stimulus-rails 0.5.0 → 0.5.4

data/app/assets/javascripts/stimulus.js

@@ -1,4 +1,1703 @@
-//= require ./stimulus@2.js
-//= link ./stimulus@3.0.0-beta.1.js
+//= link ./stimulus@3.0.0-beta.2.js
 //= link ./stimulus-autoloader.js
 //= link ./stimulus-importmap-autoloader.js
+
+/*
+Stimulus 2.0.0
+Copyright © 2020 Basecamp, LLC
+ */
+class EventListener {
+  constructor(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions) {
+    this.eventTarget = eventTarget;
+    this.eventName = eventName;
+    this.eventOptions = eventOptions;
+    this.unorderedBindings = new Set;
+  }
+  connect() {
+    this.eventTarget.addEventListener(this.eventName, this, this.eventOptions);
+  }
+  disconnect() {
+    this.eventTarget.removeEventListener(this.eventName, this, this.eventOptions);
+  }
+  bindingConnected(binding) {
+    this.unorderedBindings.add(binding);
+  }
+  bindingDisconnected(binding) {
+    this.unorderedBindings.delete(binding);
+  }
+  handleEvent(event) {
+    const extendedEvent = extendEvent(event);
+    for (const binding of this.bindings) {
+      if (extendedEvent.immediatePropagationStopped) {
+        break;
+      } else {
+        binding.handleEvent(extendedEvent);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  get bindings() {
+    return Array.from(this.unorderedBindings).sort(((left, right) => {
+      const leftIndex = left.index, rightIndex = right.index;
+      return leftIndex < rightIndex ? -1 : leftIndex > rightIndex ? 1 : 0;
+    }));
+  }
+}
+
+function extendEvent(event) {
+  if ("immediatePropagationStopped" in event) {
+    return event;
+  } else {
+    const {stopImmediatePropagation: stopImmediatePropagation} = event;
+    return Object.assign(event, {
+      immediatePropagationStopped: false,
+      stopImmediatePropagation() {
+        this.immediatePropagationStopped = true;
+        stopImmediatePropagation.call(this);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+class Dispatcher {
+  constructor(application) {
+    this.application = application;
+    this.eventListenerMaps = new Map;
+    this.started = false;
+  }
+  start() {
+    if (!this.started) {
+      this.started = true;
+      this.eventListeners.forEach((eventListener => eventListener.connect()));
+    }
+  }
+  stop() {
+    if (this.started) {
+      this.started = false;
+      this.eventListeners.forEach((eventListener => eventListener.disconnect()));
+    }
+  }
+  get eventListeners() {
+    return Array.from(this.eventListenerMaps.values()).reduce(((listeners, map) => listeners.concat(Array.from(map.values()))), []);
+  }
+  bindingConnected(binding) {
+    this.fetchEventListenerForBinding(binding).bindingConnected(binding);
+  }
+  bindingDisconnected(binding) {
+    this.fetchEventListenerForBinding(binding).bindingDisconnected(binding);
+  }
+  handleError(error, message, detail = {}) {
+    this.application.handleError(error, `Error ${message}`, detail);
+  }
+  fetchEventListenerForBinding(binding) {
+    const {eventTarget: eventTarget, eventName: eventName, eventOptions: eventOptions} = binding;
+    return this.fetchEventListener(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions);
+  }
+  fetchEventListener(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions) {
+    const eventListenerMap = this.fetchEventListenerMapForEventTarget(eventTarget);
+    const cacheKey = this.cacheKey(eventName, eventOptions);
+    let eventListener = eventListenerMap.get(cacheKey);
+    if (!eventListener) {
+      eventListener = this.createEventListener(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions);
+      eventListenerMap.set(cacheKey, eventListener);
+    }
+    return eventListener;
+  }
+  createEventListener(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions) {
+    const eventListener = new EventListener(eventTarget, eventName, eventOptions);
+    if (this.started) {
+      eventListener.connect();
+    }
+    return eventListener;
+  }
+  fetchEventListenerMapForEventTarget(eventTarget) {
+    let eventListenerMap = this.eventListenerMaps.get(eventTarget);
+    if (!eventListenerMap) {
+      eventListenerMap = new Map;
+      this.eventListenerMaps.set(eventTarget, eventListenerMap);
+    }
+    return eventListenerMap;
+  }
+  cacheKey(eventName, eventOptions) {
+    const parts = [ eventName ];
+    Object.keys(eventOptions).sort().forEach((key => {
+      parts.push(`${eventOptions[key] ? "" : "!"}${key}`);
+    }));
+    return parts.join(":");
+  }
+}
+
+const descriptorPattern = /^((.+?)(@(window|document))?->)?(.+?)(#([^:]+?))(:(.+))?$/;
+
+function parseActionDescriptorString(descriptorString) {
+  const source = descriptorString.trim();
+  const matches = source.match(descriptorPattern) || [];
+  return {
+    eventTarget: parseEventTarget(matches[4]),
+    eventName: matches[2],
+    eventOptions: matches[9] ? parseEventOptions(matches[9]) : {},
+    identifier: matches[5],
+    methodName: matches[7]
+  };
+}
+
+function parseEventTarget(eventTargetName) {
+  if (eventTargetName == "window") {
+    return window;
+  } else if (eventTargetName == "document") {
+    return document;
+  }
+}
+
+function parseEventOptions(eventOptions) {
+  return eventOptions.split(":").reduce(((options, token) => Object.assign(options, {
+    [token.replace(/^!/, "")]: !/^!/.test(token)
+  })), {});
+}
+
+function stringifyEventTarget(eventTarget) {
+  if (eventTarget == window) {
+    return "window";
+  } else if (eventTarget == document) {
+    return "document";
+  }
+}
+
+class Action {
+  constructor(element, index, descriptor) {
+    this.element = element;
+    this.index = index;
+    this.eventTarget = descriptor.eventTarget || element;
+    this.eventName = descriptor.eventName || getDefaultEventNameForElement(element) || error("missing event name");
+    this.eventOptions = descriptor.eventOptions || {};
+    this.identifier = descriptor.identifier || error("missing identifier");
+    this.methodName = descriptor.methodName || error("missing method name");
+  }
+  static forToken(token) {
+    return new this(token.element, token.index, parseActionDescriptorString(token.content));
+  }
+  toString() {
+    const eventNameSuffix = this.eventTargetName ? `@${this.eventTargetName}` : "";
+    return `${this.eventName}${eventNameSuffix}->${this.identifier}#${this.methodName}`;
+  }
+  get eventTargetName() {
+    return stringifyEventTarget(this.eventTarget);
+  }
+}
+
+const defaultEventNames = {
+  a: e => "click",
