statsample 0.10.0 → 0.11.0

data/test/test_vector.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require(File.dirname(__FILE__)+'/test_helpers.rb')
+require(File.dirname(__FILE__)+'/helpers_tests.rb')
 
 class StatsampleTestVector < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
   def setup

data/test/test_xls.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require(File.dirname(__FILE__)+'/test_helpers.rb')
+require(File.dirname(__FILE__)+'/helpers_tests.rb')
 
 class StatsampleExcelTestCase < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
   context "Excel reader" do

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification 
 name: statsample
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
-  version: 0.10.0
+  prerelease: false
+  segments: 
+  - 0
+  - 11
+  - 0
+  version: 0.11.0
 platform: ruby
 authors: 
 - Claudio Bustos
@@ -30,89 +35,129 @@ cert_chain:
   rpP0jjs0
   -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 
-date: 2010-04-15 00:00:00 -04:00
+date: 2010-05-03 00:00:00 -04:00
 default_executable: 
 dependencies: 
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: spreadsheet
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id001 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ~>
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
+        - 6
+        - 0
         version: 0.6.0
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id001
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: svg-graph
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id002 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ~>
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 1
+        - 0
         version: "1.0"
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id002
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: reportbuilder
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id003 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ~>
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 1
+        - 0
         version: "1.0"
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id003
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: minimization
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id004 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ~>
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
+        - 2
+        - 0
         version: 0.2.0
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id004
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: fastercsv
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id005 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
         version: "0"
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id005
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: dirty-memoize
-  type: :runtime
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id006 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ~>
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
+        - 0
         version: "0.0"
-    version: 
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id006
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
+  name: statistics2
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id007 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+    requirements: 
+    - - ~>
