snmp 0.4.0

data/data/ruby/snmp/mibs/VRRP-MIB.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+--- 
+vrrpOperVirtualMacAddr: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.2
+vrrpOperPrimaryIpAddr: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.8
+vrrpRouterVersionErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.2
+vrrpRouterStatsTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4
+vrrpRouterStatsEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1
+vrrpStatsAdvertiseIntervalErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.3
+vrrpStatsIpTtlErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.5
+vrrpMIBGroups: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.3.2
+vrrpMIB: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68
+vrrpOperPriority: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.5
+vrrpAssoIpAddrRowStatus: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.4.1.2
+vrrpTrapAuthErrorType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.6
+vrrpStatsAdvertiseRcvd: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.2
+vrrpStatsPacketLengthErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.12
+vrrpOperVrId: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.1
+vrrpOperState: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.3
+vrrpOperAdvertisementInterval: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.11
+vrrpStatsAddressListErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.9
+vrrpNotifications: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.0
+vrrpOperEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1
+vrrpOperPreemptMode: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.12
+vrrpTrapPacketSrc: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.5
+vrrpStatsPriorityZeroPktsRcvd: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.6
+vrrpStatsPriorityZeroPktsSent: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.7
+vrrpStatsAuthTypeMismatch: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.11
+vrrpOperIpAddrCount: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.6
+vrrpOperProtocol: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.14
+vrrpAssoIpAddr: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.4.1.1
+vrrpStatsAuthFailures: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.4
+vrrpMIBCompliances: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.3.1
+vrrpNodeVersion: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.1
+vrrpOperTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3
+vrrpOperMasterIpAddr: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.7
+vrrpRouterChecksumErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.1
+vrrpAssoIpAddrTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.4
+vrrpAssoIpAddrEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.4.1
+vrrpStatistics: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2
+vrrpStatsBecomeMaster: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.1
+vrrpNotificationCntl: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.2
+vrrpOperAuthKey: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.10
+vrrpOperRowStatus: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.15
+vrrpOperVirtualRouterUpTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.13
+vrrpRouterVrIdErrors: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.3
+vrrpStatsInvalidTypePktsRcvd: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.8
+vrrpStatsInvalidAuthType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.2.4.1.10
+vrrpConformance: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.3
+vrrpOperations: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1
+vrrpOperAdminState: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.4
+vrrpOperAuthType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.68.1.3.1.9

