sometsome 1.0.2 → 3.10.42

data/lib/proguard4.7/src/proguard/classfile/editor/CodeAttributeComposer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+/*
+ * ProGuard -- shrinking, optimization, obfuscation, and preverification
+ *             of Java bytecode.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2011 Eric Lafortune (eric@graphics.cornell.edu)
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+ * more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+ * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ */
+package proguard.classfile.editor;
+
+import proguard.classfile.*;
+import proguard.classfile.attribute.*;
+import proguard.classfile.attribute.preverification.*;
+import proguard.classfile.attribute.preverification.visitor.*;
+import proguard.classfile.attribute.visitor.*;
+import proguard.classfile.instruction.*;
+import proguard.classfile.instruction.visitor.InstructionVisitor;
+import proguard.classfile.util.SimplifiedVisitor;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * This AttributeVisitor accumulates instructions and exceptions, and then
+ * copies them into code attributes that it visits.
+ *
+ * @author Eric Lafortune
+ */
+public class CodeAttributeComposer
+extends      SimplifiedVisitor
+implements   AttributeVisitor,
+             InstructionVisitor,
+             ExceptionInfoVisitor,
+             StackMapFrameVisitor,
+             VerificationTypeVisitor,
+             LineNumberInfoVisitor,
+             LocalVariableInfoVisitor,
+             LocalVariableTypeInfoVisitor
+{
+    //*
+    private static final boolean DEBUG = false;
+    /*/
+    public  static       boolean DEBUG = false;
+    //*/
+
+
+    private static final int MAXIMUM_LEVELS = 32;
+    private static final int INVALID        = -1;
+
+
+    private boolean allowExternalExceptionHandlers;
+
+    private int maximumCodeLength;
+    private int codeLength;
+    private int exceptionTableLength;
+    private int level = -1;
+
+    private byte[]  code                  = new byte[ClassConstants.TYPICAL_CODE_LENGTH];
+    private int[]   oldInstructionOffsets = new int[ClassConstants.TYPICAL_CODE_LENGTH];
+
+    private final int[]   codeFragmentOffsets  = new int[MAXIMUM_LEVELS];
+    private final int[]   codeFragmentLengths  = new int[MAXIMUM_LEVELS];
+    private final int[][] instructionOffsetMap = new int[MAXIMUM_LEVELS][ClassConstants.TYPICAL_CODE_LENGTH + 1];
+
+    private ExceptionInfo[] exceptionTable = new ExceptionInfo[ClassConstants.TYPICAL_EXCEPTION_TABLE_LENGTH];
+
+    private int expectedStackMapFrameOffset;
+
+    private final StackSizeUpdater    stackSizeUpdater    = new StackSizeUpdater();
+    private final VariableSizeUpdater variableSizeUpdater = new VariableSizeUpdater();
+//    private final InstructionWriter   instructionWriter   = new InstructionWriter();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new CodeAttributeComposer that doesn't allow external exception
+     * handlers.
+     */
+    public CodeAttributeComposer()
+    {
+        this(false);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new CodeAttributeComposer that optionally allows external
+     * exception handlers.
+     */
+    public CodeAttributeComposer(boolean allowExternalExceptionHandlers)
+    {
+        this.allowExternalExceptionHandlers = allowExternalExceptionHandlers;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a new code definition.
+     */
+    public void reset()
+    {
+        maximumCodeLength    = 0;
+        codeLength           = 0;
+        exceptionTableLength = 0;
+        level                = -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a new code fragment. Branch instructions that are added are
+     * assumed to be relative within such code fragments.
+     * @param maximumCodeFragmentLength the maximum length of the code that will
+     *                                  be added as part of this fragment.
+     */
+    public void beginCodeFragment(int maximumCodeFragmentLength)
+    {
+        level++;
+
+        if (level >= MAXIMUM_LEVELS)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Maximum number of code fragment levels exceeded ["+level+"]");
+        }
+
+//        // TODO: Figure out some length.
