skeem 0.2.14 → 0.2.18

data/lib/skeem/element_visitor.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Skeem
   class SkmElementVisitor
     # Link to the root element to visit
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ module Skeem
     # @param aRoot [SkmElement] the parse tree to visit.
     def initialize(aRoot)
       raise StandardError if aRoot.nil?
+
       @root = aRoot
       @subscribers = []
     end
@@ -57,7 +60,6 @@ module Skeem
       broadcast(:after_empty_list, anEmptyList)
     end
 
-
     def visit_pair(aPair)
       broadcast(:before_pair, aPair)
       traverse_car_cdr(aPair)
@@ -110,8 +112,9 @@ module Skeem
     def broadcast(msg, *args)
       subscribers.each do |subscr|
         next unless subscr.respond_to?(msg) || subscr.respond_to?(:accept_all)
+
         subscr.send(msg, runtime, *args)
       end
     end
   end # class
-end # module
+end # module

data/lib/skeem/grammar.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # Grammar for Skeem (a subset of Scheme language)
 require 'rley' # Load the gem
 
@@ -7,11 +9,11 @@ module Skeem
   # Official Small Scheme grammar is available at:
   # https://bitbucket.org/cowan/r7rs/src/draft-10/rnrs/r7rs.pdf
   # Names of grammar elements are based on the R7RS documentation
-  builder = Rley::Syntax::GrammarBuilder.new do
+  builder = Rley::grammar_builder do
     # Delimiters, separators...
     add_terminals('APOSTROPHE', 'COMMA', 'COMMA_AT_SIGN')
     add_terminals('GRAVE_ACCENT', 'LPAREN', 'RPAREN')
-    add_terminals('PERIOD', 'ARROW')
+    add_terminals('PERIOD', 'UNDERSCORE', 'ARROW', 'ELLIPSIS')
     add_terminals('VECTOR_BEGIN')
 
     # Literal values...
@@ -19,9 +21,9 @@ module Skeem
     add_terminals('CHAR', 'STRING_LIT', 'IDENTIFIER')
 
     # Keywords...
-    add_terminals('BEGIN', 'COND', 'DEFINE', 'DO', 'ELSE')
-    add_terminals('IF', 'LAMBDA', 'LET', 'LET*')
-    add_terminals('QUOTE', 'QUASIQUOTE', 'SET!')
+    add_terminals('BEGIN', 'COND', 'DEFINE', 'DEFINE-SYNTAX', 'DO')
+    add_terminals('ELSE', 'IF', 'INCLUDE', 'LAMBDA', 'LET', 'LET_STAR')
+    add_terminals('QUOTE', 'QUASIQUOTE', 'SET!', 'SYNTAX-RULES')
     add_terminals('UNQUOTE', 'UNQUOTE-SPLICING')
 
