sqlite3 1.7.3 → 2.5.0

data/ext/sqlite3/database.c

@@ -12,133 +12,224 @@
 
 VALUE cSqlite3Database;
 
-static void deallocate(void * ctx)
+/* See adr/2024-09-fork-safety.md */
+static void
+discard_db(sqlite3RubyPtr ctx)
+{
+    sqlite3_file *sfile;
+    int status;
+
+    // release as much heap memory as possible by deallocating non-essential memory
+    // allocations held by the database library. Memory used to cache database pages to
+    // improve performance is an example of non-essential memory.
+    // on my development machine, this reduces the lost memory from 152k to 69k.
+    sqlite3_db_release_memory(ctx->db);
+
+    // release file descriptors
+#ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_DB_NAME
+    const char *db_name;
+    int j_db = 0;
+    while ((db_name = sqlite3_db_name(ctx->db, j_db)) != NULL) {
+        status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, db_name, SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER, &sfile);
+        if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+            sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+        }
+        j_db++;
+    }
+#else
+    status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, NULL, SQLITE_FCNTL_FILE_POINTER, &sfile);
+    if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+        sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    status = sqlite3_file_control(ctx->db, NULL, SQLITE_FCNTL_JOURNAL_POINTER, &sfile);
+    if (status == 0 && sfile->pMethods != NULL) {
+        sfile->pMethods->xClose(sfile);
+    }
+
+    ctx->db = NULL;
+    ctx->flags |= SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_DISCARDED;
+}
+
+static void
+close_or_discard_db(sqlite3RubyPtr ctx)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr c = (sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
-  sqlite3 * db     = c->db;
+    if (ctx->db) {
+        int is_readonly = (ctx->flags & SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY);
 
-  if(db) sqlite3_close(db);
-  xfree(c);
+        if (is_readonly || ctx->owner == getpid()) {
+            // Ordinary close.
+            sqlite3_close_v2(ctx->db);
+            ctx->db = NULL;
+        } else {
+            // This is an open connection carried across a fork(). "Discard" it.
+            discard_db(ctx);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-static size_t database_memsize(const void *ctx)
+
+static void
+database_mark(void *ctx)
 {
-  const sqlite3RubyPtr c = (const sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
-  // NB: can't account for ctx->db because the type is incomplete.
-  return sizeof(*c);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr c = (sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
+    rb_gc_mark(c->busy_handler);
+}
+
+static void
+deallocate(void *ctx)
+{
+    close_or_discard_db((sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx);
+    xfree(ctx);
+}
+
+static size_t
+database_memsize(const void *ctx)
+{
+    const sqlite3RubyPtr c = (const sqlite3RubyPtr)ctx;
+    // NB: can't account for ctx->db because the type is incomplete.
+    return sizeof(*c);
 }
 
 static const rb_data_type_t database_type = {
-  "SQLite3::Backup",
-  {
-      NULL,
-      deallocate,
-      database_memsize,
-  },
-  0,
-  0,
-  RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED, // Not freed immediately because the dfree function do IOs.
+    .wrap_struct_name = "SQLite3::Backup",
+    .function = {
+        .dmark = database_mark,
+        .dfree = deallocate,
+        .dsize = database_memsize,
+    },
+    .flags = RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED, // Not freed immediately because the dfree function do IOs.
 };
 
-static VALUE allocate(VALUE klass)
+static VALUE
+allocate(VALUE klass)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  return TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE object = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    ctx->owner = getpid();
+    return object;
 }
 
 static char *
 utf16_string_value_ptr(VALUE str)
 {
-  StringValue(str);
-  rb_str_buf_cat(str, "\x00\x00", 2L);
-  return RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    StringValue(str);
+    rb_str_buf_cat(str, "\x00\x00", 2L);
+    return RSTRING_PTR(str);
 }
 
-static VALUE sqlite3_rb_close(VALUE self);
-
-sqlite3RubyPtr sqlite3_database_unwrap(VALUE database){
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(database, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  return ctx;
+sqlite3RubyPtr
+sqlite3_database_unwrap(VALUE database)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(database, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    return ctx;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_sqlite3_open_v2(VALUE self, VALUE file, VALUE mode, VALUE zvfs)
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_open_v2(VALUE self, VALUE file, VALUE mode, VALUE zvfs)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    int flags;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
 
 #if defined TAINTING_SUPPORT
 #  if defined StringValueCStr
-  StringValuePtr(file);
-  rb_check_safe_obj(file);
+    StringValuePtr(file);
+    rb_check_safe_obj(file);
 #  else
-  Check_SafeStr(file);
+    Check_SafeStr(file);
 #  endif
 #endif
 