data/data/ruby/snmp/mibs/WWW-MIB.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+--- 
+wwwDocBytesTopNLastResponseType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1.5
+wwwServiceOperStatus: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.8
+wwwMIBConformance: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.2
+wwwDocAccessTopNEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1
+wwwRequestInTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2
+wwwRequestInEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2.1
+wwwServiceLastChange: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.9
+wwwDocBytesTopNName: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1.2
+wwwDocLastNRequestType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.4
+wwwResponseOutIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5.1.1
+wwwDocBucketTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3
+wwwRequestInLastTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2.1.4
+wwwSummaryInResponses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.3
+wwwDocAccessTopNBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1.4
+wwwServiceContact: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.3
+wwwServiceStartTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.7
+wwwRequestOutTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3
+wwwRequestOutEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3.1
+wwwSummaryInLowBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.6
+wwwDocBucketAccesses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1.3
+wwwDocLastNEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1
+wwwSummaryInBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.5
+wwwRequestInBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2.1.3
+wwwRequestOutBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3.1.3
+wwwSummaryOutRequests: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.2
+wwwResponseOutResponses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5.1.2
+wwwDocLastNName: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.2
+wwwSummaryOutResponses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.4
+wwwDocCtrlBucketTimeInterval: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1.4
+wwwDocBucketDocuments: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1.4
+wwwSummaryOutBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.7
+wwwResponseInIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4.1.1
+wwwDocLastNBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.7
+wwwDocCtrlEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1
+wwwDocBytesTopNIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1.1
+wwwService: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1
+wwwProtocolStatistics: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2
+wwwDocBucketTimeStamp: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1.2
+wwwMIBGroups: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.2.2
+wwwSummaryTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1
+wwwResponseInTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4
+wwwServiceIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.1
+wwwDocAccessTopNLastResponseType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1.5
+wwwSummaryInRequests: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.1
+wwwDocCtrlTopNSize: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1.5
+wwwDocCtrlLastNLock: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1.2
+wwwMIBCompliances: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.2.1
+wwwDocAccessTopNName: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1.2
+wwwDocBytesTopNTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5
+wwwDocBucketEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1
+wwwDocCtrlBuckets: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1.3
+wwwServiceName: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.5
+wwwServiceTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1
+wwwResponseInLastTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4.1.4
+wwwDocLastNTimeStamp: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.3
+wwwDocAccessTopNAccesses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1.3
+wwwResponseOutTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5
+wwwResponseOutEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5.1
+wwwDocBucketBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1.5
+wwwResponseInBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4.1.3
+wwwDocAccessTopNIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4.1.1
+wwwDocLastNStatusMsg: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.6
+wwwRequestInIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2.1.1
+wwwDocBytesTopNBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1.4
+wwwDocCtrlLastNSize: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1.1.1
+wwwRequestOutIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3.1.1
+wwwResponseOutBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5.1.3
+wwwDocAccessTopNTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.4
+wwwDocBytesTopNAccesses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1.3
+wwwResponseInResponses: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4.1.2
+wwwRequestOutRequests: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3.1.2
+wwwDocLastNIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.1
+wwwResponseInEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.4.1
+wwwDocLastNTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2
+wwwServiceDescription: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.2
+wwwServiceProtocol: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.4
+wwwSummaryEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1
+wwwMIBObjects: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1
+wwwDocBytesTopNEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.5.1
+wwwServiceEntry: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1
+wwwRequestOutLastTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.3.1.4
+wwwSummaryOutLowBytes: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.1.1.8
+wwwServiceType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.1.1.1.6
+wwwDocLastNResponseType: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.2.1.5
+wwwMIB: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65
+wwwRequestInRequests: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.2.1.2
+wwwResponseOutLastTime: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.2.5.1.4
+wwwDocumentStatistics: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3
+wwwDocCtrlTable: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.1
+wwwDocBucketIndex: 1.3.6.1.2.1.65.1.3.3.1.1

data/examples/dump.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'snmp'
+include SNMP
+
+host = ARGV[0] || 'localhost'
+
+manager = Manager.new(:Host => host, :Port => 161)
+start_oid = ObjectId.new("1.3.6.1.2")
+next_oid = start_oid
+while next_oid.subtree_of?(start_oid)
+    response = manager.get_next(next_oid)
+    varbind = response.varbind_list.first
+    break if varbind.value == EndOfMibView
+    next_oid = varbind.name
+    puts "#{varbind.name.to_s}  #{varbind.value.to_s}  #{varbind.value.asn1_type}"
+end

data/examples/get.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'snmp'
+
+host = ARGV[0] || 'localhost'
+
+manager = SNMP::Manager.new(:Host => host, :Port => 161)
+response = manager.get(["sysDescr.0", "sysName.0"])
+response.each_varbind { |vb| puts vb.to_s }

data/examples/iftable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'snmp'
+include SNMP
+
+host = ARGV[0] || 'localhost'
+
+manager = Manager.new(:Host => host, :Port => 161)
+ifTable = ObjectId.new("1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2")
+next_oid = ifTable
+while next_oid.subtree_of?(ifTable)
+    response = manager.get_next(next_oid)
+    varbind = response.varbind_list.first
+    next_oid = varbind.name
+    puts "#{varbind.name.to_s}  #{varbind.value.to_s}  #{varbind.value.asn1_type}"
+end

data/examples/log_traps.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'snmp'
+require 'logger'
+
+def format_v1_trap(trap)
+    "Trap #{trap.generic_trap} from #{trap.source_ip}"
+end
+
+def format_v2c_trap(trap)
+    "Trap #{trap.trap_oid} from #{trap.source_ip}"
+end
+
+log = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+m = SNMP::TrapManager.new(:Port => 1062) do |manager|
+    manager.on_trap_v1 do |trap|
+        log.info format_v1_trap(trap)
+    end
+    manager.on_trap_v2c do |trap|
+        log.info format_v2c_trap(trap)
+    end
+    log.info "Logging started"
+end
+trap("INT") { log.info "Logging stopped"; m.exit }
+m.join