     rule('program' => 'cmd_or_def_plus').as 'main'
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ module Skeem
     rule 'command' => 'expression'
     rule('definition' => 'LPAREN DEFINE IDENTIFIER expression RPAREN').as 'definition'
     rule('definition' => 'LPAREN DEFINE LPAREN IDENTIFIER def_formals RPAREN body RPAREN').as 'alt_definition'
+    rule('definition' => 'syntax_definition')
     rule('definition' => 'LPAREN BEGIN definition_star RPAREN').as 'definitions_within_begin'
     rule('expression' => 'IDENTIFIER').as 'variable_reference'
     rule 'expression' => 'literal'
@@ -41,8 +44,9 @@ module Skeem
     rule 'expression' => 'conditional'
     rule 'expression' => 'assignment'
     rule 'expression' => 'derived_expression'
+    rule 'expression' => 'includer'
     rule 'literal' => 'quotation'
-    rule 'literal' => 'self-evaluating'   
+    rule 'literal' => 'self-evaluating'
     rule('quotation' => 'APOSTROPHE datum').as 'quotation_short'
     rule('quotation' => 'LPAREN QUOTE datum RPAREN').as 'quotation'
     rule 'self-evaluating' => 'BOOLEAN'
@@ -64,8 +68,8 @@ module Skeem
     rule('vector' => 'VECTOR_BEGIN datum_star RPAREN').as 'vector'
     rule('datum_plus' => 'datum_plus datum').as 'multiple_datums'
     rule('datum_plus' => 'datum').as 'last_datum'
-    rule('datum_star' => 'datum_star datum').as 'datum_star'
-    rule('datum_star' => []).as 'no_datum_yet'
+    rule('datum_star' => 'datum_star datum').as 'star_default'
+    rule('datum_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_datum_yet'
     rule 'symbol' => 'IDENTIFIER'
     rule('procedure_call' => 'LPAREN operator RPAREN').as 'proc_call_nullary'
     rule('procedure_call' => 'LPAREN operator operand_plus RPAREN').as 'proc_call_args'
@@ -79,16 +83,17 @@ module Skeem
     rule('formals' => 'LPAREN identifier_star RPAREN').as 'fixed_arity_formals'
     rule('formals' => 'IDENTIFIER').as 'variadic_formals'
     rule('formals' => 'LPAREN identifier_plus PERIOD IDENTIFIER RPAREN').as 'dotted_formals'
-    rule('identifier_star' => 'identifier_star IDENTIFIER').as 'identifier_star'
-    rule('identifier_star' => []).as 'no_identifier_yet'
+    rule('syntax_definition' => 'LPAREN DEFINE-SYNTAX keyword transformer_spec RPAREN').as 'syntax_definition'
+    rule('identifier_star' => 'identifier_star IDENTIFIER').as 'star_default'
+    rule('identifier_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_identifier_yet'
     rule('identifier_plus' => 'identifier_plus IDENTIFIER').as 'multiple_identifiers'
     rule('identifier_plus' => 'IDENTIFIER').as 'last_identifier'
     rule('body' => 'definition_star sequence').as 'body'
-    rule('definition_star' => 'definition_star definition').as 'definition_star'
-    rule('definition_star' => []).as 'no_definition_yet'
+    rule('definition_star' => 'definition_star definition').as 'star_default'
+    rule('definition_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_definition_yet'
     rule('sequence' => 'command_star expression').as 'sequence'
-    rule('command_star' => 'command_star command').as 'multiple_commands'
-    rule('command_star' => []).as 'no_command_yet'
+    rule('command_star' => 'command_star command').as 'star_default'
+    rule('command_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_command_yet'
     rule('conditional' => 'LPAREN IF test consequent alternate RPAREN').as 'conditional'
     rule 'test' => 'expression'
     rule 'consequent' => 'expression'
@@ -101,13 +106,15 @@ module Skeem
     rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN COND cond_clause_plus RPAREN').as 'cond_form'
     rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN COND cond_clause_star LPAREN ELSE sequence RPAREN RPAREN').as 'cond_else_form'
     rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN LET LPAREN binding_spec_star RPAREN body RPAREN').as 'short_let_form'
-    rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN LET* LPAREN binding_spec_star RPAREN body RPAREN').as 'let_star_form'
+    # TODO: implement "named let"
+    rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN LET IDENTIFIER LPAREN binding_spec_star RPAREN body RPAREN') # .as 'named_form'
+    rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN LET_STAR LPAREN binding_spec_star RPAREN body RPAREN').as 'let_star_form'
 