-      status = sqlite3_open_v2(
-          StringValuePtr(file),
-          &ctx->db,
-          NUM2INT(mode),
-          NIL_P(zvfs) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(zvfs)
-      );
-
-  CHECK(ctx->db, status)
+    flags = NUM2INT(mode);
+    status = sqlite3_open_v2(
+                 StringValuePtr(file),
+                 &ctx->db,
+                 flags,
+                 NIL_P(zvfs) ? NULL : StringValuePtr(zvfs)
+             );
+
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+    if (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) {
+        ctx->flags |= SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY;
+    }
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode(VALUE self)
 {
 #if defined SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
 
-  if(!ctx->db) return Qfalse;
+    if (!ctx->db) { return Qfalse; }
 
-  sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL, 0, (void*)0);
-  sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML, 0, (void*)0);
+    sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DDL, 0, (void *)0);
+    sqlite3_db_config(ctx->db, SQLITE_DBCONFIG_DQS_DML, 0, (void *)0);
 
-  return Qtrue;
+    return Qtrue;
 #else
-  return Qfalse;
+    return Qfalse;
 #endif
 }
 
-/* call-seq: db.close
+/*
+ *  Close the database and release all associated resources.
+ *
+ *  ⚠ Writable connections that are carried across a <tt>fork()</tt> are not completely
+ *  closed. {Sqlite does not support forking}[https://www.sqlite.org/howtocorrupt.html],
+ *  and fully closing a writable connection that has been carried across a fork may corrupt the
+ *  database. Since it is an incomplete close, not all memory resources are freed, but this is safer
+ *  than risking data loss.
  *
- * Closes this database.
+ *  See rdoc-ref:adr/2024-09-fork-safety.md for more information on fork safety.
  */
-static VALUE sqlite3_rb_close(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+sqlite3_rb_close(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  sqlite3 * db;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    close_or_discard_db(ctx);
+
+    rb_iv_set(self, "-aggregators", Qnil);
+
+    return self;
+}
 
-  db = ctx->db;
-  CHECK(db, sqlite3_close(ctx->db));
+/* private method, primarily for testing */
+static VALUE
+sqlite3_rb_discard(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
 
-  ctx->db = NULL;
+    discard_db(ctx);
 
-  rb_iv_set(self, "-aggregators", Qnil);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "-aggregators", Qnil);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: db.closed?
  *
  * Returns +true+ if this database instance has been closed (see #close).
  */
-static VALUE closed_p(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+closed_p(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
 
-  if(!ctx->db) return Qtrue;
+    if (!ctx->db) { return Qtrue; }
 
-  return Qfalse;
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: total_changes
@@ -146,20 +237,22 @@ static VALUE closed_p(VALUE self)
  * Returns the total number of changes made to this database instance
  * since it was opened.
  */
-static VALUE total_changes(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+total_changes(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  return INT2NUM(sqlite3_total_changes(ctx->db));
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_total_changes(ctx->db));
 }
 
-static void tracefunc(void * data, const char *sql)
+static void
+tracefunc(void *data, const char *sql)
 {
-  VALUE self = (VALUE)data;
-  VALUE thing = rb_iv_get(self, "@tracefunc");
-  rb_funcall(thing, rb_intern("call"), 1, rb_str_new2(sql));
+    VALUE self = (VALUE)data;
+    VALUE thing = rb_iv_get(self, "@tracefunc");
+    rb_funcall(thing, rb_intern("call"), 1, rb_str_new2(sql));
 }
 
 /* call-seq:
@@ -170,34 +263,37 @@ static void tracefunc(void * data, const char *sql)
  * statement executed. The block receives one parameter: the SQL statement
  * executed. If the block is +nil+, any existing tracer will be uninstalled.
  */
-static VALUE trace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+trace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  VALUE block;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
 
-  if(NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) block = rb_block_proc();
+    if (NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) { block = rb_block_proc(); }
 
-  rb_iv_set(self, "@tracefunc", block);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@tracefunc", block);
 
-  sqlite3_trace(ctx->db, NIL_P(block) ? NULL : tracefunc, (void *)self);
+    sqlite3_trace(ctx->db, NIL_P(block) ? NULL : tracefunc, (void *)self);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
-static int rb_sqlite3_busy_handler(void * ctx, int count)
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_busy_handler(void *context, int count)
 {
-  VALUE self = (VALUE)(ctx);
-  VALUE handle = rb_iv_get(self, "@busy_handler");
-  VALUE result = rb_funcall(handle, rb_intern("call"), 1, INT2NUM(count));
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)context;
+
+    VALUE handle = ctx->busy_handler;
+    VALUE result = rb_funcall(handle, rb_intern("call"), 1, INT2NUM(count));
 
-  if(Qfalse == result) return 0;
+    if (Qfalse == result) { return 0; }
 
-  return 1;
+    return 1;
 }
 
 /* call-seq:
@@ -214,27 +310,68 @@ static int rb_sqlite3_busy_handler(void * ctx, int count)
  *
  * See also the mutually exclusive #busy_timeout.
  */
-static VALUE busy_handler(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+busy_handler(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  VALUE block;
-  int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block;
+    int status;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    if (NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) { block = rb_block_proc(); }
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(self, &ctx->busy_handler, block);
 
