stripe 12.7.0.pre.beta.2 → 13.0.1

data/lib/stripe/api_requestor.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "stripe/instrumentation"
+
+module Stripe
+  # APIRequestor executes requests against the Stripe API and allows a user to
+  # recover both a resource a call returns as well as a response object that
+  # contains information on the HTTP call.
+  class APIRequestor
+    # A set of all known thread contexts across all threads and a mutex to
+    # synchronize global access to them.
+    @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers = Set.new
+    @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex = Mutex.new
+    @last_connection_manager_gc = Util.monotonic_time
+
+    # Initializes a new APIRequestor
+    def initialize(config_arg = {})
+      @system_profiler = SystemProfiler.new
+      @last_request_metrics = Queue.new
+
+      @config = case config_arg
+                when Hash
+                  StripeConfiguration.new.reverse_duplicate_merge(config_arg)
+                when Stripe::StripeConfiguration
+                  config_arg
+                when String
+                  StripeConfiguration.new.reverse_duplicate_merge(
+                    { api_key: config_arg }
+                  )
+                else
+                  raise ArgumentError, "Can't handle argument: #{config_arg}"
+                end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :config, :options
+
+    # Gets a currently active `APIRequestor`. Set for the current thread when
+    # `APIRequestor#request` is being run so that API operations being executed
+    # inside of that block can find the currently active requestor. It's reset to
+    # the original value (hopefully `nil`) after the block ends.
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    def self.active_requestor
+      current_thread_context.active_requestor || default_requestor
+    end
+
+    # Finishes any active connections by closing their TCP connection and
+    # clears them from internal tracking in all connection managers across all
+    # threads.
+    #
+    # If passed a `config` object, only clear connection managers for that
+    # particular configuration.
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    def self.clear_all_connection_managers(config: nil)
+      # Just a quick path for when configuration is being set for the first
+      # time before any connections have been opened. There is technically some
+      # potential for thread raciness here, but not in a practical sense.
+      return if @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.empty?
+
+      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex.synchronize do
+        pruned_contexts = Set.new
+
+        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
+          # Note that the thread context itself is not destroyed, but we clear
+          # its connection manager and remove our reference to it. If it ever
+          # makes a new request we'll give it a new connection manager and
+          # it'll go back into `@thread_contexts_with_connection_managers`.
+          thread_context.default_connection_managers.reject! do |cm_config, cm|
+            if config.nil? || config.key == cm_config
+              cm.clear
+              true
+            end
+          end
+
+          pruned_contexts << thread_context if thread_context.default_connection_managers.empty?
+        end
+
+        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.subtract(pruned_contexts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A default requestor for the current thread.
+    def self.default_requestor
+      current_thread_context.default_requestor ||= APIRequestor.new(Stripe.config)
+    end
+
+    # A default connection manager for the current thread scoped to the
+    # configuration object that may be provided.
+    def self.default_connection_manager(config = Stripe.config)
+      current_thread_context.default_connection_managers[config.key] ||= begin
+        connection_manager = ConnectionManager.new(config)
+
+        @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex.synchronize do
+          maybe_gc_connection_managers
+          @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers << current_thread_context
+        end
+
+        connection_manager
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Checks if an error is a problem that we should retry on. This includes
+    # both socket errors that may represent an intermittent problem and some
+    # special HTTP statuses.
+    def self.should_retry?(error,
+                           num_retries:, config: Stripe.config)
+      return false if num_retries >= config.max_network_retries
+
+      case error
+      when Net::OpenTimeout, Net::ReadTimeout
+        # Retry on timeout-related problems (either on open or read).
+        true
+      when EOFError, Errno::ECONNREFUSED, Errno::ECONNRESET, # rubocop:todo Lint/DuplicateBranch
+            Errno::EHOSTUNREACH, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, SocketError
+        # Destination refused the connection, the connection was reset, or a
+        # variety of other connection failures. This could occur from a single
+        # saturated server, so retry in case it's intermittent.
+        true
+      when Stripe::StripeError
+        # The API may ask us not to retry (e.g. if doing so would be a no-op),
+        # or advise us to retry (e.g. in cases of lock timeouts). Defer to
+        # those instructions if given.
+        return false if error.http_headers["stripe-should-retry"] == "false"
+        return true if error.http_headers["stripe-should-retry"] == "true"
+
+        # 409 Conflict
+        return true if error.http_status == 409
+
+        # 429 Too Many Requests
+        #
+        # There are a few different problems that can lead to a 429. The most
+        # common is rate limiting, on which we *don't* want to retry because
+        # that'd likely contribute to more contention problems. However, some
+        # 429s are lock timeouts, which is when a request conflicted with
+        # another request or an internal process on some particular object.