+//        if (level == 0)
+//        {
+//            // Prepare for possible widening of instructions.
+//            instructionWriter.reset(2 * maximumCodeFragmentLength);
+//        }
+
+        // Make sure there is sufficient space for adding the code fragment.
+        maximumCodeLength += maximumCodeFragmentLength;
+
+        ensureCodeLength(maximumCodeLength);
+
+        // Try to reuse the previous array for this code fragment.
+        if (instructionOffsetMap[level].length <= maximumCodeFragmentLength)
+        {
+            instructionOffsetMap[level] = new int[maximumCodeFragmentLength + 1];
+        }
+
+        // Initialize the offset map.
+        for (int index = 0; index <= maximumCodeFragmentLength; index++)
+        {
+            instructionOffsetMap[level][index] = INVALID;
+        }
+
+        // Remember the location of the code fragment.
+        codeFragmentOffsets[level] = codeLength;
+        codeFragmentLengths[level] = maximumCodeFragmentLength;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the given instruction with the given old offset.
+     * @param oldInstructionOffset the old offset of the instruction, to which
+     *                             branches and other references in the current
+     *                             code fragment are pointing.
+     * @param instruction          the instruction to be appended.
+     */
+    public void appendInstruction(int         oldInstructionOffset,
+                                  Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        if (DEBUG)
+        {
+            println("["+codeLength+"] <- ", instruction.toString(oldInstructionOffset));
+        }
+
+        // Make sure the code array is large enough.
+        int newCodeLength = codeLength + instruction.length(codeLength);
+
+        ensureCodeLength(newCodeLength);
+
+        // Remember the old offset of the appended instruction.
+        oldInstructionOffsets[codeLength] = oldInstructionOffset;
+
+        // Write the instruction.
+//        instruction.accept(null,
+//                           null,
+//                           new CodeAttribute(0, 0, 0, 0, code, 0, null, 0, null),
+//                           codeLength,
+//                           instructionWriter);
+        instruction.write(code, codeLength);
+
+        // Fill out the new offset of the appended instruction.
+        instructionOffsetMap[level][oldInstructionOffset] = codeLength;
+
+        // Continue appending at the next instruction offset.
+        codeLength = newCodeLength;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the given label with the given old offset.
+     * @param oldInstructionOffset the old offset of the label, to which
+     *                             branches and other references in the current
+     *                             code fragment are pointing.
+     */
+    public void appendLabel(int oldInstructionOffset)
+    {
+        if (DEBUG)
+        {
+            println("["+codeLength+"] <- ", "[" + oldInstructionOffset + "] (label)");
+        }
+
+        // Fill out the new offset of the appended instruction.
+        instructionOffsetMap[level][oldInstructionOffset] = codeLength;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the given exception to the exception table.
+     * @param exceptionInfo the exception to be appended.
+     */
+    public void appendException(ExceptionInfo exceptionInfo)
+    {
+        if (DEBUG)
+        {
+            print("         ", "Exception ["+exceptionInfo.u2startPC+" -> "+exceptionInfo.u2endPC+": "+exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC+"]");
+        }
+
+        // Remap the exception right away.
+        visitExceptionInfo(null, null, null, exceptionInfo);
+
+        if (DEBUG)
+        {
+            System.out.println(" -> ["+exceptionInfo.u2startPC+" -> "+exceptionInfo.u2endPC+": "+exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC+"]");
+        }
+
+        // Don't add the exception if its instruction range is empty.
+        if (exceptionInfo.u2startPC == exceptionInfo.u2endPC)
+        {
+            if (DEBUG)
+            {
+                println("         ", "  (not added because of empty instruction range)");
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure there is sufficient space in the exception table.
