snappy 0.0.17 → 0.4.0

data/vendor/snappy/snappy.cc

@@ -26,43 +26,163 @@
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-#include "snappy.h"
 #include "snappy-internal.h"
 #include "snappy-sinksource.h"
+#include "snappy.h"
+#if !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2)
+// __BMI2__ is defined by GCC and Clang. Visual Studio doesn't target BMI2
+// specifically, but it does define __AVX2__ when AVX2 support is available.
+// Fortunately, AVX2 was introduced in Haswell, just like BMI2.
+//
+// BMI2 is not defined as a subset of AVX2 (unlike SSSE3 and AVX above). So,
+// GCC and Clang can build code with AVX2 enabled but BMI2 disabled, in which
+// case issuing BMI2 instructions results in a compiler error.
+#if defined(__BMI2__) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX2__))
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2 1
+#else
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2 0
+#endif
+#endif  // !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2)
+
+#if !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32)
+#if defined(__SSE4_2__)
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32 1
+#else
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32 0
+#endif
+#endif  // !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32)
+
+#if !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32)
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON && defined(__ARM_FEATURE_CRC32)
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32 1
+#else
+#define SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32 0
+#endif
+#endif  // !defined(SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32)
+
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2 || SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32
+// Please do not replace with <x86intrin.h>. or with headers that assume more
+// advanced SSE versions without checking with all the OWNERS.
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#elif SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32
+#include <arm_acle.h>
+#endif
 
-#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
-#include <emmintrin.h>
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define SNAPPY_PREFETCH(ptr) __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 0, 3)
+#else
+#define SNAPPY_PREFETCH(ptr) (void)(ptr)
 #endif
-#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-
 namespace snappy {
 
+namespace {
+
+// The amount of slop bytes writers are using for unconditional copies.
+constexpr int kSlopBytes = 64;
+
+using internal::char_table;
 using internal::COPY_1_BYTE_OFFSET;
 using internal::COPY_2_BYTE_OFFSET;
-using internal::LITERAL;
-using internal::char_table;
+using internal::COPY_4_BYTE_OFFSET;
 using internal::kMaximumTagLength;
-using internal::wordmask;
-
-// Any hash function will produce a valid compressed bitstream, but a good
-// hash function reduces the number of collisions and thus yields better
-// compression for compressible input, and more speed for incompressible
-// input. Of course, it doesn't hurt if the hash function is reasonably fast
-// either, as it gets called a lot.
-static inline uint32 HashBytes(uint32 bytes, int shift) {
-  uint32 kMul = 0x1e35a7bd;
-  return (bytes * kMul) >> shift;
+using internal::LITERAL;
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+using internal::V128;
+using internal::V128_Load;
+using internal::V128_LoadU;
+using internal::V128_Shuffle;
+using internal::V128_StoreU;
+using internal::V128_DupChar;
+#endif
+
+// We translate the information encoded in a tag through a lookup table to a
+// format that requires fewer instructions to decode. Effectively we store
+// the length minus the tag part of the offset. The lowest significant byte
+// thus stores the length. While total length - offset is given by
+// entry - ExtractOffset(type). The nice thing is that the subtraction
+// immediately sets the flags for the necessary check that offset >= length.
+// This folds the cmp with sub. We engineer the long literals and copy-4 to
+// always fail this check, so their presence doesn't affect the fast path.
+// To prevent literals from triggering the guard against offset < length (offset
+// does not apply to literals) the table is giving them a spurious offset of
+// 256.
+inline constexpr int16_t MakeEntry(int16_t len, int16_t offset) {
+  return len - (offset << 8);
+}
+
+inline constexpr int16_t LengthMinusOffset(int data, int type) {
+  return type == 3   ? 0xFF                    // copy-4 (or type == 3)
+         : type == 2 ? MakeEntry(data + 1, 0)  // copy-2
+         : type == 1 ? MakeEntry((data & 7) + 4, data >> 3)  // copy-1
+         : data < 60 ? MakeEntry(data + 1, 1)  // note spurious offset.
+                     : 0xFF;                   // long literal
+}
+
+inline constexpr int16_t LengthMinusOffset(uint8_t tag) {
+  return LengthMinusOffset(tag >> 2, tag & 3);
 }
-static inline uint32 Hash(const char* p, int shift) {
-  return HashBytes(UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p), shift);
+
+template <size_t... Ints>
+struct index_sequence {};
+
+template <std::size_t N, size_t... Is>
+struct make_index_sequence : make_index_sequence<N - 1, N - 1, Is...> {};
+
+template <size_t... Is>
+struct make_index_sequence<0, Is...> : index_sequence<Is...> {};
+
+template <size_t... seq>
+constexpr std::array<int16_t, 256> MakeTable(index_sequence<seq...>) {
+  return std::array<int16_t, 256>{LengthMinusOffset(seq)...};
 }
 
-size_t MaxCompressedLength(size_t source_len) {
+alignas(64) const std::array<int16_t, 256> kLengthMinusOffset =
+    MakeTable(make_index_sequence<256>{});
+
+// Given a table of uint16_t whose size is mask / 2 + 1, return a pointer to the
+// relevant entry, if any, for the given bytes.  Any hash function will do,
+// but a good hash function reduces the number of collisions and thus yields
+// better compression for compressible input.
+//
+// REQUIRES: mask is 2 * (table_size - 1), and table_size is a power of two.
+inline uint16_t* TableEntry(uint16_t* table, uint32_t bytes, uint32_t mask) {
+  // Our choice is quicker-and-dirtier than the typical hash function;
+  // empirically, that seems beneficial.  The upper bits of kMagic * bytes are a
+  // higher-quality hash than the lower bits, so when using kMagic * bytes we
+  // also shift right to get a higher-quality end result.  There's no similar
+  // issue with a CRC because all of the output bits of a CRC are equally good
+  // "hashes." So, a CPU instruction for CRC, if available, tends to be a good
+  // choice.
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_NEON_CRC32
+  // We use mask as the second arg to the CRC function, as it's about to
+  // be used anyway; it'd be equally correct to use 0 or some constant.
+  // Mathematically, _mm_crc32_u32 (or similar) is a function of the
+  // xor of its arguments.
+  const uint32_t hash = __crc32cw(bytes, mask);
+#elif SNAPPY_HAVE_X86_CRC32
+  const uint32_t hash = _mm_crc32_u32(bytes, mask);
+#else
+  constexpr uint32_t kMagic = 0x1e35a7bd;
+  const uint32_t hash = (kMagic * bytes) >> (31 - kMaxHashTableBits);
+#endif
+  return reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(table) +
+                                     (hash & mask));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+size_t MaxCompressedLength(size_t source_bytes) {
   // Compressed data can be defined as:
   //    compressed := item* literal*
   //    item       := literal* copy
@@ -83,24 +203,34 @@ size_t MaxCompressedLength(size_t source_len) {
   // I.e., 6 bytes of input turn into 7 bytes of "compressed" data.
   //
   // This last factor dominates the blowup, so the final estimate is:
-  return 32 + source_len + source_len/6;
+  return 32 + source_bytes + source_bytes / 6;
 }
 
 namespace {
 
 void UnalignedCopy64(const void* src, void* dst) {
-  memcpy(dst, src, 8);
+  char tmp[8];
+  std::memcpy(tmp, src, 8);
+  std::memcpy(dst, tmp, 8);
 }
 
 void UnalignedCopy128(const void* src, void* dst) {
-  // TODO(alkis): Remove this when we upgrade to a recent compiler that emits
-  // SSE2 moves for memcpy(dst, src, 16).
-#ifdef __SSE2__
-  __m128i x = _mm_loadu_si128(static_cast<const __m128i*>(src));
-  _mm_storeu_si128(static_cast<__m128i*>(dst), x);
-#else
-  memcpy(dst, src, 16);
-#endif
+  // std::memcpy() gets vectorized when the appropriate compiler options are
+  // used. For example, x86 compilers targeting SSE2+ will optimize to an SSE2
+  // load and store.
+  char tmp[16];
+  std::memcpy(tmp, src, 16);
+  std::memcpy(dst, tmp, 16);
+}
+
+template <bool use_16bytes_chunk>
+inline void ConditionalUnalignedCopy128(const char* src, char* dst) {
+  if (use_16bytes_chunk) {
+    UnalignedCopy128(src, dst);
+  } else {
+    UnalignedCopy64(src, dst);
+    UnalignedCopy64(src + 8, dst + 8);
+  }
 }
 
 // Copy [src, src+(op_limit-op)) to [op, (op_limit-op)) a byte at a time. Used
@@ -112,30 +242,195 @@ void UnalignedCopy128(const void* src, void* dst) {
 // After IncrementalCopySlow(src, op, op_limit), the result will have eleven
 // copies of "ab"
 //    ababababababababababab
-// Note that this does not match the semantics of either memcpy() or memmove().
+// Note that this does not match the semantics of either std::memcpy() or
+// std::memmove().
 inline char* IncrementalCopySlow(const char* src, char* op,
                                  char* const op_limit) {
+  // TODO: Remove pragma when LLVM is aware this
+  // function is only called in cold regions and when cold regions don't get
+  // vectorized or unrolled.
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang loop unroll(disable)
+#endif
   while (op < op_limit) {
     *op++ = *src++;
   }
   return op_limit;
 }
 
-// Copy [src, src+(op_limit-op)) to [op, (op_limit-op)) but faster than
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+
+// Computes the bytes for shuffle control mask (please read comments on
+// 'pattern_generation_masks' as well) for the given index_offset and
+// pattern_size. For example, when the 'offset' is 6, it will generate a
+// repeating pattern of size 6. So, the first 16 byte indexes will correspond to
+// the pattern-bytes {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3} and the
+// next 16 byte indexes will correspond to the pattern-bytes {4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3,
+// 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1}. These byte index sequences are generated by
+// calling MakePatternMaskBytes(0, 6, index_sequence<16>()) and
+// MakePatternMaskBytes(16, 6, index_sequence<16>()) respectively.
+template <size_t... indexes>
+inline constexpr std::array<char, sizeof...(indexes)> MakePatternMaskBytes(
+    int index_offset, int pattern_size, index_sequence<indexes...>) {
+  return {static_cast<char>((index_offset + indexes) % pattern_size)...};
+}
+
+// Computes the shuffle control mask bytes array for given pattern-sizes and
+// returns an array.
+template <size_t... pattern_sizes_minus_one>
+inline constexpr std::array<std::array<char, sizeof(V128)>,
+                            sizeof...(pattern_sizes_minus_one)>
+MakePatternMaskBytesTable(int index_offset,
+                          index_sequence<pattern_sizes_minus_one...>) {
+  return {
+      MakePatternMaskBytes(index_offset, pattern_sizes_minus_one + 1,
+                           make_index_sequence</*indexes=*/sizeof(V128)>())...};
+}
+
+// This is an array of shuffle control masks that can be used as the source
+// operand for PSHUFB to permute the contents of the destination XMM register
+// into a repeating byte pattern.
+alignas(16) constexpr std::array<std::array<char, sizeof(V128)>,
+                                 16> pattern_generation_masks =
+    MakePatternMaskBytesTable(
+        /*index_offset=*/0,
+        /*pattern_sizes_minus_one=*/make_index_sequence<16>());
+
+// Similar to 'pattern_generation_masks', this table is used to "rotate" the
+// pattern so that we can copy the *next 16 bytes* consistent with the pattern.
+// Basically, pattern_reshuffle_masks is a continuation of
+// pattern_generation_masks. It follows that, pattern_reshuffle_masks is same as
+// pattern_generation_masks for offsets 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.
+alignas(16) constexpr std::array<std::array<char, sizeof(V128)>,
+                                 16> pattern_reshuffle_masks =
+    MakePatternMaskBytesTable(
+        /*index_offset=*/16,
+        /*pattern_sizes_minus_one=*/make_index_sequence<16>());
+
+SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+static inline V128 LoadPattern(const char* src, const size_t pattern_size) {
+  V128 generation_mask = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(
+      pattern_generation_masks[pattern_size - 1].data()));
+  // Uninitialized bytes are masked out by the shuffle mask.
+  // TODO: remove annotation and macro defs once MSan is fixed.
+  SNAPPY_ANNOTATE_MEMORY_IS_INITIALIZED(src + pattern_size, 16 - pattern_size);
+  return V128_Shuffle(V128_LoadU(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(src)),
+                      generation_mask);
+}
+
+SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+static inline std::pair<V128 /* pattern */, V128 /* reshuffle_mask */>
+LoadPatternAndReshuffleMask(const char* src, const size_t pattern_size) {
+  V128 pattern = LoadPattern(src, pattern_size);
+
+  // This mask will generate the next 16 bytes in-place. Doing so enables us to
+  // write data by at most 4 V128_StoreU.
+  //
+  // For example, suppose pattern is:        abcdefabcdefabcd
+  // Shuffling with this mask will generate: efabcdefabcdefab
+  // Shuffling again will generate:          cdefabcdefabcdef
+  V128 reshuffle_mask = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(
+      pattern_reshuffle_masks[pattern_size - 1].data()));
+  return {pattern, reshuffle_mask};
+}
+
+#endif  // SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+
+// Fallback for when we need to copy while extending the pattern, for example
+// copying 10 bytes from 3 positions back abc -> abcabcabcabca.
+//
+// REQUIRES: [dst - offset, dst + 64) is a valid address range.
+SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+static inline bool Copy64BytesWithPatternExtension(char* dst, size_t offset) {
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(offset <= 16)) {
+    switch (offset) {
+      case 0:
+        return false;
+      case 1: {
+        // TODO: Ideally we should memset, move back once the
+        // codegen issues are fixed.
+        V128 pattern = V128_DupChar(dst[-1]);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+          V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(dst + 16 * i), pattern);
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+      case 2:
+      case 4:
+      case 8:
+      case 16: {
+        V128 pattern = LoadPattern(dst - offset, offset);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+          V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(dst + 16 * i), pattern);
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+      default: {
+        auto pattern_and_reshuffle_mask =
+            LoadPatternAndReshuffleMask(dst - offset, offset);
+        V128 pattern = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.first;
+        V128 reshuffle_mask = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.second;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+          V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(dst + 16 * i), pattern);
+          pattern = V128_Shuffle(pattern, reshuffle_mask);
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(offset < 16)) {
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(offset == 0)) return false;
+    // Extend the pattern to the first 16 bytes.
+    // The simpler formulation of `dst[i - offset]` induces undefined behavior.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) dst[i] = (dst - offset)[i];
+    // Find a multiple of pattern >= 16.
+    static std::array<uint8_t, 16> pattern_sizes = []() {
+      std::array<uint8_t, 16> res;
+      for (int i = 1; i < 16; i++) res[i] = (16 / i + 1) * i;
+      return res;
+    }();
+    offset = pattern_sizes[offset];
+    for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
+      std::memcpy(dst + i * 16, dst + i * 16 - offset, 16);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif  // SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+
+  // Very rare.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    std::memcpy(dst + i * 16, dst + i * 16 - offset, 16);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Copy [src, src+(op_limit-op)) to [op, op_limit) but faster than
 // IncrementalCopySlow. buf_limit is the address past the end of the writable
 // region of the buffer.
 inline char* IncrementalCopy(const char* src, char* op, char* const op_limit,
                              char* const buf_limit) {
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+  constexpr int big_pattern_size_lower_bound = 16;
+#else
+  constexpr int big_pattern_size_lower_bound = 8;
+#endif
+
   // Terminology:
   //
   // slop = buf_limit - op
   // pat  = op - src
-  // len  = limit - op
+  // len  = op_limit - op
   assert(src < op);
+  assert(op < op_limit);
   assert(op_limit <= buf_limit);
-  // NOTE: The compressor always emits 4 <= len <= 64. It is ok to assume that
-  // to optimize this function but we have to also handle these cases in case
-  // the input does not satisfy these conditions.
+  // NOTE: The copy tags use 3 or 6 bits to store the copy length, so len <= 64.
+  assert(op_limit - op <= 64);
+  // NOTE: In practice the compressor always emits len >= 4, so it is ok to
+  // assume that to optimize this function, but this is not guaranteed by the
+  // compression format, so we have to also handle len < 4 in case the input
+  // does not satisfy these conditions.
 
