stripe 5.55.0 → 13.5.1

data/lib/stripe/stripe_client.rb

@@ -1,1060 +1,87 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "stripe/instrumentation"
+require "json"
 
 module Stripe
-  # StripeClient executes requests against the Stripe API and allows a user to
-  # recover both a resource a call returns as well as a response object that
-  # contains information on the HTTP call.
   class StripeClient
-    # A set of all known thread contexts across all threads and a mutex to
-    # synchronize global access to them.
-    @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers = Set.new
-    @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex = Mutex.new
-    @last_connection_manager_gc = Util.monotonic_time
+    # attr_readers: The beginning of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
+    attr_reader :v1
+    attr_reader :v2
 
-    # Initializes a new StripeClient
-    def initialize(config_arg = {})
-      @system_profiler = SystemProfiler.new
-      @last_request_metrics = nil
-
-      @config = case config_arg
-                when Hash
-                  Stripe.config.reverse_duplicate_merge(config_arg)
-                when Stripe::ConnectionManager
-                  # Supports accepting a connection manager object for backwards
-                  # compatibility only, and that use is DEPRECATED.
-                  Stripe.config.dup
-                when Stripe::StripeConfiguration
-                  config_arg
-                when String
-                  Stripe.config.reverse_duplicate_merge(
-                    { api_key: config_arg }
-                  )
-                else
-                  raise ArgumentError, "Can't handle argument: #{config_arg}"
-                end
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :config
-    attr_reader :options
-
-    # Gets a currently active `StripeClient`. Set for the current thread when
-    # `StripeClient#request` is being run so that API operations being executed
-    # inside of that block can find the currently active client. It's reset to
-    # the original value (hopefully `nil`) after the block ends.
-    #
-    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
-    # with future non-major changes.
-    def self.active_client
-      current_thread_context.active_client || default_client
-    end
-
-    # Finishes any active connections by closing their TCP connection and
-    # clears them from internal tracking in all connection managers across all
-    # threads.
-    #
-    # If passed a `config` object, only clear connection managers for that
-    # particular configuration.
-    #
-    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
-    # with future non-major changes.
-    def self.clear_all_connection_managers(config: nil)
-      # Just a quick path for when configuration is being set for the first
-      # time before any connections have been opened. There is technically some
-      # potential for thread raciness here, but not in a practical sense.
-      return if @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.empty?
-
-      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex.synchronize do
-        pruned_contexts = Set.new
-
-        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
-          # Note that the thread context itself is not destroyed, but we clear
-          # its connection manager and remove our reference to it. If it ever
-          # makes a new request we'll give it a new connection manager and
-          # it'll go back into `@thread_contexts_with_connection_managers`.
-          thread_context.default_connection_managers.reject! do |cm_config, cm|
-            if config.nil? || config.key == cm_config
-              cm.clear
-              true
-            end
-          end
-
-          if thread_context.default_connection_managers.empty?
-            pruned_contexts << thread_context
-          end
-        end
-
-        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.subtract(pruned_contexts)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # A default client for the current thread.
-    def self.default_client
-      current_thread_context.default_client ||= StripeClient.new(Stripe.config)
-    end
-
-    # A default connection manager for the current thread scoped to the
-    # configuration object that may be provided.
-    def self.default_connection_manager(config = Stripe.config)
-      current_thread_context.default_connection_managers[config.key] ||= begin
-        connection_manager = ConnectionManager.new(config)
-
-        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex.synchronize do
-          maybe_gc_connection_managers
-          @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers << current_thread_context
-        end
-
-        connection_manager
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Checks if an error is a problem that we should retry on. This includes
-    # both socket errors that may represent an intermittent problem and some
-    # special HTTP statuses.
-    def self.should_retry?(error,
-                           method:, num_retries:, config: Stripe.config)
-      return false if num_retries >= config.max_network_retries
-
-      case error
-      when Net::OpenTimeout, Net::ReadTimeout
-        # Retry on timeout-related problems (either on open or read).
-        true
-      when EOFError, Errno::ECONNREFUSED, Errno::ECONNRESET,
-            Errno::EHOSTUNREACH, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, SocketError