-    # As the R7RS grammar is too restrictive, 
+    # As the R7RS grammar is too restrictive,
     # the next rule was made more general than its standard counterpart
     rule('derived_expression' => 'LPAREN BEGIN body RPAREN').as 'begin_expression'
     do_syntax = <<-END_SYNTAX
-    LPAREN DO LPAREN iteration_spec_star RPAREN 
+    LPAREN DO LPAREN iteration_spec_star RPAREN
       LPAREN test do_result RPAREN
       command_star RPAREN
 END_SYNTAX
@@ -115,25 +122,29 @@ END_SYNTAX
     rule 'derived_expression' => 'quasiquotation'
     rule('cond_clause_plus' => 'cond_clause_plus cond_clause').as 'multiple_cond_clauses'
     rule('cond_clause_plus' => 'cond_clause').as 'last_cond_clauses'
-    rule('cond_clause_star' => 'cond_clause_star cond_clause').as 'cond_clauses_star'
-    rule('cond_clause_star' => []).as 'last_cond_clauses_star'
+    rule('cond_clause_star' => 'cond_clause_star cond_clause').as 'star_default'
+    rule('cond_clause_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'last_cond_clauses_star'
     rule('cond_clause' => 'LPAREN test sequence RPAREN').as 'cond_clause'
     rule('cond_clause' => 'LPAREN test RPAREN')
     rule('cond_clause' => 'LPAREN test ARROW recipient RPAREN').as 'cond_arrow_clause'
     rule('recipient' => 'expression')
     rule('quasiquotation' => 'LPAREN QUASIQUOTE qq_template RPAREN').as 'quasiquotation'
     rule('quasiquotation' => 'GRAVE_ACCENT qq_template').as 'quasiquotation_short'
-    rule('binding_spec_star' => 'binding_spec_star binding_spec').as 'multiple_binding_specs'
-    rule('binding_spec_star' => []).as 'no_binding_spec_yet'
+    rule('binding_spec_star' => 'binding_spec_star binding_spec').as 'star_default'
+    rule('binding_spec_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_binding_spec_yet'
     rule('binding_spec' => 'LPAREN IDENTIFIER expression RPAREN').as 'binding_spec'
-    rule('iteration_spec_star' => 'iteration_spec_star iteration_spec').as 'multiple_iter_specs'
-    rule('iteration_spec_star' => []).as 'no_iter_spec_yet'
+    rule('iteration_spec_star' => 'iteration_spec_star iteration_spec').as 'star_default'
+    rule('iteration_spec_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_iter_spec_yet'
     rule('iteration_spec' => 'LPAREN IDENTIFIER init step RPAREN').as 'iteration_spec_long'
     rule('iteration_spec' => 'LPAREN IDENTIFIER init RPAREN').as 'iteration_spec_short'
     rule('init' => 'expression')
     rule('step' => 'expression')
     rule 'do_result' => 'sequence'
-    rule('do_result' => []).as 'empty_do_result'
+    rule('do_result' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'empty_do_result'
+    rule('keyword' => 'IDENTIFIER')
+    rule('includer' => 'LPAREN INCLUDE string_plus RPAREN').as 'include'
+    rule('string_plus' => 'string_plus STRING_LIT').as 'multiple_string'
+    rule('string_plus' => 'STRING_LIT').as 'last_single_string'
     rule 'qq_template' => 'simple_datum'
     rule 'qq_template' => 'list_qq_template'
     rule 'qq_template' => 'vector_qq_template'
@@ -144,14 +155,65 @@ END_SYNTAX
     rule('vector_qq_template' => 'VECTOR_BEGIN qq_template_or_splice_star RPAREN').as 'vector_qq'
     rule('unquotation' => 'COMMA qq_template').as 'unquotation_short'
     rule 'unquotation' => 'LPAREN UNQUOTE qq_template RPAREN'
-    rule('qq_template_or_splice_star' => 'qq_template_or_splice_star qq_template_or_splice').as 'multiple_template_splice'
-    rule('qq_template_or_splice_star' => []).as 'no_template_splice_yet'
+    rule('qq_template_or_splice_star' => 'qq_template_or_splice_star qq_template_or_splice').as 'star_default'
+    rule('qq_template_or_splice_star' => []).as 'star_base' ## 'no_template_splice_yet'
     rule 'qq_template_or_splice_plus' => 'qq_template_or_splice_plus qq_template_or_splice'
     rule 'qq_template_or_splice_plus' => 'qq_template_or_splice'
     rule 'qq_template_or_splice' => 'qq_template'
     rule 'qq_template_or_splice' => 'splicing_unquotation'
     rule 'splicing_unquotation' => 'COMMA_AT_SIGN qq_template'
     rule 'splicing_unquotation' => 'LPAREN UNQUOTE-SPLICING qq_template RPAREN'
+    rule('transformer_spec' => 'LPAREN SYNTAX-RULES LPAREN identifier_star RPAREN syntax_rule_star RPAREN').as 'transformer_syntax'
+    rule('transformer_spec' => 'LPAREN SYNTAX-RULES IDENTIFIER LPAREN identifier_star RPAREN syntax_rule_star RPAREN')
+    rule('syntax_rule_star' => 'syntax_rule_star syntax_rule').as 'star_default'
+    rule('syntax_rule_star' => []).as 'star_base'
+    rule('syntax_rule' => 'LPAREN pattern template RPAREN').as 'syntax_rule'
+    rule('pattern' => 'pattern_identifier')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'UNDERSCORE')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'LPAREN pattern_star RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'LPAREN pattern_plus PERIOD pattern RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'LPAREN pattern_plus ELLIPSIS pattern_star RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'LPAREN pattern_plus ELLIPSIS pattern_star PERIOD pattern RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'VECTOR_BEGIN pattern_star RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'VECTOR_BEGIN pattern_plus ELLIPSIS pattern_star RPAREN')
+    rule('pattern' =>  'pattern_datum')
+    rule('pattern_star' => 'pattern_star pattern').as 'star_default'
+    rule('pattern_star' => []).as 'star_base'
+    rule('pattern_plus' => 'pattern_plus pattern')
+    rule('pattern_plus' => 'pattern')
+    rule('pattern_datum' => 'STRING_LIT')
+    rule('pattern_datum' => 'CHAR')
+    rule('pattern_datum' => 'BOOLEAN')
+    rule('pattern_datum' => 'number')
+    # rule('pattern_datum' => 'bytevector')
+    rule('template' => 'pattern_identifier')
+    rule('template' => 'LPAREN template_element_star RPAREN')
+    rule('template' => 'LPAREN template_element_plus PERIOD template RPAREN')
+    rule('template' =>  'VECTOR_BEGIN template_element_star RPAREN')
+    rule('template' =>  'template_datum')
+    rule('template_element_star' => 'template_element_star template_element').as 'star_default'
+    rule('template_element_star' => []).as 'star_base'
+    rule('template_element_plus' => 'template_element_plus template_element')
+    rule('template_element_plus' => 'template_element')
+    rule('template_element' =>  'template')
+    rule('template_element' =>  'template ELLIPSIS')
+    rule('template_datum' =>  'pattern_datum')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'IDENTIFIER')
+    # Ugly: specailized production rule per keyword...
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'BEGIN')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'COND')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'DEFINE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'ELSE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'IF')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'INCLUDE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'LAMBDA')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'LET')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'LET*')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'QUOTE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'QUASIQUOTE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'SET!')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'UNQUOTE')
+    rule('pattern_identifier' => 'UNQUOTE-SPLICING')
   end
 