+        # These 429s are safe to retry.
+        return true if error.http_status == 429 && error.code == "lock_timeout"
+
+        # Retry on 500, 503, and other internal errors.
+        #
+        # Note that we expect the stripe-should-retry header to be false
+        # in most cases when a 500 is returned, since our idempotency framework
+        # would typically replay it anyway.
+        true if error.http_status >= 500
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.sleep_time(num_retries, config: Stripe.config)
+      # Apply exponential backoff with initial_network_retry_delay on the
+      # number of num_retries so far as inputs. Do not allow the number to
+      # exceed max_network_retry_delay.
+      sleep_seconds = [
+        config.initial_network_retry_delay * (2**(num_retries - 1)),
+        config.max_network_retry_delay,
+      ].min
+
+      # Apply some jitter by randomizing the value in the range of
+      # (sleep_seconds / 2) to (sleep_seconds).
+      sleep_seconds *= (0.5 * (1 + rand))
+
+      # But never sleep less than the base sleep seconds.
+      [config.initial_network_retry_delay, sleep_seconds].max
+    end
+
+    # Executes the API call within the given block. Usage looks like:
+    #
+    #     client = APIRequestor.new
+    #     charge, resp = client.request { Charge.create }
+    #
+    def request
+      old_api_requestor = self.class.current_thread_context.active_requestor
+      self.class.current_thread_context.active_requestor = self
+
+      if self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses&.key?(object_id)
+        raise "calls to APIRequestor#request cannot be nested within a thread"
+      end
+
+      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses ||= {}
+      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id] = nil
+
+      begin
+        res = yield
+        [res, self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id]]
+      ensure
+        self.class.current_thread_context.active_requestor = old_api_requestor
+        self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses.delete(object_id)
+      end
+    end
+    extend Gem::Deprecate
+    deprecate :request, "StripeClient#raw_request", 2024, 9
+
+    def execute_request(method, path, base_address,
+                        params: {}, opts: {}, usage: [])
+      http_resp, req_opts = execute_request_internal(
+        method, path, base_address, params, opts, usage
+      )
+      req_opts = RequestOptions.extract_opts_from_hash(req_opts)
+
+      resp = interpret_response(http_resp)
+
+      # If being called from `APIRequestor#request`, put the last response in
+      # thread-local memory so that it can be returned to the user. Don't store
+      # anything otherwise so that we don't leak memory.
+      store_last_response(object_id, resp)
+
+      api_mode = Util.get_api_mode(path)
+      Util.convert_to_stripe_object_with_params(resp.data, params, RequestOptions.persistable(req_opts), resp,
+                                                api_mode: api_mode, requestor: self)
+    end
+
+    # Execute request without instantiating a new object if the relevant object's name matches the class
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    def execute_request_initialize_from(method, path, base_address, object,
+                                        params: {}, opts: {}, usage: [])
+      opts = RequestOptions.combine_opts(object.instance_variable_get(:@opts), opts)
+      opts = Util.normalize_opts(opts)
+      http_resp, req_opts = execute_request_internal(
+        method, path, base_address, params, opts, usage
+      )
+      req_opts = RequestOptions.extract_opts_from_hash(req_opts)
+
+      resp = interpret_response(http_resp)
+
+      # If being called from `APIRequestor#request`, put the last response in
+      # thread-local memory so that it can be returned to the user. Don't store
+      # anything otherwise so that we don't leak memory.
+      store_last_response(object_id, resp)
+
+      if Util.object_name_matches_class?(resp.data[:object], object.class)
+        object.send(:initialize_from,
+                    resp.data, RequestOptions.persistable(req_opts), resp,
+                    api_mode: :v1, requestor: self)
+      else
+        Util.convert_to_stripe_object_with_params(resp.data, params,
+                                                  RequestOptions.persistable(req_opts),
+                                                  resp, api_mode: :v1, requestor: self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def interpret_response(http_resp)
+      StripeResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
+    rescue JSON::ParserError
+      raise general_api_error(http_resp.code.to_i, http_resp.body)
+    end
+
+    # Executes a request and returns the body as a stream instead of converting
+    # it to a StripeObject. This should be used for any request where we expect
+    # an arbitrary binary response.
+    #
+    # A `read_body_chunk` block can be passed, which will be called repeatedly
+    # with the body chunks read from the socket.
+    #
+    # If a block is passed, a StripeHeadersOnlyResponse is returned as the
+    # block is expected to do all the necessary body processing. If no block is
+    # passed, then a StripeStreamResponse is returned containing an IO stream
+    # with the response body.