-        # Destination refused the connection, the connection was reset, or a
-        # variety of other connection failures. This could occur from a single
-        # saturated server, so retry in case it's intermittent.
-        true
-      when Stripe::StripeError
-        # The API may ask us not to retry (e.g. if doing so would be a no-op),
-        # or advise us to retry (e.g. in cases of lock timeouts). Defer to
-        # those instructions if given.
-        return false if error.http_headers["stripe-should-retry"] == "false"
-        return true if error.http_headers["stripe-should-retry"] == "true"
-
-        # 409 Conflict
-        return true if error.http_status == 409
-
-        # 429 Too Many Requests
-        #
-        # There are a few different problems that can lead to a 429. The most
-        # common is rate limiting, on which we *don't* want to retry because
-        # that'd likely contribute to more contention problems. However, some
-        # 429s are lock timeouts, which is when a request conflicted with
-        # another request or an internal process on some particular object.
-        # These 429s are safe to retry.
-        return true if error.http_status == 429 && error.code == "lock_timeout"
-
-        # 500 Internal Server Error
-        #
-        # We only bother retrying these for non-POST requests. POSTs end up
-        # being cached by the idempotency layer so there's no purpose in
-        # retrying them.
-        return true if error.http_status == 500 && method != :post
-
-        # 503 Service Unavailable
-        error.http_status == 503
-      else
-        false
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.sleep_time(num_retries, config: Stripe.config)
-      # Apply exponential backoff with initial_network_retry_delay on the
-      # number of num_retries so far as inputs. Do not allow the number to
-      # exceed max_network_retry_delay.
-      sleep_seconds = [
-        config.initial_network_retry_delay * (2**(num_retries - 1)),
-        config.max_network_retry_delay,
-      ].min
-
-      # Apply some jitter by randomizing the value in the range of
-      # (sleep_seconds / 2) to (sleep_seconds).
-      sleep_seconds *= (0.5 * (1 + rand))
-
-      # But never sleep less than the base sleep seconds.
-      [config.initial_network_retry_delay, sleep_seconds].max
-    end
-
-    # Gets the connection manager in use for the current `StripeClient`.
-    #
-    # This method is DEPRECATED and for backwards compatibility only.
-    def connection_manager
-      self.class.default_connection_manager
-    end
-    extend Gem::Deprecate
-    deprecate :connection_manager, :none, 2020, 9
-
-    # Executes the API call within the given block. Usage looks like:
-    #
-    #     client = StripeClient.new
-    #     charge, resp = client.request { Charge.create }
-    #
-    def request
-      old_stripe_client = self.class.current_thread_context.active_client
-      self.class.current_thread_context.active_client = self
-
-      if self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses&.key?(object_id)
-        raise "calls to StripeClient#request cannot be nested within a thread"
-      end
-
-      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses ||= {}
-      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id] = nil
-
-      begin
-        res = yield
-        [res, self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id]]
-      ensure
-        self.class.current_thread_context.active_client = old_stripe_client
-        self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses.delete(object_id)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def execute_request(method, path,
-                        api_base: nil, api_key: nil, headers: {}, params: {})
-      http_resp, api_key = execute_request_internal(
-        method, path, api_base, api_key, headers, params
-      )
-
-      begin
-        resp = StripeResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
-      rescue JSON::ParserError
-        raise general_api_error(http_resp.code.to_i, http_resp.body)
-      end
-
-      # If being called from `StripeClient#request`, put the last response in
-      # thread-local memory so that it can be returned to the user. Don't store
-      # anything otherwise so that we don't leak memory.
-      store_last_response(object_id, resp)
-
-      [resp, api_key]
-    end
-
-    # Executes a request and returns the body as a stream instead of converting
-    # it to a StripeObject. This should be used for any request where we expect
-    # an arbitrary binary response.
-    #
-    # A `read_body_chunk` block can be passed, which will be called repeatedly
-    # with the body chunks read from the socket.
-    #
-    # If a block is passed, a StripeHeadersOnlyResponse is returned as the
-    # block is expected to do all the necessary body processing. If no block is
-    # passed, then a StripeStreamResponse is returned containing an IO stream
-    # with the response body.
-    def execute_request_stream(method, path,
-                               api_base: nil, api_key: nil,
-                               headers: {}, params: {},
-                               &read_body_chunk_block)
-      unless block_given?
-        raise ArgumentError,
-              "execute_request_stream requires a read_body_chunk_block"
-      end
+    # attr_readers: The end of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
 