+  button: e => "click",
+  form: e => "submit",
+  input: e => e.getAttribute("type") == "submit" ? "click" : "input",
+  select: e => "change",
+  textarea: e => "input"
+};
+
+function getDefaultEventNameForElement(element) {
+  const tagName = element.tagName.toLowerCase();
+  if (tagName in defaultEventNames) {
+    return defaultEventNames[tagName](element);
+  }
+}
+
+function error(message) {
+  throw new Error(message);
+}
+
+class Binding {
+  constructor(context, action) {
+    this.context = context;
+    this.action = action;
+  }
+  get index() {
+    return this.action.index;
+  }
+  get eventTarget() {
+    return this.action.eventTarget;
+  }
+  get eventOptions() {
+    return this.action.eventOptions;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.context.identifier;
+  }
+  handleEvent(event) {
+    if (this.willBeInvokedByEvent(event)) {
+      this.invokeWithEvent(event);
+    }
+  }
+  get eventName() {
+    return this.action.eventName;
+  }
+  get method() {
+    const method = this.controller[this.methodName];
+    if (typeof method == "function") {
+      return method;
+    }
+    throw new Error(`Action "${this.action}" references undefined method "${this.methodName}"`);
+  }
+  invokeWithEvent(event) {
+    try {
+      this.method.call(this.controller, event);
+    } catch (error) {
+      const {identifier: identifier, controller: controller, element: element, index: index} = this;
+      const detail = {
+        identifier: identifier,
+        controller: controller,
+        element: element,
+        index: index,
+        event: event
+      };
+      this.context.handleError(error, `invoking action "${this.action}"`, detail);
+    }
+  }
+  willBeInvokedByEvent(event) {
+    const eventTarget = event.target;
+    if (this.element === eventTarget) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (eventTarget instanceof Element && this.element.contains(eventTarget)) {
+      return this.scope.containsElement(eventTarget);
+    } else {
+      return this.scope.containsElement(this.action.element);
+    }
+  }
+  get controller() {
+    return this.context.controller;
+  }
+  get methodName() {
+    return this.action.methodName;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.scope.element;
+  }
+  get scope() {
+    return this.context.scope;
+  }
+}
+
+class ElementObserver {
+  constructor(element, delegate) {
+    this.element = element;
+    this.started = false;
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.elements = new Set;
+    this.mutationObserver = new MutationObserver((mutations => this.processMutations(mutations)));
+  }
+  start() {
+    if (!this.started) {
+      this.started = true;
+      this.mutationObserver.observe(this.element, {
+        attributes: true,
+        childList: true,
+        subtree: true
+      });
+      this.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+  stop() {
+    if (this.started) {
+      this.mutationObserver.takeRecords();
+      this.mutationObserver.disconnect();
+      this.started = false;
+    }
+  }
+  refresh() {
+    if (this.started) {
+      const matches = new Set(this.matchElementsInTree());
+      for (const element of Array.from(this.elements)) {
+        if (!matches.has(element)) {
+          this.removeElement(element);
+        }
+      }
+      for (const element of Array.from(matches)) {
+        this.addElement(element);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processMutations(mutations) {
+    if (this.started) {
+      for (const mutation of mutations) {
+        this.processMutation(mutation);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processMutation(mutation) {
+    if (mutation.type == "attributes") {
+      this.processAttributeChange(mutation.target, mutation.attributeName);
+    } else if (mutation.type == "childList") {
+      this.processRemovedNodes(mutation.removedNodes);
+      this.processAddedNodes(mutation.addedNodes);
+    }
+  }
+  processAttributeChange(node, attributeName) {
+    const element = node;
+    if (this.elements.has(element)) {
+      if (this.delegate.elementAttributeChanged && this.matchElement(element)) {
+        this.delegate.elementAttributeChanged(element, attributeName);
+      } else {
+        this.removeElement(element);
+      }
+    } else if (this.matchElement(element)) {
+      this.addElement(element);
+    }
+  }
+  processRemovedNodes(nodes) {
+    for (const node of Array.from(nodes)) {
+      const element = this.elementFromNode(node);
+      if (element) {
+        this.processTree(element, this.removeElement);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processAddedNodes(nodes) {
+    for (const node of Array.from(nodes)) {
+      const element = this.elementFromNode(node);
+      if (element && this.elementIsActive(element)) {
+        this.processTree(element, this.addElement);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  matchElement(element) {
+    return this.delegate.matchElement(element);
+  }
+  matchElementsInTree(tree = this.element) {
+    return this.delegate.matchElementsInTree(tree);
+  }
+  processTree(tree, processor) {
+    for (const element of this.matchElementsInTree(tree)) {
+      processor.call(this, element);
+    }
+  }
+  elementFromNode(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+      return node;
+    }
+  }
+  elementIsActive(element) {
+    if (element.isConnected != this.element.isConnected) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      return this.element.contains(element);
+    }
+  }
+  addElement(element) {
+    if (!this.elements.has(element)) {
+      if (this.elementIsActive(element)) {
+        this.elements.add(element);
+        if (this.delegate.elementMatched) {
+          this.delegate.elementMatched(element);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  removeElement(element) {
+    if (this.elements.has(element)) {
+      this.elements.delete(element);
+      if (this.delegate.elementUnmatched) {
+        this.delegate.elementUnmatched(element);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class AttributeObserver {
+  constructor(element, attributeName, delegate) {
+    this.attributeName = attributeName;
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.elementObserver = new ElementObserver(element, this);
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.elementObserver.element;
+  }
+  get selector() {
+    return `[${this.attributeName}]`;
