_CLASS)
+            visit(node.bodystmt)
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_END)
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        flags = DefineClass::TYPE_CLASS
+
+        case node.constant
+        when ConstPathRef
+          flags |= DefineClass::FLAG_SCOPED
+          visit(node.constant.parent)
+        when ConstRef
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CONST_BASE)
+        when TopConstRef
+          flags |= DefineClass::FLAG_SCOPED
+          iseq.putobject(Object)
+        end
+
+        if node.superclass
+          flags |= DefineClass::FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS
+          visit(node.superclass)
+        else
+          iseq.putnil
+        end
+
+        iseq.defineclass(name, class_iseq, flags)
+      end
+
+      def visit_command(node)
+        visit_call(
+          CommandCall.new(
+            receiver: nil,
+            operator: nil,
+            message: node.message,
+            arguments: node.arguments,
+            block: node.block,
+            location: node.location
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_command_call(node)
+        visit_call(
+          CommandCall.new(
+            receiver: node.receiver,
+            operator: node.operator,
+            message: node.message,
+            arguments: node.arguments,
+            block: node.block,
+            location: node.location
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_const_path_field(node)
+        visit(node.parent)
+      end
+
+      def visit_const_path_ref(node)
+        names = constant_names(node)
+        iseq.opt_getconstant_path(names)
+      end
+
+      def visit_def(node)
+        name = node.name.value.to_sym
+        method_iseq = iseq.method_child_iseq(name.to_s, node.location)
+
+        with_child_iseq(method_iseq) do
+          visit(node.params) if node.params
+          iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_CALL)
+          visit(node.bodystmt)
+          iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_RETURN)
+          iseq.leave
+        end
+
+        if node.target
+          visit(node.target)
+          iseq.definesmethod(name, method_iseq)
+        else
+          iseq.definemethod(name, method_iseq)
+        end
+
+        iseq.putobject(name)
+      end
+
+      def visit_defined(node)
+        case node.value
+        when Assign
+          # If we're assigning to a local variable, then we need to make sure
+          # that we put it into the local table.
+          if node.value.target.is_a?(VarField) &&
+               node.value.target.value.is_a?(Ident)
+            iseq.local_table.plain(node.value.target.value.value.to_sym)
+          end
+
+          iseq.putobject("assignment")
+        when VarRef
+          value = node.value.value
+          name = value.value.to_sym
+
+          case value
+          when Const
+            iseq.putnil
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CONST, name, "constant")
+          when CVar
+            iseq.putnil
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CVAR, name, "class variable")
+          when GVar
+            iseq.putnil
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_GVAR, name, "global-variable")
+          when Ident
+            iseq.putobject("local-variable")
+          when IVar
+            iseq.putnil
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_IVAR, name, "instance-variable")
+          when Kw
+            case name
+            when :false
+              iseq.putobject("false")
+            when :nil
+              iseq.putobject("nil")
+            when :self
+              iseq.putobject("self")
+            when :true
+              iseq.putobject("true")
+            end
+          end
+        when VCall
+          iseq.putself
+
+          name = node.value.value.value.to_sym
+          iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_FUNC, name, "method")
+        when YieldNode
+          iseq.putnil
+          iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_YIELD, false, "yield")
+        when ZSuper
+          iseq.putnil
+          iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_ZSUPER, false, "super")
+        else
+          iseq.putobject("expression")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_dyna_symbol(node)
+        if node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+          iseq.putobject(node.parts.first.value.to_sym)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_else(node)
+        visit(node.statements)
+        iseq.pop unless last_statement?