data/examples/set.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'snmp'
+include SNMP
+
+host = ARGV[0] || 'localhost'
+
+manager = Manager.new(:Host => host, :Port => 161)
+varbind = VarBind.new("1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0", OctetString.new("System Name"))
+manager.set(varbind)

data/examples/walk.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'snmp'
+
+host = ARGV[0] || 'localhost'
+
+SNMP::Manager.open(:Host => host) do |manager|
+    manager.walk(["ifIndex", "ifDescr"]) do |index, descr| 
+        puts "#{index.value} #{descr.value}"
+    end
+end

data/lib/snmp.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2004 David R. Halliday
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This SNMP library is free software.  Redistribution is permitted under the
+# same terms and conditions as the standard Ruby distribution.  See the
+# COPYING file in the Ruby distribution for details.
+#
+
+require 'snmp/manager'

data/lib/snmp/agent.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2004 David R. Halliday
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This SNMP library is free software.  Redistribution is permitted under the
+# same terms and conditions as the standard Ruby distribution.  See the
+# COPYING file in the Ruby distribution for details.
+#
+
+require 'snmp'
+require 'socket'
+require 'logger'
+
+module SNMP
+
+class Agent #:nodoc:all
+
+    def initialize(listen_port=161, max_packet=8000)
+        @log = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+        @log.level = Logger::DEBUG
+        @max_packet = max_packet
+        @socket = UDPSocket.open
+        @socket.bind(nil, listen_port)
+        @mib = MIB::SystemMIB.new
+    end
+    
+    def start
+        @log.info "SNMP agent running"
+        loop do
+            begin
+                data, remote_info = @socket.recvfrom(@max_packet)
+                puts "Received #{data.length} bytes"
+                p data
+                message = Message.decode(data)
+                case message.pdu
+                    when GetRequest
+                        response = message.response
+                        response.pdu.varbind_list.each do |v|
+                            v.value = @mib.get(v.name)
+                        end
+                    when SetRequest
+                        response = message.response
+                    else
+                        raise "invalid message #{message.to_s}"
+                end
+                puts "Responding to #{remote_info[3]}:#{remote_info[1]}"
+                encoded_message = response.encode
+                n=@socket.send(encoded_message, 0, remote_info[3], remote_info[1])
+                p encoded_message
+            rescue => e
+                @log.error e
+                shutdown
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    
+    def shutdown
+        @log.info "SNMP agent stopping"
+        @socket.close
+        exit
+    end
+
+    alias stop :shutdown
+    
+end
+
+end
+
+if $0 == __FILE__
+agent = SNMP::Agent.new(1061)
+trap("INT") { agent.shutdown }
+agent.start
+end
+