   size_t pattern_size = op - src;
   // The cases are split into different branches to allow the branch predictor,
@@ -159,47 +454,141 @@ inline char* IncrementalCopy(const char* src, char* op, char* const op_limit,
   // input. In general if we always predict len <= 16 it would be an ok
   // prediction.
   //
-  // In order to be fast we want a pattern >= 8 bytes and an unrolled loop
-  // copying 2x 8 bytes at a time.
-
-  // Handle the uncommon case where pattern is less than 8 bytes.
-  if (PREDICT_FALSE(pattern_size < 8)) {
-    // Expand pattern to at least 8 bytes. The worse case scenario in terms of
-    // buffer usage is when the pattern is size 3. ^ is the original position
-    // of op. x are irrelevant bytes copied by the last UnalignedCopy64.
+  // In order to be fast we want a pattern >= 16 bytes (or 8 bytes in non-SSE)
+  // and an unrolled loop copying 1x 16 bytes (or 2x 8 bytes in non-SSE) at a
+  // time.
+
+  // Handle the uncommon case where pattern is less than 16 (or 8 in non-SSE)
+  // bytes.
+  if (pattern_size < big_pattern_size_lower_bound) {
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+    // Load the first eight bytes into an 128-bit XMM register, then use PSHUFB
+    // to permute the register's contents in-place into a repeating sequence of
+    // the first "pattern_size" bytes.
+    // For example, suppose:
+    //    src       == "abc"
+    //    op        == op + 3
+    // After V128_Shuffle(), "pattern" will have five copies of "abc"
+    // followed by one byte of slop: abcabcabcabcabca.
     //
-    // abc
-    // abcabcxxxxx
-    // abcabcabcabcxxxxx
-    //    ^
-    // The last x is 14 bytes after ^.
-    if (PREDICT_TRUE(op <= buf_limit - 14)) {
+    // The non-SSE fallback implementation suffers from store-forwarding stalls
+    // because its loads and stores partly overlap. By expanding the pattern
+    // in-place, we avoid the penalty.
+
+    // Typically, the op_limit is the gating factor so try to simplify the loop
+    // based on that.
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op_limit <= buf_limit - 15)) {
+      auto pattern_and_reshuffle_mask =
+          LoadPatternAndReshuffleMask(src, pattern_size);
+      V128 pattern = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.first;
+      V128 reshuffle_mask = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.second;
+
+      // There is at least one, and at most four 16-byte blocks. Writing four
+      // conditionals instead of a loop allows FDO to layout the code with
+      // respect to the actual probabilities of each length.
+      // TODO: Replace with loop with trip count hint.
+      V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(op), pattern);
+
+      if (op + 16 < op_limit) {
+        pattern = V128_Shuffle(pattern, reshuffle_mask);
+        V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(op + 16), pattern);
+      }
+      if (op + 32 < op_limit) {
+        pattern = V128_Shuffle(pattern, reshuffle_mask);
+        V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(op + 32), pattern);
+      }
+      if (op + 48 < op_limit) {
+        pattern = V128_Shuffle(pattern, reshuffle_mask);
+        V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(op + 48), pattern);
+      }
+      return op_limit;
+    }
+    char* const op_end = buf_limit - 15;
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op < op_end)) {
+      auto pattern_and_reshuffle_mask =
+          LoadPatternAndReshuffleMask(src, pattern_size);
+      V128 pattern = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.first;
+      V128 reshuffle_mask = pattern_and_reshuffle_mask.second;
+
+      // This code path is relatively cold however so we save code size
+      // by avoiding unrolling and vectorizing.
+      //
+      // TODO: Remove pragma when when cold regions don't get
+      // vectorized or unrolled.
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang loop unroll(disable)
+#endif
+      do {
+        V128_StoreU(reinterpret_cast<V128*>(op), pattern);
+        pattern = V128_Shuffle(pattern, reshuffle_mask);
+        op += 16;
+      } while (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op < op_end));
+    }
+    return IncrementalCopySlow(op - pattern_size, op, op_limit);
+#else   // !SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
+    // If plenty of buffer space remains, expand the pattern to at least 8
+    // bytes. The way the following loop is written, we need 8 bytes of buffer
+    // space if pattern_size >= 4, 11 bytes if pattern_size is 1 or 3, and 10
+    // bytes if pattern_size is 2.  Precisely encoding that is probably not
+    // worthwhile; instead, invoke the slow path if we cannot write 11 bytes
+    // (because 11 are required in the worst case).
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op <= buf_limit - 11)) {
       while (pattern_size < 8) {
         UnalignedCopy64(src, op);
         op += pattern_size;
         pattern_size *= 2;
       }
-      if (PREDICT_TRUE(op >= op_limit)) return op_limit;
+      if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op >= op_limit)) return op_limit;
     } else {
       return IncrementalCopySlow(src, op, op_limit);
     }
+#endif  // SNAPPY_HAVE_VECTOR_BYTE_SHUFFLE
   }
-  assert(pattern_size >= 8);
+  assert(pattern_size >= big_pattern_size_lower_bound);
+  constexpr bool use_16bytes_chunk = big_pattern_size_lower_bound == 16;
 
-  // Copy 2x 8 bytes at a time. Because op - src can be < 16, a single
-  // UnalignedCopy128 might overwrite data in op. UnalignedCopy64 is safe
-  // because expanding the pattern to at least 8 bytes guarantees that
-  // op - src >= 8.
-  while (op <= buf_limit - 16) {
-    UnalignedCopy64(src, op);
-    UnalignedCopy64(src + 8, op + 8);
-    src += 16;
-    op += 16;
-    if (PREDICT_TRUE(op >= op_limit)) return op_limit;
+  // Copy 1x 16 bytes (or 2x 8 bytes in non-SSE) at a time. Because op - src can
+  // be < 16 in non-SSE, a single UnalignedCopy128 might overwrite data in op.
+  // UnalignedCopy64 is safe because expanding the pattern to at least 8 bytes
+  // guarantees that op - src >= 8.
+  //
+  // Typically, the op_limit is the gating factor so try to simplify the loop
+  // based on that.
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(op_limit <= buf_limit - 15)) {
+    // There is at least one, and at most four 16-byte blocks. Writing four
+    // conditionals instead of a loop allows FDO to layout the code with respect
+    // to the actual probabilities of each length.
+    // TODO: Replace with loop with trip count hint.
+    ConditionalUnalignedCopy128<use_16bytes_chunk>(src, op);
+    if (op + 16 < op_limit) {
+      ConditionalUnalignedCopy128<use_16bytes_chunk>(src + 16, op + 16);
+    }
+    if (op + 32 < op_limit) {
+      ConditionalUnalignedCopy128<use_16bytes_chunk>(src + 32, op + 32);
+    }
+    if (op + 48 < op_limit) {
+      ConditionalUnalignedCopy128<use_16bytes_chunk>(src + 48, op + 48);
+    }
+    return op_limit;
   }
+
+  // Fall back to doing as much as we can with the available slop in the
+  // buffer. This code path is relatively cold however so we save code size by
+  // avoiding unrolling and vectorizing.
+  //
+  // TODO: Remove pragma when when cold regions don't get vectorized
+  // or unrolled.
+#ifdef __clang__
+#pragma clang loop unroll(disable)
+#endif
+  for (char* op_end = buf_limit - 16; op < op_end; op += 16, src += 16) {
+    ConditionalUnalignedCopy128<use_16bytes_chunk>(src, op);
+  }
+  if (op >= op_limit) return op_limit;
+
   // We only take this branch if we didn't have enough slop and we can do a
   // single 8 byte copy.
-  if (PREDICT_FALSE(op <= buf_limit - 8)) {
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(op <= buf_limit - 8)) {
     UnalignedCopy64(src, op);
     src += 8;
     op += 8;
@@ -209,12 +598,10 @@ inline char* IncrementalCopy(const char* src, char* op, char* const op_limit,
 
 }  // namespace
 
-static inline char* EmitLiteral(char* op,
-                                const char* literal,
-                                int len,
-                                bool allow_fast_path) {
+template <bool allow_fast_path>
+static inline char* EmitLiteral(char* op, const char* literal, int len) {
   // The vast majority of copies are below 16 bytes, for which a
-  // call to memcpy is overkill. This fast path can sometimes
+  // call to std::memcpy() is overkill. This fast path can sometimes
   // copy up to 15 bytes too much, but that is okay in the
   // main loop, since we have a bit to go on for both sides:
   //
@@ -223,7 +610,7 @@ static inline char* EmitLiteral(char* op,
   //     if not, allow_fast_path = false.
   //   - The output will always have 32 spare bytes (see
   //     MaxCompressedLength).
-  assert(len > 0);      // Zero-length literals are disallowed
+  assert(len > 0);  // Zero-length literals are disallowed
   int n = len - 1;
   if (allow_fast_path && len <= 16) {
     // Fits in tag byte
@@ -237,74 +624,95 @@ static inline char* EmitLiteral(char* op,
     // Fits in tag byte
     *op++ = LITERAL | (n << 2);
   } else {
-    // Encode in upcoming bytes
-    char* base = op;
-    int count = 0;
-    op++;
-    while (n > 0) {
-      *op++ = n & 0xff;
-      n >>= 8;
-      count++;
-    }
+    int count = (Bits::Log2Floor(n) >> 3) + 1;
     assert(count >= 1);
     assert(count <= 4);
-    *base = LITERAL | ((59+count) << 2);
+    *op++ = LITERAL | ((59 + count) << 2);
+    // Encode in upcoming bytes.
+    // Write 4 bytes, though we may care about only 1 of them. The output buffer
+    // is guaranteed to have at least 3 more spaces left as 'len >= 61' holds
+    // here and there is a std::memcpy() of size 'len' below.
+    LittleEndian::Store32(op, n);
+    op += count;
+  }
+  // When allow_fast_path is true, we can overwrite up to 16 bytes.
+  if (allow_fast_path) {
+    char* destination = op;
+    const char* source = literal;
+    const char* end = destination + len;
+    do {
+      std::memcpy(destination, source, 16);
+      destination += 16;
+      source += 16;
+    } while (destination < end);
+  } else {
+    std::memcpy(op, literal, len);
   }
-  memcpy(op, literal, len);
   return op + len;
 }
 
-static inline char* EmitCopyAtMost64(char* op, size_t offset, size_t len,
-                                     bool len_less_than_12) {
+template <bool len_less_than_12>
+static inline char* EmitCopyAtMost64(char* op, size_t offset, size_t len) {
   assert(len <= 64);
   assert(len >= 4);
   assert(offset < 65536);
   assert(len_less_than_12 == (len < 12));
 