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.elementObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.elementObserver.stop();
+  }
+  refresh() {
+    this.elementObserver.refresh();
+  }
+  get started() {
+    return this.elementObserver.started;
+  }
+  matchElement(element) {
+    return element.hasAttribute(this.attributeName);
+  }
+  matchElementsInTree(tree) {
+    const match = this.matchElement(tree) ? [ tree ] : [];
+    const matches = Array.from(tree.querySelectorAll(this.selector));
+    return match.concat(matches);
+  }
+  elementMatched(element) {
+    if (this.delegate.elementMatchedAttribute) {
+      this.delegate.elementMatchedAttribute(element, this.attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+  elementUnmatched(element) {
+    if (this.delegate.elementUnmatchedAttribute) {
+      this.delegate.elementUnmatchedAttribute(element, this.attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+  elementAttributeChanged(element, attributeName) {
+    if (this.delegate.elementAttributeValueChanged && this.attributeName == attributeName) {
+      this.delegate.elementAttributeValueChanged(element, attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class StringMapObserver {
+  constructor(element, delegate) {
+    this.element = element;
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.started = false;
+    this.stringMap = new Map;
+    this.mutationObserver = new MutationObserver((mutations => this.processMutations(mutations)));
+  }
+  start() {
+    if (!this.started) {
+      this.started = true;
+      this.mutationObserver.observe(this.element, {
+        attributes: true
+      });
+      this.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+  stop() {
+    if (this.started) {
+      this.mutationObserver.takeRecords();
+      this.mutationObserver.disconnect();
+      this.started = false;
+    }
+  }
+  refresh() {
+    if (this.started) {
+      for (const attributeName of this.knownAttributeNames) {
+        this.refreshAttribute(attributeName);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processMutations(mutations) {
+    if (this.started) {
+      for (const mutation of mutations) {
+        this.processMutation(mutation);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  processMutation(mutation) {
+    const attributeName = mutation.attributeName;
+    if (attributeName) {
+      this.refreshAttribute(attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+  refreshAttribute(attributeName) {
+    const key = this.delegate.getStringMapKeyForAttribute(attributeName);
+    if (key != null) {
+      if (!this.stringMap.has(attributeName)) {
+        this.stringMapKeyAdded(key, attributeName);
+      }
+      const value = this.element.getAttribute(attributeName);
+      if (this.stringMap.get(attributeName) != value) {
+        this.stringMapValueChanged(value, key);
+      }
+      if (value == null) {
+        this.stringMap.delete(attributeName);
+        this.stringMapKeyRemoved(key, attributeName);
+      } else {
+        this.stringMap.set(attributeName, value);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  stringMapKeyAdded(key, attributeName) {
+    if (this.delegate.stringMapKeyAdded) {
+      this.delegate.stringMapKeyAdded(key, attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+  stringMapValueChanged(value, key) {
+    if (this.delegate.stringMapValueChanged) {
+      this.delegate.stringMapValueChanged(value, key);
+    }
+  }
+  stringMapKeyRemoved(key, attributeName) {
+    if (this.delegate.stringMapKeyRemoved) {
+      this.delegate.stringMapKeyRemoved(key, attributeName);
+    }
+  }
+  get knownAttributeNames() {
+    return Array.from(new Set(this.currentAttributeNames.concat(this.recordedAttributeNames)));
+  }
+  get currentAttributeNames() {
+    return Array.from(this.element.attributes).map((attribute => attribute.name));
+  }
+  get recordedAttributeNames() {
+    return Array.from(this.stringMap.keys());
+  }
+}
+
+function add(map, key, value) {
+  fetch(map, key).add(value);
+}
+
+function del(map, key, value) {
+  fetch(map, key).delete(value);
+  prune(map, key);
+}
+
+function fetch(map, key) {
+  let values = map.get(key);
+  if (!values) {
+    values = new Set;
+    map.set(key, values);
+  }
+  return values;
+}
+
+function prune(map, key) {
+  const values = map.get(key);
+  if (values != null && values.size == 0) {
+    map.delete(key);
+  }
+}
+
+class Multimap {
+  constructor() {
+    this.valuesByKey = new Map;
+  }
+  get values() {
+    const sets = Array.from(this.valuesByKey.values());
+    return sets.reduce(((values, set) => values.concat(Array.from(set))), []);
+  }
+  get size() {
+    const sets = Array.from(this.valuesByKey.values());
+    return sets.reduce(((size, set) => size + set.size), 0);
+  }
+  add(key, value) {
+    add(this.valuesByKey, key, value);
+  }
+  delete(key, value) {
+    del(this.valuesByKey, key, value);
+  }
+  has(key, value) {
+    const values = this.valuesByKey.get(key);
+    return values != null && values.has(value);
+  }
+  hasKey(key) {
+    return this.valuesByKey.has(key);
+  }
+  hasValue(value) {
+    const sets = Array.from(this.valuesByKey.values());
+    return sets.some((set => set.has(value)));
+  }
+  getValuesForKey(key) {
+    const values = this.valuesByKey.get(key);
+    return values ? Array.from(values) : [];
+  }
+  getKeysForValue(value) {
+    return Array.from(this.valuesByKey).filter((([key, values]) => values.has(value))).map((([key, values]) => key));
+  }
+}
+
+class TokenListObserver {
+  constructor(element, attributeName, delegate) {
+    this.attributeObserver = new AttributeObserver(element, attributeName, this);
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.tokensByElement = new Multimap;
+  }
+  get started() {
+    return this.attributeObserver.started;
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.attributeObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.attributeObserver.stop();
+  }
+  refresh() {
+    this.attributeObserver.refresh();
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.attributeObserver.element;
+  }
+  get attributeName() {
+    return this.attributeObserver.attributeName;
+  }
+  elementMatchedAttribute(element) {
+    this.tokensMatched(this.readTokensForElement(element));
+  }
+  elementAttributeValueChanged(element) {
+    const [unmatchedTokens, matchedTokens] = this.refreshTokensForElement(element);
+    this.tokensUnmatched(unmatchedTokens);