+        if (exceptionTable.length <= exceptionTableLength)
+        {
+            ExceptionInfo[] newExceptionTable = new ExceptionInfo[exceptionTableLength+1];
+            System.arraycopy(exceptionTable, 0, newExceptionTable, 0, exceptionTableLength);
+            exceptionTable = newExceptionTable;
+        }
+
+        // Add the exception.
+        exceptionTable[exceptionTableLength++] = exceptionInfo;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps up the current code fragment, continuing with the previous one on
+     * the stack.
+     */
+    public void endCodeFragment()
+    {
+        if (level < 0)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Code fragment not begun ["+level+"]");
+        }
+
+        // Remap the instructions of the code fragment.
+        int instructionOffset = codeFragmentOffsets[level];
+        while (instructionOffset < codeLength)
+        {
+            // Get the next instruction.
+            Instruction instruction = InstructionFactory.create(code, instructionOffset);
+
+            // Does this instruction still have to be remapped?
+            if (oldInstructionOffsets[instructionOffset] >= 0)
+            {
+                // Adapt the instruction for its new offset.
+                instruction.accept(null, null, null, instructionOffset, this);
+
+                // Write the instruction back.
+//                instruction.accept(null,
+//                                   null,
+//                                   new CodeAttribute(0, 0, 0, 0, code, 0, null, 0, null),
+//                                   instructionOffset,
+//                                   instructionWriter);
+                instruction.write(code, instructionOffset);
+
+                // Don't remap this instruction again.
+                oldInstructionOffsets[instructionOffset] = -1;
+            }
+
+            // Continue remapping at the next instruction offset.
+            instructionOffset += instruction.length(instructionOffset);
+        }
+
+        // Correct the estimated maximum code length, now that we know the
+        // actual length of this code fragment.
+        maximumCodeLength += codeLength - codeFragmentOffsets[level] -
+                             codeFragmentLengths[level];
+
+        // Try to remap the exception handlers that couldn't be remapped before.
+        if (allowExternalExceptionHandlers)
+        {
+            for (int index = 0; index < exceptionTableLength; index++)
+            {
+                ExceptionInfo exceptionInfo = exceptionTable[index];
+
+                // Unmapped exception handlers are still negated.
+                int handlerPC = -exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC;
+                if (handlerPC > 0)
+                {
+                    if (remappableExceptionHandler(handlerPC))
+                    {
+                        exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC = remapInstructionOffset(handlerPC);
+                    }
+                    else if (level == 0)
+                    {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Couldn't remap exception handler offset ["+handlerPC+"]");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        level--;
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for AttributeVisitor.
+
+    public void visitAnyAttribute(Clazz clazz, Attribute attribute) {}
+
+
+    public void visitCodeAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute)
+    {
+        if (DEBUG)
+        {
+            System.out.println("CodeAttributeComposer: putting results in ["+clazz.getName()+"."+method.getName(clazz)+method.getDescriptor(clazz)+"]");
+        }
+
+        if (level != -1)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Code fragment not ended ["+level+"]");
+        }
+
+        level++;
+
+        // Make sure the code attribute has sufficient space for the composed
+        // code.
+        if (codeAttribute.u4codeLength < codeLength)
+        {
+            codeAttribute.code = new byte[codeLength];
+        }
+
+        // Copy the composed code over into the code attribute.
+        codeAttribute.u4codeLength = codeLength;
+        System.arraycopy(code, 0, codeAttribute.code, 0, codeLength);
+
+        // Remove exceptions with empty code blocks (done before).
+        //exceptionTableLength =
+        //    removeEmptyExceptions(exceptionTable, exceptionTableLength);
+
+        // Make sure the exception table has sufficient space for the composed
+        // exceptions.
+        if (codeAttribute.exceptionTable.length < exceptionTableLength)
+        {
+            codeAttribute.exceptionTable = new ExceptionInfo[exceptionTableLength];
+        }
+
+        // Copy the exception table.