-  if (len_less_than_12 && PREDICT_TRUE(offset < 2048)) {
-    // offset fits in 11 bits.  The 3 highest go in the top of the first byte,
-    // and the rest go in the second byte.
-    *op++ = COPY_1_BYTE_OFFSET + ((len - 4) << 2) + ((offset >> 3) & 0xe0);
-    *op++ = offset & 0xff;
+  if (len_less_than_12) {
+    uint32_t u = (len << 2) + (offset << 8);
+    uint32_t copy1 = COPY_1_BYTE_OFFSET - (4 << 2) + ((offset >> 3) & 0xe0);
+    uint32_t copy2 = COPY_2_BYTE_OFFSET - (1 << 2);
+    // It turns out that offset < 2048 is a difficult to predict branch.
+    // `perf record` shows this is the highest percentage of branch misses in
+    // benchmarks. This code produces branch free code, the data dependency
+    // chain that bottlenecks the throughput is so long that a few extra
+    // instructions are completely free (IPC << 6 because of data deps).
+    u += offset < 2048 ? copy1 : copy2;
+    LittleEndian::Store32(op, u);
+    op += offset < 2048 ? 2 : 3;
   } else {
     // Write 4 bytes, though we only care about 3 of them.  The output buffer
     // is required to have some slack, so the extra byte won't overrun it.
-    uint32 u = COPY_2_BYTE_OFFSET + ((len - 1) << 2) + (offset << 8);
+    uint32_t u = COPY_2_BYTE_OFFSET + ((len - 1) << 2) + (offset << 8);
     LittleEndian::Store32(op, u);
     op += 3;
   }
   return op;
 }
 
-static inline char* EmitCopy(char* op, size_t offset, size_t len,
-                             bool len_less_than_12) {
+template <bool len_less_than_12>
+static inline char* EmitCopy(char* op, size_t offset, size_t len) {
   assert(len_less_than_12 == (len < 12));
   if (len_less_than_12) {
-    return EmitCopyAtMost64(op, offset, len, true);
+    return EmitCopyAtMost64</*len_less_than_12=*/true>(op, offset, len);
   } else {
     // A special case for len <= 64 might help, but so far measurements suggest
     // it's in the noise.
 
     // Emit 64 byte copies but make sure to keep at least four bytes reserved.
-    while (PREDICT_FALSE(len >= 68)) {
-      op = EmitCopyAtMost64(op, offset, 64, false);
+    while (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(len >= 68)) {
+      op = EmitCopyAtMost64</*len_less_than_12=*/false>(op, offset, 64);
       len -= 64;
     }
 
     // One or two copies will now finish the job.
     if (len > 64) {
-      op = EmitCopyAtMost64(op, offset, 60, false);
+      op = EmitCopyAtMost64</*len_less_than_12=*/false>(op, offset, 60);
       len -= 60;
     }
 
     // Emit remainder.
-    op = EmitCopyAtMost64(op, offset, len, len < 12);
+    if (len < 12) {
+      op = EmitCopyAtMost64</*len_less_than_12=*/true>(op, offset, len);
+    } else {
+      op = EmitCopyAtMost64</*len_less_than_12=*/false>(op, offset, len);
+    }
     return op;
   }
 }
 
 bool GetUncompressedLength(const char* start, size_t n, size_t* result) {
-  uint32 v = 0;
+  uint32_t v = 0;
   const char* limit = start + n;
   if (Varint::Parse32WithLimit(start, limit, &v) != NULL) {
     *result = v;
@@ -314,76 +722,47 @@ bool GetUncompressedLength(const char* start, size_t n, size_t* result) {
   }
 }
 
-namespace internal {
-uint16* WorkingMemory::GetHashTable(size_t input_size, int* table_size) {
-  // Use smaller hash table when input.size() is smaller, since we
-  // fill the table, incurring O(hash table size) overhead for
-  // compression, and if the input is short, we won't need that
-  // many hash table entries anyway.
-  assert(kMaxHashTableSize >= 256);
-  size_t htsize = 256;
-  while (htsize < kMaxHashTableSize && htsize < input_size) {
-    htsize <<= 1;
-  }
-
-  uint16* table;
-  if (htsize <= ARRAYSIZE(small_table_)) {
-    table = small_table_;
-  } else {
-    if (large_table_ == NULL) {
-      large_table_ = new uint16[kMaxHashTableSize];
-    }
-    table = large_table_;
+namespace {
+uint32_t CalculateTableSize(uint32_t input_size) {
+  static_assert(
+      kMaxHashTableSize >= kMinHashTableSize,
+      "kMaxHashTableSize should be greater or equal to kMinHashTableSize.");
+  if (input_size > kMaxHashTableSize) {
+    return kMaxHashTableSize;
   }
-
-  *table_size = htsize;
-  memset(table, 0, htsize * sizeof(*table));
-  return table;
-}
-}  // end namespace internal
-
-// For 0 <= offset <= 4, GetUint32AtOffset(GetEightBytesAt(p), offset) will
-// equal UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p + offset).  Motivation: On x86-64 hardware we have
-// empirically found that overlapping loads such as
-//  UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p) ... UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p+1) ... UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p+2)
-// are slower than UNALIGNED_LOAD64(p) followed by shifts and casts to uint32.
-//
-// We have different versions for 64- and 32-bit; ideally we would avoid the
-// two functions and just inline the UNALIGNED_LOAD64 call into
-// GetUint32AtOffset, but GCC (at least not as of 4.6) is seemingly not clever
-// enough to avoid loading the value multiple times then. For 64-bit, the load
-// is done when GetEightBytesAt() is called, whereas for 32-bit, the load is
-// done at GetUint32AtOffset() time.
-
-#ifdef ARCH_K8
-
-typedef uint64 EightBytesReference;
-
-static inline EightBytesReference GetEightBytesAt(const char* ptr) {
-  return UNALIGNED_LOAD64(ptr);
+  if (input_size < kMinHashTableSize) {
+    return kMinHashTableSize;
+  }
+  // This is equivalent to Log2Ceiling(input_size), assuming input_size > 1.
+  // 2 << Log2Floor(x - 1) is equivalent to 1 << (1 + Log2Floor(x - 1)).
+  return 2u << Bits::Log2Floor(input_size - 1);
 }
+}  // namespace
 
-static inline uint32 GetUint32AtOffset(uint64 v, int offset) {
-  assert(offset >= 0);
-  assert(offset <= 4);
-  return v >> (LittleEndian::IsLittleEndian() ? 8 * offset : 32 - 8 * offset);
+namespace internal {
+WorkingMemory::WorkingMemory(size_t input_size) {
+  const size_t max_fragment_size = std::min(input_size, kBlockSize);
+  const size_t table_size = CalculateTableSize(max_fragment_size);
+  size_ = table_size * sizeof(*table_) + max_fragment_size +
+          MaxCompressedLength(max_fragment_size);
+  mem_ = std::allocator<char>().allocate(size_);
+  table_ = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(mem_);
+  input_ = mem_ + table_size * sizeof(*table_);
+  output_ = input_ + max_fragment_size;
 }
 
-#else
-
-typedef const char* EightBytesReference;
-
-static inline EightBytesReference GetEightBytesAt(const char* ptr) {
-  return ptr;
+WorkingMemory::~WorkingMemory() {
+  std::allocator<char>().deallocate(mem_, size_);
 }
 
-static inline uint32 GetUint32AtOffset(const char* v, int offset) {
-  assert(offset >= 0);
-  assert(offset <= 4);
-  return UNALIGNED_LOAD32(v + offset);
+uint16_t* WorkingMemory::GetHashTable(size_t fragment_size,
+                                      int* table_size) const {
+  const size_t htsize = CalculateTableSize(fragment_size);
+  memset(table_, 0, htsize * sizeof(*table_));
+  *table_size = htsize;
+  return table_;
 }
-
-#endif
+}  // end namespace internal
 
 // Flat array compression that does not emit the "uncompressed length"
 // prefix. Compresses "input" string to the "*op" buffer.
@@ -397,29 +776,25 @@ static inline uint32 GetUint32AtOffset(const char* v, int offset) {
 // Returns an "end" pointer into "op" buffer.
 // "end - op" is the compressed size of "input".
 namespace internal {
-char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
-                       size_t input_size,
-                       char* op,
-                       uint16* table,
-                       const int table_size) {
+char* CompressFragment(const char* input, size_t input_size, char* op,
+                       uint16_t* table, const int table_size) {
   // "ip" is the input pointer, and "op" is the output pointer.
   const char* ip = input;
   assert(input_size <= kBlockSize);
-  assert((table_size & (table_size - 1)) == 0); // table must be power of two
-  const int shift = 32 - Bits::Log2Floor(table_size);
-  assert(static_cast<int>(kuint32max >> shift) == table_size - 1);
+  assert((table_size & (table_size - 1)) == 0);  // table must be power of two
+  const uint32_t mask = 2 * (table_size - 1);
   const char* ip_end = input + input_size;
   const char* base_ip = ip;
-  // Bytes in [next_emit, ip) will be emitted as literal bytes.  Or
-  // [next_emit, ip_end) after the main loop.
-  const char* next_emit = ip;
 
   const size_t kInputMarginBytes = 15;
-  if (PREDICT_TRUE(input_size >= kInputMarginBytes)) {
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(input_size >= kInputMarginBytes)) {
     const char* ip_limit = input + input_size - kInputMarginBytes;
 
-    for (uint32 next_hash = Hash(++ip, shift); ; ) {
-      assert(next_emit < ip);
+    for (uint32_t preload = LittleEndian::Load32(ip + 1);;) {
+      // Bytes in [next_emit, ip) will be emitted as literal bytes.  Or
+      // [next_emit, ip_end) after the main loop.
+      const char* next_emit = ip++;
+      uint64_t data = LittleEndian::Load64(ip);
       // The body of this loop calls EmitLiteral once and then EmitCopy one or
       // more times.  (The exception is that when we're close to exhausting
       // the input we goto emit_remainder.)
@@ -445,34 +820,66 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
       // The "skip" variable keeps track of how many bytes there are since the
       // last match; dividing it by 32 (ie. right-shifting by five) gives the
       // number of bytes to move ahead for each iteration.
-      uint32 skip = 32;
+      uint32_t skip = 32;
 
-      const char* next_ip = ip;
       const char* candidate;
-      do {
-        ip = next_ip;
-        uint32 hash = next_hash;
-        assert(hash == Hash(ip, shift));
-        uint32 bytes_between_hash_lookups = skip >> 5;
+      if (ip_limit - ip >= 16) {
+        auto delta = ip - base_ip;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
+          for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) {
+            int i = 4 * j + k;
+            // These for-loops are meant to be unrolled. So we can freely
+            // special case the first iteration to use the value already
+            // loaded in preload.
+            uint32_t dword = i == 0 ? preload : static_cast<uint32_t>(data);
+            assert(dword == LittleEndian::Load32(ip + i));
+            uint16_t* table_entry = TableEntry(table, dword, mask);
+            candidate = base_ip + *table_entry;
+            assert(candidate >= base_ip);
+            assert(candidate < ip + i);
+            *table_entry = delta + i;
+            if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(LittleEndian::Load32(candidate) == dword)) {
+              *op = LITERAL | (i << 2);
+              UnalignedCopy128(next_emit, op + 1);
+              ip += i;
+              op = op + i + 2;
+              goto emit_match;
+            }
+            data >>= 8;
+          }
+          data = LittleEndian::Load64(ip + 4 * j + 4);
+        }
+        ip += 16;
+        skip += 16;
+      }
+      while (true) {
+        assert(static_cast<uint32_t>(data) == LittleEndian::Load32(ip));
+        uint16_t* table_entry = TableEntry(table, data, mask);
+        uint32_t bytes_between_hash_lookups = skip >> 5;
         skip += bytes_between_hash_lookups;
-        next_ip = ip + bytes_between_hash_lookups;
-        if (PREDICT_FALSE(next_ip > ip_limit)) {
+        const char* next_ip = ip + bytes_between_hash_lookups;
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(next_ip > ip_limit)) {
+          ip = next_emit;
           goto emit_remainder;
         }
-        next_hash = Hash(next_ip, shift);
-        candidate = base_ip + table[hash];
+        candidate = base_ip + *table_entry;
         assert(candidate >= base_ip);
         assert(candidate < ip);
 
-        table[hash] = ip - base_ip;
-      } while (PREDICT_TRUE(UNALIGNED_LOAD32(ip) !=
-                            UNALIGNED_LOAD32(candidate)));
+        *table_entry = ip - base_ip;
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<uint32_t>(data) ==
+                                LittleEndian::Load32(candidate))) {
+          break;
+        }
+        data = LittleEndian::Load32(next_ip);
+        ip = next_ip;
+      }
 
       // Step 2: A 4-byte match has been found.  We'll later see if more
       // than 4 bytes match.  But, prior to the match, input
       // bytes [next_emit, ip) are unmatched.  Emit them as "literal bytes."
       assert(next_emit + 16 <= ip_end);
-      op = EmitLiteral(op, next_emit, ip - next_emit, true);
+      op = EmitLiteral</*allow_fast_path=*/true>(op, next_emit, ip - next_emit);
 