+    this.tokensMatched(matchedTokens);
+  }
+  elementUnmatchedAttribute(element) {
+    this.tokensUnmatched(this.tokensByElement.getValuesForKey(element));
+  }
+  tokensMatched(tokens) {
+    tokens.forEach((token => this.tokenMatched(token)));
+  }
+  tokensUnmatched(tokens) {
+    tokens.forEach((token => this.tokenUnmatched(token)));
+  }
+  tokenMatched(token) {
+    this.delegate.tokenMatched(token);
+    this.tokensByElement.add(token.element, token);
+  }
+  tokenUnmatched(token) {
+    this.delegate.tokenUnmatched(token);
+    this.tokensByElement.delete(token.element, token);
+  }
+  refreshTokensForElement(element) {
+    const previousTokens = this.tokensByElement.getValuesForKey(element);
+    const currentTokens = this.readTokensForElement(element);
+    const firstDifferingIndex = zip(previousTokens, currentTokens).findIndex((([previousToken, currentToken]) => !tokensAreEqual(previousToken, currentToken)));
+    if (firstDifferingIndex == -1) {
+      return [ [], [] ];
+    } else {
+      return [ previousTokens.slice(firstDifferingIndex), currentTokens.slice(firstDifferingIndex) ];
+    }
+  }
+  readTokensForElement(element) {
+    const attributeName = this.attributeName;
+    const tokenString = element.getAttribute(attributeName) || "";
+    return parseTokenString(tokenString, element, attributeName);
+  }
+}
+
+function parseTokenString(tokenString, element, attributeName) {
+  return tokenString.trim().split(/\s+/).filter((content => content.length)).map(((content, index) => ({
+    element: element,
+    attributeName: attributeName,
+    content: content,
+    index: index
+  })));
+}
+
+function zip(left, right) {
+  const length = Math.max(left.length, right.length);
+  return Array.from({
+    length: length
+  }, ((_, index) => [ left[index], right[index] ]));
+}
+
+function tokensAreEqual(left, right) {
+  return left && right && left.index == right.index && left.content == right.content;
+}
+
+class ValueListObserver {
+  constructor(element, attributeName, delegate) {
+    this.tokenListObserver = new TokenListObserver(element, attributeName, this);
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.parseResultsByToken = new WeakMap;
+    this.valuesByTokenByElement = new WeakMap;
+  }
+  get started() {
+    return this.tokenListObserver.started;
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.tokenListObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.tokenListObserver.stop();
+  }
+  refresh() {
+    this.tokenListObserver.refresh();
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.tokenListObserver.element;
+  }
+  get attributeName() {
+    return this.tokenListObserver.attributeName;
+  }
+  tokenMatched(token) {
+    const {element: element} = token;
+    const {value: value} = this.fetchParseResultForToken(token);
+    if (value) {
+      this.fetchValuesByTokenForElement(element).set(token, value);
+      this.delegate.elementMatchedValue(element, value);
+    }
+  }
+  tokenUnmatched(token) {
+    const {element: element} = token;
+    const {value: value} = this.fetchParseResultForToken(token);
+    if (value) {
+      this.fetchValuesByTokenForElement(element).delete(token);
+      this.delegate.elementUnmatchedValue(element, value);
+    }
+  }
+  fetchParseResultForToken(token) {
+    let parseResult = this.parseResultsByToken.get(token);
+    if (!parseResult) {
+      parseResult = this.parseToken(token);
+      this.parseResultsByToken.set(token, parseResult);
+    }
+    return parseResult;
+  }
+  fetchValuesByTokenForElement(element) {
+    let valuesByToken = this.valuesByTokenByElement.get(element);
+    if (!valuesByToken) {
+      valuesByToken = new Map;
+      this.valuesByTokenByElement.set(element, valuesByToken);
+    }
+    return valuesByToken;
+  }
+  parseToken(token) {
+    try {
+      const value = this.delegate.parseValueForToken(token);
+      return {
+        value: value
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        error: error
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class BindingObserver {
+  constructor(context, delegate) {
+    this.context = context;
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.bindingsByAction = new Map;
+  }
+  start() {
+    if (!this.valueListObserver) {
+      this.valueListObserver = new ValueListObserver(this.element, this.actionAttribute, this);
+      this.valueListObserver.start();
+    }
+  }
+  stop() {
+    if (this.valueListObserver) {
+      this.valueListObserver.stop();
+      delete this.valueListObserver;
+      this.disconnectAllActions();
+    }
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.context.element;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.context.identifier;
+  }
+  get actionAttribute() {
+    return this.schema.actionAttribute;
+  }
+  get schema() {
+    return this.context.schema;
+  }
+  get bindings() {
+    return Array.from(this.bindingsByAction.values());
+  }
+  connectAction(action) {
+    const binding = new Binding(this.context, action);
+    this.bindingsByAction.set(action, binding);
+    this.delegate.bindingConnected(binding);
+  }
+  disconnectAction(action) {
+    const binding = this.bindingsByAction.get(action);
+    if (binding) {
+      this.bindingsByAction.delete(action);
+      this.delegate.bindingDisconnected(binding);
+    }
+  }
+  disconnectAllActions() {
+    this.bindings.forEach((binding => this.delegate.bindingDisconnected(binding)));
+    this.bindingsByAction.clear();
+  }
+  parseValueForToken(token) {
+    const action = Action.forToken(token);
+    if (action.identifier == this.identifier) {
+      return action;
+    }
+  }
+  elementMatchedValue(element, action) {
+    this.connectAction(action);
+  }
+  elementUnmatchedValue(element, action) {
+    this.disconnectAction(action);
+  }
+}
+
+class ValueObserver {
+  constructor(context, receiver) {
+    this.context = context;
+    this.receiver = receiver;
+    this.stringMapObserver = new StringMapObserver(this.element, this);
+    this.valueDescriptorMap = this.controller.valueDescriptorMap;
+    this.invokeChangedCallbacksForDefaultValues();
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.stringMapObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.stringMapObserver.stop();
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.context.element;
+  }
+  get controller() {
+    return this.context.controller;
+  }
+  getStringMapKeyForAttribute(attributeName) {
