sinatra-rack-3-commonlit 3.1.0

data/lib/sinatra/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2111 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# external dependencies
+require 'rack'
+require 'rackup'
+require 'tilt'
+require 'rack/protection'
+require 'mustermann'
+require 'mustermann/sinatra'
+require 'mustermann/regular'
+
+# stdlib dependencies
+require 'time'
+require 'uri'
+
+# other files we need
+require 'sinatra/indifferent_hash'
+require 'sinatra/show_exceptions'
+require 'sinatra/version'
+
+module Sinatra
+  # The request object. See Rack::Request for more info:
+  # https://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/main/Rack/Request
+  class Request < Rack::Request
+    HEADER_PARAM = /\s*[\w.]+=(?:[\w.]+|"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*")?\s*/.freeze
+    HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS = %r{(?:(?:\w+|\*)/(?:\w+(?:\.|-|\+)?|\*)*)\s*(?:;#{HEADER_PARAM})*}.freeze
+
+    # Returns an array of acceptable media types for the response
+    def accept
+      @env['sinatra.accept'] ||= if @env.include?('HTTP_ACCEPT') && (@env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s != '')
+                                   @env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
+                                     .to_s
+                                     .scan(HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS)
+                                     .map! { |e| AcceptEntry.new(e) }
+                                     .sort
+                                 else
+                                   [AcceptEntry.new('*/*')]
+                                 end
+    end
+
+    def accept?(type)
+      preferred_type(type).to_s.include?(type)
+    end
+
+    def preferred_type(*types)
+      return accept.first if types.empty?
+
+      types.flatten!
+      return types.first if accept.empty?
+
+      accept.detect do |accept_header|
+        type = types.detect { |t| MimeTypeEntry.new(t).accepts?(accept_header) }
+        return type if type
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias secure? ssl?
+
+    def forwarded?
+      @env.include? 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'
+    end
+
+    def safe?
+      get? || head? || options? || trace?
+    end
+
+    def idempotent?
+      safe? || put? || delete? || link? || unlink?
+    end
+
+    def link?
+      request_method == 'LINK'
+    end
+
+    def unlink?
+      request_method == 'UNLINK'
+    end
+
+    def params
+      super
+    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
+      raise BadRequest, "Invalid query parameters: #{Rack::Utils.escape_html(e.message)}"
+    rescue EOFError => e
+      raise BadRequest, "Invalid multipart/form-data: #{Rack::Utils.escape_html(e.message)}"
+    end
+
+    class AcceptEntry
+      attr_accessor :params
+      attr_reader :entry
+
+      def initialize(entry)
+        params = entry.scan(HEADER_PARAM).map! do |s|
+          key, value = s.strip.split('=', 2)
+          value = value[1..-2].gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1') if value.start_with?('"')
+          [key, value]
+        end
+
+        @entry  = entry
+        @type   = entry[/[^;]+/].delete(' ')
+        @params = params.to_h
+        @q      = @params.delete('q') { 1.0 }.to_f
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        other.priority <=> priority
+      end
+
+      def priority
+        # We sort in descending order; better matches should be higher.
+        [@q, -@type.count('*'), @params.size]
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @type
+      end
+
+      def to_s(full = false)
+        full ? entry : to_str
+      end
+
+      def respond_to?(*args)
+        super || to_str.respond_to?(*args)
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(*args, &block)
+        to_str.send(*args, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class MimeTypeEntry
+      attr_reader :params
+
+      def initialize(entry)
+        params = entry.scan(HEADER_PARAM).map! do |s|
+          key, value = s.strip.split('=', 2)
+          value = value[1..-2].gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1') if value.start_with?('"')
+          [key, value]
+        end
+
+        @type   = entry[/[^;]+/].delete(' ')
+        @params = params.to_h
+      end
+
+      def accepts?(entry)
+        File.fnmatch(entry, self) && matches_params?(entry.params)
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @type
+      end
+
+      def matches_params?(params)
+        return true if @params.empty?
+
+        params.all? { |k, v| !@params.key?(k) || @params[k] == v }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The response object. See Rack::Response and Rack::Response::Helpers for
+  # more info:
+  # https://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/main/Rack/Response
+  # https://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/main/Rack/Response/Helpers
+  class Response < Rack::Response
+    DROP_BODY_RESPONSES = [204, 304].freeze
+
+    def body=(value)
+      value = value.body while Rack::Response === value
+      @body = String === value ? [value.to_str] : value
+    end
+
+    def each
+      block_given? ? super : enum_for(:each)
+    end
+
+    def finish
+      result = body
+
+      if drop_content_info?