-      http_resp, api_key = execute_request_internal(
-        method, path, api_base, api_key, headers, params, &read_body_chunk_block
-      )
-
-      # When the read_body_chunk_block is given, we no longer have access to the
-      # response body at this point and so return a response object containing
-      # only the headers. This is because the body was consumed by the block.
-      resp = StripeHeadersOnlyResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
-
-      [resp, api_key]
-    end
-
-    def store_last_response(object_id, resp)
-      return unless last_response_has_key?(object_id)
-
-      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id] = resp
-    end
-
-    def last_response_has_key?(object_id)
-      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses&.key?(object_id)
-    end
-
-    #
-    # private
-    #
-
-    # Time (in seconds) that a connection manager has not been used before it's
-    # eligible for garbage collection.
-    CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_LAST_USED_EXPIRY = 120
-
-    # How often to check (in seconds) for connection managers that haven't been
-    # used in a long time and which should be garbage collected.
-    CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_PERIOD = 60
-
-    ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION =
-      "Unexpected error communicating when trying to connect to " \
-        "Stripe (%s). You may be seeing this message because your DNS is not " \
-        "working or you don't have an internet connection.  To check, try " \
-        "running `host stripe.com` from the command line."
-    ERROR_MESSAGE_SSL =
-      "Could not establish a secure connection to Stripe (%s), you " \
-        "may need to upgrade your OpenSSL version. To check, try running " \
-        "`openssl s_client -connect api.stripe.com:443` from the command " \
-        "line."
-
-    # Common error suffix sared by both connect and read timeout messages.
-    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX =
-      "Please check your internet connection and try again. " \
-        "If this problem persists, you should check Stripe's service " \
-        "status at https://status.stripe.com, or let us know at " \
-        "support@stripe.com."
-
-    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT = (
-      "Timed out connecting to Stripe (%s). " +
-      ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX
-    ).freeze
-
-    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_READ = (
-      "Timed out communicating with Stripe (%s). " +
-      ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX
-    ).freeze
-
-    # Maps types of exceptions that we're likely to see during a network
-    # request to more user-friendly messages that we put in front of people.
-    # The original error message is also appended onto the final exception for
-    # full transparency.
-    NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP = {
-      EOFError => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
-      Errno::ECONNREFUSED => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
-      Errno::ECONNRESET => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
-      Errno::EHOSTUNREACH => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
-      Errno::ETIMEDOUT => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT,
-      SocketError => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
-
-      Net::OpenTimeout => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT,
-      Net::ReadTimeout => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_READ,
-
-      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError => ERROR_MESSAGE_SSL,
-    }.freeze
-    private_constant :NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP
-
-    # A record representing any data that `StripeClient` puts into
-    # `Thread.current`. Making it a class likes this gives us a little extra
-    # type safety and lets us document what each field does.
-    #
-    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
-    # with future non-major changes.
-    class ThreadContext
-      # A `StripeClient` that's been flagged as currently active within a
-      # thread by `StripeClient#request`. A client stays active until the
-      # completion of the request block.
-      attr_accessor :active_client
-
-      # A default `StripeClient` object for the thread. Used in all cases where
-      # the user hasn't specified their own.
-      attr_accessor :default_client
-
-      # A temporary map of object IDs to responses from last executed API
-      # calls. Used to return a responses from calls to `StripeClient#request`.
-      #
-      # Stored in the thread data to make the use of a single `StripeClient`
-      # object safe across multiple threads. Stored as a map so that multiple
-      # `StripeClient` objects can run concurrently on the same thread.
-      #
-      # Responses are only left in as long as they're needed, which means
-      # they're removed as soon as a call leaves `StripeClient#request`, and
-      # because that's wrapped in an `ensure` block, they should never leave
-      # garbage in `Thread.current`.
-      attr_accessor :last_responses
-
-      # A map of connection mangers for the thread. Normally shared between
-      # all `StripeClient` objects on a particular thread, and created so as to