+    if (attributeName in this.valueDescriptorMap) {
+      return this.valueDescriptorMap[attributeName].name;
+    }
+  }
+  stringMapValueChanged(attributeValue, name) {
+    this.invokeChangedCallbackForValue(name);
+  }
+  invokeChangedCallbacksForDefaultValues() {
+    for (const {key: key, name: name, defaultValue: defaultValue} of this.valueDescriptors) {
+      if (defaultValue != undefined && !this.controller.data.has(key)) {
+        this.invokeChangedCallbackForValue(name);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  invokeChangedCallbackForValue(name) {
+    const methodName = `${name}Changed`;
+    const method = this.receiver[methodName];
+    if (typeof method == "function") {
+      const value = this.receiver[name];
+      method.call(this.receiver, value);
+    }
+  }
+  get valueDescriptors() {
+    const {valueDescriptorMap: valueDescriptorMap} = this;
+    return Object.keys(valueDescriptorMap).map((key => valueDescriptorMap[key]));
+  }
+}
+
+class Context {
+  constructor(module, scope) {
+    this.module = module;
+    this.scope = scope;
+    this.controller = new module.controllerConstructor(this);
+    this.bindingObserver = new BindingObserver(this, this.dispatcher);
+    this.valueObserver = new ValueObserver(this, this.controller);
+    try {
+      this.controller.initialize();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.handleError(error, "initializing controller");
+    }
+  }
+  connect() {
+    this.bindingObserver.start();
+    this.valueObserver.start();
+    try {
+      this.controller.connect();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.handleError(error, "connecting controller");
+    }
+  }
+  disconnect() {
+    try {
+      this.controller.disconnect();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.handleError(error, "disconnecting controller");
+    }
+    this.valueObserver.stop();
+    this.bindingObserver.stop();
+  }
+  get application() {
+    return this.module.application;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.module.identifier;
+  }
+  get schema() {
+    return this.application.schema;
+  }
+  get dispatcher() {
+    return this.application.dispatcher;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.scope.element;
+  }
+  get parentElement() {
+    return this.element.parentElement;
+  }
+  handleError(error, message, detail = {}) {
+    const {identifier: identifier, controller: controller, element: element} = this;
+    detail = Object.assign({
+      identifier: identifier,
+      controller: controller,
+      element: element
+    }, detail);
+    this.application.handleError(error, `Error ${message}`, detail);
+  }
+}
+
+function readInheritableStaticArrayValues(constructor, propertyName) {
+  const ancestors = getAncestorsForConstructor(constructor);
+  return Array.from(ancestors.reduce(((values, constructor) => {
+    getOwnStaticArrayValues(constructor, propertyName).forEach((name => values.add(name)));
+    return values;
+  }), new Set));
+}
+
+function readInheritableStaticObjectPairs(constructor, propertyName) {
+  const ancestors = getAncestorsForConstructor(constructor);
+  return ancestors.reduce(((pairs, constructor) => {
+    pairs.push(...getOwnStaticObjectPairs(constructor, propertyName));
+    return pairs;
+  }), []);
+}
+
+function getAncestorsForConstructor(constructor) {
+  const ancestors = [];
+  while (constructor) {
+    ancestors.push(constructor);
+    constructor = Object.getPrototypeOf(constructor);
+  }
+  return ancestors.reverse();
+}
+
+function getOwnStaticArrayValues(constructor, propertyName) {
+  const definition = constructor[propertyName];
+  return Array.isArray(definition) ? definition : [];
+}
+
+function getOwnStaticObjectPairs(constructor, propertyName) {
+  const definition = constructor[propertyName];
+  return definition ? Object.keys(definition).map((key => [ key, definition[key] ])) : [];
+}
+
+function bless(constructor) {
+  return shadow(constructor, getBlessedProperties(constructor));
+}
+
+function shadow(constructor, properties) {
+  const shadowConstructor = extend(constructor);
+  const shadowProperties = getShadowProperties(constructor.prototype, properties);
+  Object.defineProperties(shadowConstructor.prototype, shadowProperties);
+  return shadowConstructor;
+}
+
+function getBlessedProperties(constructor) {
+  const blessings = readInheritableStaticArrayValues(constructor, "blessings");
+  return blessings.reduce(((blessedProperties, blessing) => {
+    const properties = blessing(constructor);
+    for (const key in properties) {
+      const descriptor = blessedProperties[key] || {};
+      blessedProperties[key] = Object.assign(descriptor, properties[key]);
+    }
+    return blessedProperties;
+  }), {});
+}
+
+function getShadowProperties(prototype, properties) {
+  return getOwnKeys(properties).reduce(((shadowProperties, key) => {
+    const descriptor = getShadowedDescriptor(prototype, properties, key);
+    if (descriptor) {
+      Object.assign(shadowProperties, {
+        [key]: descriptor
+      });
+    }
+    return shadowProperties;
+  }), {});
+}
+
+function getShadowedDescriptor(prototype, properties, key) {
+  const shadowingDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(prototype, key);
+  const shadowedByValue = shadowingDescriptor && "value" in shadowingDescriptor;
+  if (!shadowedByValue) {
+    const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(properties, key).value;
+    if (shadowingDescriptor) {
+      descriptor.get = shadowingDescriptor.get || descriptor.get;
+      descriptor.set = shadowingDescriptor.set || descriptor.set;
+    }
+    return descriptor;
+  }
+}
+
+const getOwnKeys = (() => {
+  if (typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols == "function") {
+    return object => [ ...Object.getOwnPropertyNames(object), ...Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(object) ];
+  } else {
+    return Object.getOwnPropertyNames;
+  }
+})();
+
+const extend = (() => {
+  function extendWithReflect(constructor) {
+    function extended() {
+      return Reflect.construct(constructor, arguments, new.target);
+    }
+    extended.prototype = Object.create(constructor.prototype, {
+      constructor: {
+        value: extended
+      }
+    });
+    Reflect.setPrototypeOf(extended, constructor);
+    return extended;
+  }
+  function testReflectExtension() {
+    const a = function() {
+      this.a.call(this);
+    };