       // Step 3: Call EmitCopy, and then see if another EmitCopy could
       // be our next move.  Repeat until we find no match for the
@@ -482,51 +889,72 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
       // though we don't yet know how big the literal will be.  We handle that
       // by proceeding to the next iteration of the main loop.  We also can exit
       // this loop via goto if we get close to exhausting the input.
-      EightBytesReference input_bytes;
-      uint32 candidate_bytes = 0;
-
+    emit_match:
       do {
         // We have a 4-byte match at ip, and no need to emit any
         // "literal bytes" prior to ip.
         const char* base = ip;
         std::pair<size_t, bool> p =
-            FindMatchLength(candidate + 4, ip + 4, ip_end);
+            FindMatchLength(candidate + 4, ip + 4, ip_end, &data);
         size_t matched = 4 + p.first;
         ip += matched;
         size_t offset = base - candidate;
         assert(0 == memcmp(base, candidate, matched));
-        op = EmitCopy(op, offset, matched, p.second);
-        next_emit = ip;
-        if (PREDICT_FALSE(ip >= ip_limit)) {
+        if (p.second) {
+          op = EmitCopy</*len_less_than_12=*/true>(op, offset, matched);
+        } else {
+          op = EmitCopy</*len_less_than_12=*/false>(op, offset, matched);
+        }
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(ip >= ip_limit)) {
           goto emit_remainder;
         }
+        // Expect 5 bytes to match
+        assert((data & 0xFFFFFFFFFF) ==
+               (LittleEndian::Load64(ip) & 0xFFFFFFFFFF));
         // We are now looking for a 4-byte match again.  We read
-        // table[Hash(ip, shift)] for that.  To improve compression,
-        // we also update table[Hash(ip - 1, shift)] and table[Hash(ip, shift)].
-        input_bytes = GetEightBytesAt(ip - 1);
-        uint32 prev_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 0), shift);
-        table[prev_hash] = ip - base_ip - 1;
-        uint32 cur_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 1), shift);
-        candidate = base_ip + table[cur_hash];
-        candidate_bytes = UNALIGNED_LOAD32(candidate);
-        table[cur_hash] = ip - base_ip;
-      } while (GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 1) == candidate_bytes);
-
-      next_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 2), shift);
-      ++ip;
+        // table[Hash(ip, mask)] for that.  To improve compression,
+        // we also update table[Hash(ip - 1, mask)] and table[Hash(ip, mask)].
+        *TableEntry(table, LittleEndian::Load32(ip - 1), mask) =
+            ip - base_ip - 1;
+        uint16_t* table_entry = TableEntry(table, data, mask);
+        candidate = base_ip + *table_entry;
+        *table_entry = ip - base_ip;
+        // Measurements on the benchmarks have shown the following probabilities
+        // for the loop to exit (ie. avg. number of iterations is reciprocal).
+        // BM_Flat/6  txt1    p = 0.3-0.4
+        // BM_Flat/7  txt2    p = 0.35
+        // BM_Flat/8  txt3    p = 0.3-0.4
+        // BM_Flat/9  txt3    p = 0.34-0.4
+        // BM_Flat/10 pb      p = 0.4
+        // BM_Flat/11 gaviota p = 0.1
+        // BM_Flat/12 cp      p = 0.5
+        // BM_Flat/13 c       p = 0.3
+      } while (static_cast<uint32_t>(data) == LittleEndian::Load32(candidate));
+      // Because the least significant 5 bytes matched, we can utilize data
+      // for the next iteration.
+      preload = data >> 8;
     }
   }
 
- emit_remainder:
+emit_remainder:
   // Emit the remaining bytes as a literal
-  if (next_emit < ip_end) {
-    op = EmitLiteral(op, next_emit, ip_end - next_emit, false);
+  if (ip < ip_end) {
+    op = EmitLiteral</*allow_fast_path=*/false>(op, ip, ip_end - ip);
   }
 
   return op;
 }
 }  // end namespace internal
 
+// Called back at avery compression call to trace parameters and sizes.
+static inline void Report(const char *algorithm, size_t compressed_size,
+                          size_t uncompressed_size) {
+  // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+  (void)algorithm;
+  (void)compressed_size;
+  (void)uncompressed_size;
+}
+
 // Signature of output types needed by decompression code.
 // The decompression code is templatized on a type that obeys this
 // signature so that we do not pay virtual function call overhead in
@@ -537,12 +965,28 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
 //   // Called before decompression
 //   void SetExpectedLength(size_t length);
 //
+//   // For performance a writer may choose to donate the cursor variable to the
+//   // decompression function. The decompression will inject it in all its
+//   // function calls to the writer. Keeping the important output cursor as a
+//   // function local stack variable allows the compiler to keep it in
+//   // register, which greatly aids performance by avoiding loads and stores of
+//   // this variable in the fast path loop iterations.
+//   T GetOutputPtr() const;
+//
+//   // At end of decompression the loop donates the ownership of the cursor
+//   // variable back to the writer by calling this function.
+//   void SetOutputPtr(T op);
+//
 //   // Called after decompression
 //   bool CheckLength() const;
 //
 //   // Called repeatedly during decompression
-//   bool Append(const char* ip, size_t length);
-//   bool AppendFromSelf(uint32 offset, size_t length);
+//   // Each function get a pointer to the op (output pointer), that the writer
+//   // can use and update. Note it's important that these functions get fully
+//   // inlined so that no actual address of the local variable needs to be
+//   // taken.
+//   bool Append(const char* ip, size_t length, T* op);
+//   bool AppendFromSelf(uint32_t offset, size_t length, T* op);
 //
 //   // The rules for how TryFastAppend differs from Append are somewhat
 //   // convoluted:
@@ -564,19 +1008,315 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
 //   //    as it is unlikely that one would implement a fast path accepting
 //   //    this much data.
 //   //
-//   bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length);
+//   bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length, T* op);
 // };
 
+static inline uint32_t ExtractLowBytes(const uint32_t& v, int n) {
+  assert(n >= 0);
+  assert(n <= 4);
+#if SNAPPY_HAVE_BMI2
+  return _bzhi_u32(v, 8 * n);
+#else
+  // This needs to be wider than uint32_t otherwise `mask << 32` will be
+  // undefined.
+  uint64_t mask = 0xffffffff;
+  return v & ~(mask << (8 * n));
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline bool LeftShiftOverflows(uint8_t value, uint32_t shift) {
+  assert(shift < 32);
+  static const uint8_t masks[] = {
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  //
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  //
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  //
+      0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xfe};
+  return (value & masks[shift]) != 0;
+}
+
+inline bool Copy64BytesWithPatternExtension(ptrdiff_t dst, size_t offset) {
+  // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+  (void)dst;
+  return offset != 0;
+}
+
+// Copies between size bytes and 64 bytes from src to dest.  size cannot exceed
+// 64.  More than size bytes, but never exceeding 64, might be copied if doing
+// so gives better performance.  [src, src + size) must not overlap with
+// [dst, dst + size), but [src, src + 64) may overlap with [dst, dst + 64).
+void MemCopy64(char* dst, const void* src, size_t size) {
+  // Always copy this many bytes.  If that's below size then copy the full 64.
+  constexpr int kShortMemCopy = 32;
+
+  assert(size <= 64);
+  assert(std::less_equal<const void*>()(static_cast<const char*>(src) + size,
+                                        dst) ||
+         std::less_equal<const void*>()(dst + size, src));
+
+  // We know that src and dst are at least size bytes apart. However, because we
+  // might copy more than size bytes the copy still might overlap past size.
+  // E.g. if src and dst appear consecutively in memory (src + size >= dst).
+  // TODO: Investigate wider copies on other platforms.
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__AVX__)
+  assert(kShortMemCopy <= 32);
+  __m256i data = _mm256_lddqu_si256(static_cast<const __m256i *>(src));
+  _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(dst), data);
+  // Profiling shows that nearly all copies are short.
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(size > kShortMemCopy)) {
+    data = _mm256_lddqu_si256(static_cast<const __m256i *>(src) + 1);
+    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(dst) + 1, data);
+  }
+#else
+  std::memmove(dst, src, kShortMemCopy);
+  // Profiling shows that nearly all copies are short.
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(size > kShortMemCopy)) {
+    std::memmove(dst + kShortMemCopy,
+                 static_cast<const uint8_t*>(src) + kShortMemCopy,
+                 64 - kShortMemCopy);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+void MemCopy64(ptrdiff_t dst, const void* src, size_t size) {
+  // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+  (void)dst;
+  (void)src;
+  (void)size;
+}
+
+void ClearDeferred(const void** deferred_src, size_t* deferred_length,
+                   uint8_t* safe_source) {
+  *deferred_src = safe_source;
+  *deferred_length = 0;
+}
+
+void DeferMemCopy(const void** deferred_src, size_t* deferred_length,
+                  const void* src, size_t length) {
+  *deferred_src = src;
+  *deferred_length = length;
+}
+
+SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+inline size_t AdvanceToNextTagARMOptimized(const uint8_t** ip_p, size_t* tag) {
+  const uint8_t*& ip = *ip_p;
+  // This section is crucial for the throughput of the decompression loop.
+  // The latency of an iteration is fundamentally constrained by the
+  // following data chain on ip.
+  // ip -> c = Load(ip) -> delta1 = (c & 3)        -> ip += delta1 or delta2
+  //                       delta2 = ((c >> 2) + 1)    ip++
+  // This is different from X86 optimizations because ARM has conditional add
+  // instruction (csinc) and it removes several register moves.
+  const size_t tag_type = *tag & 3;
+  const bool is_literal = (tag_type == 0);
+  if (is_literal) {
+    size_t next_literal_tag = (*tag >> 2) + 1;
+    *tag = ip[next_literal_tag];
+    ip += next_literal_tag + 1;
+  } else {
+    *tag = ip[tag_type];
+    ip += tag_type + 1;
+  }
+  return tag_type;
+}
+
+SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+inline size_t AdvanceToNextTagX86Optimized(const uint8_t** ip_p, size_t* tag) {
+  const uint8_t*& ip = *ip_p;
+  // This section is crucial for the throughput of the decompression loop.
+  // The latency of an iteration is fundamentally constrained by the
+  // following data chain on ip.
+  // ip -> c = Load(ip) -> ip1 = ip + 1 + (c & 3) -> ip = ip1 or ip2
+  //                       ip2 = ip + 2 + (c >> 2)
+  // This amounts to 8 cycles.
+  // 5 (load) + 1 (c & 3) + 1 (lea ip1, [ip + (c & 3) + 1]) + 1 (cmov)
+  size_t literal_len = *tag >> 2;
+  size_t tag_type = *tag;
+  bool is_literal;
+#if defined(__GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+  // TODO clang misses the fact that the (c & 3) already correctly
+  // sets the zero flag.
+  asm("and $3, %k[tag_type]\n\t"
+      : [tag_type] "+r"(tag_type), "=@ccz"(is_literal)
+      :: "cc");
+#else
+  tag_type &= 3;
+  is_literal = (tag_type == 0);
+#endif
+  // TODO
+  // This is code is subtle. Loading the values first and then cmov has less
+  // latency then cmov ip and then load. However clang would move the loads
+  // in an optimization phase, volatile prevents this transformation.
+  // Note that we have enough slop bytes (64) that the loads are always valid.
+  size_t tag_literal =
+      static_cast<const volatile uint8_t*>(ip)[1 + literal_len];
+  size_t tag_copy = static_cast<const volatile uint8_t*>(ip)[tag_type];
+  *tag = is_literal ? tag_literal : tag_copy;
+  const uint8_t* ip_copy = ip + 1 + tag_type;
+  const uint8_t* ip_literal = ip + 2 + literal_len;
+  ip = is_literal ? ip_literal : ip_copy;
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+  // TODO Clang is "optimizing" zero-extension (a totally free
+  // operation) this means that after the cmov of tag, it emits another movzb
+  // tag, byte(tag). It really matters as it's on the core chain. This dummy
+  // asm, persuades clang to do the zero-extension at the load (it's automatic)
+  // removing the expensive movzb.
+  asm("" ::"r"(tag_copy));
+#endif
+  return tag_type;
+}
+
+// Extract the offset for copy-1 and copy-2 returns 0 for literals or copy-4.
+inline uint32_t ExtractOffset(uint32_t val, size_t tag_type) {
+  // For x86 non-static storage works better. For ARM static storage is better.
+  // TODO: Once the array is recognized as a register, improve the
+  // readability for x86.
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+  constexpr uint64_t kExtractMasksCombined = 0x0000FFFF00FF0000ull;
+  uint16_t result;
+  memcpy(&result,
+         reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&kExtractMasksCombined) + 2 * tag_type,
+         sizeof(result));
+  return val & result;
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+  constexpr uint64_t kExtractMasksCombined = 0x0000FFFF00FF0000ull;
+  return val & static_cast<uint32_t>(
+      (kExtractMasksCombined >> (tag_type * 16)) & 0xFFFF);
+#else
+  static constexpr uint32_t kExtractMasks[4] = {0, 0xFF, 0xFFFF, 0};
+  return val & kExtractMasks[tag_type];
+#endif
+};
+
+// Core decompression loop, when there is enough data available.
+// Decompresses the input buffer [ip, ip_limit) into the output buffer
+// [op, op_limit_min_slop). Returning when either we are too close to the end
+// of the input buffer, or we exceed op_limit_min_slop or when a exceptional
+// tag is encountered (literal of length > 60) or a copy-4.
+// Returns {ip, op} at the points it stopped decoding.
+// TODO This function probably does not need to be inlined, as it
+// should decode large chunks at a time. This allows runtime dispatch to
+// implementations based on CPU capability (BMI2 / perhaps 32 / 64 byte memcpy).
+template <typename T>
+std::pair<const uint8_t*, ptrdiff_t> DecompressBranchless(
+    const uint8_t* ip, const uint8_t* ip_limit, ptrdiff_t op, T op_base,
+    ptrdiff_t op_limit_min_slop) {
+  // If deferred_src is invalid point it here.
+  uint8_t safe_source[64];
+  const void* deferred_src;
+  size_t deferred_length;
+  ClearDeferred(&deferred_src, &deferred_length, safe_source);
+
+  // We unroll the inner loop twice so we need twice the spare room.
+  op_limit_min_slop -= kSlopBytes;
+  if (2 * (kSlopBytes + 1) < ip_limit - ip && op < op_limit_min_slop) {
+    const uint8_t* const ip_limit_min_slop = ip_limit - 2 * kSlopBytes - 1;
+    ip++;
+    // ip points just past the tag and we are touching at maximum kSlopBytes
+    // in an iteration.
+    size_t tag = ip[-1];
+#if defined(__clang__) && defined(__aarch64__)
+    // Workaround for https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51317
+    // when loading 1 byte, clang for aarch64 doesn't realize that it(ldrb)
+    // comes with free zero-extension, so clang generates another
+    // 'and xn, xm, 0xff' before it use that as the offset. This 'and' is
+    // redundant and can be removed by adding this dummy asm, which gives
+    // clang a hint that we're doing the zero-extension at the load.
+    asm("" ::"r"(tag));
+#endif
+    do {
+      // The throughput is limited by instructions, unrolling the inner loop
+      // twice reduces the amount of instructions checking limits and also
+      // leads to reduced mov's.
+
+      SNAPPY_PREFETCH(ip + 128);
+      for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        const uint8_t* old_ip = ip;
+        assert(tag == ip[-1]);
+        // For literals tag_type = 0, hence we will always obtain 0 from
+        // ExtractLowBytes. For literals offset will thus be kLiteralOffset.
+        ptrdiff_t len_min_offset = kLengthMinusOffset[tag];
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+        size_t tag_type = AdvanceToNextTagARMOptimized(&ip, &tag);
+#else
+        size_t tag_type = AdvanceToNextTagX86Optimized(&ip, &tag);
+#endif
+        uint32_t next = LittleEndian::Load32(old_ip);
+        size_t len = len_min_offset & 0xFF;
+        len_min_offset -= ExtractOffset(next, tag_type);
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(len_min_offset > 0)) {
+          if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(len & 0x80)) {
+            // Exceptional case (long literal or copy 4).
+            // Actually doing the copy here is negatively impacting the main
+            // loop due to compiler incorrectly allocating a register for
+            // this fallback. Hence we just break.
+          break_loop:
+            ip = old_ip;
+            goto exit;
+          }
+          // Only copy-1 or copy-2 tags can get here.
+          assert(tag_type == 1 || tag_type == 2);
+          std::ptrdiff_t delta = (op + deferred_length) + len_min_offset - len;
+          // Guard against copies before the buffer start.
+          // Execute any deferred MemCopy since we write to dst here.
+          MemCopy64(op_base + op, deferred_src, deferred_length);
+          op += deferred_length;
+          ClearDeferred(&deferred_src, &deferred_length, safe_source);
+          if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(delta < 0 ||
+                                  !Copy64BytesWithPatternExtension(
+                                      op_base + op, len - len_min_offset))) {
+            goto break_loop;
+          }
+          // We aren't deferring this copy so add length right away.
+          op += len;
+          continue;
+        }
+        std::ptrdiff_t delta = (op + deferred_length) + len_min_offset - len;
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(delta < 0)) {
+          // Due to the spurious offset in literals have this will trigger
+          // at the start of a block when op is still smaller than 256.
+          if (tag_type != 0) goto break_loop;
+          MemCopy64(op_base + op, deferred_src, deferred_length);
+          op += deferred_length;
+          DeferMemCopy(&deferred_src, &deferred_length, old_ip, len);
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // For copies we need to copy from op_base + delta, for literals
+        // we need to copy from ip instead of from the stream.
+        const void* from =
+            tag_type ? reinterpret_cast<void*>(op_base + delta) : old_ip;
+        MemCopy64(op_base + op, deferred_src, deferred_length);
+        op += deferred_length;
+        DeferMemCopy(&deferred_src, &deferred_length, from, len);
+      }
+    } while (ip < ip_limit_min_slop &&
+             (op + deferred_length) < op_limit_min_slop);
+  exit:
+    ip--;
+    assert(ip <= ip_limit);
+  }
+  // If we deferred a copy then we can perform.  If we are up to date then we
+  // might not have enough slop bytes and could run past the end.
+  if (deferred_length) {
+    MemCopy64(op_base + op, deferred_src, deferred_length);
+    op += deferred_length;
+    ClearDeferred(&deferred_src, &deferred_length, safe_source);
+  }
+  return {ip, op};
+}
 