-      # minimize the number of open connections that an application needs.
-      def default_connection_managers
-        @default_connection_managers ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def reset_connection_managers
-        @default_connection_managers = {}
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Access data stored for `StripeClient` within the thread's current
-    # context. Returns `ThreadContext`.
-    #
     # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
     # with future non-major changes.
-    def self.current_thread_context
-      Thread.current[:stripe_client__internal_use_only] ||= ThreadContext.new
-    end
-
-    # Garbage collects connection managers that haven't been used in some time,
-    # with the idea being that we want to remove old connection managers that
-    # belong to dead threads and the like.
-    #
-    # Prefixed with `maybe_` because garbage collection will only run
-    # periodically so that we're not constantly engaged in busy work. If
-    # connection managers live a little passed their useful age it's not
-    # harmful, so it's not necessary to get them right away.
-    #
-    # For testability, returns `nil` if it didn't run and the number of
-    # connection managers that were garbage collected otherwise.
-    #
-    # IMPORTANT: This method is not thread-safe and expects to be called inside
-    # a lock on `@thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex`.
-    #
-    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
-    # with future non-major changes.
-    def self.maybe_gc_connection_managers
-      next_gc_time = @last_connection_manager_gc + CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_PERIOD
-      return nil if next_gc_time > Util.monotonic_time
-
-      last_used_threshold =
-        Util.monotonic_time - CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_LAST_USED_EXPIRY
-
-      pruned_contexts = []
-      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
-        thread_context
-          .default_connection_managers
-          .each do |config_key, connection_manager|
-            next if connection_manager.last_used > last_used_threshold
-
-            connection_manager.clear
-            thread_context.default_connection_managers.delete(config_key)
-          end
-      end
-
-      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
-        next unless thread_context.default_connection_managers.empty?
-
-        pruned_contexts << thread_context
-      end
-
-      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers -= pruned_contexts
-      @last_connection_manager_gc = Util.monotonic_time
-
-      pruned_contexts.count
-    end
-
-    private def execute_request_internal(method, path,
-                                         api_base, api_key, headers, params,
-                                         &read_body_chunk_block)
-      raise ArgumentError, "method should be a symbol" \
-      unless method.is_a?(Symbol)
-      raise ArgumentError, "path should be a string" \
-      unless path.is_a?(String)
-
-      api_base ||= config.api_base
-      api_key ||= config.api_key
-      params = Util.objects_to_ids(params)
-
-      check_api_key!(api_key)
-
-      body_params = nil
-      query_params = nil
-      case method
-      when :get, :head, :delete
-        query_params = params
-      else
-        body_params = params
-      end
-
-      query_params, path = merge_query_params(query_params, path)
-
-      headers = request_headers(api_key, method)
-                .update(Util.normalize_headers(headers))
-      url = api_url(path, api_base)
-
-      # Merge given query parameters with any already encoded in the path.
-      query = query_params ? Util.encode_parameters(query_params) : nil
-
-      # Encoding body parameters is a little more complex because we may have
-      # to send a multipart-encoded body. `body_log` is produced separately as
-      # a log-friendly variant of the encoded form. File objects are displayed
-      # as such instead of as their file contents.
-      body, body_log =
-        body_params ? encode_body(body_params, headers) : [nil, nil]
-
-      # stores information on the request we're about to make so that we don't
-      # have to pass as many parameters around for logging.
-      context = RequestLogContext.new
-      context.account         = headers["Stripe-Account"]
-      context.api_key         = api_key
-      context.api_version     = headers["Stripe-Version"]
-      context.body            = body_log
-      context.idempotency_key = headers["Idempotency-Key"]
-      context.method          = method
-      context.path            = path
-      context.query           = query
-
-      # A block can be passed in to read the content directly from the response.
-      # We want to execute this block only when the response was actually
-      # successful. When it wasn't, we defer to the standard error handling as
-      # we have to read the body and parse the error JSON.
-      response_block =
-        if block_given?
-          lambda do |response|
-            unless should_handle_as_error(response.code.to_i)
-              response.read_body(&read_body_chunk_block)
-            end
-          end
-        end
+    CLIENT_OPTIONS = Set.new(%i[api_key stripe_account stripe_context api_version api_base uploads_base connect_base meter_events_base client_id])
 