-  rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &block);
+    status = sqlite3_busy_handler(
+                 ctx->db,
+                 NIL_P(block) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_busy_handler,
+                 (void *)ctx
+             );
 
-  if(NIL_P(block) && rb_block_given_p()) block = rb_block_proc();
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
 
-  rb_iv_set(self, "@busy_handler", block);
+    return self;
+}
 
-  status = sqlite3_busy_handler(
-      ctx->db, NIL_P(block) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_busy_handler, (void *)self);
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_statement_timeout(void *context)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx = (sqlite3RubyPtr)context;
+    struct timespec currentTime;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &currentTime);
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+    if (!timespecisset(&ctx->stmt_deadline)) {
+        // Set stmt_deadline if not already set
+        ctx->stmt_deadline = currentTime;
+    } else if (timespecafter(&currentTime, &ctx->stmt_deadline)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
 
-  return self;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* call-seq: db.statement_timeout = ms
+ *
+ * Indicates that if a query lasts longer than the indicated number of
+ * milliseconds, SQLite should interrupt that query and return an error.
+ * By default, SQLite does not interrupt queries. To restore the default
+ * behavior, send 0 as the +ms+ parameter.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_statement_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE milliseconds)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+
+    ctx->stmt_timeout = NUM2INT(milliseconds);
+    int n = NUM2INT(milliseconds) == 0 ? -1 : 1000;
+
+    sqlite3_progress_handler(ctx->db, n, rb_sqlite3_statement_timeout, (void *)ctx);
+
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: last_insert_row_id
@@ -242,115 +379,122 @@ static VALUE busy_handler(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  * Obtains the unique row ID of the last row to be inserted by this Database
  * instance.
  */
-static VALUE last_insert_row_id(VALUE self)
-{
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
-
-  return LL2NUM(sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(ctx->db));
-}
-
-VALUE sqlite3val2rb(sqlite3_value * val)
-{
-  switch(sqlite3_value_type(val)) {
-    case SQLITE_INTEGER:
-      return LL2NUM(sqlite3_value_int64(val));
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_FLOAT:
-      return rb_float_new(sqlite3_value_double(val));
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_TEXT:
-      return rb_str_new2((const char *)sqlite3_value_text(val));
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_BLOB: {
-      /* Sqlite warns calling sqlite3_value_bytes may invalidate pointer from sqlite3_value_blob,
-         so we explicitly get the length before getting blob pointer.
-         Note that rb_str_new apparently create string with ASCII-8BIT (BINARY) encoding,
-         which is what we want, as blobs are binary
-       */
-      int len = sqlite3_value_bytes(val);
-      return rb_str_new((const char *)sqlite3_value_blob(val), len);
-      break;
+static VALUE
+last_insert_row_id(VALUE self)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    return LL2NUM(sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(ctx->db));
+}
+
+VALUE
+sqlite3val2rb(sqlite3_value *val)
+{
+    VALUE rb_val;
+
+    switch (sqlite3_value_type(val)) {
+        case SQLITE_INTEGER:
+            rb_val = LL2NUM(sqlite3_value_int64(val));
+            break;
+        case SQLITE_FLOAT:
+            rb_val = rb_float_new(sqlite3_value_double(val));
+            break;
+        case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+            rb_val = rb_utf8_str_new_cstr((const char *)sqlite3_value_text(val));
+            rb_obj_freeze(rb_val);
+            break;
+        }
+        case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+            int len = sqlite3_value_bytes(val);
+            rb_val = rb_str_new((const char *)sqlite3_value_blob(val), len);
+            rb_obj_freeze(rb_val);
+            break;
+        }
+        case SQLITE_NULL:
+            rb_val = Qnil;
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "bad type");
     }
-    case SQLITE_NULL:
-      return Qnil;
-      break;
-    default:
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "bad type"); /* FIXME */
-  }
-}
-
-void set_sqlite3_func_result(sqlite3_context * ctx, VALUE result)
-{
-  switch(TYPE(result)) {
-    case T_NIL:
-      sqlite3_result_null(ctx);
-      break;
-    case T_FIXNUM:
-      sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, (sqlite3_int64)FIX2LONG(result));
-      break;
-    case T_BIGNUM: {
+
+    return rb_val;
+}
+
+void
+set_sqlite3_func_result(sqlite3_context *ctx, VALUE result)
+{
+    switch (TYPE(result)) {
+        case T_NIL:
+            sqlite3_result_null(ctx);
+            break;
+        case T_FIXNUM:
+            sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, (sqlite3_int64)FIX2LONG(result));
+            break;
+        case T_BIGNUM: {
 #if SIZEOF_LONG < 8
-      sqlite3_int64 num64;
+            sqlite3_int64 num64;
 