+      end
+
+      def visit_elsif(node)
+        visit_if(
+          IfNode.new(
+            predicate: node.predicate,
+            statements: node.statements,
+            consequent: node.consequent,
+            location: node.location
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_ensure(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_field(node)
+        visit(node.parent)
+      end
+
+      def visit_float(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_fndptn(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_for(node)
+        visit(node.collection)
+
+        name = node.index.value.value.to_sym
+        iseq.local_table.plain(name)
+
+        block_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.block_child_iseq(node.statements.location)) do
+            iseq.argument_options[:lead_num] ||= 0
+            iseq.argument_options[:lead_num] += 1
+            iseq.argument_options[:ambiguous_param0] = true
+
+            iseq.argument_size += 1
+            iseq.local_table.plain(2)
+
+            iseq.getlocal(0, 0)
+
+            local_variable = iseq.local_variable(name)
+            iseq.setlocal(local_variable.index, local_variable.level)
+
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL)
+            iseq.nop
+
+            visit(node.statements)
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:each, 0, 0), block_iseq)
+      end
+
+      def visit_hash(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duphash(compiled)
+        else
+          visit_all(node.assocs)
+          iseq.newhash(node.assocs.length * 2)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_hshptn(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_heredoc(node)
+        if node.beginning.value.end_with?("`")
+          visit_xstring_literal(node)
+        elsif node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+          visit(node.parts.first)
+        else
+          length = visit_string_parts(node)
+          iseq.concatstrings(length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_if(node)
+        if node.predicate.is_a?(RangeNode)
+          true_label = iseq.label
+          false_label = iseq.label
+          end_label = iseq.label
+
+          iseq.getspecial(GetSpecial::SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START, 0)
+          iseq.branchif(true_label)
+
+          visit(node.predicate.left)
+          iseq.branchunless(end_label)
+
+          iseq.putobject(true)
+          iseq.setspecial(GetSpecial::SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START)
+
+          iseq.push(true_label)
+          visit(node.predicate.right)
+          iseq.branchunless(false_label)
+
+          iseq.putobject(false)
+          iseq.setspecial(GetSpecial::SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START)
+
+          iseq.push(false_label)
+          visit(node.statements)
+          iseq.leave
+          iseq.push(end_label)
+          iseq.putnil
+        else
+          consequent_label = iseq.label
+
+          visit(node.predicate)
+          iseq.branchunless(consequent_label)
+          visit(node.statements)
+
+          if last_statement?
+            iseq.leave
+            iseq.push(consequent_label)
+            node.consequent ? visit(node.consequent) : iseq.putnil
+          else
+            iseq.pop
+
+            if node.consequent
+              done_label = iseq.label
+              iseq.jump(done_label)
+              iseq.push(consequent_label)
+              visit(node.consequent)
+              iseq.push(done_label)
+            else
+              iseq.push(consequent_label)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_if_op(node)
+        visit_if(
+          IfNode.new(
+            predicate: node.predicate,
+            statements: node.truthy,
+            consequent:
+              Else.new(
+                keyword: Kw.new(value: "else", location: Location.default),
+                statements: node.falsy,
+                location: Location.default
+              ),
+            location: Location.default
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_imaginary(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_int(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_kwrest_param(node)
+        iseq.argument_options[:kwrest] = iseq.argument_size
+        iseq.argument_size += 1
+        iseq.local_table.plain(node.name.value.to_sym)
+      end
+
+      def visit_label(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_lambda(node)
+        lambda_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.block_child_iseq(node.location)) do
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL)
+            visit(node.params)
+            visit(node.statements)
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN)
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+        iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:lambda, 0, CallData::CALL_FCALL), lambda_iseq)
+      end
+
+      def visit_lambda_var(node)
+        visit_block_var(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_massign(node)
+        visit(node.value)
+        iseq.dup
+        visit(node.target)
+      end
+
+      def visit_method_add_block(node)
+        visit_call(
+          CommandCall.new(
+            receiver: node.call.receiver,
+            operator: node.call.operator,
+            message: node.call.message,
+            arguments: node.call.arguments,
+            block: node.block,
+            location: node.location
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_mlhs(node)
+        lookups = []
+        node.parts.each do |part|
+          case part
+          when VarField
+            lookups << visit(part)
+          end
+        end
+
+        iseq.expandarray(lookups.length, 0)
+        lookups.each { |lookup| iseq.setlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level) }
+      end
+
+      def visit_module(node)
+        name = node.constant.constant.value.to_sym
+        module_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.module_child_iseq(name, node.location)) do
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_CLASS)
+            visit(node.bodystmt)
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_END)
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        flags = DefineClass::TYPE_MODULE
+
+        case node.constant
+        when ConstPathRef
+          flags |= DefineClass::FLAG_SCOPED
+          visit(node.constant.parent)
+        when ConstRef
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CONST_BASE)
+        when TopConstRef
+          flags |= DefineClass::FLAG_SCOPED
+          iseq.putobject(Object)
+        end
+
+        iseq.putnil
+        iseq.defineclass(name, module_iseq, flags)
+      end
+
+      def visit_mrhs(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duparray(compiled)
+        else
+          visit_all(node.parts)
+          iseq.newarray(node.parts.length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_next(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_not(node)
+        visit(node.statement)
+        iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:!))