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 0
+        - 54
+        version: "0.54"
+  type: :runtime
+  version_requirements: *id007
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: rubyforge
-  type: :development
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id008 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 2
+        - 0
+        - 4
         version: 2.0.4
-    version: 
+  type: :development
+  version_requirements: *id008
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency 
   name: hoe
-  type: :development
-  version_requirement: 
-  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
+  prerelease: false
+  requirement: &id009 !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
     requirements: 
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+        segments: 
+        - 2
+        - 6
+        - 0
         version: 2.6.0
-    version: 
+  type: :development
+  version_requirements: *id009
 description: |-
   A suite for basic and advanced statistics on Ruby. Tested on Ruby 1.8.7, 1.9.1, 1.9.2 (April, 2010) and JRuby 1.4 (Ruby 1.8.7 compatible).
   
@@ -162,6 +207,7 @@ files:
 - examples/parallel_analysis_tetrachoric.rb
 - examples/polychoric.rb
 - examples/principal_axis.rb
+- examples/reliability.rb
 - examples/t_test.rb
 - examples/tetrachoric.rb
 - examples/vector.rb
@@ -172,9 +218,10 @@ files:
 - lib/distribution/normalbivariate.rb
 - lib/distribution/t.rb
 - lib/spss.rb
-- lib/statistics2.rb
 - lib/statsample.rb
 - lib/statsample/anova.rb
+- lib/statsample/anova/oneway.rb
+- lib/statsample/anova/twoway.rb
 - lib/statsample/bivariate.rb
 - lib/statsample/bivariate/polychoric.rb
 - lib/statsample/bivariate/tetrachoric.rb
@@ -230,7 +277,10 @@ files:
 - po/es/statsample.po
 - po/statsample.pot
 - setup.rb
+- test/helpers_tests.rb
 - test/test_anovaoneway.rb
+- test/test_anovatwoway.rb
+- test/test_anovatwowaywithdataset.rb
 - test/test_anovawithvectors.rb
 - test/test_bivariate.rb
 - test/test_bivariate_polychoric.rb
@@ -245,7 +295,6 @@ files:
 - test/test_factor.rb
 - test/test_ggobi.rb
 - test/test_gsl.rb
-- test/test_helpers.rb
 - test/test_histogram.rb
 - test/test_logit.rb
 - test/test_matrix.rb
@@ -280,18 +329,20 @@ required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
   requirements: 
   - - ">="
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      segments: 
+      - 0
       version: "0"
-  version: 
 required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement 
   requirements: 
   - - ">="
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
+      segments: 
+      - 0
       version: "0"
-  version: 
 requirements: []
 
 rubyforge_project: ruby-statsample
-rubygems_version: 1.3.5
+rubygems_version: 1.3.6
 signing_key: 
 specification_version: 3
 summary: A suite for basic and advanced statistics on Ruby
@@ -301,8 +352,8 @@ test_files:
 - test/test_factor.rb
 - test/test_permutation.rb
 - test/test_codification.rb
+- test/test_anovatwowaywithdataset.rb
 - test/test_umannwhitney.rb
-- test/test_helpers.rb
 - test/test_anovawithvectors.rb
 - test/test_crosstab.rb
 - test/test_distribution.rb
@@ -323,6 +374,7 @@ test_files:
 - test/test_stest.rb
 - test/test_statistics.rb
 - test/test_reliability.rb
+- test/test_anovatwoway.rb
 - test/test_test_f.rb