-      if (bignum_to_int64(result, &num64)) {
-	  sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, num64);
-	  break;
-      }
+            if (bignum_to_int64(result, &num64)) {
+                sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, num64);
+                break;
+            }
 #endif
+        }
+        case T_FLOAT:
+            sqlite3_result_double(ctx, NUM2DBL(result));
+            break;
+        case T_STRING:
+            if (CLASS_OF(result) == cSqlite3Blob
+                    || rb_enc_get_index(result) == rb_ascii8bit_encindex()
+               ) {
+                sqlite3_result_blob(
+                    ctx,
+                    (const void *)StringValuePtr(result),
+                    (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
+                    SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+                );
+            } else {
+                sqlite3_result_text(
+                    ctx,
+                    (const char *)StringValuePtr(result),
+                    (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
+                    SQLITE_TRANSIENT
+                );
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't return %s",
+                     rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(result)));
     }
-    case T_FLOAT:
-      sqlite3_result_double(ctx, NUM2DBL(result));
-      break;
-    case T_STRING:
-      if(CLASS_OF(result) == cSqlite3Blob
-              || rb_enc_get_index(result) == rb_ascii8bit_encindex()
-        ) {
-        sqlite3_result_blob(
-            ctx,
-            (const void *)StringValuePtr(result),
-            (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
-            SQLITE_TRANSIENT
-        );
-      } else {
-        sqlite3_result_text(
-            ctx,
-            (const char *)StringValuePtr(result),
-            (int)RSTRING_LEN(result),
-            SQLITE_TRANSIENT
-        );
-      }
-      break;
-    default:
-      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "can't return %s",
-          rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(result)));
-  }
-}
-
-static void rb_sqlite3_func(sqlite3_context * ctx, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv)
-{
-  VALUE callable = (VALUE)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
-  VALUE params = rb_ary_new2(argc);
-  VALUE result;
-  int i;
-
-  if (argc > 0) {
-    for(i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-      VALUE param = sqlite3val2rb(argv[i]);
-      rb_ary_push(params, param);
+}
+
+static void
+rb_sqlite3_func(sqlite3_context *ctx, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv)
+{
+    VALUE callable = (VALUE)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
+    VALUE params = rb_ary_new2(argc);
+    VALUE result;
+    int i;
+
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+            VALUE param = sqlite3val2rb(argv[i]);
+            rb_ary_push(params, param);
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  result = rb_apply(callable, rb_intern("call"), params);
+    result = rb_apply(callable, rb_intern("call"), params);
 
-  set_sqlite3_func_result(ctx, result);
+    set_sqlite3_func_result(ctx, result);
 }
 
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_PROC_ARITY
-int rb_proc_arity(VALUE self)
+int
+rb_proc_arity(VALUE self)
 {
-  return (int)NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+    return (int)NUM2INT(rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -359,33 +503,34 @@ int rb_proc_arity(VALUE self)
  * Define a function named +name+ with +args+ using TextRep bitflags +flags+.  The arity of the block
  * will be used as the arity for the function defined.
  */
-static VALUE define_function_with_flags(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE flags)
+static VALUE
+define_function_with_flags(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE flags)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  VALUE block;
-  int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    VALUE block;
+    int status;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  block = rb_block_proc();
+    block = rb_block_proc();
 
-  status = sqlite3_create_function(
-    ctx->db,
-    StringValuePtr(name),
-    rb_proc_arity(block),
-    NUM2INT(flags),
-    (void *)block,
-    rb_sqlite3_func,
-    NULL,
-    NULL
-  );
+    status = sqlite3_create_function(
+                 ctx->db,
+                 StringValuePtr(name),
+                 rb_proc_arity(block),
+                 NUM2INT(flags),
+                 (void *)block,
+                 rb_sqlite3_func,
+                 NULL,
+                 NULL
+             );
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
 
-  rb_hash_aset(rb_iv_get(self, "@functions"), name, block);
+    rb_hash_aset(rb_iv_get(self, "@functions"), name, block);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: define_function(name) { |args,...| }
@@ -393,24 +538,26 @@ static VALUE define_function_with_flags(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE flags)
  * Define a function named +name+ with +args+.  The arity of the block
  * will be used as the arity for the function defined.
  */
-static VALUE define_function(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+static VALUE
+define_function(VALUE self, VALUE name)
 {
-  return define_function_with_flags(self, name, INT2FIX(SQLITE_UTF8));
+    return define_function_with_flags(self, name, INT2FIX(SQLITE_UTF8));
 }
 
 /* call-seq: interrupt
  *
  * Interrupts the currently executing operation, causing it to abort.
  */
-static VALUE interrupt(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+interrupt(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  sqlite3_interrupt(ctx->db);
+    sqlite3_interrupt(ctx->db);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: errmsg
@@ -418,13 +565,14 @@ static VALUE interrupt(VALUE self)
  * Return a string describing the last error to have occurred with this
  * database.
  */
-static VALUE errmsg(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+errmsg(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  return rb_str_new2(sqlite3_errmsg(ctx->db));
+    return rb_str_new2(sqlite3_errmsg(ctx->db));
 }
 