+      end
+
+      def visit_opassign(node)
+        flag = CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE
+        if node.target.is_a?(ConstPathField) || node.target.is_a?(TopConstField)
+          flag |= CallData::CALL_FCALL
+        end
+
+        case (operator = node.operator.value.chomp("=").to_sym)
+        when :"&&"
+          done_label = iseq.label
+
+          with_opassign(node) do
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.branchunless(done_label)
+            iseq.pop
+            visit(node.value)
+          end
+
+          case node.target
+          when ARefField
+            iseq.leave
+            iseq.push(done_label)
+            iseq.setn(3)
+            iseq.adjuststack(3)
+          when ConstPathField, TopConstField
+            iseq.push(done_label)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.pop
+          else
+            iseq.push(done_label)
+          end
+        when :"||"
+          if node.target.is_a?(ConstPathField) ||
+               node.target.is_a?(TopConstField)
+            opassign_defined(node)
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.pop
+          elsif node.target.is_a?(VarField) &&
+                [Const, CVar, GVar].include?(node.target.value.class)
+            opassign_defined(node)
+          else
+            skip_value_label = iseq.label
+
+            with_opassign(node) do
+              iseq.dup
+              iseq.branchif(skip_value_label)
+              iseq.pop
+              visit(node.value)
+            end
+
+            if node.target.is_a?(ARefField)
+              iseq.leave
+              iseq.push(skip_value_label)
+              iseq.setn(3)
+              iseq.adjuststack(3)
+            else
+              iseq.push(skip_value_label)
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          with_opassign(node) do
+            visit(node.value)
+            iseq.send(YARV.calldata(operator, 1, flag))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_params(node)
+        if node.requireds.any?
+          iseq.argument_options[:lead_num] = 0
+
+          node.requireds.each do |required|
+            iseq.local_table.plain(required.value.to_sym)
+            iseq.argument_size += 1
+            iseq.argument_options[:lead_num] += 1
+          end
+        end
+
+        node.optionals.each do |(optional, value)|
+          index = iseq.local_table.size
+          name = optional.value.to_sym
+
+          iseq.local_table.plain(name)
+          iseq.argument_size += 1
+
+          unless iseq.argument_options.key?(:opt)
+            start_label = iseq.label
+            iseq.push(start_label)
+            iseq.argument_options[:opt] = [start_label]
+          end
+
+          visit(value)
+          iseq.setlocal(index, 0)
+
+          arg_given_label = iseq.label
+          iseq.push(arg_given_label)
+          iseq.argument_options[:opt] << arg_given_label
+        end
+
+        visit(node.rest) if node.rest
+
+        if node.posts.any?
+          iseq.argument_options[:post_start] = iseq.argument_size
+          iseq.argument_options[:post_num] = 0
+
+          node.posts.each do |post|
+            iseq.local_table.plain(post.value.to_sym)
+            iseq.argument_size += 1
+            iseq.argument_options[:post_num] += 1
+          end
+        end
+
+        if node.keywords.any?
+          iseq.argument_options[:kwbits] = 0
+          iseq.argument_options[:keyword] = []
+
+          keyword_bits_name = node.keyword_rest ? 3 : 2
+          iseq.argument_size += 1
+          keyword_bits_index = iseq.local_table.locals.size + node.keywords.size
+
+          node.keywords.each_with_index do |(keyword, value), keyword_index|
+            name = keyword.value.chomp(":").to_sym
+            index = iseq.local_table.size
+
+            iseq.local_table.plain(name)
+            iseq.argument_size += 1
+            iseq.argument_options[:kwbits] += 1
+
+            if value.nil?
+              iseq.argument_options[:keyword] << name
+            elsif (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(value))
+              iseq.argument_options[:keyword] << [name, compiled]
+            else
+              skip_value_label = iseq.label
+
+              iseq.argument_options[:keyword] << [name]
+              iseq.checkkeyword(keyword_bits_index, keyword_index)
+              iseq.branchif(skip_value_label)
+              visit(value)
+              iseq.setlocal(index, 0)
+              iseq.push(skip_value_label)
+            end
+          end
+
+          iseq.local_table.plain(keyword_bits_name)
+        end
+
+        if node.keyword_rest.is_a?(ArgsForward)
+          if RUBY_VERSION >= "3.2"
+            iseq.local_table.plain(:*)
+            iseq.local_table.plain(:&)
+            iseq.local_table.plain(:"...")