   # And now build the grammar and make it accessible via a global constant

data/lib/skeem/interpreter.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require_relative 'parser'
 require_relative 'skm_frame'
 require_relative 'runtime'
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ module Skeem
     attr_reader(:parser)
     attr_reader(:runtime)
 
-    def initialize(&aBlock)
+    def initialize
       @runtime = Runtime.new(SkmFrame.new)
       @parser = Parser.new
 
@@ -20,16 +22,16 @@ module Skeem
       end
     end
 
-    def add_default_procedures()
+    def add_default_procedures
       add_primitives(runtime)
       add_standard(runtime)
     end
 
-    def parse(source, mode = nil)
+    def parse(source, _mode = nil)
       @parser ||= Parser.new
       @ptree = parser.parse(source)
-      # $stderr.puts @ptree.root.inspect if mode.nil?
-      # require 'debug' unless mode.nil?
+      # $stderr.puts @ptree.root.inspect if _mode.nil?
+      # require 'debug' unless _mode.nil?
     end
 
     def run(source, mode = nil)
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ module Skeem
     end
 
     def add_standard(_runtime)
-      std_pathname = File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/standard/base.skm'
+      std_pathname = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/standard/base.skm"
       load_lib(std_pathname)
     end
 
@@ -57,4 +59,4 @@ module Skeem
       end
     end
   end # class
-end # module
+end # module

data/lib/skeem/parser.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require_relative 'tokenizer'
 require_relative 'grammar'
 require_relative 's_expr_builder'
@@ -5,10 +7,10 @@ require_relative 's_expr_builder'
 module Skeem
   class Parser
     attr_reader(:engine)
-    
-    def initialize()
+
+    def initialize
       # Create a Rley facade object
-      @engine = Rley::Engine.new do |cfg| 
+      @engine = Rley::Engine.new do |cfg|
         cfg.diagnose = true
         cfg.repr_builder = SkmBuilder
       end
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ module Skeem
       # Step 1. Load Skeem grammar
       @engine.use_grammar(Skeem::Grammar)
     end
-      
+
     # Parse the given Skeem expression into a parse tree.
     # @param source [String] Skeem expression to parse
     # @return [ParseTree] A regexp object equivalent to the Skeem expression.

data/lib/skeem/primitive/primitive_builder.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require_relative 'primitive_procedure'
 require_relative '../datum_dsl'
+require_relative '../skm_exception'
 require_relative '../skm_pair'
 
 module Skeem
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ module Skeem
       def binary
         SkmArity.new(2, 2)
       end
-      
+
       def ternary
         SkmArity.new(3, 3)
       end
@@ -130,6 +133,7 @@ module Skeem
         create_cons(aRuntime)
         create_car(aRuntime)
         create_cdr(aRuntime)
+        create_make_list(aRuntime)
         create_length(aRuntime)
         create_list2vector(aRuntime)
         create_append(aRuntime)
@@ -157,11 +161,12 @@ module Skeem
         create_map(aRuntime)
       end
 