-      http_resp = execute_request_with_rescues(method, api_base, context) do
-        self.class
-            .default_connection_manager(config)
-            .execute_request(method, url,
-                             body: body,
-                             headers: headers,
-                             query: query,
-                             &response_block)
-      end
-
-      [http_resp, api_key]
-    end
-
-    private def api_url(url = "", api_base = nil)
-      (api_base || config.api_base) + url
-    end
-
-    private def check_api_key!(api_key)
+    # Initializes a new StripeClient
+    def initialize(api_key, # rubocop:todo Metrics/ParameterLists
+                   stripe_account: nil,
+                   stripe_context: nil,
+                   stripe_version: nil,
+                   api_base: nil,
+                   uploads_base: nil,
+                   connect_base: nil,
+                   meter_events_base: nil,
+                   client_id: nil)
       unless api_key
         raise AuthenticationError, "No API key provided. " \
-          'Set your API key using "Stripe.api_key = <API-KEY>". ' \
-          "You can generate API keys from the Stripe web interface. " \
-          "See https://stripe.com/api for details, or email " \
-          "support@stripe.com if you have any questions."
-      end
-
-      return unless api_key =~ /\s/
-
-      raise AuthenticationError, "Your API key is invalid, as it contains " \
-        "whitespace. (HINT: You can double-check your API key from the " \
-        "Stripe web interface. See https://stripe.com/api for details, or " \
-        "email support@stripe.com if you have any questions.)"
-    end
-
-    # Encodes a set of body parameters using multipart if `Content-Type` is set
-    # for that, or standard form-encoding otherwise. Returns the encoded body
-    # and a version of the encoded body that's safe to be logged.
-    private def encode_body(body_params, headers)
-      body = nil
-      flattened_params = Util.flatten_params(body_params)
-
-      if headers["Content-Type"] == MultipartEncoder::MULTIPART_FORM_DATA
-        body, content_type = MultipartEncoder.encode(flattened_params)
-
-        # Set a new content type that also includes the multipart boundary.
-        # See `MultipartEncoder` for details.
-        headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
-
-        # `#to_s` any complex objects like files and the like to build output
-        # that's more condusive to logging.
-        flattened_params =
-          flattened_params.map { |k, v| [k, v.is_a?(String) ? v : v.to_s] }.to_h
-
-      else
-        body = Util.encode_parameters(body_params)
-      end
-
-      # We don't use `Util.encode_parameters` partly as an optimization (to not
-      # redo work we've already done), and partly because the encoded forms of
-      # certain characters introduce a lot of visual noise and it's nice to
-      # have a clearer format for logs.
-      body_log = flattened_params.map { |k, v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.join("&")
-
-      [body, body_log]
-    end
-
-    private def should_handle_as_error(http_status)
-      http_status >= 400
-    end
-
-    private def execute_request_with_rescues(method, api_base, context)
-      num_retries = 0
-
-      begin
-        request_start = nil
-        user_data = nil
-
-        log_request(context, num_retries)
-        user_data = notify_request_begin(context)
-
-        request_start = Util.monotonic_time
-        resp = yield
-        request_duration = Util.monotonic_time - request_start
-
-        http_status = resp.code.to_i
-        context = context.dup_from_response_headers(resp)
-
-        if should_handle_as_error(http_status)
-          handle_error_response(resp, context)
-        end
-
-        log_response(context, request_start, http_status, resp.body, resp)
-        notify_request_end(context, request_duration, http_status,
-                           num_retries, user_data)
-
-        if config.enable_telemetry? && context.request_id
-          request_duration_ms = (request_duration * 1000).to_i
-          @last_request_metrics =
-            StripeRequestMetrics.new(context.request_id, request_duration_ms)
-        end
-
-      # We rescue all exceptions from a request so that we have an easy spot to
-      # implement our retry logic across the board. We'll re-raise if it's a
-      # type of exception that we didn't expect to handle.
-      rescue StandardError => e
-        # If we modify context we copy it into a new variable so as not to
-        # taint the original on a retry.
-        error_context = context
-        http_status = nil
-        request_duration = Util.monotonic_time - request_start if request_start
-
-        if e.is_a?(Stripe::StripeError)
-          error_context = context.dup_from_response_headers(e.http_headers)
-          http_status = resp.code.to_i
-          log_response(error_context, request_start,
-                       e.http_status, e.http_body, resp)
-        else
-          log_response_error(error_context, request_start, e)
-        end
-        notify_request_end(context, request_duration, http_status, num_retries,
-                           user_data)
-
-        if self.class.should_retry?(e,
-                                    method: method,
-                                    num_retries: num_retries,
-                                    config: config)
-          num_retries += 1
-          sleep self.class.sleep_time(num_retries, config: config)
-          retry
-        end
-
-        case e
-        when Stripe::StripeError
-          raise
-        when *NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP.keys
-          handle_network_error(e, error_context, num_retries, api_base)
-
-        # Only handle errors when we know we can do so, and re-raise otherwise.
-        # This should be pretty infrequent.
-        else
-          raise
-        end
-      end
-
-      resp
-    end
-
-    private def notify_request_begin(context)
-      return unless Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request_begin)
-
-      event = Instrumentation::RequestBeginEvent.new(
-        method: context.method,
-        path: context.path,
-        user_data: {}
-      )
-      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request_begin, event)
-
-      # This field may be set in the `request_begin` callback. If so, we'll
-      # forward it onto `request_end`.
-      event.user_data
-    end
-
-    private def notify_request_end(context, duration, http_status, num_retries,
-                                   user_data)
-      return if !Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request_end) &&
-                !Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request)
-
-      event = Instrumentation::RequestEndEvent.new(
-        duration: duration,
-        http_status: http_status,
-        method: context.method,
-        num_retries: num_retries,
-        path: context.path,
-        request_id: context.request_id,
-        user_data: user_data || {}
-      )
-      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request_end, event)
-
-      # The name before `request_begin` was also added. Provided for backwards
-      # compatibility.
-      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request, event)
-    end
-
-    private def general_api_error(status, body)
-      APIError.new("Invalid response object from API: #{body.inspect} " \
-                   "(HTTP response code was #{status})",
-                   http_status: status, http_body: body)
-    end
-