+
+            iseq.argument_options[:rest_start] = iseq.argument_size
+            iseq.argument_options[:block_start] = iseq.argument_size + 1
+
+            iseq.argument_size += 2
+          else
+            iseq.local_table.plain(:*)
+            iseq.local_table.plain(:&)
+
+            iseq.argument_options[:rest_start] = iseq.argument_size
+            iseq.argument_options[:block_start] = iseq.argument_size + 1
+
+            iseq.argument_size += 2
+          end
+        elsif node.keyword_rest
+          visit(node.keyword_rest)
+        end
+
+        visit(node.block) if node.block
+      end
+
+      def visit_paren(node)
+        visit(node.contents)
+      end
+
+      def visit_pinned_begin(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_pinned_var_ref(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_program(node)
+        node.statements.body.each do |statement|
+          break unless statement.is_a?(Comment)
+
+          if statement.value == "# frozen_string_literal: true"
+            options.frozen_string_literal!
+          end
+        end
+
+        preexes = []
+        statements = []
+
+        node.statements.body.each do |statement|
+          case statement
+          when Comment, EmbDoc, EndContent, VoidStmt
+            # ignore
+          when BEGINBlock
+            preexes << statement
+          else
+            statements << statement
+          end
+        end
+
+        top_iseq =
+          InstructionSequence.new(
+            :top,
+            "<compiled>",
+            nil,
+            node.location,
+            options
+          )
+
+        with_child_iseq(top_iseq) do
+          visit_all(preexes)
+
+          if statements.empty?
+            iseq.putnil
+          else
+            *statements, last_statement = statements
+            visit_all(statements)
+            with_last_statement { visit(last_statement) }
+          end
+
+          iseq.leave
+        end
+
+        top_iseq.compile!
+        top_iseq
+      end
+
+      def visit_qsymbols(node)
+        iseq.duparray(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_qwords(node)
+        if options.frozen_string_literal?
+          iseq.duparray(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+        else
+          visit_all(node.elements)
+          iseq.newarray(node.elements.length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_range(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.putobject(compiled)
+        else
+          visit(node.left)
+          visit(node.right)
+          iseq.newrange(node.operator.value == ".." ? 0 : 1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_rassign(node)
+        iseq.putnil
+
+        if node.operator.is_a?(Kw)
+          match_label = iseq.label
+
+          visit(node.value)
+          iseq.dup
+
+          visit_pattern(node.pattern, match_label)
+
+          iseq.pop
+          iseq.pop
+          iseq.putobject(false)
+          iseq.leave
+
+          iseq.push(match_label)
+          iseq.adjuststack(2)
+          iseq.putobject(true)
+        else
+          no_key_label = iseq.label
+          end_leave_label = iseq.label
+          end_label = iseq.label
+
+          iseq.putnil
+          iseq.putobject(false)
+          iseq.putnil
+          iseq.putnil
+          visit(node.value)
+          iseq.dup
+
+          visit_pattern(node.pattern, end_label)
+
+          # First we're going to push the core onto the stack, then we'll check
+          # if the value to match is truthy. If it is, we'll jump down to raise
+          # NoMatchingPatternKeyError. Otherwise we'll raise
+          # NoMatchingPatternError.
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.topn(4)
+          iseq.branchif(no_key_label)
+
+          # Here we're going to raise NoMatchingPatternError.
+          iseq.putobject(NoMatchingPatternError)
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.putobject("%p: %s")
+          iseq.topn(4)
+          iseq.topn(7)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#sprintf", 3))
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#raise", 2))
+          iseq.jump(end_leave_label)
+
+          # Here we're going to raise NoMatchingPatternKeyError.