-      def add_io_procedures(aRuntime)(aRuntime)
-        create_newline(aRuntime)
+      def add_io_procedures(aRuntime)
+        create_display(aRuntime)
       end
 
       def add_special_procedures(aRuntime)
+        create_error(aRuntime)
         create_test_assert(aRuntime)
         create_debug(aRuntime)
         create_inspect(aRuntime)
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_plus(aRuntime)
         # arglist should be a Ruby Array
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             integer(0)
           else
@@ -183,7 +188,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_minus(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           raw_result = first_operand.value
           if arglist.empty?
             raw_result = -raw_result
@@ -197,7 +202,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_multiply(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             integer(1)
           else
@@ -211,7 +216,6 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def reciprocal(aLiteral)
-
         case aLiteral
           when Integer
             result = Rational(1, aLiteral)
@@ -225,29 +229,26 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_divide(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           raw_result = first_operand.value
           if arglist.empty?
             raw_result = reciprocal(raw_result)
           else
-            # Ugly: Ruby version dependency: Rubies older than 2.4 have class Fixnum instead of Integer
-            int_class = (RUBY_VERSION[0..2] < "2.4") ? Fixnum : Integer
-
             arglist.each do |elem|
               elem_value = elem.value
               case [raw_result.class, elem_value.class]
-                when [int_class, int_class]
+                when [Integer, Integer]
                   if raw_result.modulo(elem_value).zero?
-                    raw_result = raw_result / elem_value
+                    raw_result /= elem_value
                   else
                     raw_result = Rational(raw_result, elem_value)
                   end
 
-                when [int_class, Rational]
-                  raw_result = raw_result * reciprocal(elem_value)
+                when [Integer, Rational]
+                  raw_result *= reciprocal(elem_value)
 
                 when [Rational, Rational]
-                  raw_result = raw_result * reciprocal(elem_value)
+                  raw_result *= reciprocal(elem_value)
                 else
                   raw_result = raw_result.to_f
                   raw_result /= elem_value
@@ -261,8 +262,8 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_floor_slash(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, operand_1, operand_2) do
-          (quotient, modulus) = operand_1.value.divmod(operand_2.value)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, operand1, operand2|
+          (quotient, modulus) = operand1.value.divmod(operand2.value)
           SkmPair.new(to_datum(quotient), to_datum(modulus)) # improper list!
         end
 
@@ -270,10 +271,10 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_truncate_slash(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, operand_1, operand_2) do
-          modulo_ = operand_1.value / operand_2.value
-          modulo_ += 1 if modulo_ < 0
-          remainder_ = operand_1.value.remainder(operand_2.value)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, operand1, operand2|
+          modulo_ = operand1.value / operand2.value
+          modulo_ += 1 if modulo_.negative?
+          remainder_ = operand1.value.remainder(operand2.value)
           SkmPair.new(to_datum(modulo_), to_datum(remainder_)) # improper list!
         end
 
@@ -281,7 +282,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_gcd(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             integer(0)
           else
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_lcm(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             integer(1)
           else
@@ -314,7 +315,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_numerator(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           case arg_evaluated
             when SkmInteger
               result = arg_evaluated
@@ -328,7 +329,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_denominator(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           case arg_evaluated
             when SkmInteger
               result = 1
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_floor(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           result = arg_evaluated.value.floor
           integer(result)
         end
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_ceiling(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           result = arg_evaluated.value.ceil
           integer(result)
         end
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_round(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           result = arg_evaluated.value.round
           integer(result)
         end
@@ -374,8 +375,8 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_eqv?(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, operand_1, operand_2) do
-          core_eqv?(operand_1, operand_2)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, operand1, operand2|
+          core_eqv?(operand1, operand2)
         end
 
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'eqv?', binary, primitive)
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_eq?(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, operand_1, operand_2) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, operand1, operand2|
           core_eq?(operand1, operand2)
         end
 
@@ -395,8 +396,8 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_equal?(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, operand_1, operand_2) do
-          raw_result = operand_1.skm_equal?(operand_2)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, operand1, operand2|
+          raw_result = operand1.skm_equal?(operand2)
           boolean(raw_result)
         end
 