+        headers.delete 'content-length'
+        headers.delete 'content-type'
+      end
+
+      if drop_body?
+        close
+        result = []
+      end
+
+      if calculate_content_length?
+        # if some other code has already set content-length, don't muck with it
+        # currently, this would be the static file-handler
+        headers['content-length'] = body.map(&:bytesize).reduce(0, :+).to_s
+      end
+
+      [status, headers, result]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def calculate_content_length?
+      headers['content-type'] && !headers['content-length'] && (Array === body)
+    end
+
+    def drop_content_info?
+      informational? || drop_body?
+    end
+
+    def drop_body?
+      DROP_BODY_RESPONSES.include?(status)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Some Rack handlers (Rainbows!) implement an extended body object protocol, however,
+  # some middleware (namely Rack::Lint) will break it by not mirroring the methods in question.
+  # This middleware will detect an extended body object and will make sure it reaches the
+  # handler directly. We do this here, so our middleware and middleware set up by the app will
+  # still be able to run.
+  class ExtendedRack < Struct.new(:app)
+    def call(env)
+      result = app.call(env)
+      callback = env['async.callback']
+      return result unless callback && async?(*result)
+
+      after_response { callback.call result }
+      setup_close(env, *result)
+      throw :async
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def setup_close(env, _status, _headers, body)
+      return unless body.respond_to?(:close) && env.include?('async.close')
+
+      env['async.close'].callback { body.close }
+      env['async.close'].errback { body.close }
+    end
+
+    def after_response(&block)
+      raise NotImplementedError, 'only supports EventMachine at the moment' unless defined? EventMachine
+
+      EventMachine.next_tick(&block)
+    end
+
+    def async?(status, _headers, body)
+      return true if status == -1
+
+      body.respond_to?(:callback) && body.respond_to?(:errback)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Behaves exactly like Rack::CommonLogger with the notable exception that it does nothing,
+  # if another CommonLogger is already in the middleware chain.
+  class CommonLogger < Rack::CommonLogger
+    def call(env)
+      env['sinatra.commonlogger'] ? @app.call(env) : super
+    end
+
+    superclass.class_eval do
+      alias_method :call_without_check, :call unless method_defined? :call_without_check
+      def call(env)
+        env['sinatra.commonlogger'] = true
+        call_without_check(env)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Error < StandardError # :nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class BadRequest < Error # :nodoc:
+    def http_status; 400 end
+  end
+
+  class NotFound < Error # :nodoc:
+    def http_status; 404 end
+  end
+
+  # Methods available to routes, before/after filters, and views.
+  module Helpers
+    # Set or retrieve the response status code.
+    def status(value = nil)
+      response.status = Rack::Utils.status_code(value) if value
+      response.status
+    end
+
+    # Set or retrieve the response body. When a block is given,
+    # evaluation is deferred until the body is read with #each.
+    def body(value = nil, &block)
+      if block_given?
+        def block.each; yield(call) end
+        response.body = block
+      elsif value
+        unless request.head? || value.is_a?(Rack::Files::Iterator) || value.is_a?(Stream)
+          headers.delete 'content-length'
+        end
+        response.body = value
+      else
+        response.body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and redirect to the URI provided.
+    def redirect(uri, *args)
+      # SERVER_PROTOCOL is required in Rack 3, fall back to HTTP_VERSION
+      # for servers not updated for Rack 3 (like Puma 5)
+      http_version = env['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] || env['HTTP_VERSION']
+      if (http_version == 'HTTP/1.1') && (env['REQUEST_METHOD'] != 'GET')
+        status 303
+      else
+        status 302
+      end
+
+      # According to RFC 2616 section 14.30, "the field value consists of a
+      # single absolute URI"
+      response['Location'] = uri(uri.to_s, settings.absolute_redirects?, settings.prefixed_redirects?)
+      halt(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Generates the absolute URI for a given path in the app.
+    # Takes Rack routers and reverse proxies into account.
+    def uri(addr = nil, absolute = true, add_script_name = true)
+      return addr if addr.to_s =~ /\A[a-z][a-z0-9+.\-]*:/i
+
+      uri = [host = String.new]
+      if absolute
+        host << "http#{'s' if request.secure?}://"
+        host << if request.forwarded? || (request.port != (request.secure? ? 443 : 80))
+                  request.host_with_port
+                else
+                  request.host
+                end
+      end
+      uri << request.script_name.to_s if add_script_name
+      uri << (addr || request.path_info).to_s
+      File.join uri
+    end
+
+    alias url uri
+    alias to uri
+
+    # Halt processing and return the error status provided.