+          iseq.push(no_key_label)
+          iseq.putobject(NoMatchingPatternKeyError)
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.putobject("%p: %s")
+          iseq.topn(4)
+          iseq.topn(7)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#sprintf", 3))
+          iseq.topn(7)
+          iseq.topn(9)
+          iseq.send(
+            YARV.calldata(:new, 1, CallData::CALL_KWARG, %i[matchee key])
+          )
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#raise", 1))
+
+          iseq.push(end_leave_label)
+          iseq.adjuststack(7)
+          iseq.putnil
+          iseq.leave
+
+          iseq.push(end_label)
+          iseq.adjuststack(6)
+          iseq.putnil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_rational(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_redo(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_regexp_literal(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.putobject(compiled)
+        else
+          flags = RubyVisitor.new.visit_regexp_literal_flags(node)
+          length = visit_string_parts(node)
+          iseq.toregexp(flags, length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_rescue(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_rescue_ex(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_rescue_mod(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_rest_param(node)
+        iseq.local_table.plain(node.name.value.to_sym)
+        iseq.argument_options[:rest_start] = iseq.argument_size
+        iseq.argument_size += 1
+      end
+
+      def visit_retry(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_return(node)
+      end
+
+      def visit_sclass(node)
+        visit(node.target)
+        iseq.putnil
+
+        singleton_iseq =
+          with_child_iseq(iseq.singleton_class_child_iseq(node.location)) do
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_CLASS)
+            visit(node.bodystmt)
+            iseq.event(:RUBY_EVENT_END)
+            iseq.leave
+          end
+
+        iseq.defineclass(
+          :singletonclass,
+          singleton_iseq,
+          DefineClass::TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_statements(node)
+        statements =
+          node.body.select do |statement|
+            case statement
+            when Comment, EmbDoc, EndContent, VoidStmt
+              false
+            else
+              true
+            end
+          end
+
+        statements.empty? ? iseq.putnil : visit_all(statements)
+      end
+
+      def visit_string_concat(node)
+        value = node.left.parts.first.value + node.right.parts.first.value
+
+        visit_string_literal(
+          StringLiteral.new(
+            parts: [TStringContent.new(value: value, location: node.location)],
+            quote: node.left.quote,
+            location: node.location
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_string_embexpr(node)
+        visit(node.statements)
+      end
+
+      def visit_string_literal(node)
+        if node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+          visit(node.parts.first)
+        else
+          length = visit_string_parts(node)
+          iseq.concatstrings(length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_super(node)
+        iseq.putself
+        visit(node.arguments)
+        iseq.invokesuper(
+          YARV.calldata(
+            nil,
+            argument_parts(node.arguments).length,
+            CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE |
+              CallData::CALL_SUPER
+          ),
+          nil
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_symbol_literal(node)
+        iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+      end
+
+      def visit_symbols(node)
+        if (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duparray(compiled)
+        else
+          node.elements.each do |element|
+            if element.parts.length == 1 &&
+                 element.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+              iseq.putobject(element.parts.first.value.to_sym)
+            else
+              length = visit_string_parts(element)
+              iseq.concatstrings(length)
+              iseq.intern
+            end
+          end
+
+          iseq.newarray(node.elements.length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_top_const_ref(node)
+        iseq.opt_getconstant_path(constant_names(node))
+      end
+
+      def visit_tstring_content(node)
+        if options.frozen_string_literal?
+          iseq.putobject(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+        else
+          iseq.putstring(node.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_unary(node)
+        method_id =
+          case node.operator
+          when "+", "-"
+            "#{node.operator}@"
+          else
+            node.operator
+          end
+
+        visit_call(
+          CommandCall.new(
+            receiver: node.statement,
+            operator: nil,
+            message: Ident.new(value: method_id, location: Location.default),
+            arguments: nil,
+            block: nil,
+            location: Location.default
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_undef(node)
+        node.symbols.each_with_index do |symbol, index|
+          iseq.pop if index != 0
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CBASE)
+          visit(symbol)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#undef_method", 2))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_unless(node)
+        statements_label = iseq.label
+
+        visit(node.predicate)
+        iseq.branchunless(statements_label)
+        node.consequent ? visit(node.consequent) : iseq.putnil
+
+        if last_statement?
+          iseq.leave
+          iseq.push(statements_label)
+          visit(node.statements)
+        else
+          iseq.pop
+
+          if node.consequent
+            done_label = iseq.label
+            iseq.jump(done_label)
+            iseq.push(statements_label)
+            visit(node.consequent)
+            iseq.push(done_label)
+          else
+            iseq.push(statements_label)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_until(node)
+        predicate_label = iseq.label
+        statements_label = iseq.label
+
+        iseq.jump(predicate_label)
+        iseq.putnil
+        iseq.pop
+        iseq.jump(predicate_label)
+
+        iseq.push(statements_label)
+        visit(node.statements)
+        iseq.pop
+
+        iseq.push(predicate_label)
+        visit(node.predicate)
+        iseq.branchunless(statements_label)
+        iseq.putnil if last_statement?