+        codeAttribute.u2exceptionTableLength = exceptionTableLength;
+        System.arraycopy(exceptionTable, 0, codeAttribute.exceptionTable, 0, exceptionTableLength);
+
+        // Update the maximum stack size and local variable frame size.
+        stackSizeUpdater.visitCodeAttribute(clazz, method, codeAttribute);
+        variableSizeUpdater.visitCodeAttribute(clazz, method, codeAttribute);
+
+        // Remap  the line number table and the local variable table.
+        codeAttribute.attributesAccept(clazz, method, this);
+
+        // Remap the exception table.
+        //codeAttribute.exceptionsAccept(clazz, method, this);
+
+        // Remove exceptions with empty code blocks (done before).
+        //codeAttribute.u2exceptionTableLength =
+        //    removeEmptyExceptions(codeAttribute.exceptionTable,
+        //                          codeAttribute.u2exceptionTableLength);
+
+//        // Make sure instructions are widened if necessary.
+//        instructionWriter.visitCodeAttribute(clazz, method, codeAttribute);
+
+        level--;
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitStackMapAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, StackMapAttribute stackMapAttribute)
+    {
+        // Remap all stack map entries.
+        expectedStackMapFrameOffset = -1;
+        stackMapAttribute.stackMapFramesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, this);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitStackMapTableAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, StackMapTableAttribute stackMapTableAttribute)
+    {
+        // Remap all stack map table entries.
+        expectedStackMapFrameOffset = 0;
+        stackMapTableAttribute.stackMapFramesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, this);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitLineNumberTableAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LineNumberTableAttribute lineNumberTableAttribute)
+    {
+        // Remap all line number table entries.
+        lineNumberTableAttribute.lineNumbersAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, this);
+
+        // Remove line numbers with empty code blocks.
+        lineNumberTableAttribute.u2lineNumberTableLength =
+           removeEmptyLineNumbers(lineNumberTableAttribute.lineNumberTable,
+                                  lineNumberTableAttribute.u2lineNumberTableLength,
+                                  codeAttribute.u4codeLength);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitLocalVariableTableAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LocalVariableTableAttribute localVariableTableAttribute)
+    {
+        // Remap all local variable table entries.
+        localVariableTableAttribute.localVariablesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, this);
+
+        // Remove local variables with empty code blocks.
+        localVariableTableAttribute.u2localVariableTableLength =
+            removeEmptyLocalVariables(localVariableTableAttribute.localVariableTable,
+                                      localVariableTableAttribute.u2localVariableTableLength,
+                                      codeAttribute.u2maxLocals);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitLocalVariableTypeTableAttribute(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LocalVariableTypeTableAttribute localVariableTypeTableAttribute)
+    {
+        // Remap all local variable table entries.
+        localVariableTypeTableAttribute.localVariablesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, this);
+
+        // Remove local variables with empty code blocks.
+        localVariableTypeTableAttribute.u2localVariableTypeTableLength =
+            removeEmptyLocalVariableTypes(localVariableTypeTableAttribute.localVariableTypeTable,
+                                          localVariableTypeTableAttribute.u2localVariableTypeTableLength,
+                                          codeAttribute.u2maxLocals);
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for InstructionVisitor.
+
+    public void visitAnyInstruction(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, Instruction instruction) {}
+
+
+    public void visitBranchInstruction(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, BranchInstruction branchInstruction)
+    {
+        // Adjust the branch offset.
+        branchInstruction.branchOffset = remapBranchOffset(offset,
+                                                           branchInstruction.branchOffset);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitAnySwitchInstruction(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, SwitchInstruction switchInstruction)
+    {
+        // Adjust the default jump offset.
+        switchInstruction.defaultOffset = remapBranchOffset(offset,
+                                                            switchInstruction.defaultOffset);
+
+        // Adjust the jump offsets.
+        remapJumpOffsets(offset,
+                         switchInstruction.jumpOffsets);
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for ExceptionInfoVisitor.