+    def execute_request_stream(method, path,
+                               base_address,
+                               params: {}, opts: {}, usage: [],
+                               &read_body_chunk_block)
+      unless block_given?
+        raise ArgumentError,
+              "execute_request_stream requires a read_body_chunk_block"
+      end
+
+      http_resp, api_key = execute_request_internal(
+        method, path, base_address, params, opts, usage, &read_body_chunk_block
+      )
+
+      # When the read_body_chunk_block is given, we no longer have access to the
+      # response body at this point and so return a response object containing
+      # only the headers. This is because the body was consumed by the block.
+      resp = StripeHeadersOnlyResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
+
+      [resp, api_key]
+    end
+
+    def store_last_response(object_id, resp)
+      return unless last_response_has_key?(object_id)
+
+      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses[object_id] = resp
+    end
+
+    def last_response_has_key?(object_id)
+      self.class.current_thread_context.last_responses&.key?(object_id)
+    end
+
+    #
+    # private
+    #
+
+    # Time (in seconds) that a connection manager has not been used before it's
+    # eligible for garbage collection.
+    CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_LAST_USED_EXPIRY = 120
+
+    # How often to check (in seconds) for connection managers that haven't been
+    # used in a long time and which should be garbage collected.
+    CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_PERIOD = 60
+
+    ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION =
+      "Unexpected error communicating when trying to connect to " \
+      "Stripe (%s). You may be seeing this message because your DNS is not " \
+      "working or you don't have an internet connection.  To check, try " \
+      "running `host stripe.com` from the command line."
+    ERROR_MESSAGE_SSL =
+      "Could not establish a secure connection to Stripe (%s), you " \
+      "may need to upgrade your OpenSSL version. To check, try running " \
+      "`openssl s_client -connect api.stripe.com:443` from the command " \
+      "line."
+
+    # Common error suffix sared by both connect and read timeout messages.
+    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX =
+      "Please check your internet connection and try again. " \
+      "If this problem persists, you should check Stripe's service " \
+      "status at https://status.stripe.com, or let us know at " \
+      "support@stripe.com."
+
+    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT = (
+      "Timed out connecting to Stripe (%s). " +
+      ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX
+    ).freeze
+
+    ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_READ = (
+      "Timed out communicating with Stripe (%s). " +
+      ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_SUFFIX
+    ).freeze
+
+    # Maps types of exceptions that we're likely to see during a network
+    # request to more user-friendly messages that we put in front of people.
+    # The original error message is also appended onto the final exception for
+    # full transparency.
+    NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP = {
+      EOFError => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
+      Errno::ECONNREFUSED => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
+      Errno::ECONNRESET => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
+      Errno::EHOSTUNREACH => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
+      Errno::ETIMEDOUT => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT,
+      SocketError => ERROR_MESSAGE_CONNECTION,
+
+      Net::OpenTimeout => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_CONNECT,
+      Net::ReadTimeout => ERROR_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_READ,
+
+      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError => ERROR_MESSAGE_SSL,
+    }.freeze
+    private_constant :NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP
+
+    # A record representing any data that `APIRequestor` puts into
+    # `Thread.current`. Making it a class likes this gives us a little extra
+    # type safety and lets us document what each field does.
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    class ThreadContext
+      # A `APIRequestor` that's been flagged as currently active within a
+      # thread by `APIRequestor#request`. A requestor stays active until the
+      # completion of the request block.
+      attr_accessor :active_requestor
+
+      # A default `APIRequestor` object for the thread. Used in all cases where
+      # the user hasn't specified their own.
+      attr_accessor :default_requestor
+
+      # A temporary map of object IDs to responses from last executed API
+      # calls. Used to return a responses from calls to `APIRequestor#request`.
+      #
+      # Stored in the thread data to make the use of a single `APIRequestor`
+      # object safe across multiple threads. Stored as a map so that multiple
+      # `APIRequestor` objects can run concurrently on the same thread.
+      #
+      # Responses are only left in as long as they're needed, which means
+      # they're removed as soon as a call leaves `APIRequestor#request`, and
+      # because that's wrapped in an `ensure` block, they should never leave
+      # garbage in `Thread.current`.
+      attr_accessor :last_responses
+
+      # A map of connection mangers for the thread. Normally shared between
+      # all `APIRequestor` objects on a particular thread, and created so as to
+      # minimize the number of open connections that an application needs.
+      def default_connection_managers
+        @default_connection_managers ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def reset_connection_managers
+        @default_connection_managers = {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Access data stored for `APIRequestor` within the thread's current
+    # context. Returns `ThreadContext`.