 /* call-seq: errcode
@@ -432,13 +580,14 @@ static VALUE errmsg(VALUE self)
  * Return an integer representing the last error to have occurred with this
  * database.
  */
-static VALUE errcode_(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+errcode_(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  return INT2NUM(sqlite3_errcode(ctx->db));
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_errcode(ctx->db));
 }
 
 /* call-seq: complete?(sql)
@@ -446,12 +595,14 @@ static VALUE errcode_(VALUE self)
  * Return +true+ if the string is a valid (ie, parsable) SQL statement, and
  * +false+ otherwise.
  */
-static VALUE complete_p(VALUE UNUSED(self), VALUE sql)
+static VALUE
+complete_p(VALUE UNUSED(self), VALUE sql)
 {
-  if(sqlite3_complete(StringValuePtr(sql)))
-    return Qtrue;
+    if (sqlite3_complete(StringValuePtr(sql))) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
 
-  return Qfalse;
+    return Qfalse;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: changes
@@ -460,37 +611,39 @@ static VALUE complete_p(VALUE UNUSED(self), VALUE sql)
  * operation performed. Note that a "delete from table" without a where
  * clause will not affect this value.
  */
-static VALUE changes(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+changes(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  return INT2NUM(sqlite3_changes(ctx->db));
+    return INT2NUM(sqlite3_changes(ctx->db));
 }
 
-static int rb_sqlite3_auth(
+static int
+rb_sqlite3_auth(
     void *ctx,
     int _action,
-    const char * _a,
-    const char * _b,
-    const char * _c,
-    const char * _d)
+    const char *_a,
+    const char *_b,
+    const char *_c,
+    const char *_d)
 {
-  VALUE self   = (VALUE)ctx;
-  VALUE action = INT2NUM(_action);
-  VALUE a      = _a ? rb_str_new2(_a) : Qnil;
-  VALUE b      = _b ? rb_str_new2(_b) : Qnil;
-  VALUE c      = _c ? rb_str_new2(_c) : Qnil;
-  VALUE d      = _d ? rb_str_new2(_d) : Qnil;
-  VALUE callback = rb_iv_get(self, "@authorizer");
-  VALUE result = rb_funcall(callback, rb_intern("call"), 5, action, a, b, c, d);
+    VALUE self   = (VALUE)ctx;
+    VALUE action = INT2NUM(_action);
+    VALUE a      = _a ? rb_str_new2(_a) : Qnil;
+    VALUE b      = _b ? rb_str_new2(_b) : Qnil;
+    VALUE c      = _c ? rb_str_new2(_c) : Qnil;
+    VALUE d      = _d ? rb_str_new2(_d) : Qnil;
+    VALUE callback = rb_iv_get(self, "@authorizer");
+    VALUE result = rb_funcall(callback, rb_intern("call"), 5, action, a, b, c, d);
 
-  if(T_FIXNUM == TYPE(result)) return (int)NUM2INT(result);
-  if(Qtrue == result) return SQLITE_OK;
-  if(Qfalse == result) return SQLITE_DENY;
+    if (T_FIXNUM == TYPE(result)) { return (int)NUM2INT(result); }
+    if (Qtrue == result) { return SQLITE_OK; }
+    if (Qfalse == result) { return SQLITE_DENY; }
 
-  return SQLITE_IGNORE;
+    return SQLITE_IGNORE;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: set_authorizer = auth
@@ -503,23 +656,24 @@ static int rb_sqlite3_auth(
  * is allowed to proceed. Returning 1 or false causes an authorization error to
  * occur, and returning 2 or nil causes the access to be silently denied.
  */
-static VALUE set_authorizer(VALUE self, VALUE authorizer)
+static VALUE
+set_authorizer(VALUE self, VALUE authorizer)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  status = sqlite3_set_authorizer(
-      ctx->db, NIL_P(authorizer) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_auth, (void *)self
-  );
+    status = sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+                 ctx->db, NIL_P(authorizer) ? NULL : rb_sqlite3_auth, (void *)self
+             );
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, status);
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status);
 