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_equal(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             boolean(true)
           else
@@ -418,11 +419,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_lt(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = false
           else
-            result = primitive_comparison(:<, _runtime, first_operand, arglist)
+            result = primitive_comparison(:<, runtime, first_operand, arglist)
           end
           boolean(result)
         end
@@ -431,11 +432,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_gt(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = false
           else
-            result = primitive_comparison(:>, _runtime, first_operand, arglist)
+            result = primitive_comparison(:>, runtime, first_operand, arglist)
           end
           boolean(result)
         end
@@ -444,11 +445,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_lte(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = true
           else
-            result = primitive_comparison(:<=, _runtime, first_operand, arglist)
+            result = primitive_comparison(:<=, runtime, first_operand, arglist)
           end
           boolean(result)
         end
@@ -457,11 +458,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_gte(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = true
           else
-            result = primitive_comparison(:>=, _runtime, first_operand, arglist)
+            result = primitive_comparison(:>=, runtime, first_operand, arglist)
           end
           boolean(result)
         end
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_max(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = first_operand
           else
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_min(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = first_operand
           else
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_number2string(aRuntime)
         # TODO: add support for radix argument
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmNumber, 'number', 'number->string')
           string(arg_evaluated.value)
         end
@@ -528,7 +529,7 @@ module Skeem
       def create_and(aRuntime)
         # arglist should be a Ruby Array
         # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             boolean(true) # in conformance with 4.2.1
           else
@@ -536,7 +537,7 @@ module Skeem
             last_result = nil
             # $stderr.puts arglist.inspect
             arglist.each do |raw_arg|
-              argument = raw_arg.evaluate(aRuntime)
+              argument = raw_arg.evaluate(runtime)
               last_result = argument
               raw_result &&= !(argument.boolean? && !argument.value)
               break unless raw_result # stop here, a false was found...
@@ -554,14 +555,14 @@ module Skeem
       def create_or(aRuntime)
         # arglist should be a Ruby Array
         # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             boolean(false) # in conformance with 4.2.1
           else
             raw_result = false
             last_result = nil
             arglist.each do |raw_arg|
-              argument = raw_arg.evaluate(aRuntime)
+              argument = raw_arg.evaluate(runtime)
               last_result = argument
               raw_result ||= (!argument.boolean? || argument.value)
               break if raw_result # stop here, a true was found...
@@ -601,7 +602,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_boolean_equal(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :==)
         end
 
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char2int(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmChar, 'character', 'char->integer')
           integer(arg_evaluated.value.ord)
         end
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_int2char(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'integer->char')
           char(arg_evaluated.value.ord)
         end
@@ -627,7 +628,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char_equal(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :==)
         end
 
@@ -635,7 +636,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char_lt(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :<)
         end
 
@@ -643,7 +644,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char_gt(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :>)
         end
 
@@ -651,7 +652,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char_lte(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :<=)
         end
 
@@ -659,23 +660,22 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_char_gte(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           compare_all(first_operand, arglist, :>=)
         end
 
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'char>=?', one_or_more, primitive)
       end
 
-
       def create_make_string(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, count_arg, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, count_arg, arglist|
           count = count_arg
-          check_argtype(count, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'make_string')
+          check_argtype(count, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'make-string')
           if arglist.empty?
             filler = SkmChar.create(rand(0xff).chr)
           else
             filler = arglist.first
-            check_argtype(filler, SkmChar, 'char', 'make_string')
+            check_argtype(filler, SkmChar, 'char', 'make-string')
           end
           string(filler.value.to_s * count.value)
         end
@@ -684,11 +684,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_string_string(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             value = ''
           else
-            value = arglist.reduce('') do |interim, some_char|
+            value = arglist.reduce(+'') do |interim, some_char|
               check_argtype(some_char, SkmChar, 'character', 'string')
               interim << some_char.value
             end
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_string_equal(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, first_operand, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, first_operand, arglist|
           all_same?(first_operand, arglist)
         end
 
@@ -709,11 +709,11 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_string_append(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             value = ''
           else
-            value = arglist.reduce('') { |interim, substr| interim << substr.value }
+            value = arglist.reduce(+'') { |interim, substr| interim << substr.value }
           end
 
           string(value)
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_string_length(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmString, 'string', 'string-length')
           integer(arg_evaluated.length)
         end
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_string2symbol(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmString, 'string', 'string->symbol')
           identifier(arg_evaluated)
         end
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_symbol2string(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmIdentifier, 'symbol', 'symbol->string')
           string(arg_evaluated)
         end
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_car(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmPair, 'pair', 'car')
           arg_evaluated.car
         end
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_cdr(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmPair, 'pair', 'cdr')
           arg_evaluated.cdr
         end
@@ -768,15 +768,31 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_cons(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, obj1, obj2) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, obj1, obj2|
           SkmPair.new(obj1, obj2)
         end
 
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'cons', binary, primitive)
       end
 