 - test/test_test_t.rb
 - test/test_histogram.rb

data/lib/statistics2.rb

@@ -1,531 +0,0 @@
-#   statistics2.rb
-#
-#   distributions of statistics             
-#     by Shin-ichiro HARA
-# URL: http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/~sinara/ruby/math/
-#
-#   2003.09.25
-#
-#   Ref:
-#     [1] http://www.matsusaka-u.ac.jp/~okumura/algo/
-#     [2] http://www5.airnet.ne.jp/tomy/cpro/sslib11.htm
-
-module Statistics2  # :nodoc:
-  SQ2PI = Math.sqrt(2 * Math::PI)
-
-  # Newton approximation
-  def newton_a(y, ini, epsilon = 1.0e-6, limit = 30)
-    x = ini
-    limit.times do |i|
-      prev = x
-      f, df = yield(prev)
-      x = (y - f)/df + prev
-      if (x - prev).abs < epsilon
-        return x
-      end
-    end
-    $stderr.puts("Warning(newton approximation): over limit")
-    x
-  end
-
-  module_function :newton_a
-  private :newton_a
-  private_class_method :newton_a
-
-  # Gamma function
-  LOG_2PI = Math.log(2 * Math::PI)# log(2PI)
-  N = 8
-  B0  = 1.0
-  B1  = -1.0 / 2.0
-  B2  = 1.0 / 6.0
-  B4  = -1.0 / 30.0
-  B6  =  1.0 / 42.0
-  B8  = -1.0 / 30.0
-  B10 =  5.0 / 66.0
-  B12 = -691.0 / 2730.0
-  B14 =  7.0 / 6.0
-  B16 = -3617.0 / 510.0
-  
-  def loggamma(x)
-    v = 1.0
-    while (x < N)
-      v *= x
-      x += 1.0
-    end
-    w = 1.0 / (x * x)
-    ret = B16 / (16 * 15)
-    ret = ret * w + B14 / (14 * 13)
-    ret = ret * w + B12 / (12 * 11)
-    ret = ret * w + B10 / (10 *  9)
-    ret = ret * w + B8  / ( 8 *  7)
-    ret = ret * w + B6  / ( 6 *  5)
-    ret = ret * w + B4  / ( 4 *  3)
-    ret = ret * w + B2  / ( 2 *  1)
-    ret = ret / x + 0.5 * LOG_2PI - Math.log(v) - x + (x - 0.5) * Math.log(x)
-    ret
-  end
-  
-  def gamma(x)
-    if (x < 0.0)
-      return Math::PI / (Math.sin(Math.PI * x) * Math.exp(loggamma(1 - x))) #/
-    end
-    Math.exp(loggamma(x))
-  end
-
-  module_function :loggamma, :gamma
-  private :loggamma, :gamma
-  private_class_method :loggamma, :gamma
-
-  #normal-distribution
-  # (-\infty, z]
-  def p_nor(z)
-    if z < -12 then return 0.0 end
-    if z > 12 then return 1.0 end
-    if z == 0.0 then return 0.5 end
-
-    if z > 0.0
-      e = true
-    else
-      e = false
-      z = -z
-    end
-    z = z.to_f
-    z2 = z * z
-    t = q = z * Math.exp(-0.5 * z2) / SQ2PI
-
-    3.step(199, 2) do |i|
-      prev = q
-      t *= z2 / i
-      q += t
-      if q <= prev
-        return(e ? 0.5 + q : 0.5 - q)
-      end
-    end
-    e ? 1.0 : 0.0
-  end
-
-  # inverse of normal distribution ([2])
-  # Pr( (-\infty, x] ) = qn -> x
-  def pnorm(qn)
-    b = [1.570796288, 0.03706987906, -0.8364353589e-3,
-         -0.2250947176e-3, 0.6841218299e-5, 0.5824238515e-5,
-         -0.104527497e-5, 0.8360937017e-7, -0.3231081277e-8,
-         0.3657763036e-10, 0.6936233982e-12]
-    
-    if(qn < 0.0 || 1.0 < qn)
-      $stderr.printf("Error : qn <= 0 or qn >= 1  in pnorm()!\n")
-      return 0.0;
-    end
-    qn == 0.5 and return 0.0
-    
-    w1 = qn
-    qn > 0.5 and w1 = 1.0 - w1
-    w3 = -Math.log(4.0 * w1 * (1.0 - w1))
-    w1 = b[0]
-    1.upto 10 do |i|
-      w1 += b[i] * w3**i;
-    end
-    qn > 0.5 and return Math.sqrt(w1 * w3)
-    -Math.sqrt(w1 * w3)
-  end
-
-  private :p_nor, :pnorm
-  module_function :p_nor, :pnorm
-  private_class_method :p_nor, :pnorm
-