-  rb_iv_set(self, "@authorizer", authorizer);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@authorizer", authorizer);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: db.busy_timeout = ms
@@ -532,15 +686,16 @@ static VALUE set_authorizer(VALUE self, VALUE authorizer)
  *
  * See also the mutually exclusive #busy_handler.
  */
-static VALUE set_busy_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
+static VALUE
+set_busy_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_busy_timeout(ctx->db, (int)NUM2INT(timeout)));
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_busy_timeout(ctx->db, (int)NUM2INT(timeout)));
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: db.extended_result_codes = true
@@ -548,42 +703,44 @@ static VALUE set_busy_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
  * Enable extended result codes in SQLite.  These result codes allow for more
  * detailed exception reporting, such a which type of constraint is violated.
  */
-static VALUE set_extended_result_codes(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
+static VALUE
+set_extended_result_codes(VALUE self, VALUE enable)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_extended_result_codes(ctx->db, RTEST(enable) ? 1 : 0));
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_extended_result_codes(ctx->db, RTEST(enable) ? 1 : 0));
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
-int rb_comparator_func(void * ctx, int a_len, const void * a, int b_len, const void * b)
+int
+rb_comparator_func(void *ctx, int a_len, const void *a, int b_len, const void *b)
 {
-  VALUE comparator;
-  VALUE a_str;
-  VALUE b_str;
-  VALUE comparison;
-  rb_encoding * internal_encoding;
+    VALUE comparator;
+    VALUE a_str;
+    VALUE b_str;
+    VALUE comparison;
+    rb_encoding *internal_encoding;
 
-  internal_encoding = rb_default_internal_encoding();
+    internal_encoding = rb_default_internal_encoding();
 
-  comparator = (VALUE)ctx;
-  a_str = rb_str_new((const char *)a, a_len);
-  b_str = rb_str_new((const char *)b, b_len);
+    comparator = (VALUE)ctx;
+    a_str = rb_str_new((const char *)a, a_len);
+    b_str = rb_str_new((const char *)b, b_len);
 
-  rb_enc_associate_index(a_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
-  rb_enc_associate_index(b_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
+    rb_enc_associate_index(a_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
+    rb_enc_associate_index(b_str, rb_utf8_encindex());
 
-  if(internal_encoding) {
-    a_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(a_str, internal_encoding);
-    b_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(b_str, internal_encoding);
-  }
+    if (internal_encoding) {
+        a_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(a_str, internal_encoding);
+        b_str = rb_str_export_to_enc(b_str, internal_encoding);
+    }
 
-  comparison = rb_funcall(comparator, rb_intern("compare"), 2, a_str, b_str);
+    comparison = rb_funcall(comparator, rb_intern("compare"), 2, a_str, b_str);
 
-  return NUM2INT(comparison);
+    return NUM2INT(comparison);
 }
 
 /* call-seq: db.collation(name, comparator)
@@ -593,50 +750,42 @@ int rb_comparator_func(void * ctx, int a_len, const void * a, int b_len, const v
  * two parameters and returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than
  * 0.
  */
-static VALUE collation(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE comparator)
+static VALUE
+collation(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE comparator)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_create_collation(
-        ctx->db,
-        StringValuePtr(name),
-        SQLITE_UTF8,
-        (void *)comparator,
-        NIL_P(comparator) ? NULL : rb_comparator_func));
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_create_collation(
+              ctx->db,
+              StringValuePtr(name),
+              SQLITE_UTF8,
+              (void *)comparator,
+              NIL_P(comparator) ? NULL : rb_comparator_func));
 
-  /* Make sure our comparator doesn't get garbage collected. */
-  rb_hash_aset(rb_iv_get(self, "@collations"), name, comparator);
+    /* Make sure our comparator doesn't get garbage collected. */
+    rb_hash_aset(rb_iv_get(self, "@collations"), name, comparator);
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_LOAD_EXTENSION
-/* call-seq: db.load_extension(file)
- *
- * Loads an SQLite extension library from the named file. Extension
- * loading must be enabled using db.enable_load_extension(true) prior
- * to calling this API.
- */
-static VALUE load_extension(VALUE self, VALUE file)
+static VALUE
+load_extension_internal(VALUE self, VALUE file)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  int status;
-  char *errMsg;
-  VALUE errexp;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    char *errMsg;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  status = sqlite3_load_extension(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(file), 0, &errMsg);
-  if (status != SQLITE_OK)
-  {
-    errexp = rb_exc_new2(rb_eRuntimeError, errMsg);
-    sqlite3_free(errMsg);
-    rb_exc_raise(errexp);
-  }
+    status = sqlite3_load_extension(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(file), 0, &errMsg);
 
-  return self;
+    CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, errMsg);
+
+    return self;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -645,107 +794,79 @@ static VALUE load_extension(VALUE self, VALUE file)
  *
  * Enable or disable extension loading.
  */
-static VALUE enable_load_extension(VALUE self, VALUE onoff)
-{
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  int onoffparam;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
-
-  if (Qtrue == onoff) {
-    onoffparam = 1;
-  } else if (Qfalse == onoff) {
-    onoffparam = 0;
-  } else {
-    onoffparam = (int)NUM2INT(onoff);
-  }
+static VALUE
+enable_load_extension(VALUE self, VALUE onoff)
+{
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int onoffparam;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+
+    if (Qtrue == onoff) {
+        onoffparam = 1;
+    } else if (Qfalse == onoff) {
+        onoffparam = 0;
+    } else {
+        onoffparam = (int)NUM2INT(onoff);
+    }
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_enable_load_extension(ctx->db, onoffparam));
+    CHECK(ctx->db, sqlite3_enable_load_extension(ctx->db, onoffparam));
 