+
+    public void visitExceptionInfo(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, ExceptionInfo exceptionInfo)
+    {
+        // Remap the code offsets. Note that the instruction offset map also has
+        // an entry for the first offset after the code, for u2endPC.
+        exceptionInfo.u2startPC = remapInstructionOffset(exceptionInfo.u2startPC);
+        exceptionInfo.u2endPC   = remapInstructionOffset(exceptionInfo.u2endPC);
+
+        // See if we can remap the handler right away. Unmapped exception
+        // handlers are negated, in order to mark them as external.
+        int handlerPC = exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC;
+        exceptionInfo.u2handlerPC =
+            !allowExternalExceptionHandlers ||
+            remappableExceptionHandler(handlerPC) ?
+                remapInstructionOffset(handlerPC) :
+                -handlerPC;
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for StackMapFrameVisitor.
+
+    public void visitAnyStackMapFrame(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, StackMapFrame stackMapFrame)
+    {
+        // Remap the stack map frame offset.
+        int stackMapFrameOffset = remapInstructionOffset(offset);
+
+        int offsetDelta = stackMapFrameOffset;
+
+        // Compute the offset delta if the frame is part of a stack map frame
+        // table (for JDK 6.0) instead of a stack map (for Java Micro Edition).
+        if (expectedStackMapFrameOffset >= 0)
+        {
+            offsetDelta -= expectedStackMapFrameOffset;
+
+            expectedStackMapFrameOffset = stackMapFrameOffset + 1;
+        }
+
+        stackMapFrame.u2offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitSameOneFrame(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, SameOneFrame sameOneFrame)
+    {
+        // Remap the stack map frame offset.
+        visitAnyStackMapFrame(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, sameOneFrame);
+
+        // Remap the verification type offset.
+        sameOneFrame.stackItemAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, this);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitMoreZeroFrame(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, MoreZeroFrame moreZeroFrame)
+    {
+        // Remap the stack map frame offset.
+        visitAnyStackMapFrame(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, moreZeroFrame);
+
+        // Remap the verification type offsets.
+        moreZeroFrame.additionalVariablesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, this);
+    }
+
+
+    public void visitFullFrame(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, FullFrame fullFrame)
+    {
+        // Remap the stack map frame offset.
+        visitAnyStackMapFrame(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, fullFrame);
+
+        // Remap the verification type offsets.
+        fullFrame.variablesAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, this);
+        fullFrame.stackAccept(clazz, method, codeAttribute, offset, this);
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for VerificationTypeVisitor.
+
+    public void visitAnyVerificationType(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, VerificationType verificationType) {}
+
+
+    public void visitUninitializedType(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, int offset, UninitializedType uninitializedType)
+    {
+        // Remap the offset of the 'new' instruction.
+        uninitializedType.u2newInstructionOffset = remapInstructionOffset(uninitializedType.u2newInstructionOffset);
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for LineNumberInfoVisitor.
+
+    public void visitLineNumberInfo(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LineNumberInfo lineNumberInfo)
+    {
+        // Remap the code offset.
+        lineNumberInfo.u2startPC = remapInstructionOffset(lineNumberInfo.u2startPC);
+    }
+
+
+    // Implementations for LocalVariableInfoVisitor.
+
+    public void visitLocalVariableInfo(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LocalVariableInfo localVariableInfo)
+    {
+        // Remap the code offset and length.
+        // TODO: The local variable frame might not be strictly preserved.
+        int startPC = remapInstructionOffset(localVariableInfo.u2startPC);
+        int endPC   = remapInstructionOffset(localVariableInfo.u2startPC + localVariableInfo.u2length);
+
+        localVariableInfo.u2startPC = startPC;
+        localVariableInfo.u2length  = endPC - startPC;
+    }
+
+    // Implementations for LocalVariableTypeInfoVisitor.
+
+    public void visitLocalVariableTypeInfo(Clazz clazz, Method method, CodeAttribute codeAttribute, LocalVariableTypeInfo localVariableTypeInfo)
+    {
+        // Remap the code offset and length.