 // Helper class for decompression
 class SnappyDecompressor {
  private:
-  Source*       reader_;         // Underlying source of bytes to decompress
-  const char*   ip_;             // Points to next buffered byte
-  const char*   ip_limit_;       // Points just past buffered bytes
-  uint32        peeked_;         // Bytes peeked from reader (need to skip)
-  bool          eof_;            // Hit end of input without an error?
-  char          scratch_[kMaximumTagLength];  // See RefillTag().
+  Source* reader_;        // Underlying source of bytes to decompress
+  const char* ip_;        // Points to next buffered byte
+  const char* ip_limit_;  // Points just past buffered bytes
+  // If ip < ip_limit_min_maxtaglen_ it's safe to read kMaxTagLength from
+  // buffer.
+  const char* ip_limit_min_maxtaglen_;
+  uint32_t peeked_;                  // Bytes peeked from reader (need to skip)
+  bool eof_;                         // Hit end of input without an error?
+  char scratch_[kMaximumTagLength];  // See RefillTag().
 
   // Ensure that all of the tag metadata for the next tag is available
   // in [ip_..ip_limit_-1].  Also ensures that [ip,ip+4] is readable even
@@ -585,14 +1325,14 @@ class SnappyDecompressor {
   // Returns true on success, false on error or end of input.
   bool RefillTag();
 
+  void ResetLimit(const char* ip) {
+    ip_limit_min_maxtaglen_ =
+        ip_limit_ - std::min<ptrdiff_t>(ip_limit_ - ip, kMaximumTagLength - 1);
+  }
+
  public:
   explicit SnappyDecompressor(Source* reader)
-      : reader_(reader),
-        ip_(NULL),
-        ip_limit_(NULL),
-        peeked_(0),
-        eof_(false) {
-  }
+      : reader_(reader), ip_(NULL), ip_limit_(NULL), peeked_(0), eof_(false) {}
 
   ~SnappyDecompressor() {
     // Advance past any bytes we peeked at from the reader
@@ -600,18 +1340,16 @@ class SnappyDecompressor {
   }
 
   // Returns true iff we have hit the end of the input without an error.
-  bool eof() const {
-    return eof_;
-  }
+  bool eof() const { return eof_; }
 
   // Read the uncompressed length stored at the start of the compressed data.
-  // On succcess, stores the length in *result and returns true.
+  // On success, stores the length in *result and returns true.
   // On failure, returns false.
-  bool ReadUncompressedLength(uint32* result) {
-    assert(ip_ == NULL);       // Must not have read anything yet
+  bool ReadUncompressedLength(uint32_t* result) {
+    assert(ip_ == NULL);  // Must not have read anything yet
     // Length is encoded in 1..5 bytes
     *result = 0;
-    uint32 shift = 0;
+    uint32_t shift = 0;
     while (true) {
       if (shift >= 32) return false;
       size_t n;
@@ -619,8 +1357,8 @@ class SnappyDecompressor {
       if (n == 0) return false;
       const unsigned char c = *(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(ip));
       reader_->Skip(1);
-      uint32 val = c & 0x7f;
-      if (((val << shift) >> shift) != val) return false;
+      uint32_t val = c & 0x7f;
+      if (LeftShiftOverflows(static_cast<uint8_t>(val), shift)) return false;
       *result |= val << shift;
       if (c < 128) {
         break;
@@ -633,27 +1371,47 @@ class SnappyDecompressor {
   // Process the next item found in the input.
   // Returns true if successful, false on error or end of input.
   template <class Writer>
-  void DecompressAllTags(Writer* writer) {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+  __attribute__((aligned(32)))
+#endif
+  void
+  DecompressAllTags(Writer* writer) {
     const char* ip = ip_;
-    // For position-independent executables, accessing global arrays can be
-    // slow.  Move wordmask array onto the stack to mitigate this.
-    uint32 wordmask[sizeof(internal::wordmask)/sizeof(uint32)];
-    memcpy(wordmask, internal::wordmask, sizeof(wordmask));
-
+    ResetLimit(ip);
+    auto op = writer->GetOutputPtr();
     // We could have put this refill fragment only at the beginning of the loop.
     // However, duplicating it at the end of each branch gives the compiler more
     // scope to optimize the <ip_limit_ - ip> expression based on the local
     // context, which overall increases speed.
-    #define MAYBE_REFILL() \
-        if (ip_limit_ - ip < kMaximumTagLength) { \
-          ip_ = ip; \
-          if (!RefillTag()) return; \
-          ip = ip_; \
-        }
-
+#define MAYBE_REFILL()                                      \
+  if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(ip >= ip_limit_min_maxtaglen_)) { \
+    ip_ = ip;                                               \
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(!RefillTag())) goto exit;       \
+    ip = ip_;                                               \
+    ResetLimit(ip);                                         \
+  }                                                         \
+  preload = static_cast<uint8_t>(*ip)
+
+    // At the start of the for loop below the least significant byte of preload
+    // contains the tag.
+    uint32_t preload;
     MAYBE_REFILL();
-    for ( ;; ) {
-      const unsigned char c = *(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(ip++));
+    for (;;) {
+      {
+        ptrdiff_t op_limit_min_slop;
+        auto op_base = writer->GetBase(&op_limit_min_slop);
+        if (op_base) {
+          auto res =
+              DecompressBranchless(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(ip),
+                                   reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(ip_limit_),
+                                   op - op_base, op_base, op_limit_min_slop);
+          ip = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(res.first);
+          op = op_base + res.second;
+          MAYBE_REFILL();
+        }
+      }
+      const uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(preload);
+      ip++;
 
       // Ratio of iterations that have LITERAL vs non-LITERAL for different
       // inputs.
@@ -667,67 +1425,101 @@ class SnappyDecompressor {
       // txt[1-4]        25%        75%
       // pb              24%        76%
       // bin             24%        76%
-      if (PREDICT_FALSE((c & 0x3) == LITERAL)) {
+      if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE((c & 0x3) == LITERAL)) {
         size_t literal_length = (c >> 2) + 1u;
-        if (writer->TryFastAppend(ip, ip_limit_ - ip, literal_length)) {
+        if (writer->TryFastAppend(ip, ip_limit_ - ip, literal_length, &op)) {
           assert(literal_length < 61);
           ip += literal_length;
-          // NOTE(user): There is no MAYBE_REFILL() here, as TryFastAppend()
+          // NOTE: There is no MAYBE_REFILL() here, as TryFastAppend()
           // will not return true unless there's already at least five spare
           // bytes in addition to the literal.
+          preload = static_cast<uint8_t>(*ip);
           continue;
         }
-        if (PREDICT_FALSE(literal_length >= 61)) {
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(literal_length >= 61)) {
           // Long literal.
           const size_t literal_length_length = literal_length - 60;
           literal_length =
-              (LittleEndian::Load32(ip) & wordmask[literal_length_length]) + 1;
+              ExtractLowBytes(LittleEndian::Load32(ip), literal_length_length) +
+              1;
           ip += literal_length_length;
         }
 
         size_t avail = ip_limit_ - ip;
         while (avail < literal_length) {
-          if (!writer->Append(ip, avail)) return;
+          if (!writer->Append(ip, avail, &op)) goto exit;
           literal_length -= avail;
           reader_->Skip(peeked_);
           size_t n;
           ip = reader_->Peek(&n);
           avail = n;
           peeked_ = avail;
-          if (avail == 0) return;  // Premature end of input
+          if (avail == 0) goto exit;
           ip_limit_ = ip + avail;
+          ResetLimit(ip);
         }
-        if (!writer->Append(ip, literal_length)) {
-          return;
-        }
+        if (!writer->Append(ip, literal_length, &op)) goto exit;
         ip += literal_length;
         MAYBE_REFILL();
       } else {
-        const size_t entry = char_table[c];
-        const size_t trailer = LittleEndian::Load32(ip) & wordmask[entry >> 11];
-        const size_t length = entry & 0xff;
-        ip += entry >> 11;
-
-        // copy_offset/256 is encoded in bits 8..10.  By just fetching
-        // those bits, we get copy_offset (since the bit-field starts at
-        // bit 8).
-        const size_t copy_offset = entry & 0x700;
-        if (!writer->AppendFromSelf(copy_offset + trailer, length)) {
-          return;
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE((c & 3) == COPY_4_BYTE_OFFSET)) {
+          const size_t copy_offset = LittleEndian::Load32(ip);
+          const size_t length = (c >> 2) + 1;
+          ip += 4;
+
+          if (!writer->AppendFromSelf(copy_offset, length, &op)) goto exit;
+        } else {
+          const ptrdiff_t entry = kLengthMinusOffset[c];
+          preload = LittleEndian::Load32(ip);
+          const uint32_t trailer = ExtractLowBytes(preload, c & 3);
+          const uint32_t length = entry & 0xff;
+          assert(length > 0);
+
+          // copy_offset/256 is encoded in bits 8..10.  By just fetching
+          // those bits, we get copy_offset (since the bit-field starts at
+          // bit 8).
+          const uint32_t copy_offset = trailer - entry + length;
+          if (!writer->AppendFromSelf(copy_offset, length, &op)) goto exit;
+
+          ip += (c & 3);
+          // By using the result of the previous load we reduce the critical
+          // dependency chain of ip to 4 cycles.
+          preload >>= (c & 3) * 8;
+          if (ip < ip_limit_min_maxtaglen_) continue;
         }
         MAYBE_REFILL();
       }
     }
-
 #undef MAYBE_REFILL
+  exit:
+    writer->SetOutputPtr(op);
   }
 };
 