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    def self.current_thread_context
+      Thread.current[:api_requestor__internal_use_only] ||= ThreadContext.new
+    end
+
+    # Garbage collects connection managers that haven't been used in some time,
+    # with the idea being that we want to remove old connection managers that
+    # belong to dead threads and the like.
+    #
+    # Prefixed with `maybe_` because garbage collection will only run
+    # periodically so that we're not constantly engaged in busy work. If
+    # connection managers live a little passed their useful age it's not
+    # harmful, so it's not necessary to get them right away.
+    #
+    # For testability, returns `nil` if it didn't run and the number of
+    # connection managers that were garbage collected otherwise.
+    #
+    # IMPORTANT: This method is not thread-safe and expects to be called inside
+    # a lock on `@thread_contexts_with_connection_managers_mutex`.
+    #
+    # For internal use only. Does not provide a stable API and may be broken
+    # with future non-major changes.
+    def self.maybe_gc_connection_managers
+      next_gc_time = @last_connection_manager_gc + CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_PERIOD
+      return nil if next_gc_time > Util.monotonic_time
+
+      last_used_threshold =
+        Util.monotonic_time - CONNECTION_MANAGER_GC_LAST_USED_EXPIRY
+
+      pruned_contexts = []
+      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
+        thread_context
+          .default_connection_managers
+          .each do |config_key, connection_manager|
+            next if connection_manager.last_used > last_used_threshold
+
+            connection_manager.clear
+            thread_context.default_connection_managers.delete(config_key)
+          end
+      end
+
+      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers.each do |thread_context|
+        next unless thread_context.default_connection_managers.empty?
+
+        pruned_contexts << thread_context
+      end
+
+      @thread_contexts_with_connection_managers -= pruned_contexts
+      @last_connection_manager_gc = Util.monotonic_time
+
+      pruned_contexts.count
+    end
+
+    private def execute_request_internal(method, path,
+                                         base_address, params, opts, usage,
+                                         &read_body_chunk_block)
+      api_mode = Util.get_api_mode(path)
+      opts = RequestOptions.merge_config_and_opts(config, opts)
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "method should be a symbol" \
+      unless method.is_a?(Symbol)
+      raise ArgumentError, "path should be a string" \
+      unless path.is_a?(String)
+
+      base_url ||= config.base_addresses[base_address]
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "api_base cannot be empty" if base_url.nil? || base_url.empty?
+
+      api_key ||= opts[:api_key]
+      params = Util.objects_to_ids(params)
+
+      check_api_key!(api_key)
+
+      body_params = nil
+      query_params = nil
+      case method
+      when :get, :head, :delete
+        query_params = params
+      else
+        body_params = params
+      end
+
+      query_params, path = merge_query_params(query_params, path)
+
+      headers = request_headers(method, api_mode, opts)
+      url = api_url(path, base_url)
+
+      # Merge given query parameters with any already encoded in the path.
+      query = query_params ? Util.encode_parameters(query_params, api_mode) : nil
+
+      # Encoding body parameters is a little more complex because we may have
+      # to send a multipart-encoded body. `body_log` is produced separately as
+      # a log-friendly variant of the encoded form. File objects are displayed
+      # as such instead of as their file contents.
+      body, body_log =
+        body_params ? encode_body(body_params, headers, api_mode) : [nil, nil]
+
+      # stores information on the request we're about to make so that we don't
+      # have to pass as many parameters around for logging.
+      context = RequestLogContext.new
+      context.account         = headers["Stripe-Account"]
+      context.api_key         = api_key
+      context.api_version     = headers["Stripe-Version"]
+      context.body            = body_log
+      context.idempotency_key = headers["Idempotency-Key"]
+      context.method          = method
+      context.path            = path
+      context.query           = query
+
+      # A block can be passed in to read the content directly from the response.
+      # We want to execute this block only when the response was actually
+      # successful. When it wasn't, we defer to the standard error handling as
+      # we have to read the body and parse the error JSON.
+      response_block =
+        if block_given?
+          lambda do |response|
+            response.read_body(&read_body_chunk_block) unless should_handle_as_error(response.code.to_i)
+          end
+        end
+
+      http_resp =
+        execute_request_with_rescues(base_url, headers, api_mode, usage, context) do
+          self.class
+              .default_connection_manager(config)
+              .execute_request(method, url,
+                               body: body,
+                               headers: headers,
+                               query: query,
+                               &response_block)
+        end
+
+      [http_resp, opts]
+    end
+
+    private def api_url(url, base_url)
+      base_url + url
+    end
+
+    private def check_api_key!(api_key)
+      unless api_key
+        raise AuthenticationError, "No API key provided. " \
+                                   'Set your API key using "Stripe.api_key = <API-KEY>". ' \
+                                   "You can generate API keys from the Stripe web interface. " \
+                                   "See https://stripe.com/api for details, or email " \
+                                   "support@stripe.com if you have any questions."