+      def create_make_list(aRuntime)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, count_arg, arglist|
+          count = count_arg
+          check_argtype(count, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'make-list')
+          if arglist.empty?
+            filler = SkmUndefined.instance
+          else
+            filler = arglist.first
+          end
+          arr = Array.new(count.value, filler)
+          SkmPair.create_from_a(arr)
+        end
+
+        define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'make-list', one_or_two, primitive)
+      end
+
       def create_length(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, [SkmPair, SkmEmptyList], 'list', 'length')
           integer(arg_evaluated.length)
         end
@@ -785,7 +801,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_list2vector(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, [SkmPair, SkmEmptyList], 'list', 'list->vector')
           vector(arg_evaluated.to_a)
         end
@@ -801,7 +817,7 @@ module Skeem
         else
           but_last = arglist.take(arglist.length - 1)
           check_arguments(but_last, [SkmPair, SkmEmptyList], 'list', 'append')
-          result = arglist.shift.klone  # First list is taken
+          result = arglist.shift.klone # First list is taken
           arglist.each do |arg|
             case arg
               when SkmPair
@@ -809,11 +825,7 @@ module Skeem
                 if result.kind_of?(SkmEmptyList)
                   result = cloned
                 else
-                  if result.kind_of?(SkmEmptyList)
-                    result = SkmPair.new(arg, SkmEmptyList.instance)
-                  else
-                    result.append_list(cloned)
-                  end
+                  result.append_list(cloned)
                 end
               when SkmEmptyList
                 # Do nothing
@@ -832,9 +844,9 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_append(aRuntime)
         # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, arglist|
           if arglist.size > 1
-            arguments = evaluate_arguments(arglist, aRuntime)
+            arguments = evaluate_arguments(arglist, runtime)
           else
             arguments = arglist
           end
@@ -846,13 +858,14 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_reverse(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, [SkmPair, SkmEmptyList], 'list', 'reverse')
           if arg_evaluated == SkmEmptyList.instance
             result = arg_evaluated
           else
             err_msg = 'reverse procedure requires a proper list as argument'
-            raise StandardError, err_msg  unless arg_evaluated.proper?
+            raise StandardError, err_msg unless arg_evaluated.proper?
+
             elems_reversed = arg_evaluated.to_a.reverse
             result = SkmPair.create_from_a(elems_reversed)
           end
@@ -864,7 +877,7 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_setcar(aRuntime)
         # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-        primitive = ->(runtime, pair_arg, obj_arg) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, pair_arg, obj_arg|
           case pair_arg
             when SkmPair
               pair = pair_arg
@@ -889,7 +902,7 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_setcdr(aRuntime)
         # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-        primitive = ->(runtime, pair_arg, obj_arg) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, pair_arg, obj_arg|
           case pair_arg
             when SkmPair
               pair = pair_arg
@@ -913,21 +926,22 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_assq(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, obj_arg, alist_arg) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, obj_arg, alist_arg|
           assoc_list = alist_arg.evaluate(runtime)
           check_assoc_list(assoc_list, 'assq')
           obj = obj_arg.evaluate(runtime)
           result = boolean(false)
           unless assoc_list.empty?
             pair = assoc_list
-            begin
+            loop do
               are_equal = core_eq?(pair.car.car, obj)
               if are_equal.value
                 result = pair.car
                 break
               end
               pair = pair.cdr
-            end while (pair && (pair.kind_of?(SkmPair)))
+              break unless pair.kind_of?(SkmPair)
+            end
           end
 
           result
@@ -936,19 +950,20 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_assv(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, obj, assoc_list) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, obj, assoc_list|
           check_assoc_list(assoc_list, 'assq')
           result = boolean(false)
           unless assoc_list.empty?
             pair = assoc_list
-            begin
+            loop do
               are_equal = core_eqv?(pair.car.car, obj)
               if are_equal.value
                 result = pair.car
                 break
               end
               pair = pair.cdr
-            end while (pair && (pair.kind_of?(SkmPair)))
+              break unless pair.kind_of?(SkmPair)
+            end
           end
 
           result
@@ -961,15 +976,16 @@ module Skeem
 
         unless alist.empty?
           cell = SkmPair.new(integer(1), alist)
-          begin
+          loop do
             cell = cell.cdr
             check_argtype(cell, SkmPair, 'association list', proc_name)
-          end while cell.cdr.kind_of?(SkmPair)
+            break unless cell.cdr.kind_of?(SkmPair)
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def create_list_copy(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, [SkmPair, SkmEmptyList], 'list', 'list-copy')
           arg_evaluated.klone # Previously: arg.klone
         end
@@ -978,7 +994,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_vector(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, elements) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, elements|
           vector(elements)
         end
 
@@ -986,7 +1002,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_vector_length(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(_runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmVector, 'vector', 'vector-length')
           integer(arg_evaluated.length)
         end
@@ -995,7 +1011,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_make_vector(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, count_arg, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, count_arg, arglist|
           count = count_arg.evaluate(runtime)
           check_argtype(count, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'make_vector')
           if arglist.empty?
@@ -1011,8 +1027,8 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_vector_ref(aRuntime)
-          # argument 1: a vector, argument 2: an index(integer)
-          primitive = ->(runtime, vector, index) do
+        # argument 1: a vector, argument 2: an index(integer)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, vector, index|
           check_argtype(vector, SkmVector, 'vector', 'vector-ref')
           check_argtype(index, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'vector-ref')
           # TODO: index checking
@@ -1022,10 +1038,10 @@ module Skeem
 