-    # Formats a plugin "app info" hash into a string that we can tack onto the
-    # end of a User-Agent string where it'll be fairly prominent in places like
-    # the Dashboard. Note that this formatting has been implemented to match
-    # other libraries, and shouldn't be changed without universal consensus.
-    private def format_app_info(info)
-      str = info[:name]
-      str = "#{str}/#{info[:version]}" unless info[:version].nil?
-      str = "#{str} (#{info[:url]})" unless info[:url].nil?
-      str
-    end
-
-    private def handle_error_response(http_resp, context)
-      begin
-        resp = StripeResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
-        error_data = resp.data[:error]
-
-        raise StripeError, "Indeterminate error" unless error_data
-      rescue JSON::ParserError, StripeError
-        raise general_api_error(http_resp.code.to_i, http_resp.body)
-      end
-
-      error = if error_data.is_a?(String)
-                specific_oauth_error(resp, error_data, context)
-              else
-                specific_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
-              end
-
-      error.response = resp
-      raise(error)
-    end
-
-    # Works around an edge case where we end up with both query parameters from
-    # parameteers and query parameters that were appended onto the end of the
-    # given path.
-    #
-    # Decode any parameters that were added onto the end of a path and add them
-    # to a unified query parameter hash so that all parameters end up in one
-    # place and all of them are correctly included in the final request.
-    private def merge_query_params(query_params, path)
-      u = URI.parse(path)
-
-      # Return original results if there was nothing to be found.
-      return query_params, path if u.query.nil?
-
-      query_params ||= {}
-      query_params = Hash[URI.decode_www_form(u.query)].merge(query_params)
-
-      # Reset the path minus any query parameters that were specified.
-      path = u.path
-
-      [query_params, path]
-    end
-
-    private def specific_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
-      Util.log_error("Stripe API error",
-                     status: resp.http_status,
-                     error_code: error_data[:code],
-                     error_message: error_data[:message],
-                     error_param: error_data[:param],
-                     error_type: error_data[:type],
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     request_id: context.request_id,
-                     config: config)
-
-      # The standard set of arguments that can be used to initialize most of
-      # the exceptions.
-      opts = {
-        http_body: resp.http_body,
-        http_headers: resp.http_headers,
-        http_status: resp.http_status,
-        json_body: resp.data,
-        code: error_data[:code],
-      }
-
-      case resp.http_status
-      when 400, 404
-        case error_data[:type]
-        when "idempotency_error"
-          IdempotencyError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
-        else
-          InvalidRequestError.new(
-            error_data[:message], error_data[:param],
-            **opts
-          )
-        end
-      when 401
-        AuthenticationError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
-      when 402
-        CardError.new(
-          error_data[:message], error_data[:param],
-          **opts
-        )
-      when 403
-        PermissionError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
-      when 429
-        RateLimitError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
-      else
-        APIError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Attempts to look at a response's error code and return an OAuth error if
-    # one matches. Will return `nil` if the code isn't recognized.
-    private def specific_oauth_error(resp, error_code, context)
-      description = resp.data[:error_description] || error_code
-
-      Util.log_error("Stripe OAuth error",
-                     status: resp.http_status,
-                     error_code: error_code,
-                     error_description: description,
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     request_id: context.request_id,
-                     config: config)
-
-      args = {
-        http_status: resp.http_status, http_body: resp.http_body,
-        json_body: resp.data, http_headers: resp.http_headers,
-      }
-
-      case error_code
-      when "invalid_client"
-        OAuth::InvalidClientError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      when "invalid_grant"
-        OAuth::InvalidGrantError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      when "invalid_request"
-        OAuth::InvalidRequestError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      when "invalid_scope"
-        OAuth::InvalidScopeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      when "unsupported_grant_type"
-        OAuth::UnsupportedGrantTypeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      when "unsupported_response_type"
-        OAuth::UnsupportedResponseTypeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      else
-        # We'd prefer that all errors are typed, but we create a generic
-        # OAuthError in case we run into a code that we don't recognize.
-        OAuth::OAuthError.new(error_code, description, **args)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def handle_network_error(error, context, num_retries,
-                                     api_base = nil)
-      Util.log_error("Stripe network error",
-                     error_message: error.message,
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     request_id: context.request_id,
-                     config: config)
-
-      errors, message = NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP.detect do |(e, _)|
-        error.is_a?(e)
-      end
-
-      if errors.nil?
-        message = "Unexpected error #{error.class.name} communicating " \
-          "with Stripe. Please let us know at support@stripe.com."
-      end
-
-      api_base ||= config.api_base
-      message = message % api_base
-
-      message += " Request was retried #{num_retries} times." if num_retries > 0
-
-      raise APIConnectionError,
-            message + "\n\n(Network error: #{error.message})"
-    end
-
-    private def request_headers(api_key, method)
-      user_agent = "Stripe/v1 RubyBindings/#{Stripe::VERSION}"
-      unless Stripe.app_info.nil?
-        user_agent += " " + format_app_info(Stripe.app_info)
-      end
-
-      headers = {
-        "User-Agent" => user_agent,
-        "Authorization" => "Bearer #{api_key}",
-        "Content-Type" => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
-      }
-
-      if config.enable_telemetry? && !@last_request_metrics.nil?
-        headers["X-Stripe-Client-Telemetry"] = JSON.generate(
-          last_request_metrics: @last_request_metrics.payload
-        )
-      end
-
-      # It is only safe to retry network failures on post and delete
-      # requests if we add an Idempotency-Key header
-      if %i[post delete].include?(method) && config.max_network_retries > 0
-        headers["Idempotency-Key"] ||= SecureRandom.uuid
+                                   'Set your API key using "client = Stripe::StripeClient.new(<API-KEY>)". ' \
+                                   "You can generate API keys from the Stripe web interface. " \
+                                   "See https://stripe.com/api for details, or email " \
+                                   "support@stripe.com if you have any questions."
       end
 