-  #normal-distribution interface
-  def normaldist(z)
-    p_nor(z)
-  end
-
-  def pnormaldist(y)
-    pnorm(y)
-  end
-
-  #chi-square distribution ([1])
-  #[x, \infty)
-  def q_chi2(df, chi2)
-    chi2 = chi2.to_f
-    if (df & 1) != 0
-      chi = Math.sqrt(chi2)
-      if (df == 1) then return 2 * normal___x(chi); end
-      s = t = chi * Math.exp(-0.5 * chi2) / SQ2PI
-      k = 3
-      while k < df
-        t *= chi2 / k;  s += t;
-        k += 2
-      end
-      2 * (normal___x(chi) + s)
-    else
-      s = t = Math.exp(-0.5 * chi2)
-      k = 2
-      while k < df
-        t *= chi2 / k;  s += t;
-        k += 2
-      end
-      s
-    end
-  end
-
-  def chi2dens(n, x)
-    if n == 1
-      1.0/Math.sqrt(2 * Math::PI * x) * Math::E**(-x/2.0)
-    elsif n == 2
-      0.5 * Math::E**(-x/2.0)
-    else
-      n = n.to_f
-      n2 = n/2
-      x = x.to_f
-      1.0 / 2**n2 / gamma(n2) * x**(n2 - 1.0) * Math.exp(-x/2.0)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # [x, \infty)
-  # Pr([x, \infty)) = y -> x
-  def pchi2(n, y)
-    if n == 1
-      w = pnorm(1 - y/2) # = pnormal___x(y/2)
-      w * w
-    elsif n == 2
-#      v = (1.0 / y - 1.0) / 33.0
-#      newton_a(y, v) {|x| [q_chi2(n, x), -chi2dens(n, x)] }
-      -2.0 * Math.log(y)
-    else
-      eps = 1.0e-5
-      v = 0.0
-      s = 10.0
-      loop do
-        v += s
-        if s <= eps then break end
-        if (qe = q_chi2(n, v) - y) == 0.0 then break end
-        if qe < 0.0
-          v -= s
-          s /= 10.0 #/
-        end
-      end
-      v
-    end
-  end
-
-  private :q_chi2, :pchi2, :chi2dens
-  module_function :q_chi2, :pchi2, :chi2dens
-  private_class_method :q_chi2, :pchi2, :chi2dens
-  
-  # chi-square-distribution interface
-  def chi2dist(n, x); 1.0 - q_chi2(n, x); end
-  def pchi2dist(n, y); pchi2(n, 1.0 - y); end
-
-
-  # t-distribution ([1])
-  # (-\infty, x]
-  def p_t(df, t)
-    c2 = df.to_f / (df + t * t);
-    s = Math.sqrt(1.0 - c2)
-    s = -s if t < 0.0
-    p = 0.0;
-    i = df % 2 + 2
-    while i <= df
-      p += s
-      s *= (i - 1) * c2 / i
-      i += 2
-    end
-    if df.is_a? Float or df & 1 != 0
-      0.5+(p*Math.sqrt(c2)+Math.atan(t/Math.sqrt(df)))/Math::PI
-    else
-      (1.0 + p) / 2.0
-    end
-  end
-
-  # inverse of t-distribution ([2])
-  # (-\infty, -q/2] + [q/2, \infty)
-  def ptsub(q, n)
-    q = q.to_f
-    if(n == 1 && 0.001 < q && q < 0.01)
-      eps = 1.0e-4
-    elsif (n == 2 && q < 0.0001)
-      eps = 1.0e-4
-    elsif (n == 1 && q < 0.001)
-      eps = 1.0e-2
-    else
-      eps = 1.0e-5
-    end
-    s = 10000.0
-    w = 0.0
-    loop do
-      w += s
-      if(s <= eps) then return w end
-      if((qe = 2.0 - p_t(n, w)*2.0 - q) == 0.0) then return w end
-      if(qe < 0.0)
-        w -= s
-        s /= 10.0 #/
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def pt(q, n)
-    q = q.to_f
-    if(q < 1.0e-5 || q > 1.0 || n < 1)
-      $stderr.printf("Error : Illigal parameter in pt()!\n")
-      return 0.0
-    end
-    
-    if(n <= 5) then return ptsub(q, n) end
-    if(q <= 5.0e-3 && n <= 13) then return ptsub(q, n) end
-
-    f1 = 4.0 * (f = n.to_f)
-    f5 = (f4 = (f3 = (f2 = f * f) * f) * f) * f
-    f2 *= 96.0
-    f3 *= 384.0
-    f4 *= 92160.0
-    f5 *= 368640.0
-    u = pnormaldist(1.0 - q / 2.0)