+constexpr uint32_t CalculateNeeded(uint8_t tag) {
+  return ((tag & 3) == 0 && tag >= (60 * 4))
+             ? (tag >> 2) - 58
+             : (0x05030201 >> ((tag * 8) & 31)) & 0xFF;
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+constexpr bool VerifyCalculateNeeded() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
+    if (CalculateNeeded(i) != (char_table[i] >> 11) + 1) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Make sure CalculateNeeded is correct by verifying it against the established
+// table encoding the number of added bytes needed.
+static_assert(VerifyCalculateNeeded(), "");
+#endif  // c++14
+
 bool SnappyDecompressor::RefillTag() {
   const char* ip = ip_;
   if (ip == ip_limit_) {
     // Fetch a new fragment from the reader
-    reader_->Skip(peeked_);   // All peeked bytes are used up
+    reader_->Skip(peeked_);  // All peeked bytes are used up
     size_t n;
     ip = reader_->Peek(&n);
     peeked_ = n;
@@ -739,26 +1531,31 @@ bool SnappyDecompressor::RefillTag() {
   // Read the tag character
   assert(ip < ip_limit_);
   const unsigned char c = *(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(ip));
-  const uint32 entry = char_table[c];
-  const uint32 needed = (entry >> 11) + 1;  // +1 byte for 'c'
+  // At this point make sure that the data for the next tag is consecutive.
+  // For copy 1 this means the next 2 bytes (tag and 1 byte offset)
+  // For copy 2 the next 3 bytes (tag and 2 byte offset)
+  // For copy 4 the next 5 bytes (tag and 4 byte offset)
+  // For all small literals we only need 1 byte buf for literals 60...63 the
+  // length is encoded in 1...4 extra bytes.
+  const uint32_t needed = CalculateNeeded(c);
   assert(needed <= sizeof(scratch_));
 
   // Read more bytes from reader if needed
-  uint32 nbuf = ip_limit_ - ip;
+  uint32_t nbuf = ip_limit_ - ip;
   if (nbuf < needed) {
     // Stitch together bytes from ip and reader to form the word
     // contents.  We store the needed bytes in "scratch_".  They
     // will be consumed immediately by the caller since we do not
     // read more than we need.
-    memmove(scratch_, ip, nbuf);
+    std::memmove(scratch_, ip, nbuf);
     reader_->Skip(peeked_);  // All peeked bytes are used up
     peeked_ = 0;
     while (nbuf < needed) {
       size_t length;
       const char* src = reader_->Peek(&length);
       if (length == 0) return false;
-      uint32 to_add = min<uint32>(needed - nbuf, length);
-      memcpy(scratch_ + nbuf, src, to_add);
+      uint32_t to_add = std::min<uint32_t>(needed - nbuf, length);
+      std::memcpy(scratch_ + nbuf, src, to_add);
       nbuf += to_add;
       reader_->Skip(to_add);
     }
@@ -768,7 +1565,7 @@ bool SnappyDecompressor::RefillTag() {
   } else if (nbuf < kMaximumTagLength) {
     // Have enough bytes, but move into scratch_ so that we do not
     // read past end of input
-    memmove(scratch_, ip, nbuf);
+    std::memmove(scratch_, ip, nbuf);
     reader_->Skip(peeked_);  // All peeked bytes are used up
     peeked_ = 0;
     ip_ = scratch_;
@@ -784,15 +1581,19 @@ template <typename Writer>
 static bool InternalUncompress(Source* r, Writer* writer) {
   // Read the uncompressed length from the front of the compressed input
   SnappyDecompressor decompressor(r);
-  uint32 uncompressed_len = 0;
+  uint32_t uncompressed_len = 0;
   if (!decompressor.ReadUncompressedLength(&uncompressed_len)) return false;
-  return InternalUncompressAllTags(&decompressor, writer, uncompressed_len);
+
+  return InternalUncompressAllTags(&decompressor, writer, r->Available(),
+                                   uncompressed_len);
 }
 
 template <typename Writer>
 static bool InternalUncompressAllTags(SnappyDecompressor* decompressor,
-                                      Writer* writer,
-                                      uint32 uncompressed_len) {
+                                      Writer* writer, uint32_t compressed_len,
+                                      uint32_t uncompressed_len) {
+  Report("snappy_uncompress", compressed_len, uncompressed_len);
+
   writer->SetExpectedLength(uncompressed_len);
 
   // Process the entire input
@@ -801,7 +1602,7 @@ static bool InternalUncompressAllTags(SnappyDecompressor* decompressor,
   return (decompressor->eof() && writer->CheckLength());
 }
 
-bool GetUncompressedLength(Source* source, uint32* result) {
+bool GetUncompressedLength(Source* source, uint32_t* result) {
   SnappyDecompressor decompressor(source);
   return decompressor.ReadUncompressedLength(result);
 }
@@ -809,21 +1610,20 @@ bool GetUncompressedLength(Source* source, uint32* result) {
 size_t Compress(Source* reader, Sink* writer) {
   size_t written = 0;
   size_t N = reader->Available();
+  const size_t uncompressed_size = N;
   char ulength[Varint::kMax32];
   char* p = Varint::Encode32(ulength, N);
-  writer->Append(ulength, p-ulength);
+  writer->Append(ulength, p - ulength);
   written += (p - ulength);
 
-  internal::WorkingMemory wmem;
-  char* scratch = NULL;
-  char* scratch_output = NULL;
+  internal::WorkingMemory wmem(N);
 
   while (N > 0) {
     // Get next block to compress (without copying if possible)
     size_t fragment_size;
     const char* fragment = reader->Peek(&fragment_size);
     assert(fragment_size != 0);  // premature end of input
-    const size_t num_to_read = min(N, kBlockSize);
+    const size_t num_to_read = std::min(N, kBlockSize);
     size_t bytes_read = fragment_size;
 
     size_t pending_advance = 0;
@@ -832,20 +1632,14 @@ size_t Compress(Source* reader, Sink* writer) {
       pending_advance = num_to_read;
       fragment_size = num_to_read;
     } else {
-      // Read into scratch buffer
-      if (scratch == NULL) {
-        // If this is the last iteration, we want to allocate N bytes
-        // of space, otherwise the max possible kBlockSize space.
-        // num_to_read contains exactly the correct value
-        scratch = new char[num_to_read];
-      }
-      memcpy(scratch, fragment, bytes_read);
+      char* scratch = wmem.GetScratchInput();
+      std::memcpy(scratch, fragment, bytes_read);
       reader->Skip(bytes_read);
 
       while (bytes_read < num_to_read) {
         fragment = reader->Peek(&fragment_size);
-        size_t n = min<size_t>(fragment_size, num_to_read - bytes_read);
-        memcpy(scratch + bytes_read, fragment, n);
+        size_t n = std::min<size_t>(fragment_size, num_to_read - bytes_read);
+        std::memcpy(scratch + bytes_read, fragment, n);
         bytes_read += n;
         reader->Skip(n);
       }
@@ -857,23 +1651,20 @@ size_t Compress(Source* reader, Sink* writer) {
 
     // Get encoding table for compression
     int table_size;
-    uint16* table = wmem.GetHashTable(num_to_read, &table_size);
+    uint16_t* table = wmem.GetHashTable(num_to_read, &table_size);
 
     // Compress input_fragment and append to dest
     const int max_output = MaxCompressedLength(num_to_read);
 
     // Need a scratch buffer for the output, in case the byte sink doesn't
     // have room for us directly.
-    if (scratch_output == NULL) {
-      scratch_output = new char[max_output];
-    } else {
-      // Since we encode kBlockSize regions followed by a region
-      // which is <= kBlockSize in length, a previously allocated
-      // scratch_output[] region is big enough for this iteration.
-    }
-    char* dest = writer->GetAppendBuffer(max_output, scratch_output);
-    char* end = internal::CompressFragment(fragment, fragment_size,
-                                           dest, table, table_size);
+
+    // Since we encode kBlockSize regions followed by a region
+    // which is <= kBlockSize in length, a previously allocated
+    // scratch_output[] region is big enough for this iteration.
+    char* dest = writer->GetAppendBuffer(max_output, wmem.GetScratchOutput());
+    char* end = internal::CompressFragment(fragment, fragment_size, dest, table,
+                                           table_size);
     writer->Append(dest, end - dest);
     written += (end - dest);
 
@@ -881,8 +1672,7 @@ size_t Compress(Source* reader, Sink* writer) {
     reader->Skip(pending_advance);
   }
 
-  delete[] scratch;
-  delete[] scratch_output;
+  Report("snappy_compress", written, uncompressed_size);
 
   return written;
 }
@@ -891,19 +1681,88 @@ size_t Compress(Source* reader, Sink* writer) {
 // IOVec interfaces
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+// A `Source` implementation that yields the contents of an `iovec` array. Note
+// that `total_size` is the total number of bytes to be read from the elements
+// of `iov` (_not_ the total number of elements in `iov`).
+class SnappyIOVecReader : public Source {
+ public:
+  SnappyIOVecReader(const struct iovec* iov, size_t total_size)
+      : curr_iov_(iov),
+        curr_pos_(total_size > 0 ? reinterpret_cast<const char*>(iov->iov_base)
+                                 : nullptr),
+        curr_size_remaining_(total_size > 0 ? iov->iov_len : 0),
+        total_size_remaining_(total_size) {
+    // Skip empty leading `iovec`s.
+    if (total_size > 0 && curr_size_remaining_ == 0) Advance();
+  }
+
+  ~SnappyIOVecReader() = default;
+
+  size_t Available() const { return total_size_remaining_; }
+
+  const char* Peek(size_t* len) {
+    *len = curr_size_remaining_;
+    return curr_pos_;
+  }
+
+  void Skip(size_t n) {
+    while (n >= curr_size_remaining_ && n > 0) {
+      n -= curr_size_remaining_;
+      Advance();
+    }
+    curr_size_remaining_ -= n;
+    total_size_remaining_ -= n;
+    curr_pos_ += n;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Advances to the next nonempty `iovec` and updates related variables.
+  void Advance() {
+    do {
+      assert(total_size_remaining_ >= curr_size_remaining_);
+      total_size_remaining_ -= curr_size_remaining_;
+      if (total_size_remaining_ == 0) {
+        curr_pos_ = nullptr;
+        curr_size_remaining_ = 0;
+        return;
+      }
+      ++curr_iov_;
+      curr_pos_ = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(curr_iov_->iov_base);
+      curr_size_remaining_ = curr_iov_->iov_len;
+    } while (curr_size_remaining_ == 0);
+  }
+
+  // The `iovec` currently being read.
+  const struct iovec* curr_iov_;
+  // The location in `curr_iov_` currently being read.
+  const char* curr_pos_;
+  // The amount of unread data in `curr_iov_`.
+  size_t curr_size_remaining_;
+  // The amount of unread data in the entire input array.
+  size_t total_size_remaining_;
+};
+
 // A type that writes to an iovec.
 // Note that this is not a "ByteSink", but a type that matches the
 // Writer template argument to SnappyDecompressor::DecompressAllTags().
 class SnappyIOVecWriter {
  private:
+  // output_iov_end_ is set to iov + count and used to determine when
+  // the end of the iovs is reached.
+  const struct iovec* output_iov_end_;
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
   const struct iovec* output_iov_;
-  const size_t output_iov_count_;
+#endif  // !defined(NDEBUG)
+
+  // Current iov that is being written into.
+  const struct iovec* curr_iov_;
 
-  // We are currently writing into output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].
-  size_t curr_iov_index_;
+  // Pointer to current iov's write location.
+  char* curr_iov_output_;
 
-  // Bytes written to output_iov_[curr_iov_index_] so far.
-  size_t curr_iov_written_;
+  // Remaining bytes to write into curr_iov_output.
+  size_t curr_iov_remaining_;
 
   // Total bytes decompressed into output_iov_ so far.
   size_t total_written_;
@@ -911,53 +1770,61 @@ class SnappyIOVecWriter {
   // Maximum number of bytes that will be decompressed into output_iov_.
   size_t output_limit_;
 