+    def error(code, body = nil)
+      if code.respond_to? :to_str
+        body = code.to_str
+        code = 500
+      end
+      response.body = body unless body.nil?
+      halt code
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and return a 404 Not Found.
+    def not_found(body = nil)
+      error 404, body
+    end
+
+    # Set multiple response headers with Hash.
+    def headers(hash = nil)
+      response.headers.merge! hash if hash
+      response.headers
+    end
+
+    # Access the underlying Rack session.
+    def session
+      request.session
+    end
+
+    # Access shared logger object.
+    def logger
+      request.logger
+    end
+
+    # Look up a media type by file extension in Rack's mime registry.
+    def mime_type(type)
+      Base.mime_type(type)
+    end
+
+    # Set the content-type of the response body given a media type or file
+    # extension.
+    def content_type(type = nil, params = {})
+      return response['content-type'] unless type
+
+      default = params.delete :default
+      mime_type = mime_type(type) || default
+      raise format('Unknown media type: %p', type) if mime_type.nil?
+
+      mime_type = mime_type.dup
+      unless params.include?(:charset) || settings.add_charset.all? { |p| !(p === mime_type) }
+        params[:charset] = params.delete('charset') || settings.default_encoding
+      end
+      params.delete :charset if mime_type.include? 'charset'
+      unless params.empty?
+        mime_type << (mime_type.include?(';') ? ', ' : ';')
+        mime_type << params.map do |key, val|
+          val = val.inspect if val =~ /[";,]/
+          "#{key}=#{val}"
+        end.join(', ')
+      end
+      response['content-type'] = mime_type
+    end
+
+    # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#multipart-form-data
+    MULTIPART_FORM_DATA_REPLACEMENT_TABLE = {
+      '"'  => '%22',
+      "\r" => '%0D',
+      "\n" => '%0A'
+    }.freeze
+
+    # Set the Content-Disposition to "attachment" with the specified filename,
+    # instructing the user agents to prompt to save.
+    def attachment(filename = nil, disposition = :attachment)
+      response['Content-Disposition'] = disposition.to_s.dup
+      return unless filename
+
+      params = format('; filename="%s"', File.basename(filename).gsub(/["\r\n]/, MULTIPART_FORM_DATA_REPLACEMENT_TABLE))
+      response['Content-Disposition'] << params
+      ext = File.extname(filename)
+      content_type(ext) unless response['content-type'] || ext.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Use the contents of the file at +path+ as the response body.
+    def send_file(path, opts = {})
+      if opts[:type] || !response['content-type']
+        content_type opts[:type] || File.extname(path), default: 'application/octet-stream'
+      end
+
+      disposition = opts[:disposition]
+      filename    = opts[:filename]
+      disposition = :attachment if disposition.nil? && filename
+      filename    = path        if filename.nil?
+      attachment(filename, disposition) if disposition
+
+      last_modified opts[:last_modified] if opts[:last_modified]
+
+      file   = Rack::Files.new(File.dirname(settings.app_file))
+      result = file.serving(request, path)
+
+      result[1].each { |k, v| headers[k] ||= v }
+      headers['content-length'] = result[1]['content-length']
+      opts[:status] &&= Integer(opts[:status])
+      halt (opts[:status] || result[0]), result[2]
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      not_found
+    end
+
+    # Class of the response body in case you use #stream.
+    #
+    # Three things really matter: The front and back block (back being the
+    # block generating content, front the one sending it to the client) and
+    # the scheduler, integrating with whatever concurrency feature the Rack
+    # handler is using.
+    #
+    # Scheduler has to respond to defer and schedule.
+    class Stream
+      def self.schedule(*) yield end
+      def self.defer(*)    yield end
+
+      def initialize(scheduler = self.class, keep_open = false, &back)
+        @back = back.to_proc
+        @scheduler = scheduler
+        @keep_open = keep_open
+        @callbacks = []
+        @closed = false
+      end
+
+      def close
+        return if closed?
+
+        @closed = true
+        @scheduler.schedule { @callbacks.each { |c| c.call } }
+      end
+
+      def each(&front)
+        @front = front
+        @scheduler.defer do
+          begin
+            @back.call(self)
+          rescue Exception => e
+            @scheduler.schedule { raise e }
+          ensure
+            close unless @keep_open
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def <<(data)
+        @scheduler.schedule { @front.call(data.to_s) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def callback(&block)
+        return yield if closed?
+
+        @callbacks << block
+      end
+
+      alias errback callback
+
+      def closed?
+        @closed
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Allows to start sending data to the client even though later parts of
+    # the response body have not yet been generated.