-
-    w0 = (u2 = u * u) * u
-    w1 = w0 * u2
-    w2 = w1 * u2
-    w3 = w2 * u2
-    w4 = w3 * u2
-    w = (w0 + u) / f1
-    w += (5.0 * w1 + 16.0 * w0 + 3.0 * u) / f2
-    w += (3.0 * w2 + 19.0 * w1 + 17.0 * w0 - 15.0 * u) / f3
-    w += (79.0 * w3 + 776.0 * w2 + 1482.0 * w1 - 1920.0 * w0 - 9450.0 * u) / f4
-    w += (27.0 * w4 + 339.0 * w3 + 930.0 * w2 - 1782.0 * w1 - 765.0 * w0 + 17955.0 * u) / f5
-    u + w
-  end
-  
-  private  :p_t, :pt, :ptsub
-  module_function :p_t, :pt, :ptsub
-  private_class_method :p_t, :pt, :ptsub
-
-  # t-distribution interface
-  def tdist(n, t); p_t(n, t); end
-  def ptdist(n, y)
-    if y > 0.5
-      pt(2.0 - y*2.0, n)
-    else
-      - pt(y*2.0, n)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # F-distribution ([1])
-  # [x, \infty) 
-  def q_f(df1, df2, f)
-    if (f <= 0.0) then return 1.0; end
-    if (df1 % 2 != 0 && df2 % 2 == 0)
-      return 1.0 - q_f(df2, df1, 1.0 / f)
-    end
-    cos2 = 1.0 / (1.0 + df1.to_f * f / df2.to_f)
-    sin2 = 1.0 - cos2
-
-    if (df1 % 2 == 0)
-        prob = cos2 ** (df2.to_f / 2.0)
-        temp = prob
-        i = 2
-        while i < df1
-          temp *= (df2.to_f + i - 2) * sin2 / i
-          prob += temp
-          i += 2
-        end
-        return prob
-    end
-    prob = Math.atan(Math.sqrt(df2.to_f / (df1.to_f * f)))
-    temp = Math.sqrt(sin2 * cos2)
-    i = 3
-    while i <= df1
-      prob += temp
-      temp *= (i - 1).to_f * sin2 / i.to_f;
-      i += 2.0
-    end
-    temp *= df1.to_f
-    i = 3
-    while i <= df2
-      prob -= temp
-      temp *= (df1.to_f + i - 2) * cos2 / i.to_f
-      i += 2
-    end
-    prob * 2.0 / Math::PI
-  end
-
-  # inverse of F-distribution ([2])
-  def pfsub(x, y, z)
-    (Math.sqrt(z) - y) / x / 2.0
-  end
-
-  # [x, \infty)
-  def pf(q, n1, n2)
-    if(q < 0.0 || q > 1.0 || n1 < 1 || n2 < 1)
-      $stderr.printf("Error : Illegal parameter in pf()!\n")
-      return 0.0
-    end
-    
-    if n1 <= 240 || n2 <= 240
-      eps = 1.0e-5
-      if(n2 == 1) then eps = 1.0e-4 end
-      fw = 0.0
-      s = 1000.0
-      loop do
-        fw += s
-        if s <= eps  then return fw end
-        if (qe = q_f(n1, n2, fw) - q) == 0.0 then return fw end
-        if qe < 0.0
-          fw -= s
-          s /= 10.0 #/
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    eps = 1.0e-6
-    qn = q
-    if q < 0.5 then qn = 1.0 - q
-      u = pnorm(qn)
-      w1 = 2.0 / n1 / 9.0
-      w2 = 2.0 / n2 / 9.0
-      w3 = 1.0 - w1
-      w4 = 1.0 - w2
-      u2 = u * u
-      a = w4 * w4 - u2 * w2
-      b = -2. * w3 * w4
-      c = w3 * w3 - u2 * w1
-      d = b * b - 4 * a * c
-      if(d < 0.0)
-        fw = pfsub(a, b, 0.0)
-      else
-        if(a.abs > eps)
-          fw = pfsub(a, b, d)
-        else
-          if(b.abs > eps) then return -c / b end
-          fw = pfsub(a, b, 0.0)
-        end
-      end
-      fw * fw * fw
-    end
-  end
-
-  private  :q_f, :pf, :pfsub
-  module_function :q_f, :pf, :pfsub
-  private_class_method :q_f, :pf, :pfsub
-
-  # F-distribution interface
-  def fdist(n1, n2, f); 1.0 - q_f(n1, n2, f); end
-  def pfdist(n1, n2, y); pf(1.0 - y, n1, n2); end
-
-  ############################################################################
-  # discrete distributions
-