+      end
+
+      def visit_var_field(node)
+        case node.value
+        when CVar, IVar
+          name = node.value.value.to_sym
+          iseq.inline_storage_for(name)
+        when Ident
+          name = node.value.value.to_sym
+
+          if (local_variable = iseq.local_variable(name))
+            local_variable
+          else
+            iseq.local_table.plain(name)
+            iseq.local_variable(name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_var_ref(node)
+        case node.value
+        when Const
+          iseq.opt_getconstant_path(constant_names(node))
+        when CVar
+          name = node.value.value.to_sym
+          iseq.getclassvariable(name)
+        when GVar
+          iseq.getglobal(node.value.value.to_sym)
+        when Ident
+          lookup = iseq.local_variable(node.value.value.to_sym)
+
+          case lookup.local
+          when LocalTable::BlockLocal
+            iseq.getblockparam(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+          when LocalTable::PlainLocal
+            iseq.getlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+          end
+        when IVar
+          name = node.value.value.to_sym
+          iseq.getinstancevariable(name)
+        when Kw
+          case node.value.value
+          when "false"
+            iseq.putobject(false)
+          when "nil"
+            iseq.putnil
+          when "self"
+            iseq.putself
+          when "true"
+            iseq.putobject(true)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_vcall(node)
+        iseq.putself
+        iseq.send(
+          YARV.calldata(
+            node.value.value.to_sym,
+            0,
+            CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_VCALL |
+              CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_when(node)
+        visit(node.statements)
+      end
+
+      def visit_while(node)
+        predicate_label = iseq.label
+        statements_label = iseq.label
+
+        iseq.jump(predicate_label)
+        iseq.putnil
+        iseq.pop
+        iseq.jump(predicate_label)
+
+        iseq.push(statements_label)
+        visit(node.statements)
+        iseq.pop
+
+        iseq.push(predicate_label)
+        visit(node.predicate)
+        iseq.branchif(statements_label)
+        iseq.putnil if last_statement?
+      end
+
+      def visit_word(node)
+        if node.parts.length == 1 && node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+          visit(node.parts.first)
+        else
+          length = visit_string_parts(node)
+          iseq.concatstrings(length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_words(node)
+        if options.frozen_string_literal? &&
+             (compiled = RubyVisitor.compile(node))
+          iseq.duparray(compiled)
+        else
+          visit_all(node.elements)
+          iseq.newarray(node.elements.length)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_xstring_literal(node)
+        iseq.putself
+        length = visit_string_parts(node)
+        iseq.concatstrings(node.parts.length) if length > 1
+        iseq.send(
+          YARV.calldata(
+            :`,
+            1,
+            CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      def visit_yield(node)
+        parts = argument_parts(node.arguments)
+        visit_all(parts)
+        iseq.invokeblock(YARV.calldata(nil, parts.length))
+      end
+
+      def visit_zsuper(_node)
+        iseq.putself
+        iseq.invokesuper(
+          YARV.calldata(
+            nil,
+            0,
+            CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE |
+              CallData::CALL_SUPER | CallData::CALL_ZSUPER
+          ),
+          nil
+        )
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # This is a helper that is used in places where arguments may be present
+      # or they may be wrapped in parentheses. It's meant to descend down the
+      # tree and return an array of argument nodes.
+      def argument_parts(node)
+        case node
+        when nil
+          []
+        when Args
+          node.parts
+        when ArgParen
+          if node.arguments.is_a?(ArgsForward)
+            [node.arguments]
+          else
+            node.arguments.parts
+          end
+        when Paren
+          node.contents.parts
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Constant names when they are being assigned or referenced come in as a
+      # tree, but it's more convenient to work with them as an array. This
+      # method converts them into that array. This is nice because it's the
+      # operand that goes to opt_getconstant_path in Ruby 3.2.
+      def constant_names(node)
+        current = node
+        names = []
+
+        while current.is_a?(ConstPathField) || current.is_a?(ConstPathRef)
+          names.unshift(current.constant.value.to_sym)
+          current = current.parent
+        end
+
+        case current
+        when VarField, VarRef
+          names.unshift(current.value.value.to_sym)
+        when TopConstRef
+          names.unshift(current.constant.value.to_sym)
+          names.unshift(:"")
+        end
+
+        names
+      end
+
+      # For the most part when an OpAssign (operator assignment) node with a ||=
+      # operator is being compiled it's a matter of reading the target, checking
+      # if the value should be evaluated, evaluating it if so, and then writing
+      # the result back to the target.
+      #
+      # However, in certain kinds of assignments (X, ::X, X::Y, @@x, and $x) we
+      # first check if the value is defined using the defined instruction. I
+      # don't know why it is necessary, and suspect that it isn't.