-  inline char* GetIOVecPointer(size_t index, size_t offset) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<char*>(output_iov_[index].iov_base) +
-        offset;
+  static inline char* GetIOVecPointer(const struct iovec* iov, size_t offset) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<char*>(iov->iov_base) + offset;
   }
 
  public:
   // Does not take ownership of iov. iov must be valid during the
   // entire lifetime of the SnappyIOVecWriter.
   inline SnappyIOVecWriter(const struct iovec* iov, size_t iov_count)
-      : output_iov_(iov),
-        output_iov_count_(iov_count),
-        curr_iov_index_(0),
-        curr_iov_written_(0),
+      : output_iov_end_(iov + iov_count),
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+        output_iov_(iov),
+#endif  // !defined(NDEBUG)
+        curr_iov_(iov),
+        curr_iov_output_(iov_count ? reinterpret_cast<char*>(iov->iov_base)
+                                   : nullptr),
+        curr_iov_remaining_(iov_count ? iov->iov_len : 0),
         total_written_(0),
         output_limit_(-1) {
   }
 
-  inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) {
-    output_limit_ = len;
-  }
+  inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) { output_limit_ = len; }
 
-  inline bool CheckLength() const {
-    return total_written_ == output_limit_;
-  }
+  inline bool CheckLength() const { return total_written_ == output_limit_; }
 
-  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len) {
+  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len, char**) {
     if (total_written_ + len > output_limit_) {
       return false;
     }
 
+    return AppendNoCheck(ip, len);
+  }
+
+  char* GetOutputPtr() { return nullptr; }
+  char* GetBase(ptrdiff_t*) { return nullptr; }
+  void SetOutputPtr(char* op) {
+    // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+    (void)op;
+  }
+
+  inline bool AppendNoCheck(const char* ip, size_t len) {
     while (len > 0) {
-      assert(curr_iov_written_ <= output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len);
-      if (curr_iov_written_ >= output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len) {
+      if (curr_iov_remaining_ == 0) {
         // This iovec is full. Go to the next one.
-        if (curr_iov_index_ + 1 >= output_iov_count_) {
+        if (curr_iov_ + 1 >= output_iov_end_) {
           return false;
         }
-        curr_iov_written_ = 0;
-        ++curr_iov_index_;
+        ++curr_iov_;
+        curr_iov_output_ = reinterpret_cast<char*>(curr_iov_->iov_base);
+        curr_iov_remaining_ = curr_iov_->iov_len;
       }
 
-      const size_t to_write = std::min(
-          len, output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len - curr_iov_written_);
-      memcpy(GetIOVecPointer(curr_iov_index_, curr_iov_written_),
-             ip,
-             to_write);
-      curr_iov_written_ += to_write;
+      const size_t to_write = std::min(len, curr_iov_remaining_);
+      std::memcpy(curr_iov_output_, ip, to_write);
+      curr_iov_output_ += to_write;
+      curr_iov_remaining_ -= to_write;
       total_written_ += to_write;
       ip += to_write;
       len -= to_write;
@@ -966,14 +1833,15 @@ class SnappyIOVecWriter {
     return true;
   }
 
-  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t len) {
+  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t len,
+                            char**) {
     const size_t space_left = output_limit_ - total_written_;
     if (len <= 16 && available >= 16 + kMaximumTagLength && space_left >= 16 &&
-        output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len - curr_iov_written_ >= 16) {
+        curr_iov_remaining_ >= 16) {
       // Fast path, used for the majority (about 95%) of invocations.
-      char* ptr = GetIOVecPointer(curr_iov_index_, curr_iov_written_);
-      UnalignedCopy128(ip, ptr);
-      curr_iov_written_ += len;
+      UnalignedCopy128(ip, curr_iov_output_);
+      curr_iov_output_ += len;
+      curr_iov_remaining_ -= len;
       total_written_ += len;
       return true;
     }
@@ -981,8 +1849,10 @@ class SnappyIOVecWriter {
     return false;
   }
 
-  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len) {
-    if (offset > total_written_ || offset == 0) {
+  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len, char**) {
+    // See SnappyArrayWriter::AppendFromSelf for an explanation of
+    // the "offset - 1u" trick.
+    if (offset - 1u >= total_written_) {
       return false;
     }
     const size_t space_left = output_limit_ - total_written_;
@@ -991,8 +1861,8 @@ class SnappyIOVecWriter {
     }
 
     // Locate the iovec from which we need to start the copy.
-    size_t from_iov_index = curr_iov_index_;
-    size_t from_iov_offset = curr_iov_written_;
+    const iovec* from_iov = curr_iov_;
+    size_t from_iov_offset = curr_iov_->iov_len - curr_iov_remaining_;
     while (offset > 0) {
       if (from_iov_offset >= offset) {
         from_iov_offset -= offset;
@@ -1000,47 +1870,48 @@ class SnappyIOVecWriter {
       }
 
       offset -= from_iov_offset;
-      assert(from_iov_index > 0);
-      --from_iov_index;
-      from_iov_offset = output_iov_[from_iov_index].iov_len;
+      --from_iov;
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+      assert(from_iov >= output_iov_);
+#endif  // !defined(NDEBUG)
+      from_iov_offset = from_iov->iov_len;
     }
 
     // Copy <len> bytes starting from the iovec pointed to by from_iov_index to
     // the current iovec.
     while (len > 0) {
-      assert(from_iov_index <= curr_iov_index_);
-      if (from_iov_index != curr_iov_index_) {
-        const size_t to_copy = std::min(
-            output_iov_[from_iov_index].iov_len - from_iov_offset,
-            len);
-        Append(GetIOVecPointer(from_iov_index, from_iov_offset), to_copy);
+      assert(from_iov <= curr_iov_);
+      if (from_iov != curr_iov_) {
+        const size_t to_copy =
+            std::min(from_iov->iov_len - from_iov_offset, len);
+        AppendNoCheck(GetIOVecPointer(from_iov, from_iov_offset), to_copy);
         len -= to_copy;
         if (len > 0) {
-          ++from_iov_index;
+          ++from_iov;
           from_iov_offset = 0;
         }
       } else {
-        assert(curr_iov_written_ <= output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len);
-        size_t to_copy = std::min(output_iov_[curr_iov_index_].iov_len -
-                                      curr_iov_written_,
-                                  len);
+        size_t to_copy = curr_iov_remaining_;
         if (to_copy == 0) {
           // This iovec is full. Go to the next one.
-          if (curr_iov_index_ + 1 >= output_iov_count_) {
+          if (curr_iov_ + 1 >= output_iov_end_) {
             return false;
           }
-          ++curr_iov_index_;
-          curr_iov_written_ = 0;
+          ++curr_iov_;
+          curr_iov_output_ = reinterpret_cast<char*>(curr_iov_->iov_base);
+          curr_iov_remaining_ = curr_iov_->iov_len;
           continue;
         }
         if (to_copy > len) {
           to_copy = len;
         }
-        IncrementalCopySlow(
-            GetIOVecPointer(from_iov_index, from_iov_offset),
-            GetIOVecPointer(curr_iov_index_, curr_iov_written_),
-            GetIOVecPointer(curr_iov_index_, curr_iov_written_) + to_copy);
-        curr_iov_written_ += to_copy;
+        assert(to_copy > 0);
+
+        IncrementalCopy(GetIOVecPointer(from_iov, from_iov_offset),
+                        curr_iov_output_, curr_iov_output_ + to_copy,
+                        curr_iov_output_ + curr_iov_remaining_);
+        curr_iov_output_ += to_copy;
+        curr_iov_remaining_ -= to_copy;
         from_iov_offset += to_copy;
         total_written_ += to_copy;
         len -= to_copy;
@@ -1077,59 +1948,74 @@ class SnappyArrayWriter {
   char* base_;
   char* op_;
   char* op_limit_;
+  // If op < op_limit_min_slop_ then it's safe to unconditionally write
+  // kSlopBytes starting at op.
+  char* op_limit_min_slop_;
 
  public:
   inline explicit SnappyArrayWriter(char* dst)
       : base_(dst),
         op_(dst),
-        op_limit_(dst) {
-  }
+        op_limit_(dst),
+        op_limit_min_slop_(dst) {}  // Safe default see invariant.
 
   inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) {
     op_limit_ = op_ + len;
+    // Prevent pointer from being past the buffer.
+    op_limit_min_slop_ = op_limit_ - std::min<size_t>(kSlopBytes - 1, len);
   }
 
-  inline bool CheckLength() const {
-    return op_ == op_limit_;
+  inline bool CheckLength() const { return op_ == op_limit_; }
+
+  char* GetOutputPtr() { return op_; }
+  char* GetBase(ptrdiff_t* op_limit_min_slop) {
+    *op_limit_min_slop = op_limit_min_slop_ - base_;
+    return base_;
   }
+  void SetOutputPtr(char* op) { op_ = op; }
 
-  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len) {
-    char* op = op_;
+  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len, char** op_p) {
+    char* op = *op_p;
     const size_t space_left = op_limit_ - op;
-    if (space_left < len) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    memcpy(op, ip, len);
-    op_ = op + len;
+    if (space_left < len) return false;
+    std::memcpy(op, ip, len);
+    *op_p = op + len;
     return true;
   }
 
-  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t len) {
-    char* op = op_;
+  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t len,
+                            char** op_p) {
+    char* op = *op_p;
     const size_t space_left = op_limit_ - op;
     if (len <= 16 && available >= 16 + kMaximumTagLength && space_left >= 16) {
       // Fast path, used for the majority (about 95%) of invocations.
       UnalignedCopy128(ip, op);
-      op_ = op + len;
+      *op_p = op + len;
       return true;
     } else {
       return false;
     }
   }
 
-  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len) {
-    char* const op_end = op_ + len;
+  SNAPPY_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE
+  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len, char** op_p) {
+    assert(len > 0);
+    char* const op = *op_p;
+    assert(op >= base_);
+    char* const op_end = op + len;
 
     // Check if we try to append from before the start of the buffer.
-    // Normally this would just be a check for "produced < offset",
-    // but "produced <= offset - 1u" is equivalent for every case
-    // except the one where offset==0, where the right side will wrap around
-    // to a very big number. This is convenient, as offset==0 is another
-    // invalid case that we also want to catch, so that we do not go
-    // into an infinite loop.
-    if (Produced() <= offset - 1u || op_end > op_limit_) return false;
-    op_ = IncrementalCopy(op_ - offset, op_, op_end, op_limit_);
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<size_t>(op - base_) < offset))
+      return false;
 
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE((kSlopBytes < 64 && len > kSlopBytes) ||
+                            op >= op_limit_min_slop_ || offset < len)) {
+      if (op_end > op_limit_ || offset == 0) return false;
+      *op_p = IncrementalCopy(op - offset, op, op_end, op_limit_);
+      return true;
+    }
+    std::memmove(op, op - offset, kSlopBytes);
+    *op_p = op_end;
     return true;
   }
   inline size_t Produced() const {
@@ -1139,8 +2025,9 @@ class SnappyArrayWriter {
   inline void Flush() {}
 };
 
-bool RawUncompress(const char* compressed, size_t n, char* uncompressed) {
-  ByteArraySource reader(compressed, n);
+bool RawUncompress(const char* compressed, size_t compressed_length,
+                   char* uncompressed) {
+  ByteArraySource reader(compressed, compressed_length);
   return RawUncompress(&reader, uncompressed);
 }
 
@@ -1149,9 +2036,10 @@ bool RawUncompress(Source* compressed, char* uncompressed) {
   return InternalUncompress(compressed, &output);
 }
 
-bool Uncompress(const char* compressed, size_t n, string* uncompressed) {
+bool Uncompress(const char* compressed, size_t compressed_length,
+                std::string* uncompressed) {
   size_t ulength;
-  if (!GetUncompressedLength(compressed, n, &ulength)) {
+  if (!GetUncompressedLength(compressed, compressed_length, &ulength)) {
     return false;
   }
   // On 32-bit builds: max_size() < kuint32max.  Check for that instead
@@ -1160,7 +2048,8 @@ bool Uncompress(const char* compressed, size_t n, string* uncompressed) {
     return false;
   }
   STLStringResizeUninitialized(uncompressed, ulength);
-  return RawUncompress(compressed, n, string_as_array(uncompressed));
+  return RawUncompress(compressed, compressed_length,
+                       string_as_array(uncompressed));
 }
 
 // A Writer that drops everything on the floor and just does validation
@@ -1170,32 +2059,44 @@ class SnappyDecompressionValidator {
   size_t produced_;
 
  public:
-  inline SnappyDecompressionValidator() : expected_(0), produced_(0) { }
-  inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) {
-    expected_ = len;
+  inline SnappyDecompressionValidator() : expected_(0), produced_(0) {}
+  inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) { expected_ = len; }
+  size_t GetOutputPtr() { return produced_; }
+  size_t GetBase(ptrdiff_t* op_limit_min_slop) {
+    *op_limit_min_slop = std::numeric_limits<ptrdiff_t>::max() - kSlopBytes + 1;
+    return 1;
   }
-  inline bool CheckLength() const {
-    return expected_ == produced_;
+  void SetOutputPtr(size_t op) { produced_ = op; }
+  inline bool CheckLength() const { return expected_ == produced_; }
+  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len, size_t* produced) {
+    // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+    (void)ip;
+
+    *produced += len;
+    return *produced <= expected_;
   }
-  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len) {
-    produced_ += len;
-    return produced_ <= expected_;
-  }
-  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length) {
+  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length,
+                            size_t* produced) {
+    // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+    (void)ip;
+    (void)available;
+    (void)length;
+    (void)produced;
+
     return false;
   }
-  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len) {
+  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len, size_t* produced) {
     // See SnappyArrayWriter::AppendFromSelf for an explanation of
     // the "offset - 1u" trick.
-    if (produced_ <= offset - 1u) return false;
-    produced_ += len;
-    return produced_ <= expected_;
+    if (*produced <= offset - 1u) return false;
+    *produced += len;
+    return *produced <= expected_;
   }
   inline void Flush() {}
 };
 