+      end
+
+      return unless api_key =~ /\s/
+
+      raise AuthenticationError, "Your API key is invalid, as it contains " \
+                                 "whitespace. (HINT: You can double-check your API key from the " \
+                                 "Stripe web interface. See https://stripe.com/api for details, or " \
+                                 "email support@stripe.com if you have any questions.)"
+    end
+
+    # Encodes a set of body parameters using multipart if `Content-Type` is set
+    # for that, or standard form-encoding otherwise. Returns the encoded body
+    # and a version of the encoded body that's safe to be logged.
+    private def encode_body(body_params, headers, api_mode)
+      body = nil
+      flattened_params = Util.flatten_params(body_params, api_mode)
+
+      if headers["Content-Type"] == MultipartEncoder::MULTIPART_FORM_DATA
+        body, content_type = MultipartEncoder.encode(flattened_params)
+
+        # Set a new content type that also includes the multipart boundary.
+        # See `MultipartEncoder` for details.
+        headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+
+        # `#to_s` any complex objects like files and the like to build output
+        # that's more condusive to logging.
+        flattened_params =
+          flattened_params.map { |k, v| [k, v.is_a?(String) ? v : v.to_s] }.to_h
+
+      elsif api_mode == :v2
+        body = JSON.generate(body_params)
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+      else
+        body = Util.encode_parameters(body_params, api_mode)
+        headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+      end
+
+      body_log = if api_mode == :v2
+                   body
+                 else
+                   # We don't use `Util.encode_parameters` partly as an optimization (to
+                   # not redo work we've already done), and partly because the encoded
+                   # forms of certain characters introduce a lot of visual noise and it's
+                   # nice to have a clearer format for logs.
+                   flattened_params.map { |k, v| "#{k}=#{v}" }.join("&")
+                 end
+
+      [body, body_log]
+    end
+
+    private def should_handle_as_error(http_status)
+      http_status >= 400
+    end
+
+    private def execute_request_with_rescues(base_url, headers, api_mode, usage, context)
+      num_retries = 0
+
+      begin
+        request_start = nil
+        user_data = nil
+
+        log_request(context, num_retries)
+        user_data = notify_request_begin(context)
+
+        request_start = Util.monotonic_time
+        resp = yield
+        request_duration = Util.monotonic_time - request_start
+
+        http_status = resp.code.to_i
+        context = context.dup_from_response_headers(resp)
+
+        handle_error_response(resp, context, api_mode) if should_handle_as_error(http_status)
+
+        log_response(context, request_start, http_status, resp.body, resp)
+        notify_request_end(context, request_duration, http_status,
+                           num_retries, user_data, resp, headers)
+
+        if config.enable_telemetry? && context.request_id
+          request_duration_ms = (request_duration * 1000).to_i
+          @last_request_metrics << StripeRequestMetrics.new(context.request_id, request_duration_ms, usage: usage)
+        end
+
+      # We rescue all exceptions from a request so that we have an easy spot to
+      # implement our retry logic across the board. We'll re-raise if it's a
+      # type of exception that we didn't expect to handle.
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        # If we modify context we copy it into a new variable so as not to
+        # taint the original on a retry.
+        error_context = context
+        http_status = nil
+        request_duration = Util.monotonic_time - request_start if request_start
+
+        if e.is_a?(Stripe::StripeError)
+          error_context = context.dup_from_response_headers(e.http_headers)
+          http_status = resp.code.to_i
+          log_response(error_context, request_start,
+                       e.http_status, e.http_body, resp)
+        else
+          log_response_error(error_context, request_start, e)
+        end
+        notify_request_end(context, request_duration, http_status, num_retries,
+                           user_data, resp, headers)
+
+        if self.class.should_retry?(e,
+                                    num_retries: num_retries,
+                                    config: config)
+          num_retries += 1
+          sleep self.class.sleep_time(num_retries, config: config)
+          retry
+        end
+
+        case e
+        when Stripe::StripeError
+          raise
+        when *NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP.keys
+          handle_network_error(e, error_context, num_retries, base_url)
+
+        # Only handle errors when we know we can do so, and re-raise otherwise.
+        # This should be pretty infrequent.