+      def opassign_defined(node)
+        value_label = iseq.label
+        skip_value_label = iseq.label
+
+        case node.target
+        when ConstPathField
+          visit(node.target.parent)
+          name = node.target.constant.value.to_sym
+
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CONST_FROM, name, true)
+        when TopConstField
+          name = node.target.constant.value.to_sym
+
+          iseq.putobject(Object)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CONST_FROM, name, true)
+        when VarField
+          name = node.target.value.value.to_sym
+          iseq.putnil
+
+          case node.target.value
+          when Const
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CONST, name, true)
+          when CVar
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_CVAR, name, true)
+          when GVar
+            iseq.defined(Defined::TYPE_GVAR, name, true)
+          end
+        end
+
+        iseq.branchunless(value_label)
+
+        case node.target
+        when ConstPathField, TopConstField
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.putobject(true)
+          iseq.getconstant(name)
+        when VarField
+          case node.target.value
+          when Const
+            iseq.opt_getconstant_path(constant_names(node.target))
+          when CVar
+            iseq.getclassvariable(name)
+          when GVar
+            iseq.getglobal(name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        iseq.dup
+        iseq.branchif(skip_value_label)
+
+        iseq.pop
+        iseq.push(value_label)
+        visit(node.value)
+
+        case node.target
+        when ConstPathField, TopConstField
+          iseq.dupn(2)
+          iseq.swap
+          iseq.setconstant(name)
+        when VarField
+          iseq.dup
+
+          case node.target.value
+          when Const
+            iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CONST_BASE)
+            iseq.setconstant(name)
+          when CVar
+            iseq.setclassvariable(name)
+          when GVar
+            iseq.setglobal(name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        iseq.push(skip_value_label)
+      end
+
+      # Whenever a value is interpolated into a string-like structure, these
+      # three instructions are pushed.
+      def push_interpolate
+        iseq.dup
+        iseq.objtostring(
+          YARV.calldata(
+            :to_s,
+            0,
+            CallData::CALL_FCALL | CallData::CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE
+          )
+        )
+        iseq.anytostring
+      end
+
+      # Visit a type of pattern in a pattern match.
+      def visit_pattern(node, end_label)
+        case node
+        when AryPtn
+          length_label = iseq.label
+          match_failure_label = iseq.label
+          match_error_label = iseq.label
+
+          # If there's a constant, then check if we match against that constant
+          # or not first. Branch to failure if we don't.
+          if node.constant
+            iseq.dup
+            visit(node.constant)
+            iseq.checkmatch(CheckMatch::TYPE_CASE)
+            iseq.branchunless(match_failure_label)
+          end
+
+          # First, check if the #deconstruct cache is nil. If it is, we're going
+          # to call #deconstruct on the object and cache the result.
+          iseq.topn(2)
+          deconstruct_label = iseq.label
+          iseq.branchnil(deconstruct_label)
+
+          # Next, ensure that the cached value was cached correctly, otherwise
+          # fail the match.
+          iseq.topn(2)
+          iseq.branchunless(match_failure_label)
+
+          # Since we have a valid cached value, we can skip past the part where
+          # we call #deconstruct on the object.
+          iseq.pop
+          iseq.topn(1)
+          iseq.jump(length_label)
+
+          # Check if the object responds to #deconstruct, fail the match
+          # otherwise.
+          iseq.event(deconstruct_label)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.putobject(:deconstruct)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:respond_to?, 1))
+          iseq.setn(3)
+          iseq.branchunless(match_failure_label)
+
+          # Call #deconstruct and ensure that it's an array, raise an error
+          # otherwise.
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:deconstruct))
+          iseq.setn(2)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.checktype(CheckType::TYPE_ARRAY)
+          iseq.branchunless(match_error_label)
+
+          # Ensure that the deconstructed array has the correct size, fail the
+          # match otherwise.
+          iseq.push(length_label)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:length))
+          iseq.putobject(node.requireds.length)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:==, 1))
+          iseq.branchunless(match_failure_label)
+
+          # For each required element, check if the deconstructed array contains
+          # the element, otherwise jump out to the top-level match failure.
+          iseq.dup
+          node.requireds.each_with_index do |required, index|
+            iseq.putobject(index)
+            iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:[], 1))
+
+            case required
+            when VarField
+              lookup = visit(required)
+              iseq.setlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+            else
+              visit(required)
+              iseq.checkmatch(CheckMatch::TYPE_CASE)
+              iseq.branchunless(match_failure_label)
+            end
+
+            if index < node.requireds.length - 1
+              iseq.dup
+            else
+              iseq.pop
+              iseq.jump(end_label)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Set up the routine here to raise an error to indicate that the type
+          # of the deconstructed array was incorrect.
+          iseq.push(match_error_label)
+          iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_VMCORE)
+          iseq.putobject(TypeError)
+          iseq.putobject("deconstruct must return Array")
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:"core#raise", 2))
+          iseq.pop
+
+          # Patch all of the match failures to jump here so that we pop a final
+          # value before returning to the parent node.