-bool IsValidCompressedBuffer(const char* compressed, size_t n) {
-  ByteArraySource reader(compressed, n);
+bool IsValidCompressedBuffer(const char* compressed, size_t compressed_length) {
+  ByteArraySource reader(compressed, compressed_length);
   SnappyDecompressionValidator writer;
   return InternalUncompress(&reader, &writer);
 }
@@ -1205,9 +2106,7 @@ bool IsValidCompressed(Source* compressed) {
   return InternalUncompress(compressed, &writer);
 }
 
-void RawCompress(const char* input,
-                 size_t input_length,
-                 char* compressed,
+void RawCompress(const char* input, size_t input_length, char* compressed,
                  size_t* compressed_length) {
   ByteArraySource reader(input, input_length);
   UncheckedByteArraySink writer(compressed);
@@ -1217,14 +2116,44 @@ void RawCompress(const char* input,
   *compressed_length = (writer.CurrentDestination() - compressed);
 }
 
-size_t Compress(const char* input, size_t input_length, string* compressed) {
+void RawCompressFromIOVec(const struct iovec* iov, size_t uncompressed_length,
+                          char* compressed, size_t* compressed_length) {
+  SnappyIOVecReader reader(iov, uncompressed_length);
+  UncheckedByteArraySink writer(compressed);
+  Compress(&reader, &writer);
+
+  // Compute how many bytes were added.
+  *compressed_length = writer.CurrentDestination() - compressed;
+}
+
+size_t Compress(const char* input, size_t input_length,
+                std::string* compressed) {
   // Pre-grow the buffer to the max length of the compressed output
   STLStringResizeUninitialized(compressed, MaxCompressedLength(input_length));
 
   size_t compressed_length;
   RawCompress(input, input_length, string_as_array(compressed),
               &compressed_length);
-  compressed->resize(compressed_length);
+  compressed->erase(compressed_length);
+  return compressed_length;
+}
+
+size_t CompressFromIOVec(const struct iovec* iov, size_t iov_cnt,
+                         std::string* compressed) {
+  // Compute the number of bytes to be compressed.
+  size_t uncompressed_length = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < iov_cnt; ++i) {
+    uncompressed_length += iov[i].iov_len;
+  }
+
+  // Pre-grow the buffer to the max length of the compressed output.
+  STLStringResizeUninitialized(compressed, MaxCompressedLength(
+      uncompressed_length));
+
+  size_t compressed_length;
+  RawCompressFromIOVec(iov, uncompressed_length, string_as_array(compressed),
+                       &compressed_length);
+  compressed->erase(compressed_length);
   return compressed_length;
 }
 
@@ -1249,13 +2178,14 @@ class SnappyScatteredWriter {
   size_t full_size_;
 
   // Pointer into current output block
-  char* op_base_;       // Base of output block
-  char* op_ptr_;        // Pointer to next unfilled byte in block
-  char* op_limit_;      // Pointer just past block
+  char* op_base_;   // Base of output block
+  char* op_ptr_;    // Pointer to next unfilled byte in block
+  char* op_limit_;  // Pointer just past block
+  // If op < op_limit_min_slop_ then it's safe to unconditionally write
+  // kSlopBytes starting at op.
+  char* op_limit_min_slop_;
 
-  inline size_t Size() const {
-    return full_size_ + (op_ptr_ - op_base_);
-  }
+  inline size_t Size() const { return full_size_ + (op_ptr_ - op_base_); }
 
   bool SlowAppend(const char* ip, size_t len);
   bool SlowAppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len);
@@ -1266,59 +2196,79 @@ class SnappyScatteredWriter {
         full_size_(0),
         op_base_(NULL),
         op_ptr_(NULL),
-        op_limit_(NULL) {
+        op_limit_(NULL),
+        op_limit_min_slop_(NULL) {}
+  char* GetOutputPtr() { return op_ptr_; }
+  char* GetBase(ptrdiff_t* op_limit_min_slop) {
+    *op_limit_min_slop = op_limit_min_slop_ - op_base_;
+    return op_base_;
   }
+  void SetOutputPtr(char* op) { op_ptr_ = op; }
 
   inline void SetExpectedLength(size_t len) {
     assert(blocks_.empty());
     expected_ = len;
   }
 
-  inline bool CheckLength() const {
-    return Size() == expected_;
-  }
+  inline bool CheckLength() const { return Size() == expected_; }
 
   // Return the number of bytes actually uncompressed so far
-  inline size_t Produced() const {
-    return Size();
-  }
+  inline size_t Produced() const { return Size(); }
 
-  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len) {
-    size_t avail = op_limit_ - op_ptr_;
+  inline bool Append(const char* ip, size_t len, char** op_p) {
+    char* op = *op_p;
+    size_t avail = op_limit_ - op;
     if (len <= avail) {
       // Fast path
-      memcpy(op_ptr_, ip, len);
-      op_ptr_ += len;
+      std::memcpy(op, ip, len);
+      *op_p = op + len;
       return true;
     } else {
-      return SlowAppend(ip, len);
+      op_ptr_ = op;
+      bool res = SlowAppend(ip, len);
+      *op_p = op_ptr_;
+      return res;
     }
   }
 
-  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length) {
-    char* op = op_ptr_;
+  inline bool TryFastAppend(const char* ip, size_t available, size_t length,
+                            char** op_p) {
+    char* op = *op_p;
     const int space_left = op_limit_ - op;
     if (length <= 16 && available >= 16 + kMaximumTagLength &&
         space_left >= 16) {
       // Fast path, used for the majority (about 95%) of invocations.
       UnalignedCopy128(ip, op);
-      op_ptr_ = op + length;
+      *op_p = op + length;
       return true;
     } else {
       return false;
     }
   }
 
-  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len) {
-    char* const op_end = op_ptr_ + len;
-    // See SnappyArrayWriter::AppendFromSelf for an explanation of
-    // the "offset - 1u" trick.
-    if (PREDICT_TRUE(offset - 1u < op_ptr_ - op_base_ && op_end <= op_limit_)) {
-      // Fast path: src and dst in current block.
-      op_ptr_ = IncrementalCopy(op_ptr_ - offset, op_ptr_, op_end, op_limit_);
+  inline bool AppendFromSelf(size_t offset, size_t len, char** op_p) {
+    char* op = *op_p;
+    assert(op >= op_base_);
+    // Check if we try to append from before the start of the buffer.
+    if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE((kSlopBytes < 64 && len > kSlopBytes) ||
+                            static_cast<size_t>(op - op_base_) < offset ||
+                            op >= op_limit_min_slop_ || offset < len)) {
+      if (offset == 0) return false;
+      if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<size_t>(op - op_base_) < offset ||
+                              op + len > op_limit_)) {
+        op_ptr_ = op;
+        bool res = SlowAppendFromSelf(offset, len);
+        *op_p = op_ptr_;
+        return res;
+      }
+      *op_p = IncrementalCopy(op - offset, op, op + len, op_limit_);
       return true;
     }
-    return SlowAppendFromSelf(offset, len);
+    // Fast path
+    char* const op_end = op + len;
+    std::memmove(op, op - offset, kSlopBytes);
+    *op_p = op_end;
+    return true;
   }
 
   // Called at the end of the decompress. We ask the allocator
@@ -1326,12 +2276,12 @@ class SnappyScatteredWriter {
   inline void Flush() { allocator_.Flush(Produced()); }
 };
 
-template<typename Allocator>
+template <typename Allocator>
 bool SnappyScatteredWriter<Allocator>::SlowAppend(const char* ip, size_t len) {
   size_t avail = op_limit_ - op_ptr_;
   while (len > avail) {
     // Completely fill this block
-    memcpy(op_ptr_, ip, avail);
+    std::memcpy(op_ptr_, ip, avail);
     op_ptr_ += avail;
     assert(op_limit_ - op_ptr_ == 0);
     full_size_ += (op_ptr_ - op_base_);
@@ -1339,25 +2289,25 @@ bool SnappyScatteredWriter<Allocator>::SlowAppend(const char* ip, size_t len) {
     ip += avail;
 
     // Bounds check
-    if (full_size_ + len > expected_) {
-      return false;
-    }
+    if (full_size_ + len > expected_) return false;
 
     // Make new block
-    size_t bsize = min<size_t>(kBlockSize, expected_ - full_size_);
+    size_t bsize = std::min<size_t>(kBlockSize, expected_ - full_size_);
     op_base_ = allocator_.Allocate(bsize);
     op_ptr_ = op_base_;
     op_limit_ = op_base_ + bsize;
+    op_limit_min_slop_ = op_limit_ - std::min<size_t>(kSlopBytes - 1, bsize);
+
     blocks_.push_back(op_base_);
     avail = bsize;
   }
 
-  memcpy(op_ptr_, ip, len);
+  std::memcpy(op_ptr_, ip, len);
   op_ptr_ += len;
   return true;
 }
 
-template<typename Allocator>
+template <typename Allocator>
 bool SnappyScatteredWriter<Allocator>::SlowAppendFromSelf(size_t offset,
                                                          size_t len) {
   // Overflow check
@@ -1372,18 +2322,26 @@ bool SnappyScatteredWriter<Allocator>::SlowAppendFromSelf(size_t offset,
   // nice if we do not rely on that, since we can get better compression if we
   // allow cross-block copies and thus might want to change the compressor in
   // the future.
+  // TODO Replace this with a properly optimized path. This is not
+  // triggered right now. But this is so super slow, that it would regress
+  // performance unacceptably if triggered.
   size_t src = cur - offset;
+  char* op = op_ptr_;
   while (len-- > 0) {
-    char c = blocks_[src >> kBlockLog][src & (kBlockSize-1)];
-    Append(&c, 1);
+    char c = blocks_[src >> kBlockLog][src & (kBlockSize - 1)];
+    if (!Append(&c, 1, &op)) {
+      op_ptr_ = op;
+      return false;
+    }
     src++;
   }
+  op_ptr_ = op;
   return true;
 }
 
 class SnappySinkAllocator {
  public:
-  explicit SnappySinkAllocator(Sink* dest): dest_(dest) {}
+  explicit SnappySinkAllocator(Sink* dest) : dest_(dest) {}
   ~SnappySinkAllocator() {}
 
   char* Allocate(int size) {
@@ -1399,10 +2357,9 @@ class SnappySinkAllocator {
   // to the blocks.
   void Flush(size_t size) {
     size_t size_written = 0;
-    size_t block_size;
-    for (int i = 0; i < blocks_.size(); ++i) {
-      block_size = min<size_t>(blocks_[i].size, size - size_written);
-      dest_->AppendAndTakeOwnership(blocks_[i].data, block_size,
+    for (Datablock& block : blocks_) {
+      size_t block_size = std::min<size_t>(block.size, size - size_written);
+      dest_->AppendAndTakeOwnership(block.data, block_size,
                                     &SnappySinkAllocator::Deleter, NULL);
       size_written += block_size;
     }
@@ -1417,6 +2374,10 @@ class SnappySinkAllocator {
   };
 
   static void Deleter(void* arg, const char* bytes, size_t size) {
+    // TODO: Switch to [[maybe_unused]] when we can assume C++17.
+    (void)arg;
+    (void)size;
+
     delete[] bytes;
   }
 
@@ -1436,29 +2397,31 @@ size_t UncompressAsMuchAsPossible(Source* compressed, Sink* uncompressed) {
 bool Uncompress(Source* compressed, Sink* uncompressed) {
   // Read the uncompressed length from the front of the compressed input
   SnappyDecompressor decompressor(compressed);
-  uint32 uncompressed_len = 0;
+  uint32_t uncompressed_len = 0;
   if (!decompressor.ReadUncompressedLength(&uncompressed_len)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   char c;
   size_t allocated_size;
-  char* buf = uncompressed->GetAppendBufferVariable(
-      1, uncompressed_len, &c, 1, &allocated_size);
+  char* buf = uncompressed->GetAppendBufferVariable(1, uncompressed_len, &c, 1,
+                                                    &allocated_size);
 
+  const size_t compressed_len = compressed->Available();
   // If we can get a flat buffer, then use it, otherwise do block by block
   // uncompression
   if (allocated_size >= uncompressed_len) {
     SnappyArrayWriter writer(buf);
-    bool result = InternalUncompressAllTags(
-        &decompressor, &writer, uncompressed_len);
+    bool result = InternalUncompressAllTags(&decompressor, &writer,
+                                            compressed_len, uncompressed_len);
     uncompressed->Append(buf, writer.Produced());
     return result;
   } else {
     SnappySinkAllocator allocator(uncompressed);
     SnappyScatteredWriter<SnappySinkAllocator> writer(allocator);
-    return InternalUncompressAllTags(&decompressor, &writer, uncompressed_len);
+    return InternalUncompressAllTags(&decompressor, &writer, compressed_len,
+                                     uncompressed_len);
   }
 }
 
-} // end namespace snappy
+}  // namespace snappy