+        else # rubocop:todo Lint/DuplicateBranch
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      resp
+    end
+
+    private def notify_request_begin(context)
+      return unless Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request_begin)
+
+      event = Instrumentation::RequestBeginEvent.new(
+        method: context.method,
+        path: context.path,
+        user_data: {}
+      )
+      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request_begin, event)
+
+      # This field may be set in the `request_begin` callback. If so, we'll
+      # forward it onto `request_end`.
+      event.user_data
+    end
+
+    private def notify_request_end(context, duration, http_status, num_retries,
+                                   user_data, resp, headers)
+      return if !Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request_end) &&
+                !Instrumentation.any_subscribers?(:request)
+
+      request_context = Stripe::Instrumentation::RequestContext.new(
+        duration: duration,
+        context: context,
+        header: headers
+      )
+      response_context = Stripe::Instrumentation::ResponseContext.new(
+        http_status: http_status,
+        response: resp
+      )
+
+      event = Instrumentation::RequestEndEvent.new(
+        request_context: request_context,
+        response_context: response_context,
+        num_retries: num_retries,
+        user_data: user_data || {}
+      )
+      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request_end, event)
+
+      # The name before `request_begin` was also added. Provided for backwards
+      # compatibility.
+      Stripe::Instrumentation.notify(:request, event)
+    end
+
+    private def general_api_error(status, body)
+      APIError.new("Invalid response object from API: #{body.inspect} " \
+                   "(HTTP response code was #{status})",
+                   http_status: status, http_body: body)
+    end
+
+    # Formats a plugin "app info" hash into a string that we can tack onto the
+    # end of a User-Agent string where it'll be fairly prominent in places like
+    # the Dashboard. Note that this formatting has been implemented to match
+    # other libraries, and shouldn't be changed without universal consensus.
+    private def format_app_info(info)
+      str = info[:name]
+      str = "#{str}/#{info[:version]}" unless info[:version].nil?
+      str = "#{str} (#{info[:url]})" unless info[:url].nil?
+      str
+    end
+
+    private def handle_error_response(http_resp, context, api_mode)
+      begin
+        resp = StripeResponse.from_net_http(http_resp)
+        error_data = resp.data[:error]
+
+        raise StripeError, "Indeterminate error" unless error_data
+      rescue JSON::ParserError, StripeError
+        raise general_api_error(http_resp.code.to_i, http_resp.body)
+      end
+
+      error = if error_data.is_a?(String)
+                specific_oauth_error(resp, error_data, context)
+              elsif api_mode == :v2
+                specific_v2_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
+              else
+                specific_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
+              end
+
+      error.response = resp
+      raise(error)
+    end
+
+    # Works around an edge case where we end up with both query parameters from
+    # parameteers and query parameters that were appended onto the end of the
+    # given path.
+    #
+    # Decode any parameters that were added onto the end of a path and add them
+    # to a unified query parameter hash so that all parameters end up in one
+    # place and all of them are correctly included in the final request.
+    private def merge_query_params(query_params, path)
+      u = URI.parse(path)
+
+      # Return original results if there was nothing to be found.
+      return query_params, path if u.query.nil?
+
+      query_params ||= {}
+      query_params = Hash[URI.decode_www_form(u.query)].merge(query_params)
+
+      # Reset the path minus any query parameters that were specified.
+      path = u.path
+
+      [query_params, path]
+    end
+
+    private def specific_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
+      Util.log_error("Stripe API error",
+                     status: resp.http_status,
+                     error_code: error_data[:code],
+                     error_message: error_data[:message],
+                     error_param: error_data[:param],
+                     error_type: error_data[:type],
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     config: config)
+
+      # The standard set of arguments that can be used to initialize most of
+      # the exceptions.
+      opts = {
+        http_body: resp.http_body,
+        http_headers: resp.http_headers,
+        http_status: resp.http_status,
+        json_body: resp.data,
+        code: error_data[:code],
+      }
+
+      case resp.http_status
+      when 400, 404
+        case error_data[:type]
+        when "idempotency_error"
+          IdempotencyError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+        else
+          InvalidRequestError.new(
+            error_data[:message], error_data[:param],
+            **opts
+          )
+        end
+      when 401
+        AuthenticationError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      when 402
+        CardError.new(
+          error_data[:message], error_data[:param],
+          **opts
+        )
+      when 403
+        PermissionError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      when 429
+        RateLimitError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      else
+        APIError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def specific_v2_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
+      Util.log_error("Stripe v2 API error",
+                     status: resp.http_status,
+                     error_code: error_data[:code],
+                     error_message: error_data[:message],
+                     error_param: error_data[:param],
+                     error_type: error_data[:type],
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     config: config)
+
+      # The standard set of arguments that can be used to initialize most of
+      # the exceptions.