+          iseq.push(match_failure_label)
+          iseq.pop
+        when VarField
+          lookup = visit(node)
+          iseq.setlocal(lookup.index, lookup.level)
+          iseq.jump(end_label)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # There are a lot of nodes in the AST that act as contains of parts of
+      # strings. This includes things like string literals, regular expressions,
+      # heredocs, etc. This method will visit all the parts of a string within
+      # those containers.
+      def visit_string_parts(node)
+        length = 0
+
+        unless node.parts.first.is_a?(TStringContent)
+          iseq.putobject("")
+          length += 1
+        end
+
+        node.parts.each do |part|
+          case part
+          when StringDVar
+            visit(part.variable)
+            push_interpolate
+          when StringEmbExpr
+            visit(part)
+            push_interpolate
+          when TStringContent
+            iseq.putobject(part.accept(RubyVisitor.new))
+          end
+
+          length += 1
+        end
+
+        length
+      end
+
+      # The current instruction sequence that we're compiling is always stored
+      # on the compiler. When we descend into a node that has its own
+      # instruction sequence, this method can be called to temporarily set the
+      # new value of the instruction sequence, yield, and then set it back.
+      def with_child_iseq(child_iseq)
+        parent_iseq = iseq
+
+        begin
+          @iseq = child_iseq
+          yield
+          child_iseq
+        ensure
+          @iseq = parent_iseq
+        end
+      end
+
+      # When we're compiling the last statement of a set of statements within a
+      # scope, the instructions sometimes change from pops to leaves. These
+      # kinds of peephole optimizations can reduce the overall number of
+      # instructions. Therefore, we keep track of whether we're compiling the
+      # last statement of a scope and allow visit methods to query that
+      # information.
+      def with_last_statement
+        previous = @last_statement
+        @last_statement = true
+
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @last_statement = previous
+        end
+      end
+
+      def last_statement?
+        @last_statement
+      end
+
+      # OpAssign nodes can have a number of different kinds of nodes as their
+      # "target" (i.e., the left-hand side of the assignment). When compiling
+      # these nodes we typically need to first fetch the current value of the
+      # variable, then perform some kind of action, then store the result back
+      # into the variable. This method handles that by first fetching the value,
+      # then yielding to the block, then storing the result.
+      def with_opassign(node)
+        case node.target
+        when ARefField
+          iseq.putnil
+          visit(node.target.collection)
+          visit(node.target.index)
+
+          iseq.dupn(2)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:[], 1))
+
+          yield
+
+          iseq.setn(3)
+          iseq.send(YARV.calldata(:[]=, 2))
+          iseq.pop
+        when ConstPathField
+          name = node.target.constant.value.to_sym
+
+          visit(node.target.parent)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.putobject(true)
+          iseq.getconstant(name)
+
+          yield
+
+          if node.operator.value == "&&="
+            iseq.dupn(2)
+          else
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.topn(1)
+          end
+
+          iseq.swap
+          iseq.setconstant(name)
+        when TopConstField
+          name = node.target.constant.value.to_sym
+
+          iseq.putobject(Object)
+          iseq.dup
+          iseq.putobject(true)
+          iseq.getconstant(name)
+
+          yield
+
+          if node.operator.value == "&&="
+            iseq.dupn(2)
+          else
+            iseq.swap
+            iseq.topn(1)
+          end
+
+          iseq.swap
+          iseq.setconstant(name)
+        when VarField
+          case node.target.value
+          when Const
+            names = constant_names(node.target)
+            iseq.opt_getconstant_path(names)
+
+            yield
+
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.putspecialobject(PutSpecialObject::OBJECT_CONST_BASE)
+            iseq.setconstant(names.last)
+          when CVar
+            name = node.target.value.value.to_sym
+            iseq.getclassvariable(name)
+
+            yield
+
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.setclassvariable(name)
+          when GVar
+            name = node.target.value.value.to_sym
+            iseq.getglobal(name)
+
+            yield
+
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.setglobal(name)
+          when Ident
+            local_variable = visit(node.target)
+            iseq.getlocal(local_variable.index, local_variable.level)
+
+            yield
+
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.setlocal(local_variable.index, local_variable.level)
+          when IVar
+            name = node.target.value.value.to_sym
+            iseq.getinstancevariable(name)
+
+            yield
+
+            iseq.dup
+            iseq.setinstancevariable(name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end