-  def perm(n, x = n)
-    raise RangeError if n < 0 || x < 0
-    r = 1
-    while x >= 1
-      r *= n
-      n -= 1
-      x -= 1
-    end
-    r
-  end
-  
-  def combi(n, x)
-    raise RangeError if n < 0 || x < 0
-    x = n - x if x*2 > n
-    perm(n, x) / perm(x, x)
-  end
-
-  module_function :perm, :combi
-  private_class_method :perm, :combi
-
-  def bindens(n, p, x)
-    p = p.to_f
-    q = 1.0 - p
-    combi(n, x) * p**x * q**(n - x)
-  end
-  
-  def bindist(n, p, x)
-    (0..x).inject(0.0) do |s, k|
-      s + bindens(n, p, k)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def poissondens(m, x)
-    return 0.0 if x < 0
-    m = m.to_f
-    m ** x * Math::E ** (-m) / perm(x)
-  end
-
-  def poissondist(m, x)
-    (0..x).inject(0.0) do |s, k|
-      s + poissondens(m, k)
-    end
-  end
-
-  ############################################################################
-
-  # normal-distribution
-  def normalxXX_(z); normaldist(z); end
-  def normal__X_(z); normaldist(z) - 0.5; end
-  def normal___x(z); 1.0 - normaldist(z); end
-  def normalx__x(z); 2.0 - normaldist(z) * 2.0; end
-  module_function :normaldist, :normalxXX_, :normal__X_, :normal___x, :normalx__x
-
-  # inverse of normal-distribution
-  def pnormalxXX_(z); pnormaldist(z); end
-  def pnormal__X_(y); pnormalxXX_(y + 0.5); end
-  def pnormal___x(y); pnormalxXX_(1.0 - y); end
-  def pnormalx__x(y); pnormalxXX_(1.0 - y/2.0); end
-  module_function :pnormaldist, :pnormalxXX_, :pnormal__X_, :pnormal___x, :pnormalx__x
-
-
-  # chi2-distribution
-  def chi2_x(n, x); 1.0 - chi2dist(n, x); end
-  def chi2X_(n, x); chi2dist(n, x); end
-  module_function :chi2dist, :chi2X_, :chi2_x
-
-  # inverse of chi2-distribution
-  def pchi2_x(n, y); pchi2dist(n, 1.0 - y); end
-  def pchi2X_(n, y); pchi2dist(n, y); end
-  module_function :pchi2dist, :pchi2X_, :pchi2_x
-
-
-  # t-distribution
-  def tx__x(n, x); 2.0 - tdist(n, x) * 2.0; end
-  def txXX_(n, x); tdist(n, x); end
-  def t__X_(n, x); tdist(n, x) - 0.5; end
-  def t___x(n, x); 1.0 - tdist(n, x); end
-  module_function :tdist, :txXX_, :t__X_, :t___x, :tx__x
-
-  # inverse of t-distribution
-  def ptx__x(n, y); ptdist(n, 1.0 - y / 2.0); end
-  def ptxXX_(n, y); ptdist(n, y); end
-  def pt__X_(n, y); ptdist(n, 0.5 + y); end
-  def pt___x(n, y); ptdist(n, 1.0 - y); end
-  module_function :ptdist, :ptxXX_, :pt__X_, :pt___x, :ptx__x
-
-
-  # F-distribution
-  def f_x(n1, n2, x); 1.0 - fdist(n1, n2, x); end
-  def fX_(n1, n2, x); fdist(n1, n2, x); end
-  module_function :fdist, :fX_, :f_x
-
-  # inverse of F-distribution
-  def pf_x(n1, n2, x); pfdist(n1, n2, 1.0 - x); end
-  def pfX_(n1, n2, x); pfdist(n1, n2, x); end
-  module_function :pfdist, :pfX_, :pf_x
-
-  # discrete distributions
-  def binX_(n, p, x); bindist(n, p, x); end
-  def bin_x(n, p, x); bindist(n, 1.0 - p, n - x);  end
-  module_function :bindens, :bindist, :binX_, :bin_x
-
-  def poissonX_(m, x); poissondist(m, x); end
-  def poisson_x(m, x); 1.0 - poissondist(m, x-1); end
-  module_function :poissondens, :poissondist, :poissonX_, :poisson_x
-end
-
-
-if $0 == __FILE__
-  if ARGV.empty?
-    puts "Example:"
-    puts "        #$0 normaldist 0.01"
-    puts "        #$0 pf_x 2 3 0.01"
-    exit
-  end
-  p Statistics2.send(ARGV[0], *ARGV[1..-1].map{|x| eval(x)})
-end