+        // TODO: The local variable frame might not be strictly preserved.
+        int startPC = remapInstructionOffset(localVariableTypeInfo.u2startPC);
+        int endPC   = remapInstructionOffset(localVariableTypeInfo.u2startPC + localVariableTypeInfo.u2length);
+
+        localVariableTypeInfo.u2startPC = startPC;
+        localVariableTypeInfo.u2length  = endPC - startPC;
+    }
+
+
+    // Small utility methods.
+
+    /**
+     * Make sure the code arrays have at least the given size.
+     */
+    private void ensureCodeLength(int newCodeLength)
+    {
+        if (code.length < newCodeLength)
+        {
+            // Add 20% to avoid extending the arrays too often.
+            newCodeLength = newCodeLength * 6 / 5;
+
+            byte[] newCode = new byte[newCodeLength];
+            System.arraycopy(code, 0, newCode, 0, codeLength);
+            code = newCode;
+
+            int[] newOldInstructionOffsets = new int[newCodeLength];
+            System.arraycopy(oldInstructionOffsets, 0, newOldInstructionOffsets, 0, codeLength);
+            oldInstructionOffsets = newOldInstructionOffsets;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Adjusts the given jump offsets for the instruction at the given offset.
+     */
+    private void remapJumpOffsets(int offset, int[] jumpOffsets)
+    {
+        for (int index = 0; index < jumpOffsets.length; index++)
+        {
+            jumpOffsets[index] = remapBranchOffset(offset, jumpOffsets[index]);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the new branch offset for the instruction at the given new offset
+     * with the given old branch offset.
+     */
+    private int remapBranchOffset(int newInstructionOffset, int branchOffset)
+    {
+        if (newInstructionOffset < 0 ||
+            newInstructionOffset > codeLength)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid instruction offset ["+newInstructionOffset +"] in code with length ["+codeLength+"]");
+        }
+
+        int oldInstructionOffset = oldInstructionOffsets[newInstructionOffset];
+
+        return remapInstructionOffset(oldInstructionOffset + branchOffset) -
+               remapInstructionOffset(oldInstructionOffset);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the new instruction offset for the instruction at the given old
+     * offset.
+     */
+    private int remapInstructionOffset(int oldInstructionOffset)
+    {
+        if (oldInstructionOffset < 0 ||
+            oldInstructionOffset > codeFragmentLengths[level])
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Instruction offset ["+oldInstructionOffset +"] out of range in code fragment with length ["+codeFragmentLengths[level]+"] at level "+level);
+        }
+
+        int newInstructionOffset = instructionOffsetMap[level][oldInstructionOffset];
+        if (newInstructionOffset == INVALID)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid instruction offset ["+oldInstructionOffset +"] in code fragment at level "+level);
+        }
+
+        return newInstructionOffset;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether the given old exception handler can be remapped in the
+     * current code fragment.
+     */
+    private boolean remappableExceptionHandler(int oldInstructionOffset)
+    {
+        if (oldInstructionOffset > codeFragmentLengths[level])
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        int newInstructionOffset =
+            instructionOffsetMap[level][oldInstructionOffset];
+
+        return newInstructionOffset > INVALID &&
+               newInstructionOffset < codeLength;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given list of exceptions, without the ones that have empty
+     * code blocks.
+     */
+    private int removeEmptyExceptions(ExceptionInfo[] exceptionInfos,
+                                      int             exceptionInfoCount)
+    {
+        // Overwrite all empty exceptions.
+        int newIndex = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < exceptionInfoCount; index++)
+        {
+            ExceptionInfo exceptionInfo = exceptionInfos[index];
+            if (exceptionInfo.u2startPC < exceptionInfo.u2endPC)
+            {
+                exceptionInfos[newIndex++] = exceptionInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clear the unused array entries.