+    #
+    # The close parameter specifies whether Stream#close should be called
+    # after the block has been executed. This is only relevant for evented
+    # servers like Rainbows.
+    def stream(keep_open = false)
+      scheduler = env['async.callback'] ? EventMachine : Stream
+      current   = @params.dup
+      stream = if scheduler == Stream  && keep_open
+        Stream.new(scheduler, false) do |out|
+          until out.closed?
+            with_params(current) { yield(out) }
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        Stream.new(scheduler, keep_open) { |out| with_params(current) { yield(out) } }
+      end
+      body stream
+    end
+
+    # Specify response freshness policy for HTTP caches (Cache-Control header).
+    # Any number of non-value directives (:public, :private, :no_cache,
+    # :no_store, :must_revalidate, :proxy_revalidate) may be passed along with
+    # a Hash of value directives (:max_age, :s_maxage).
+    #
+    #   cache_control :public, :must_revalidate, :max_age => 60
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
+    #
+    # See RFC 2616 / 14.9 for more on standard cache control directives:
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-14.9.1
+    def cache_control(*values)
+      if values.last.is_a?(Hash)
+        hash = values.pop
+        hash.reject! { |_k, v| v == false }
+        hash.reject! { |k, v| values << k if v == true }
+      else
+        hash = {}
+      end
+
+      values.map! { |value| value.to_s.tr('_', '-') }
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        key = key.to_s.tr('_', '-')
+        value = value.to_i if %w[max-age s-maxage].include? key
+        values << "#{key}=#{value}"
+      end
+
+      response['Cache-Control'] = values.join(', ') if values.any?
+    end
+
+    # Set the Expires header and Cache-Control/max-age directive. Amount
+    # can be an integer number of seconds in the future or a Time object
+    # indicating when the response should be considered "stale". The remaining
+    # "values" arguments are passed to the #cache_control helper:
+    #
+    #   expires 500, :public, :must_revalidate
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=500
+    #   => Expires: Mon, 08 Jun 2009 08:50:17 GMT
+    #
+    def expires(amount, *values)
+      values << {} unless values.last.is_a?(Hash)
+
+      if amount.is_a? Integer
+        time    = Time.now + amount.to_i
+        max_age = amount
+      else
+        time    = time_for amount
+        max_age = time - Time.now
+      end
+
+      values.last.merge!(max_age: max_age) { |_key, v1, v2| v1 || v2 }
+      cache_control(*values)
+
+      response['Expires'] = time.httpdate
+    end
+
+    # Set the last modified time of the resource (HTTP 'Last-Modified' header)
+    # and halt if conditional GET matches. The +time+ argument is a Time,
+    # DateTime, or other object that responds to +to_time+.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-Modified-Since' header that is
+    # equal or later than the time specified, execution is immediately halted
+    # with a '304 Not Modified' response.
+    def last_modified(time)
+      return unless time
+
+      time = time_for time
+      response['Last-Modified'] = time.httpdate
+      return if env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
+
+      if (status == 200) && env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 304 if since >= time.to_i
+      end
+
+      if (success? || (status == 412)) && env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 412 if since < time.to_i
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+    end
+
+    ETAG_KINDS = %i[strong weak].freeze
+    # Set the response entity tag (HTTP 'ETag' header) and halt if conditional
+    # GET matches. The +value+ argument is an identifier that uniquely
+    # identifies the current version of the resource. The +kind+ argument
+    # indicates whether the etag should be used as a :strong (default) or :weak
+    # cache validator.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-None-Match' header with a
+    # matching etag, execution is immediately halted. If the request method is
+    # GET or HEAD, a '304 Not Modified' response is sent.
+    def etag(value, options = {})
+      # Before touching this code, please double check RFC 2616 14.24 and 14.26.
+      options      = { kind: options } unless Hash === options
+      kind         = options[:kind] || :strong
+      new_resource = options.fetch(:new_resource) { request.post? }
+
+      unless ETAG_KINDS.include?(kind)
+        raise ArgumentError, ':strong or :weak expected'
+      end
+
+      value = format('"%s"', value)
+      value = "W/#{value}" if kind == :weak
+      response['ETag'] = value
+
+      return unless success? || status == 304
+
+      if etag_matches?(env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'], new_resource)
+        halt(request.safe? ? 304 : 412)
+      end
+
+      if env['HTTP_IF_MATCH']
+        return if etag_matches?(env['HTTP_IF_MATCH'], new_resource)
+
+        halt 412
+      end
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Sugar for redirect (example:  redirect back)
+    def back
+      request.referer
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 1xx
+    def informational?
+      status.between? 100, 199
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 2xx
+    def success?