-      headers["Stripe-Version"] = config.api_version if config.api_version
-      headers["Stripe-Account"] = config.stripe_account if config.stripe_account
+      config_opts = {
+        api_key: api_key,
+        stripe_account: stripe_account,
+        stripe_context: stripe_context,
+        api_version: stripe_version,
+        api_base: api_base,
+        uploads_base: uploads_base,
+        connect_base: connect_base,
+        meter_events_base: meter_events_base,
+        client_id: client_id,
+      }.reject { |_k, v| v.nil? }
 
-      user_agent = @system_profiler.user_agent
-      begin
-        headers.update(
-          "X-Stripe-Client-User-Agent" => JSON.generate(user_agent)
-        )
-      rescue StandardError => e
-        headers.update(
-          "X-Stripe-Client-Raw-User-Agent" => user_agent.inspect,
-          :error => "#{e} (#{e.class})"
-        )
-      end
+      config = StripeConfiguration.client_init(config_opts)
+      @requestor = APIRequestor.new(config)
 
-      headers
+      # top-level services: The beginning of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
+      @v1 = Stripe::V1Services.new(@requestor)
+      @v2 = Stripe::V2Services.new(@requestor)
+      # top-level services: The end of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
     end
 
-    private def log_request(context, num_retries)
-      Util.log_info("Request to Stripe API",
-                    account: context.account,
-                    api_version: context.api_version,
-                    idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                    method: context.method,
-                    num_retries: num_retries,
-                    path: context.path,
-                    config: config)
-      Util.log_debug("Request details",
-                     body: context.body,
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     query: context.query,
-                     config: config,
-                     process_id: Process.pid,
-                     thread_object_id: Thread.current.object_id,
-                     log_timestamp: Util.monotonic_time)
+    def request(&block)
+      @requestor.request(&block)
     end
+    extend Gem::Deprecate
+    deprecate :request, :raw_request, 2024, 9
 
-    private def log_response(context, request_start, status, body, resp)
-      Util.log_info("Response from Stripe API",
-                    account: context.account,
-                    api_version: context.api_version,
-                    elapsed: Util.monotonic_time - request_start,
-                    idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                    method: context.method,
-                    path: context.path,
-                    request_id: context.request_id,
-                    status: status,
-                    config: config)
-      Util.log_debug("Response details",
-                     body: body,
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     request_id: context.request_id,
-                     config: config,
-                     process_id: Process.pid,
-                     thread_object_id: Thread.current.object_id,
-                     response_object_id: resp.object_id,
-                     log_timestamp: Util.monotonic_time)
+    def parse_thin_event(payload, sig_header, secret, tolerance: Webhook::DEFAULT_TOLERANCE)
+      payload = payload.force_encoding("UTF-8") if payload.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
 