-  return self;
+    return self;
 }
 #endif
 
-static int enc_cb(void * _self, int UNUSED(columns), char **data, char **UNUSED(names))
-{
-  VALUE self = (VALUE)_self;
-
-  int index = rb_enc_find_index(data[0]);
-  rb_encoding * e = rb_enc_from_index(index);
-  rb_iv_set(self, "@encoding", rb_enc_from_encoding(e));
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/* call-seq: db.encoding
- *
- * Fetch the encoding set on this database
- */
-static VALUE db_encoding(VALUE self)
-{
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  VALUE enc;
-
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
-
-  enc = rb_iv_get(self, "@encoding");
-
-  if(NIL_P(enc)) {
-    sqlite3_exec(ctx->db, "PRAGMA encoding", enc_cb, (void *)self, NULL);
-  }
-
-  return rb_iv_get(self, "@encoding");
-}
-
 /* call-seq: db.transaction_active?
  *
  * Returns +true+ if there is a transaction active, and +false+ otherwise.
  *
  */
-static VALUE transaction_active_p(VALUE self)
+static VALUE
+transaction_active_p(VALUE self)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  return sqlite3_get_autocommit(ctx->db) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+    return sqlite3_get_autocommit(ctx->db) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
 }
 
-static int hash_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+static int
+hash_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
 {
-  VALUE new_hash = rb_hash_new();
-  int i;
+    VALUE new_hash = rb_hash_new();
+    int i;
 
-  for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    if (data[i] == NULL) {
-      rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), Qnil);
-    } else {
-      rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (data[i] == NULL) {
+            rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), Qnil);
+        } else {
+            rb_hash_aset(new_hash, rb_str_new_cstr(columns[i]), rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_hash);
+    rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_hash);
 
-  return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-static int regular_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
+static int
+regular_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data, char **columns)
 {
-  VALUE new_ary = rb_ary_new();
-  int i;
+    VALUE new_ary = rb_ary_new();
+    int i;
 
-  for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    if (data[i] == NULL) {
-      rb_ary_push(new_ary, Qnil);
-    } else {
-      rb_ary_push(new_ary, rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (data[i] == NULL) {
+            rb_ary_push(new_ary, Qnil);
+        } else {
+            rb_ary_push(new_ary, rb_str_new_cstr(data[i]));
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_ary);
+    rb_ary_push(callback_ary, new_ary);
 
-  return 0;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 
@@ -757,31 +878,30 @@ static int regular_callback_function(VALUE callback_ary, int count, char **data,
  * so the user may parse values with a block.
  * If no query is made, an empty array will be returned.
  */
-static VALUE exec_batch(VALUE self, VALUE sql, VALUE results_as_hash)
+static VALUE
+exec_batch(VALUE self, VALUE sql, VALUE results_as_hash)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  int status;
-  VALUE callback_ary = rb_ary_new();
-  char *errMsg;
-  VALUE errexp;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    VALUE callback_ary = rb_ary_new();
+    char *errMsg;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  if(results_as_hash == Qtrue) {
-    status = sqlite3_exec(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)hash_callback_function, (void*)callback_ary, &errMsg);
-  } else {
-    status = sqlite3_exec(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)regular_callback_function, (void*)callback_ary, &errMsg);
-  }
+    if (results_as_hash == Qtrue) {
+        status = sqlite3_exec(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)hash_callback_function,
+                              (void *)callback_ary,
+                              &errMsg);
+    } else {
+        status = sqlite3_exec(ctx->db, StringValuePtr(sql), (sqlite3_callback)regular_callback_function,
+                              (void *)callback_ary,
+                              &errMsg);
+    }
 
-  if (status != SQLITE_OK)
-  {
-    errexp = rb_exc_new2(rb_eRuntimeError, errMsg);
-    sqlite3_free(errMsg);
-    rb_exc_raise(errexp);
-  }
+    CHECK_MSG(ctx->db, status, errMsg);
 
-  return callback_ary;
+    return callback_ary;
 }
 
 /* call-seq: db.db_filename(database_name)
@@ -789,88 +909,96 @@ static VALUE exec_batch(VALUE self, VALUE sql, VALUE results_as_hash)
  * Returns the file associated with +database_name+.  Can return nil or an
  * empty string if the database is temporary, or in-memory.
  */
-static VALUE db_filename(VALUE self, VALUE db_name)
+static VALUE
+db_filename(VALUE self, VALUE db_name)
 {
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
-  const char * fname;
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
-  REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    const char *fname;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    REQUIRE_OPEN_DB(ctx);
 