+        Arrays.fill(exceptionInfos, newIndex, exceptionInfoCount, null);
+
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given list of line numbers, without the ones that have empty
+     * code blocks or that exceed the code size.
+     */
+    private int removeEmptyLineNumbers(LineNumberInfo[] lineNumberInfos,
+                                       int              lineNumberInfoCount,
+                                       int              codeLength)
+    {
+        // Overwrite all empty line number entries.
+        int newIndex = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < lineNumberInfoCount; index++)
+        {
+            LineNumberInfo lineNumberInfo = lineNumberInfos[index];
+            int startPC = lineNumberInfo.u2startPC;
+            if (startPC < codeLength &&
+                (index == 0 || startPC > lineNumberInfos[index-1].u2startPC))
+            {
+                lineNumberInfos[newIndex++] = lineNumberInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clear the unused array entries.
+        Arrays.fill(lineNumberInfos, newIndex, lineNumberInfoCount, null);
+
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given list of local variables, without the ones that have empty
+     * code blocks or that exceed the actual number of local variables.
+     */
+    private int removeEmptyLocalVariables(LocalVariableInfo[] localVariableInfos,
+                                          int                 localVariableInfoCount,
+                                          int                 maxLocals)
+    {
+        // Overwrite all empty local variable entries.
+        int newIndex = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < localVariableInfoCount; index++)
+        {
+            LocalVariableInfo localVariableInfo = localVariableInfos[index];
+            if (localVariableInfo.u2length > 0 &&
+                localVariableInfo.u2index < maxLocals)
+            {
+                localVariableInfos[newIndex++] = localVariableInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clear the unused array entries.
+        Arrays.fill(localVariableInfos, newIndex, localVariableInfoCount, null);
+
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the given list of local variable types, without the ones that
+     * have empty code blocks or that exceed the actual number of local variables.
+     */
+    private int removeEmptyLocalVariableTypes(LocalVariableTypeInfo[] localVariableTypeInfos,
+                                              int                     localVariableTypeInfoCount,
+                                              int                     maxLocals)
+    {
+        // Overwrite all empty local variable type entries.
+        int newIndex = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < localVariableTypeInfoCount; index++)
+        {
+            LocalVariableTypeInfo localVariableTypeInfo = localVariableTypeInfos[index];
+            if (localVariableTypeInfo.u2length > 0 &&
+                localVariableTypeInfo.u2index < maxLocals)
+            {
+                localVariableTypeInfos[newIndex++] = localVariableTypeInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clear the unused array entries.
+        Arrays.fill(localVariableTypeInfos, newIndex, localVariableTypeInfoCount, null);
+
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+
+    private void println(String string1, String string2)
+    {
+        print(string1, string2);
+
+        System.out.println();
+    }
+
+    private void print(String string1, String string2)
+    {
+        System.out.print(string1);
+
+        for (int index = 0; index < level; index++)
+        {
+            System.out.print("  ");
+        }
+
+        System.out.print(string2);
+    }
+
+
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+    {
+        CodeAttributeComposer composer = new CodeAttributeComposer();
+
+        composer.beginCodeFragment(4);
+        composer.appendInstruction(0, new SimpleInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_ICONST_0));
+        composer.appendInstruction(1, new VariableInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_ISTORE, 0));
+        composer.appendInstruction(2, new BranchInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_GOTO, 1));
+
+        composer.beginCodeFragment(4);
+        composer.appendInstruction(0, new VariableInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_IINC, 0, 1));
+        composer.appendInstruction(1, new VariableInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_ILOAD, 0));
+        composer.appendInstruction(2, new SimpleInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_ICONST_5));
+        composer.appendInstruction(3, new BranchInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_IFICMPLT, -3));
+        composer.endCodeFragment();
+
+        composer.appendInstruction(3, new SimpleInstruction(InstructionConstants.OP_RETURN));
+        composer.endCodeFragment();
+    }
+}