+    const b = extendWithReflect(a);
+    b.prototype.a = function() {};
+    return new b;
+  }
+  try {
+    testReflectExtension();
+    return extendWithReflect;
+  } catch (error) {
+    return constructor => class extended extends constructor {};
+  }
+})();
+
+function blessDefinition(definition) {
+  return {
+    identifier: definition.identifier,
+    controllerConstructor: bless(definition.controllerConstructor)
+  };
+}
+
+class Module {
+  constructor(application, definition) {
+    this.application = application;
+    this.definition = blessDefinition(definition);
+    this.contextsByScope = new WeakMap;
+    this.connectedContexts = new Set;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.definition.identifier;
+  }
+  get controllerConstructor() {
+    return this.definition.controllerConstructor;
+  }
+  get contexts() {
+    return Array.from(this.connectedContexts);
+  }
+  connectContextForScope(scope) {
+    const context = this.fetchContextForScope(scope);
+    this.connectedContexts.add(context);
+    context.connect();
+  }
+  disconnectContextForScope(scope) {
+    const context = this.contextsByScope.get(scope);
+    if (context) {
+      this.connectedContexts.delete(context);
+      context.disconnect();
+    }
+  }
+  fetchContextForScope(scope) {
+    let context = this.contextsByScope.get(scope);
+    if (!context) {
+      context = new Context(this, scope);
+      this.contextsByScope.set(scope, context);
+    }
+    return context;
+  }
+}
+
+class ClassMap {
+  constructor(scope) {
+    this.scope = scope;
+  }
+  has(name) {
+    return this.data.has(this.getDataKey(name));
+  }
+  get(name) {
+    return this.data.get(this.getDataKey(name));
+  }
+  getAttributeName(name) {
+    return this.data.getAttributeNameForKey(this.getDataKey(name));
+  }
+  getDataKey(name) {
+    return `${name}-class`;
+  }
+  get data() {
+    return this.scope.data;
+  }
+}
+
+function camelize(value) {
+  return value.replace(/(?:[_-])([a-z0-9])/g, ((_, char) => char.toUpperCase()));
+}
+
+function capitalize(value) {
+  return value.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + value.slice(1);
+}
+
+function dasherize(value) {
+  return value.replace(/([A-Z])/g, ((_, char) => `-${char.toLowerCase()}`));
+}
+
+class DataMap {
+  constructor(scope) {
+    this.scope = scope;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.scope.element;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.scope.identifier;
+  }
+  get(key) {
+    const name = this.getAttributeNameForKey(key);
+    return this.element.getAttribute(name);
+  }
+  set(key, value) {
+    const name = this.getAttributeNameForKey(key);
+    this.element.setAttribute(name, value);
+    return this.get(key);
+  }
+  has(key) {
+    const name = this.getAttributeNameForKey(key);
+    return this.element.hasAttribute(name);
+  }
+  delete(key) {
+    if (this.has(key)) {
+      const name = this.getAttributeNameForKey(key);
+      this.element.removeAttribute(name);
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  getAttributeNameForKey(key) {
+    return `data-${this.identifier}-${dasherize(key)}`;
+  }
+}
+
+class Guide {
+  constructor(logger) {
+    this.warnedKeysByObject = new WeakMap;
+    this.logger = logger;
+  }
+  warn(object, key, message) {
+    let warnedKeys = this.warnedKeysByObject.get(object);
+    if (!warnedKeys) {
+      warnedKeys = new Set;
+      this.warnedKeysByObject.set(object, warnedKeys);
+    }
+    if (!warnedKeys.has(key)) {
+      warnedKeys.add(key);
+      this.logger.warn(message, object);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function attributeValueContainsToken(attributeName, token) {
+  return `[${attributeName}~="${token}"]`;
+}
+
+class TargetSet {
+  constructor(scope) {
+    this.scope = scope;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.scope.element;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.scope.identifier;
+  }
+  get schema() {
+    return this.scope.schema;
+  }
+  has(targetName) {
+    return this.find(targetName) != null;
+  }
+  find(...targetNames) {
+    return targetNames.reduce(((target, targetName) => target || this.findTarget(targetName) || this.findLegacyTarget(targetName)), undefined);
+  }
+  findAll(...targetNames) {
+    return targetNames.reduce(((targets, targetName) => [ ...targets, ...this.findAllTargets(targetName), ...this.findAllLegacyTargets(targetName) ]), []);
+  }
+  findTarget(targetName) {
+    const selector = this.getSelectorForTargetName(targetName);
+    return this.scope.findElement(selector);
+  }
+  findAllTargets(targetName) {
+    const selector = this.getSelectorForTargetName(targetName);
+    return this.scope.findAllElements(selector);
+  }
+  getSelectorForTargetName(targetName) {
+    const attributeName = `data-${this.identifier}-target`;
+    return attributeValueContainsToken(attributeName, targetName);
+  }
+  findLegacyTarget(targetName) {
+    const selector = this.getLegacySelectorForTargetName(targetName);
+    return this.deprecate(this.scope.findElement(selector), targetName);
+  }
+  findAllLegacyTargets(targetName) {
+    const selector = this.getLegacySelectorForTargetName(targetName);
+    return this.scope.findAllElements(selector).map((element => this.deprecate(element, targetName)));
+  }
+  getLegacySelectorForTargetName(targetName) {
+    const targetDescriptor = `${this.identifier}.${targetName}`;
+    return attributeValueContainsToken(this.schema.targetAttribute, targetDescriptor);
+  }
+  deprecate(element, targetName) {
+    if (element) {
+      const {identifier: identifier} = this;
+      const attributeName = this.schema.targetAttribute;
+      this.guide.warn(element, `target:${targetName}`, `Please replace ${attributeName}="${identifier}.${targetName}" with data-${identifier}-target="${targetName}". ` + `The ${attributeName} attribute is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of Stimulus.`);
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+  get guide() {
+    return this.scope.guide;
+  }
+}
+
+class Scope {
+  constructor(schema, element, identifier, logger) {
+    this.targets = new TargetSet(this);
+    this.classes = new ClassMap(this);
+    this.data = new DataMap(this);
+    this.containsElement = element => element.closest(this.controllerSelector) === this.element;
+    this.schema = schema;
+    this.element = element;
+    this.identifier = identifier;
+    this.guide = new Guide(logger);
+  }
+  findElement(selector) {