-      return unless context.request_id
+      # v2 events use the same signing mechanism as v1 events
+      Webhook::Signature.verify_header(payload, sig_header, secret, tolerance: tolerance)
 
-      Util.log_debug("Dashboard link for request",
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     request_id: context.request_id,
-                     url: Util.request_id_dashboard_url(context.request_id,
-                                                        context.api_key),
-                     config: config)
-    end
+      parsed = JSON.parse(payload, symbolize_names: true)
 
-    private def log_response_error(context, request_start, error)
-      elapsed = request_start ? Util.monotonic_time - request_start : nil
-      Util.log_error("Request error",
-                     elapsed: elapsed,
-                     error_message: error.message,
-                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
-                     method: context.method,
-                     path: context.path,
-                     config: config)
+      Stripe::ThinEvent.new(parsed)
     end
 
-    # RequestLogContext stores information about a request that's begin made so
-    # that we can log certain information. It's useful because it means that we
-    # don't have to pass around as many parameters.
-    class RequestLogContext
-      attr_accessor :body
-      attr_accessor :account
-      attr_accessor :api_key
-      attr_accessor :api_version
-      attr_accessor :idempotency_key
-      attr_accessor :method
-      attr_accessor :path
-      attr_accessor :query
-      attr_accessor :request_id
+    def raw_request(method, url, base_address: :api, params: {}, opts: {})
+      opts = Util.normalize_opts(opts)
+      req_opts = RequestOptions.extract_opts_from_hash(opts)
 
-      # The idea with this method is that we might want to update some of
-      # context information because a response that we've received from the API
-      # contains information that's more authoritative than what we started
-      # with for a request. For example, we should trust whatever came back in
-      # a `Stripe-Version` header beyond what configuration information that we
-      # might have had available.
-      def dup_from_response_headers(headers)
-        context = dup
-        context.account = headers["Stripe-Account"]
-        context.api_version = headers["Stripe-Version"]
-        context.idempotency_key = headers["Idempotency-Key"]
-        context.request_id = headers["Request-Id"]
-        context
-      end
-    end
-
-    # SystemProfiler extracts information about the system that we're running
-    # in so that we can generate a rich user agent header to help debug
-    # integrations.
-    class SystemProfiler
-      def self.uname
-        if ::File.exist?("/proc/version")
-          ::File.read("/proc/version").strip
-        else
-          case RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
-          when /linux|darwin|bsd|sunos|solaris|cygwin/i
-            uname_from_system
-          when /mswin|mingw/i
-            uname_from_system_ver
-          else
-            "unknown platform"
-          end
-        end
-      end
+      resp, = @requestor.send(:execute_request_internal, method, url, base_address, params, req_opts, usage: ["raw_request"])
 
-      def self.uname_from_system
-        (`uname -a 2>/dev/null` || "").strip
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        "uname executable not found"
-      rescue Errno::ENOMEM # couldn't create subprocess
-        "uname lookup failed"
-      end
-
-      def self.uname_from_system_ver
-        (`ver` || "").strip
-      rescue Errno::ENOENT
-        "ver executable not found"
-      rescue Errno::ENOMEM # couldn't create subprocess
-        "uname lookup failed"
-      end
-
-      def initialize
-        @uname = self.class.uname
-      end
-
-      def user_agent
-        lang_version = "#{RUBY_VERSION} p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} " \
-                       "(#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
-
-        {
-          application: Stripe.app_info,
-          bindings_version: Stripe::VERSION,
-          lang: "ruby",
-          lang_version: lang_version,
-          platform: RUBY_PLATFORM,
-          engine: defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) ? RUBY_ENGINE : "",
-          publisher: "stripe",
-          uname: @uname,
-          hostname: Socket.gethostname,
-        }.delete_if { |_k, v| v.nil? }
-      end
+      @requestor.interpret_response(resp)
     end
 
-    # StripeRequestMetrics tracks metadata to be reported to stripe for metrics
-    # collection
-    class StripeRequestMetrics
-      # The Stripe request ID of the response.
-      attr_accessor :request_id
-
-      # Request duration in milliseconds
-      attr_accessor :request_duration_ms
-
-      def initialize(request_id, request_duration_ms)
-        self.request_id = request_id
-        self.request_duration_ms = request_duration_ms
-      end
-
-      def payload
-        { request_id: request_id, request_duration_ms: request_duration_ms }
-      end
+    def deserialize(data, api_mode: :v1)
+      data = JSON.parse(data) if data.is_a?(String)
+      Util.convert_to_stripe_object(data, {}, api_mode: api_mode, requestor: @requestor)
     end
   end
 end