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'vector-ref', binary, primitive)
       end
-      
+
       def create_vector_set(aRuntime)
-          # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
-          primitive = ->(runtime, vector, k, object) do
+        # Arguments aren't evaluated yet!...
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, vector, k, object|
           index = k.evaluate(runtime)
           check_argtype(vector, SkmVector, 'vector', 'vector-set!')
           check_argtype(index, SkmInteger, 'integer', 'vector-set!')
@@ -1033,12 +1049,12 @@ module Skeem
           vector.members[index.value] = object
           vector
         end
-        
+
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'vector-set!', ternary, primitive)
       end
 
       def create_vector2list(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           check_argtype(arg_evaluated, SkmVector, 'vector', 'vector->list')
           SkmPair.create_from_a(arg_evaluated.members)
         end
@@ -1047,7 +1063,7 @@ module Skeem
       end
 
       def create_apply(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, proc_arg, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, proc_arg, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = SkmEmptyList.instance
           else
@@ -1055,18 +1071,19 @@ module Skeem
             invoke = ProcedureCall.new(nil, proc_arg, single_list.to_a)
             result = invoke.evaluate(runtime)
           end
+          result
         end
 
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'apply', one_or_more, primitive)
       end
 
       def create_map(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, proc_arg, arglist) do
+        primitive = lambda do |runtime, proc_arg, arglist|
           if arglist.empty?
             result = SkmEmptyList.instance
           else
             curr_cells = arglist
-            arity = curr_cells.size
+            # arity = curr_cells.size
             initial_result = nil
             curr_result = nil
             loop do
@@ -1082,7 +1099,7 @@ module Skeem
               curr_result = new_result
 
               curr_cells.map!(&:cdr)
-              break if curr_cells.find { |cdr_entry| ! cdr_entry.kind_of?(SkmPair) }
+              break if curr_cells.find { |cdr_entry| !cdr_entry.kind_of?(SkmPair) }
             end
 
             result = initial_result
@@ -1094,24 +1111,33 @@ module Skeem
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'map', one_or_more, primitive)
       end
 
-      def create_newline(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime) do
+      def create_display(aRuntime)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           # @TODO: make output stream configurable
-          print "\n"
+          print arg_evaluated.value.to_s
+          SkmUndefined.instance
+        end
+
+        define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'display', unary, primitive)
+      end
+
+      def create_error(aRuntime)
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
+          raise SkmError, arg_evaluated.value
         end
 
-        define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'newline', nullary, primitive)
+        define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, 'error', unary, primitive)
       end
 
       def create_test_assert(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           if arg_evaluated.boolean? && arg_evaluated.value == false
             assert_call = aRuntime.caller
             pos = assert_call.call_site
             # Error: assertion failed: (> 1 2)
             msg1 = "assertion failed on line #{pos.line}, column #{pos.column}"
             msg2 = ", with #{arg_evaluated.inspect}"
-            raise StandardError, 'Error: ' + msg1 + msg2
+            raise StandardError, "Error: #{msg1}#{msg2}"
           else
             boolean(true)
           end
@@ -1123,7 +1149,7 @@ module Skeem
       # DON'T USE IT
       # Non-standard procedure reserved for internal testing/debugging purposes.
       def create_debug(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime|
           require 'debug'
         end
 
@@ -1133,8 +1159,8 @@ module Skeem
       # DON'T USE IT
       # Non-standard procedure reserved for internal testing/debugging purposes.
       def create_inspect(aRuntime)
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
-          $stderr.puts 'INSPECT>' + arg_evaluated.inspect
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
+          $stderr.puts "INSPECT>#{arg_evaluated.inspect}"
           Skeem::SkmUndefined.instance
         end
         define_primitive_proc(aRuntime, '_inspect', unary, primitive)
@@ -1142,7 +1168,7 @@ module Skeem
 
       def create_object_predicate(aRuntime, predicate_name, msg_name = nil)
         msg_name = predicate_name if msg_name.nil?
-        primitive = ->(runtime, arg_evaluated) do
+        primitive = lambda do |_runtime, arg_evaluated|
           to_datum(arg_evaluated.send(msg_name))
         end
 
@@ -1202,7 +1228,7 @@ module Skeem
         else
           msg2 = "but got #{argument.class}"
         end
-        raise StandardError, msg1 + ' ' + msg2
+        raise StandardError, "#{msg1} #{msg2}"
       end
 
       def remaining_args(arglist, aRuntime)
@@ -1216,4 +1242,4 @@ module Skeem
       end
     end # module
   end # module
-end # module
+end # module