+    return this.element.matches(selector) ? this.element : this.queryElements(selector).find(this.containsElement);
+  }
+  findAllElements(selector) {
+    return [ ...this.element.matches(selector) ? [ this.element ] : [], ...this.queryElements(selector).filter(this.containsElement) ];
+  }
+  queryElements(selector) {
+    return Array.from(this.element.querySelectorAll(selector));
+  }
+  get controllerSelector() {
+    return attributeValueContainsToken(this.schema.controllerAttribute, this.identifier);
+  }
+}
+
+class ScopeObserver {
+  constructor(element, schema, delegate) {
+    this.element = element;
+    this.schema = schema;
+    this.delegate = delegate;
+    this.valueListObserver = new ValueListObserver(this.element, this.controllerAttribute, this);
+    this.scopesByIdentifierByElement = new WeakMap;
+    this.scopeReferenceCounts = new WeakMap;
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.valueListObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.valueListObserver.stop();
+  }
+  get controllerAttribute() {
+    return this.schema.controllerAttribute;
+  }
+  parseValueForToken(token) {
+    const {element: element, content: identifier} = token;
+    const scopesByIdentifier = this.fetchScopesByIdentifierForElement(element);
+    let scope = scopesByIdentifier.get(identifier);
+    if (!scope) {
+      scope = this.delegate.createScopeForElementAndIdentifier(element, identifier);
+      scopesByIdentifier.set(identifier, scope);
+    }
+    return scope;
+  }
+  elementMatchedValue(element, value) {
+    const referenceCount = (this.scopeReferenceCounts.get(value) || 0) + 1;
+    this.scopeReferenceCounts.set(value, referenceCount);
+    if (referenceCount == 1) {
+      this.delegate.scopeConnected(value);
+    }
+  }
+  elementUnmatchedValue(element, value) {
+    const referenceCount = this.scopeReferenceCounts.get(value);
+    if (referenceCount) {
+      this.scopeReferenceCounts.set(value, referenceCount - 1);
+      if (referenceCount == 1) {
+        this.delegate.scopeDisconnected(value);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  fetchScopesByIdentifierForElement(element) {
+    let scopesByIdentifier = this.scopesByIdentifierByElement.get(element);
+    if (!scopesByIdentifier) {
+      scopesByIdentifier = new Map;
+      this.scopesByIdentifierByElement.set(element, scopesByIdentifier);
+    }
+    return scopesByIdentifier;
+  }
+}
+
+class Router {
+  constructor(application) {
+    this.application = application;
+    this.scopeObserver = new ScopeObserver(this.element, this.schema, this);
+    this.scopesByIdentifier = new Multimap;
+    this.modulesByIdentifier = new Map;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.application.element;
+  }
+  get schema() {
+    return this.application.schema;
+  }
+  get logger() {
+    return this.application.logger;
+  }
+  get controllerAttribute() {
+    return this.schema.controllerAttribute;
+  }
+  get modules() {
+    return Array.from(this.modulesByIdentifier.values());
+  }
+  get contexts() {
+    return this.modules.reduce(((contexts, module) => contexts.concat(module.contexts)), []);
+  }
+  start() {
+    this.scopeObserver.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.scopeObserver.stop();
+  }
+  loadDefinition(definition) {
+    this.unloadIdentifier(definition.identifier);
+    const module = new Module(this.application, definition);
+    this.connectModule(module);
+  }
+  unloadIdentifier(identifier) {
+    const module = this.modulesByIdentifier.get(identifier);
+    if (module) {
+      this.disconnectModule(module);
+    }
+  }
+  getContextForElementAndIdentifier(element, identifier) {
+    const module = this.modulesByIdentifier.get(identifier);
+    if (module) {
+      return module.contexts.find((context => context.element == element));
+    }
+  }
+  handleError(error, message, detail) {
+    this.application.handleError(error, message, detail);
+  }
+  createScopeForElementAndIdentifier(element, identifier) {
+    return new Scope(this.schema, element, identifier, this.logger);
+  }
+  scopeConnected(scope) {
+    this.scopesByIdentifier.add(scope.identifier, scope);
+    const module = this.modulesByIdentifier.get(scope.identifier);
+    if (module) {
+      module.connectContextForScope(scope);
+    }
+  }
+  scopeDisconnected(scope) {
+    this.scopesByIdentifier.delete(scope.identifier, scope);
+    const module = this.modulesByIdentifier.get(scope.identifier);
+    if (module) {
+      module.disconnectContextForScope(scope);
+    }
+  }
+  connectModule(module) {
+    this.modulesByIdentifier.set(module.identifier, module);
+    const scopes = this.scopesByIdentifier.getValuesForKey(module.identifier);
+    scopes.forEach((scope => module.connectContextForScope(scope)));
+  }
+  disconnectModule(module) {
+    this.modulesByIdentifier.delete(module.identifier);
+    const scopes = this.scopesByIdentifier.getValuesForKey(module.identifier);
+    scopes.forEach((scope => module.disconnectContextForScope(scope)));
+  }
+}
+
+const defaultSchema = {
+  controllerAttribute: "data-controller",
+  actionAttribute: "data-action",
+  targetAttribute: "data-target",
+  classAttribute: "data-class"
+};
+
+class Application {
+  constructor(element = document.documentElement, schema = defaultSchema) {
+    this.logger = console;
+    this.element = element;
+    this.schema = schema;
+    this.dispatcher = new Dispatcher(this);
+    this.router = new Router(this);
+  }
+  static start(element, schema) {
+    const application = new Application(element, schema);
+    application.start();
+    return application;
+  }
+  async start() {
+    await domReady();
+    this.dispatcher.start();
+    this.router.start();
+  }
+  stop() {
+    this.dispatcher.stop();
+    this.router.stop();
+  }
+  register(identifier, controllerConstructor) {
+    this.load({
+      identifier: identifier,
+      controllerConstructor: controllerConstructor
+    });
+  }
+  load(head, ...rest) {
+    const definitions = Array.isArray(head) ? head : [ head, ...rest ];
+    definitions.forEach((definition => this.router.loadDefinition(definition)));
+  }
+  unload(head, ...rest) {
+    const identifiers = Array.isArray(head) ? head : [ head, ...rest ];
+    identifiers.forEach((identifier => this.router.unloadIdentifier(identifier)));
+  }
+  get controllers() {
+    return this.router.contexts.map((context => context.controller));
+  }