data/lib/snmp/ber.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2004 David R. Halliday
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This SNMP library is free software.  Redistribution is permitted under the
+# same terms and conditions as the standard Ruby distribution.  See the
+# COPYING file in the Ruby distribution for details.
+#
+
+#
+# This module implements methods for encoding and decoding SNMP packets
+# using the ASN.1 BER (Basic Encoding Rules).
+#
+module SNMP
+module BER #:nodoc:all
+
+    # SNMP version codes
+    SNMP_V1  = 0
+    SNMP_V2C = 1
+    SNMP_V3  = 3  # not supported
+
+    # SNMP context-specific data types
+    # See RFC 1157 for SNMPv1
+    # See RFC 1905 for SNMPv2c
+    GetRequest_PDU_TAG = 0xa0
+    GetNextRequest_PDU_TAG = 0xa1
+    Response_PDU_TAG = 0xa2
+    SetRequest_PDU_TAG = 0xa3
+    SNMPv1_Trap_PDU_TAG = 0xa4    # Note: valid for SNMPv1 only
+    GetBulkRequest_PDU_TAG = 0xa5
+    InformRequest_PDU_TAG = 0xa6
+    SNMPv2_Trap_PDU_TAG = 0xa7
+    Report_PDU_TAG = 0xa8  # Note: Usage not defined - not supported    
+
+    # Primitive ASN.1 data types
+    INTEGER_TAG = 0x02
+    OCTET_STRING_TAG = 0x04
+    NULL_TAG = 0x05
+    OBJECT_IDENTIFIER_TAG = 0x06
+    
+    # Constructed ASN.1 data type
+    SEQUENCE_TAG = 0x30
+    
+    # SNMP application data types
+    # See RFC 1155 for SNMPv1
+    # See RFC 1902 for SNMPv2c
+    IpAddress_TAG = 0x40
+    Counter32_TAG = 0x41   # Counter in SNMPv1
+    Gauge32_TAG = 0x42     # Gauge in SNMPv1
+    Unsigned32_TAG = 0x42  # Note: same as Gauge32
+    TimeTicks_TAG = 0x43
+    Opaque_TAG = 0x44
+    Counter64_TAG = 0x46
+    
+    # VarBind response exceptions
+    NoSuchObject_TAG = 0x80
+    NoSuchInstance_TAG = 0x81
+    EndOfMibView_TAG = 0x82
+    
+    # Exceptions thrown in this module
+    class OutOfData < RuntimeError; end    
+    class InvalidLength < RuntimeError; end
+    class InvalidTag < RuntimeError; end
+    class InvalidObjectId < RuntimeError; end
+    class InvalidLength < RuntimeError; end
+
+    def assert_no_remainder(remainder)
+        raise ParseError, remainder.inspect if remainder != ""
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Decode tag-length-value data.  The data is assumed to be a string of
+    # bytes in network byte order.  This format is returned by Socket#recv.
+    #
+    # Returns a tuple containing the tag, the value, and any remaining
+    # unprocessed data.
+    #
+    # The data is not interpretted by this method.  Use one of the other
+    # decoding methods to interpret the data.
+    #
+    # Note that ASN.1 supports an indefinite length format where the end of
+    # content is marked by a pair of 0 octets.  SNMP does not support this
+    # format, so only the two definite forms are implemented (single byte and
+    # multi-byte).
+    #
+    def decode_tlv(data)
+        raise OutOfData if (data.length == 2 && data[1] != 0) || data.length < 2
+        tag = data[0]
+        length = data[1]
+        if length < 0x80
+            value = data[2, length]
+            remainder = data[length+2..-1]
+        else
+            # ASN.1 says this octet can't be 0xff
+            raise InvalidLength, length.to_s if length == 0xff
+            num_octets = length & 0x7f
+            length = build_integer(data, 2, num_octets)
+            value = data[num_octets+2, length]
+            remainder = data[num_octets+2+length..-1]
+        end
+        return tag, value, remainder
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Decode TLV data for an ASN.1 integer.
+    #
+    # Throws an InvalidTag exception if the tag is incorrect.
+    #
+    # Returns a tuple containing an integer and any remaining unprocessed data.
+    #
+    def decode_integer(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != INTEGER_TAG
+        return decode_integer_value(value), remainder
+    end
+
+    def decode_timeticks(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != TimeTicks_TAG
+        return decode_integer_value(value), remainder
+    end
+    
+    def decode_integer_value(value)
+        result = build_integer(value, 0, value.length)
+        if value[0][7] == 1
+            result -= (1 << (8 * value.length))
+        end
+        result
+    end
+    
+    def build_integer(data, start, num_octets)
+        number = 0
+        num_octets.times { |i| number = number<<8 | data[start+i] }
+        return number
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Decode TLV data for an ASN.1 octet string.
+    #
+    # Throws an InvalidTag exception if the tag is incorrect.
+    #
+    # Returns a tuple containing a string and any remaining unprocessed data.
+    #    
+    def decode_octet_string(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != OCTET_STRING_TAG
+        return value, remainder
+    end
+    
+    def decode_ip_address(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != IpAddress_TAG
+        raise InvalidLength, tag.to_s if value.length != 4
+        return value, remainder
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Decode TLV data for an ASN.1 sequence.