+      opts = {
+        http_body: resp.http_body,
+        http_headers: resp.http_headers,
+        http_status: resp.http_status,
+        json_body: resp.data,
+        code: error_data[:code],
+      }
+
+      case error_data[:type]
+      when "idempotency_error"
+        IdempotencyError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      # switch cases: The beginning of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
+      when "temporary_session_expired"
+        TemporarySessionExpiredError.new(error_data[:message], **opts)
+      # switch cases: The end of the section generated from our OpenAPI spec
+      else
+        specific_api_error(resp, error_data, context)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Attempts to look at a response's error code and return an OAuth error if
+    # one matches. Will return `nil` if the code isn't recognized.
+    private def specific_oauth_error(resp, error_code, context)
+      description = resp.data[:error_description] || error_code
+
+      Util.log_error("Stripe OAuth error",
+                     status: resp.http_status,
+                     error_code: error_code,
+                     error_description: description,
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     config: config)
+
+      args = {
+        http_status: resp.http_status, http_body: resp.http_body,
+        json_body: resp.data, http_headers: resp.http_headers,
+      }
+
+      case error_code
+      when "invalid_client"
+        OAuth::InvalidClientError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      when "invalid_grant"
+        OAuth::InvalidGrantError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      when "invalid_request"
+        OAuth::InvalidRequestError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      when "invalid_scope"
+        OAuth::InvalidScopeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      when "unsupported_grant_type"
+        OAuth::UnsupportedGrantTypeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      when "unsupported_response_type"
+        OAuth::UnsupportedResponseTypeError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      else
+        # We'd prefer that all errors are typed, but we create a generic
+        # OAuthError in case we run into a code that we don't recognize.
+        OAuth::OAuthError.new(error_code, description, **args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def handle_network_error(error, context, num_retries,
+                                     base_url)
+      Util.log_error("Stripe network error",
+                     error_message: error.message,
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     config: config)
+
+      errors, message = NETWORK_ERROR_MESSAGES_MAP.detect do |(e, _)|
+        error.is_a?(e)
+      end
+
+      if errors.nil?
+        message = "Unexpected error #{error.class.name} communicating " \
+                  "with Stripe. Please let us know at support@stripe.com."
+      end
+
+      message = message % base_url
+
+      message += " Request was retried #{num_retries} times." if num_retries > 0
+
+      raise APIConnectionError,
+            message + "\n\n(Network error: #{error.message})"
+    end
+
+    private def request_headers(method, api_mode, req_opts)
+      user_agent = "Stripe/#{api_mode} RubyBindings/#{Stripe::VERSION}"
+      user_agent += " " + format_app_info(Stripe.app_info) unless Stripe.app_info.nil?
+
+      headers = {
+        "User-Agent" => user_agent,
+        "Authorization" => "Bearer #{req_opts[:api_key]}",
+      }
+
+      if config.enable_telemetry?
+        begin
+          headers["X-Stripe-Client-Telemetry"] = JSON.generate(
+            last_request_metrics: @last_request_metrics.pop(true)&.payload
+          )
+        rescue ThreadError
+          # last_request_metrics is best effort, ignore failures when queue
+          # is empty. should fail if this is the first request ever sent
+          # on a requestor
+        end
+      end
+
+      headers["Idempotency-Key"] = req_opts[:idempotency_key] if req_opts[:idempotency_key]
+      # It is only safe to retry network failures on post and delete
+      # requests if we add an Idempotency-Key header
+      if %i[post delete].include?(method) && (api_mode == :v2 || config.max_network_retries > 0)
+        headers["Idempotency-Key"] ||= SecureRandom.uuid
+      end
+
+      headers["Stripe-Version"] = req_opts[:stripe_version] if req_opts[:stripe_version]
+      headers["Stripe-Account"] = req_opts[:stripe_account] if req_opts[:stripe_account]
+      headers["Stripe-Context"] = req_opts[:stripe_context] if req_opts[:stripe_context]
+
+      user_agent = @system_profiler.user_agent
+      begin
+        headers.update(
+          "X-Stripe-Client-User-Agent" => JSON.generate(user_agent)
+        )
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        headers.update(
+          "X-Stripe-Client-Raw-User-Agent" => user_agent.inspect,
+          :error => "#{e} (#{e.class})"
+        )
+      end
+
+      headers.update(req_opts[:headers])
+    end
+
+    private def log_request(context, num_retries)
+      Util.log_info("Request to Stripe API",
+                    account: context.account,
+                    api_version: context.api_version,
+                    idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                    method: context.method,
+                    num_retries: num_retries,
+                    path: context.path,
+                    config: config)
+      Util.log_debug("Request details",
+                     body: context.body,
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     query: context.query,
+                     config: config,
+                     process_id: Process.pid,