+  getControllerForElementAndIdentifier(element, identifier) {
+    const context = this.router.getContextForElementAndIdentifier(element, identifier);
+    return context ? context.controller : null;
+  }
+  handleError(error, message, detail) {
+    this.logger.error(`%s\n\n%o\n\n%o`, message, error, detail);
+  }
+}
+
+function domReady() {
+  return new Promise((resolve => {
+    if (document.readyState == "loading") {
+      document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", resolve);
+    } else {
+      resolve();
+    }
+  }));
+}
+
+function ClassPropertiesBlessing(constructor) {
+  const classes = readInheritableStaticArrayValues(constructor, "classes");
+  return classes.reduce(((properties, classDefinition) => Object.assign(properties, propertiesForClassDefinition(classDefinition))), {});
+}
+
+function propertiesForClassDefinition(key) {
+  const name = `${key}Class`;
+  return {
+    [name]: {
+      get() {
+        const {classes: classes} = this;
+        if (classes.has(key)) {
+          return classes.get(key);
+        } else {
+          const attribute = classes.getAttributeName(key);
+          throw new Error(`Missing attribute "${attribute}"`);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [`has${capitalize(name)}`]: {
+      get() {
+        return this.classes.has(key);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function TargetPropertiesBlessing(constructor) {
+  const targets = readInheritableStaticArrayValues(constructor, "targets");
+  return targets.reduce(((properties, targetDefinition) => Object.assign(properties, propertiesForTargetDefinition(targetDefinition))), {});
+}
+
+function propertiesForTargetDefinition(name) {
+  return {
+    [`${name}Target`]: {
+      get() {
+        const target = this.targets.find(name);
+        if (target) {
+          return target;
+        } else {
+          throw new Error(`Missing target element "${this.identifier}.${name}"`);
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [`${name}Targets`]: {
+      get() {
+        return this.targets.findAll(name);
+      }
+    },
+    [`has${capitalize(name)}Target`]: {
+      get() {
+        return this.targets.has(name);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function ValuePropertiesBlessing(constructor) {
+  const valueDefinitionPairs = readInheritableStaticObjectPairs(constructor, "values");
+  const propertyDescriptorMap = {
+    valueDescriptorMap: {
+      get() {
+        return valueDefinitionPairs.reduce(((result, valueDefinitionPair) => {
+          const valueDescriptor = parseValueDefinitionPair(valueDefinitionPair);
+          const attributeName = this.data.getAttributeNameForKey(valueDescriptor.key);
+          return Object.assign(result, {
+            [attributeName]: valueDescriptor
+          });
+        }), {});
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  return valueDefinitionPairs.reduce(((properties, valueDefinitionPair) => Object.assign(properties, propertiesForValueDefinitionPair(valueDefinitionPair))), propertyDescriptorMap);
+}
+
+function propertiesForValueDefinitionPair(valueDefinitionPair) {
+  const definition = parseValueDefinitionPair(valueDefinitionPair);
+  const {type: type, key: key, name: name} = definition;
+  const read = readers[type], write = writers[type] || writers.default;
+  return {
+    [name]: {
+      get() {
+        const value = this.data.get(key);
+        if (value !== null) {
+          return read(value);
+        } else {
+          return definition.defaultValue;
+        }
+      },
+      set(value) {
+        if (value === undefined) {
+          this.data.delete(key);
+        } else {
+          this.data.set(key, write(value));
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [`has${capitalize(name)}`]: {
+      get() {
+        return this.data.has(key);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+function parseValueDefinitionPair([token, typeConstant]) {
+  const type = parseValueTypeConstant(typeConstant);
+  return valueDescriptorForTokenAndType(token, type);
+}
+
+function parseValueTypeConstant(typeConstant) {
+  switch (typeConstant) {
+   case Array:
+    return "array";
+
+   case Boolean:
+    return "boolean";
+
+   case Number:
+    return "number";
+
+   case Object:
+    return "object";
+
+   case String:
+    return "string";
+  }
+  throw new Error(`Unknown value type constant "${typeConstant}"`);
+}
+
+function valueDescriptorForTokenAndType(token, type) {
+  const key = `${dasherize(token)}-value`;
+  return {
+    type: type,
+    key: key,
+    name: camelize(key),
+    get defaultValue() {
+      return defaultValuesByType[type];
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+const defaultValuesByType = {
+  get array() {
+    return [];
+  },
+  boolean: false,
+  number: 0,
+  get object() {
+    return {};
+  },
+  string: ""
+};
+
+const readers = {
+  array(value) {
+    const array = JSON.parse(value);
+    if (!Array.isArray(array)) {
+      throw new TypeError("Expected array");
+    }
+    return array;
+  },
+  boolean(value) {
+    return !(value == "0" || value == "false");
+  },
+  number(value) {
+    return parseFloat(value);
+  },
+  object(value) {
+    const object = JSON.parse(value);
+    if (object === null || typeof object != "object" || Array.isArray(object)) {
+      throw new TypeError("Expected object");
+    }
+    return object;
+  },
+  string(value) {
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+
+const writers = {
+  default: writeString,
+  array: writeJSON,
+  object: writeJSON
+};
+
+function writeJSON(value) {
+  return JSON.stringify(value);
+}
+
+function writeString(value) {
+  return `${value}`;
+}
+
+class Controller {
+  constructor(context) {
+    this.context = context;
+  }
+  get application() {
+    return this.context.application;
+  }
+  get scope() {
+    return this.context.scope;
+  }
+  get element() {
+    return this.scope.element;
+  }
+  get identifier() {
+    return this.scope.identifier;
+  }
+  get targets() {
+    return this.scope.targets;
+  }
+  get classes() {
+    return this.scope.classes;
+  }
+  get data() {
+    return this.scope.data;
+  }
+  initialize() {}
+  connect() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+Controller.blessings = [ ClassPropertiesBlessing, TargetPropertiesBlessing, ValuePropertiesBlessing ];
+
+Controller.targets = [];
+
+Controller.values = {};
+
+export { Application, Context, Controller, defaultSchema };