+    #
+    # Throws an InvalidTag exception if the tag is incorrect.
+    #
+    # Returns a tuple containing the sequence data and any remaining 
+    # unprocessed data that follows the sequence.
+    #
+    def decode_sequence(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != SEQUENCE_TAG
+        return value, remainder
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Unwrap TLV data for an ASN.1 object identifier.  This method extracts
+    # the OID value as a character string but does not decode it further.
+    #
+    # Throws an InvalidTag exception if the tag is incorrect.
+    #
+    # Returns a tuple containing the object identifier (OID) and any
+    # remaining unprocessed data.  The OID is represented as an array
+    # of integers.
+    #
+    def decode_object_id(data)
+        tag, value, remainder = decode_tlv(data)
+        raise InvalidTag, tag.to_s if tag != OBJECT_IDENTIFIER_TAG
+        return decode_object_id_value(value), remainder
+    end
+    
+    def decode_object_id_value(value)
+        if value.length == 0
+            object_id = []
+        else
+            if value[0] == 0x2b
+                object_id = [1,3]
+            else
+                second = value[0] % 40
+                first = (value[0] - second) / 40
+                raise InvalidObjectId, value.to_s if first > 2
+                object_id = [first, second]
+            end
+            n = 0
+            for i in 1...value.length
+                n = (n<<7) + (value[i] & 0x7f)
+                if value[i] < 0x80
+                    object_id << n
+                    n = 0
+                end 
+            end
+        end
+        return object_id
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Encode the length field for TLV data.  Returns the length octets
+    # as a string.
+    #
+    def encode_length(length)
+        raise InvalidLength, length.to_s if length < 0
+        if length < 0x80
+            length.chr
+        else
+            data = integer_to_octets(length)
+            (data.size | 0x80).chr << data
+        end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Encode integer
+    #
+    def encode_integer(value)
+        encode_tagged_integer(INTEGER_TAG, value)
+    end
+    
+    def encode_tagged_integer(tag, value)
+        if value > 0 && value < 0x80
+            data = value.chr
+        else
+            data = integer_to_octets(value)
+            if value > 0 && data[0] > 0x7f
+                data = "\000" << data 
+            elsif value < 0 && data[0] < 0x80
+                data = "\377" << data
+            end
+        end
+        encode_tlv(tag, data)
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Helper method for encoding integer-like things.
+    #
+    def integer_to_octets(i)
+        if i >= 0
+            done = 0
+        else
+            done = -1
+        end
+        octets = ""
+        begin
+            octets = (i & 0xff).chr << octets
+            i = i >> 8
+        end until i == done
+        octets
+    end
+    
+    def encode_null
+        NULL_TAG.chr << "\000"
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Encode an exception.  The encoding is simply the exception tag with
+    # no data, similar to NULL.
+    #
+    def encode_exception(tag)
+        tag.chr << "\000"
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Wraps value in a tag and length.  This method expects an
+    # integer tag and a string value.
+    #
+    def encode_tlv(tag, value)
+        data = tag.chr << encode_length(value.length)
+        data = data << value if value.length > 0
+        data
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Wrap string in a octet string tag and length.
+    #
+    def encode_octet_string(value)
+        encode_tlv(OCTET_STRING_TAG, value)
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Wrap value in a sequence tag and length.
+    #
+    def encode_sequence(value)
+        encode_tlv(SEQUENCE_TAG, value)
+    end
+    
+    #
+    # Encode an object id.  The input is assumed to be an array of integers
+    # representing the object id.
+    #
+    def encode_object_id(value)
+        raise InvalidObjectId, value.to_s if value.length < 1
+        raise InvalidObjectId, value.to_s if value[0] > 2
+        data = ""
+        if (value.length > 1)
+            raise InvalidObjectId if value[0] < 2 && value[1] > 40
+            data << (40 * value[0] + value[1]).chr
+            for i in 2...value.length
+                if value[i] < 0x80
+                    data << value[i].chr
+                else
+                    octets = ""
+                    n = value[i]
+                    begin
+                        octets = (n & 0x7f | 0x80).chr << octets
+                        n = n >> 7
+                    end until n == 0
+                    octets[-1] &= 0x7f
+                    data << octets
+                end
+            end
+        elsif (value.length == 1)
+            data << (40 * value[0]).chr
+        end
+        encode_tlv(OBJECT_IDENTIFIER_TAG, data)
+    end
+    
+end
+end
+