+                     thread_object_id: Thread.current.object_id,
+                     log_timestamp: Util.monotonic_time)
+    end
+
+    private def log_response(context, request_start, status, body, resp)
+      Util.log_info("Response from Stripe API",
+                    account: context.account,
+                    api_version: context.api_version,
+                    elapsed: Util.monotonic_time - request_start,
+                    idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                    method: context.method,
+                    path: context.path,
+                    request_id: context.request_id,
+                    status: status,
+                    config: config)
+      Util.log_debug("Response details",
+                     body: body,
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     config: config,
+                     process_id: Process.pid,
+                     thread_object_id: Thread.current.object_id,
+                     response_object_id: resp.object_id,
+                     log_timestamp: Util.monotonic_time)
+
+      return unless context.request_id
+
+      Util.log_debug("Dashboard link for request",
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     request_id: context.request_id,
+                     url: Util.request_id_dashboard_url(context.request_id,
+                                                        context.api_key),
+                     config: config)
+    end
+
+    private def log_response_error(context, request_start, error)
+      elapsed = request_start ? Util.monotonic_time - request_start : nil
+      Util.log_error("Request error",
+                     elapsed: elapsed,
+                     error_message: error.message,
+                     idempotency_key: context.idempotency_key,
+                     method: context.method,
+                     path: context.path,
+                     config: config)
+    end
+
+    # RequestLogContext stores information about a request that's begin made so
+    # that we can log certain information. It's useful because it means that we
+    # don't have to pass around as many parameters.
+    class RequestLogContext
+      attr_accessor :body, :account, :api_key, :api_version, :idempotency_key, :method, :path, :query, :request_id
+
+      # The idea with this method is that we might want to update some of
+      # context information because a response that we've received from the API
+      # contains information that's more authoritative than what we started
+      # with for a request. For example, we should trust whatever came back in
+      # a `Stripe-Version` header beyond what configuration information that we
+      # might have had available.
+      def dup_from_response_headers(headers)
+        context = dup
+        context.account = headers["Stripe-Account"]
+        context.api_version = headers["Stripe-Version"]
+        context.idempotency_key = headers["Idempotency-Key"]
+        context.request_id = headers["Request-Id"]
+        context
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SystemProfiler extracts information about the system that we're running
+    # in so that we can generate a rich user agent header to help debug
+    # integrations.
+    class SystemProfiler
+      def self.uname
+        if ::File.exist?("/proc/version")
+          ::File.read("/proc/version").strip
+        else
+          case RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
+          when /linux|darwin|bsd|sunos|solaris|cygwin/i
+            uname_from_system
+          when /mswin|mingw/i
+            uname_from_system_ver
+          else
+            "unknown platform"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.uname_from_system
+        (`uname -a 2>/dev/null` || "").strip
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        "uname executable not found"
+      rescue Errno::ENOMEM # couldn't create subprocess
+        "uname lookup failed"
+      end
+
+      def self.uname_from_system_ver
+        (`ver` || "").strip
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT
+        "ver executable not found"
+      rescue Errno::ENOMEM # couldn't create subprocess
+        "uname lookup failed"
+      end
+
+      def initialize
+        @uname = self.class.uname
+      end
+
+      def user_agent
+        lang_version = "#{RUBY_VERSION} p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} " \
+                       "(#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
+
+        {
+          application: Stripe.app_info,
+          bindings_version: Stripe::VERSION,
+          lang: "ruby",
+          lang_version: lang_version,
+          platform: RUBY_PLATFORM,
+          engine: defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) ? RUBY_ENGINE : "",
+          publisher: "stripe",
+          uname: @uname,
+          hostname: Socket.gethostname,
+        }.delete_if { |_k, v| v.nil? }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # StripeRequestMetrics tracks metadata to be reported to stripe for metrics
+    # collection
+    class StripeRequestMetrics
+      # The Stripe request ID of the response.
+      attr_accessor :request_id
+
+      # Request duration in milliseconds
+      attr_accessor :request_duration_ms
+
+      # list of names of tracked behaviors associated with this request
+      attr_accessor :usage
+
+      def initialize(request_id, request_duration_ms, usage: [])
+        self.request_id = request_id
+        self.request_duration_ms = request_duration_ms
+        self.usage = usage
+      end
+
+      def payload
+        ret = { request_id: request_id, request_duration_ms: request_duration_ms }
+        ret[:usage] = usage if !usage.nil? && !usage.empty?
+        ret
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end