-  fname = sqlite3_db_filename(ctx->db, StringValueCStr(db_name));
+    fname = sqlite3_db_filename(ctx->db, StringValueCStr(db_name));
 
-  if(fname) return SQLITE3_UTF8_STR_NEW2(fname);
-  return Qnil;
+    if (fname) { return SQLITE3_UTF8_STR_NEW2(fname); }
+    return Qnil;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_sqlite3_open16(VALUE self, VALUE file)
+static VALUE
+rb_sqlite3_open16(VALUE self, VALUE file)
 {
-  int status;
-  sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
+    int status;
+    sqlite3RubyPtr ctx;
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, sqlite3Ruby, &database_type, ctx);
 
 #if defined TAINTING_SUPPORT
 #if defined StringValueCStr
-  StringValuePtr(file);
-  rb_check_safe_obj(file);
+    StringValuePtr(file);
+    rb_check_safe_obj(file);
 #else
-  Check_SafeStr(file);
+    Check_SafeStr(file);
 #endif
 #endif
 
-  status = sqlite3_open16(utf16_string_value_ptr(file), &ctx->db);
+    // sqlite3_open16 implicitly uses flags (SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE)
+    // see https://www.sqlite.org/capi3ref.html#sqlite3_open
+    // so we do not ever set SQLITE3_RB_DATABASE_READONLY in ctx->flags
+    status = sqlite3_open16(utf16_string_value_ptr(file), &ctx->db);
 
-  CHECK(ctx->db, status)
+    CHECK(ctx->db, status)
 
-  return INT2NUM(status);
+    return INT2NUM(status);
 }
 
-void init_sqlite3_database(void)
+void
+init_sqlite3_database(void)
 {
 #if 0
-  VALUE mSqlite3 = rb_define_module("SQLite3");
+    VALUE mSqlite3 = rb_define_module("SQLite3");
 #endif
-  cSqlite3Database = rb_define_class_under(mSqlite3, "Database", rb_cObject);
-
-  rb_define_alloc_func(cSqlite3Database, allocate);
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open_v2", rb_sqlite3_open_v2, 3);
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open16", rb_sqlite3_open16, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "collation", collation, 2);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "close", sqlite3_rb_close, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "closed?", closed_p, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "total_changes", total_changes, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "trace", trace, -1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "last_insert_row_id", last_insert_row_id, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function", define_function, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function_with_flags", define_function_with_flags, 2);
-  /* public "define_aggregator" is now a shim around define_aggregator2
-   * implemented in Ruby */
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_aggregator2", rb_sqlite3_define_aggregator2, 2);
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "disable_quirk_mode", rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "interrupt", interrupt, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errmsg", errmsg, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errcode", errcode_, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "complete?", complete_p, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "changes", changes, 0);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "authorizer=", set_authorizer, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_handler", busy_handler, -1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_timeout=", set_busy_timeout, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "extended_result_codes=", set_extended_result_codes, 1);
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "transaction_active?", transaction_active_p, 0);
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "exec_batch", exec_batch, 2);
-  rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "db_filename", db_filename, 1);
+    cSqlite3Database = rb_define_class_under(mSqlite3, "Database", rb_cObject);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(cSqlite3Database, allocate);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open_v2", rb_sqlite3_open_v2, 3);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "open16", rb_sqlite3_open16, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "collation", collation, 2);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "close", sqlite3_rb_close, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "discard", sqlite3_rb_discard, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "closed?", closed_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "total_changes", total_changes, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "trace", trace, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "last_insert_row_id", last_insert_row_id, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function", define_function, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_function_with_flags", define_function_with_flags, 2);
+    /* public "define_aggregator" is now a shim around define_aggregator2
+     * implemented in Ruby */
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "define_aggregator2", rb_sqlite3_define_aggregator2, 2);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "disable_quirk_mode", rb_sqlite3_disable_quirk_mode, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "interrupt", interrupt, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errmsg", errmsg, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "errcode", errcode_, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "complete?", complete_p, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "changes", changes, 0);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "authorizer=", set_authorizer, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_handler", busy_handler, -1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "busy_timeout=", set_busy_timeout, 1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "statement_timeout=", set_statement_timeout, 1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "extended_result_codes=", set_extended_result_codes, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "transaction_active?", transaction_active_p, 0);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "exec_batch", exec_batch, 2);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "db_filename", db_filename, 1);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_LOAD_EXTENSION
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "load_extension", load_extension, 1);
+    rb_define_private_method(cSqlite3Database, "load_extension_internal", load_extension_internal, 1);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SQLITE3_ENABLE_LOAD_EXTENSION
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "enable_load_extension", enable_load_extension, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "enable_load_extension", enable_load_extension, 1);
 #endif
 
-  rb_define_method(cSqlite3Database, "encoding", db_encoding, 0);
-
-  rb_sqlite3_aggregator_init();
+    rb_sqlite3_aggregator_init();
 }
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER