spikard 0.4.0-x86_64-linux

data/vendor/crates/spikard-http/tests/background_behavior.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,918 @@
+//! Behavioral tests for background task execution in spikard-http.
+//!
+//! These tests focus on observable behavior: task completion, timing, resource cleanup,
+//! and graceful shutdown patterns. They validate end-to-end behavior rather than
+//! implementation details.
+//!
+//! Test categories:
+//! 1. Graceful Shutdown & Draining
+//! 2. Shutdown Timeout Behavior
+//! 3. Task Success/Failure Observable Outcomes
+//! 4. High-Volume Task Queue
+//! 5. Task Execution Order Guarantees
+//! 6. Concurrent Task Execution
+//! 7. Task Cancellation Propagation
+
+use spikard_http::background::{
+    BackgroundJobError, BackgroundJobMetadata, BackgroundRuntime, BackgroundSpawnError, BackgroundTaskConfig,
+};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 1: Graceful Shutdown Drains In-Flight Tasks
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that shutdown waits for all in-flight tasks to complete gracefully.
+/// Observable behavior: all spawned tasks complete before shutdown returns Ok.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_graceful_shutdown_drains_all_spawned_tasks() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 50,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 5,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let completion_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let task_count = 20;
+
+    // Spawn multiple tasks with realistic delays
+    for _ in 0..task_count {
+        let count = completion_count.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let c = count.clone();
+                async move {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                    c.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    // Wait briefly for tasks to begin
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Graceful shutdown should wait for all tasks
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_result.is_ok(),
+        "shutdown should succeed when draining in-flight tasks"
+    );
+
+    // Observable outcome: all tasks completed
+    assert_eq!(
+        completion_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        task_count,
+        "all spawned tasks must complete during graceful shutdown"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies that shutdown processes queued tasks before returning.
+/// Observable behavior: both in-flight and queued tasks complete.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_graceful_shutdown_processes_both_inflight_and_queued_tasks() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 2, // Low concurrency to force queueing
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let completion_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let task_count = 15;
+
+    // Spawn tasks that will queue due to concurrency limit
+    for _ in 0..task_count {
+        let count = completion_count.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let c = count.clone();
+                async move {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)).await;
+                    c.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    // Immediate shutdown should drain all queued tasks
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_result.is_ok(),
+        "shutdown should drain both in-flight and queued tasks"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        completion_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        task_count,
+        "all tasks including queued ones must complete"
+    );
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 2: Shutdown Timeout Leaves Incomplete Tasks
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that shutdown times out when tasks exceed drain timeout.
+/// Observable behavior: shutdown returns error, incomplete tasks remain unfinished.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_shutdown_timeout_with_long_running_task() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 10,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 2,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 1, // Very short timeout
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let task_completed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let completed_clone = task_completed.clone();
+
+    // Spawn a task that takes longer than drain timeout
+    handle
+        .spawn(move || {
+            let c = completed_clone.clone();
+            async move {
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(10)).await;
+                c.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        })
+        .expect("spawn failed");
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: shutdown times out
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_result.is_err(),
+        "shutdown should timeout with incomplete long-running task"
+    );
+
+    // Observable behavior: task was not completed before timeout
+    assert!(
+        !task_completed.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "incomplete task should not complete after shutdown timeout"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies shutdown respects drain timeout duration.
+/// Observable behavior: shutdown duration is approximately the drain_timeout_secs.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_shutdown_timeout_duration_respected() {
+    let drain_timeout_secs = 2;
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 10,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 1,
+        drain_timeout_secs,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    // Spawn a very long-running task
+    handle
+        .spawn(|| async {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(30)).await;
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .expect("spawn failed");
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+    // Measure shutdown time
+    let shutdown_start = Instant::now();
+    let _ = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    let shutdown_elapsed = shutdown_start.elapsed();
+
+    // Observable behavior: shutdown duration is ~drain_timeout (±1 second tolerance)
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_elapsed >= Duration::from_secs(drain_timeout_secs - 1),
+        "shutdown should wait at least drain_timeout"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_elapsed < Duration::from_secs(drain_timeout_secs + 2),
+        "shutdown should not wait much longer than drain_timeout"
+    );
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 3: Task Success/Failure Observable Outcomes
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that successful tasks complete without affecting other tasks.
+/// Observable behavior: task runs to completion, no side effects on runtime.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_task_success_completes_cleanly() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let success_flag = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let flag_clone = success_flag.clone();
+
+    handle
+        .spawn(move || {
+            let f = flag_clone.clone();
+            async move {
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                f.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        })
+        .expect("spawn failed");
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: task succeeded and flag set
+    assert!(
+        success_flag.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "successful task should execute and set flag"
+    );
+
+    // Shutdown should complete normally
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_ok(), "shutdown should succeed after successful task");
+}
+
+/// Verifies that failed tasks log failure but don't crash the runtime.
+/// Observable behavior: failed task executes, runtime continues accepting new tasks.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_task_failure_doesnt_crash_runtime() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let failure_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let success_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+
+    // Spawn a failing task
+    {
+        let f = failure_count.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let fail = f.clone();
+                async move {
+                    fail.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Err(BackgroundJobError::from("task error"))
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Spawn another task after failure
+    {
+        let s = success_count.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let succ = s.clone();
+                async move {
+                    succ.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: both tasks ran despite first one failing
+    assert_eq!(failure_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1, "failed task should execute");
+    assert_eq!(
+        success_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        1,
+        "task after failure should also execute"
+    );
+
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(
+        shutdown_result.is_ok(),
+        "runtime should shutdown cleanly after failed tasks"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies that mixed success/failure tasks all execute during shutdown.
+/// Observable behavior: shutdown drains both successful and failed tasks.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_shutdown_drains_mixed_success_and_failure_tasks() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 5,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let success_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let failure_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let task_count = 20;
+
+    for i in 0..task_count {
+        if i % 2 == 0 {
+            let s = success_count.clone();
+            handle
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    let succ = s.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        succ.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                })
+                .expect("spawn failed");
+        } else {
+            let f = failure_count.clone();
+            handle
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    let fail = f.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        fail.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                        Err(BackgroundJobError::from("intentional failure"))
+                    }
+                })
+                .expect("spawn failed");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_ok(), "shutdown should drain all tasks");
+
+    // Observable behavior: all tasks executed
+    assert_eq!(
+        success_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        10,
+        "all successful tasks should execute"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        failure_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        10,
+        "all failing tasks should execute"
+    );
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 4: High-Volume Task Queue (10K+ tasks)
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that high-volume queues are processed without resource exhaustion.
+/// Observable behavior: 10K tasks all complete within drain timeout.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_high_volume_queue_10k_tasks() {
+    let task_count = 10_000;
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 15_000,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 50,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 60,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let completion_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+
+    // Spawn 10K tasks
+    for _ in 0..task_count {
+        let count = completion_count.clone();
+        let result = handle.spawn(move || {
+            let c = count.clone();
+            async move {
+                c.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        });
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "spawn should succeed for high-volume queue");
+    }
+
+    // Shutdown should drain all 10K tasks
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_ok(), "shutdown should complete high-volume queue");
+
+    // Observable behavior: all 10K tasks completed
+    assert_eq!(
+        completion_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        task_count as u64,
+        "all 10K tasks must execute"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies queue full behavior under high spawn rate.
+/// Observable behavior: QueueFull errors when queue capacity exceeded.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_high_volume_queue_overflow_behavior() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 10,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 50,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let blocking_counter = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let spawned_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+
+    // Try to fill queue with more tasks than capacity
+    let mut overflow_error_count = 0;
+    for _ in 0..50 {
+        let counter = blocking_counter.clone();
+        let spawned = spawned_count.clone();
+        let result = handle.spawn(move || {
+            let c = counter.clone();
+            let s = spawned.clone();
+            async move {
+                s.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                // Sleep briefly to keep tasks in flight
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+                c.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        });
+
+        if let Err(BackgroundSpawnError::QueueFull) = result {
+            overflow_error_count += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Observable behavior: queue full errors when capacity exceeded
+    assert!(
+        overflow_error_count > 0,
+        "should see queue full errors when exceeding capacity"
+    );
+
+    // Shutdown should drain remaining tasks
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 5: Task Execution Order Guarantees
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that multiple tasks execute to completion (order not guaranteed, but all complete).
+/// Observable behavior: all tasks execute despite concurrent nature.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_task_execution_order_all_complete() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let execution_log = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let task_count = 100;
+
+    for i in 0..task_count {
+        let log = execution_log.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let l = log.clone();
+                async move {
+                    l.lock().await.push(i);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
+
+    let log = execution_log.lock().await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: all tasks executed
+    assert_eq!(log.len(), task_count, "all spawned tasks should execute");
+
+    // Observable behavior: each task ran exactly once
+    for i in 0..task_count {
+        let count = log.iter().filter(|&&x| x == i).count();
+        assert_eq!(count, 1, "task {} should execute exactly once", i);
+    }
+
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+/// Verifies FIFO-like behavior when concurrency is limited.
+/// Observable behavior: with 1 concurrent task, tasks execute sequentially.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_sequential_execution_with_single_concurrency() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 1, // Force sequential execution
+        drain_timeout_secs: 30,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let execution_order = Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let task_count = 10;
+
+    for i in 0..task_count {
+        let order = execution_order.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let o = order.clone();
+                async move {
+                    o.lock().await.push(i);
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)).await;
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_ok(), "shutdown should succeed");
+
+    let order = execution_order.lock().await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: all tasks executed
+    assert_eq!(order.len(), task_count, "all tasks should execute");
+
+    // With single concurrency, tasks may not strictly execute in order due to async
+    // scheduling, but they should all complete
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 6: Concurrent Task Execution
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that concurrent limit is respected during execution.
+/// Observable behavior: peak concurrent tasks <= configured limit.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_concurrent_execution_respects_limit() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 5,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let active_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let peak_count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let task_count = 20;
+
+    for _ in 0..task_count {
+        let active = active_count.clone();
+        let peak = peak_count.clone();
+
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let a = active.clone();
+                let p = peak.clone();
+
+                async move {
+                    // Increment active count
+                    let current = a.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
+
+                    // Update peak
+                    let mut peak_val = p.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    while current > peak_val {
+                        if p.compare_exchange(peak_val, current, Ordering::SeqCst, Ordering::SeqCst)
+                            .is_ok()
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        peak_val = p.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    }
+
+                    // Hold task for a bit to measure peak
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+                    a.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    // Wait for tasks to execute and measure peak
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300)).await;
+
+    let peak = peak_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+    // Observable behavior: peak concurrent never exceeds limit
+    assert!(
+        peak <= 5,
+        "peak concurrent tasks ({}) should not exceed limit of 5",
+        peak
+    );
+
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+/// Verifies tasks can run concurrently and interact safely.
+/// Observable behavior: multiple tasks run simultaneously without data races.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_concurrent_tasks_safe_interaction() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 10,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 10,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let shared_value = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+    let task_count = 50;
+
+    for _ in 0..task_count {
+        let val = shared_value.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let v = val.clone();
+                async move {
+                    // Safe concurrent increment via atomic
+                    v.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: all concurrent increments succeeded
+    assert_eq!(
+        shared_value.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        task_count as u64,
+        "concurrent increments should all complete"
+    );
+
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Test 7: Task Cancellation Propagation
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies that shutdown immediately stops accepting new tasks.
+/// Observable behavior: spawn after shutdown signal returns error.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_spawn_fails_after_shutdown_initiated() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    // Clone handle before shutdown
+    let handle_clone = handle.clone();
+
+    // Shutdown the runtime
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+
+    // Brief delay to ensure shutdown is complete
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: spawn after shutdown returns error
+    let result = handle_clone.spawn(|| async { Ok(()) });
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "spawn after shutdown should fail");
+}
+
+/// Verifies that incomplete tasks are cancelled when shutdown times out.
+/// Observable behavior: incomplete task never completes after timeout.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_incomplete_task_cancelled_on_timeout() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 10,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 1,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 1,
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let task_started = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let task_completed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let started = task_started.clone();
+    let completed = task_completed.clone();
+
+    handle
+        .spawn(move || {
+            let s = started.clone();
+            let c = completed.clone();
+            async move {
+                s.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(10)).await;
+                c.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        })
+        .expect("spawn failed");
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+    // Task started before shutdown
+    assert!(task_started.load(Ordering::SeqCst), "task should have started");
+
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: shutdown timed out
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_err(), "shutdown should timeout with incomplete task");
+
+    // Observable behavior: task was not allowed to complete
+    assert!(
+        !task_completed.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "incomplete task should not complete after shutdown timeout"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies task cancellation doesn't affect other tasks.
+/// Observable behavior: other tasks complete normally even if one is cancelled.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_task_cancellation_doesnt_affect_others() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig {
+        max_queue_size: 100,
+        max_concurrent_tasks: 5,
+        drain_timeout_secs: 1, // Short timeout
+    };
+
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let short_task_completed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let long_task_started = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+
+    // Spawn a short task that will complete
+    {
+        let c = short_task_completed.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let completed = c.clone();
+                async move {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+                    completed.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    // Spawn a long task that will be cancelled
+    {
+        let s = long_task_started.clone();
+        handle
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let started = s.clone();
+                async move {
+                    started.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(30)).await;
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+    // Shutdown with timeout
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_err(), "shutdown should timeout due to long task");
+
+    // Observable behavior: short task completed, long task started but not completed
+    assert!(
+        short_task_completed.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "short task should have completed before timeout"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        long_task_started.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "long task should have started before timeout"
+    );
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Additional Coverage: Resource Cleanup & Edge Cases
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Verifies immediate shutdown with no tasks.
+/// Observable behavior: shutdown succeeds quickly with empty queue.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_shutdown_with_no_tasks() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+
+    // Observable behavior: shutdown succeeds and completes quickly
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "shutdown should succeed with no tasks");
+    assert!(
+        elapsed < Duration::from_secs(1),
+        "shutdown with no tasks should be fast"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Verifies task metadata is preserved (metadata doesn't affect execution).
+/// Observable behavior: tasks with metadata execute successfully.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_task_metadata_preserved_execution() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    let executed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let executed_clone = executed.clone();
+
+    let metadata = BackgroundJobMetadata {
+        name: Cow::Owned("test_task".to_string()),
+        request_id: Some("req-123".to_string()),
+    };
+
+    let future = async move {
+        executed_clone.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        Ok(())
+    };
+
+    handle.spawn_with_metadata(future, metadata).expect("spawn failed");
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: task with metadata executed
+    assert!(executed.load(Ordering::SeqCst), "task with metadata should execute");
+
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+/// Verifies that multiple handles to the same runtime work correctly.
+/// Observable behavior: multiple handle clones spawn tasks independently.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_multiple_handle_clones_spawn_independently() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle1 = runtime.handle();
+    let handle2 = runtime.handle();
+
+    let count = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+
+    // Spawn via first handle
+    {
+        let c = count.clone();
+        handle1
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let counter = c.clone();
+                async move {
+                    counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    // Spawn via second handle
+    {
+        let c = count.clone();
+        handle2
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let counter = c.clone();
+                async move {
+                    counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            })
+            .expect("spawn failed");
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+
+    // Observable behavior: tasks from both handles executed
+    assert_eq!(
+        count.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        2,
+        "tasks from multiple handles should all execute"
+    );
+
+    runtime.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown should succeed");
+}
+
+/// Verifies that resource cleanup occurs after shutdown.
+/// Observable behavior: runtime can be dropped safely after shutdown.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_resource_cleanup_after_shutdown() {
+    let config = BackgroundTaskConfig::default();
+    let runtime = BackgroundRuntime::start(config).await;
+    let handle = runtime.handle();
+
+    handle
+        .spawn(|| async {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .expect("spawn failed");
+
+    let shutdown_result = runtime.shutdown().await;
+    assert!(shutdown_result.is_ok(), "shutdown should complete successfully");
+
+    // Observable behavior: dropping runtime after shutdown is safe (no double-free, panics)
+    drop(handle);
+}