+      status.between? 200, 299
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 3xx
+    def redirect?
+      status.between? 300, 399
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 4xx
+    def client_error?
+      status.between? 400, 499
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 5xx
+    def server_error?
+      status.between? 500, 599
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 404
+    def not_found?
+      status == 404
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 400
+    def bad_request?
+      status == 400
+    end
+
+    # Generates a Time object from the given value.
+    # Used by #expires and #last_modified.
+    def time_for(value)
+      if value.is_a? Numeric
+        Time.at value
+      elsif value.respond_to? :to_s
+        Time.parse value.to_s
+      else
+        value.to_time
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+      raise e
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ArgumentError, "unable to convert #{value.inspect} to a Time object"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Helper method checking if a ETag value list includes the current ETag.
+    def etag_matches?(list, new_resource = request.post?)
+      return !new_resource if list == '*'
+
+      list.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).include? response['ETag']
+    end
+
+    def with_params(temp_params)
+      original = @params
+      @params = temp_params
+      yield
+    ensure
+      @params = original if original
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Template rendering methods. Each method takes the name of a template
+  # to render as a Symbol and returns a String with the rendered output,
+  # as well as an optional hash with additional options.
+  #
+  # `template` is either the name or path of the template as symbol
+  # (Use `:'subdir/myview'` for views in subdirectories), or a string
+  # that will be rendered.
+  #
+  # Possible options are:
+  #   :content_type   The content type to use, same arguments as content_type.
+  #   :layout         If set to something falsy, no layout is rendered, otherwise
+  #                   the specified layout is used (Ignored for `sass`)
+  #   :layout_engine  Engine to use for rendering the layout.
+  #   :locals         A hash with local variables that should be available
+  #                   in the template
+  #   :scope          If set, template is evaluate with the binding of the given
+  #                   object rather than the application instance.
+  #   :views          Views directory to use.
+  module Templates
+    module ContentTyped
+      attr_accessor :content_type
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      super
+      @default_layout = :layout
+      @preferred_extension = nil
+    end
+
+    def erb(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:erb, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def haml(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:haml, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def sass(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options[:default_content_type] = :css
+      options[:exclude_outvar] = true
+      options[:layout] = nil
+      render :sass, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def scss(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options[:default_content_type] = :css
+      options[:exclude_outvar] = true
+      options[:layout] = nil
+      render :scss, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def builder(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:builder, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def liquid(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:liquid, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def markdown(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options[:exclude_outvar] = true
+      render :markdown, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def rdoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :rdoc, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def asciidoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :asciidoc, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def markaby(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render_ruby(:mab, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def nokogiri(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:nokogiri, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def slim(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:slim, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def yajl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options[:default_content_type] = :json
+      render :yajl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def rabl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      Rabl.register!
+      render :rabl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    # Calls the given block for every possible template file in views,
+    # named name.ext, where ext is registered on engine.
+    def find_template(views, name, engine)
+      yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{@preferred_extension}")
+
+      Tilt.default_mapping.extensions_for(engine).each do |ext|
+        yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{ext}") unless ext == @preferred_extension
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # logic shared between builder and nokogiri
+    def render_ruby(engine, template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      if template.is_a?(Hash)
+        options = template
+        template = nil
+      end
+      template = proc { block } if template.nil?
+      render engine, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def render(engine, data, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      # merge app-level options
+      engine_options = settings.respond_to?(engine) ? settings.send(engine) : {}
+      options.merge!(engine_options) { |_key, v1, _v2| v1 }
+
+      # extract generic options
+      locals          = options.delete(:locals) || locals         || {}
+      views           = options.delete(:views)  || settings.views || './views'
+      layout          = options[:layout]
+      layout          = false if layout.nil? && options.include?(:layout)
+      eat_errors      = layout.nil?
+      layout          = engine_options[:layout] if layout.nil? || (layout == true && engine_options[:layout] != false)
+      layout          = @default_layout         if layout.nil? || (layout == true)
+      layout_options  = options.delete(:layout_options) || {}
+      content_type    = options.delete(:default_content_type)
+      content_type    = options.delete(:content_type)   || content_type
+      layout_engine   = options.delete(:layout_engine)  || engine
+      scope           = options.delete(:scope)          || self
+      exclude_outvar  = options.delete(:exclude_outvar)
+      options.delete(:layout)
+
+      # set some defaults
+      options[:outvar] ||= '@_out_buf' unless exclude_outvar
+      options[:default_encoding] ||= settings.default_encoding
+
+      # compile and render template
+      begin
+        layout_was      = @default_layout
+        @default_layout = false
+        template        = compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+        output          = template.render(scope, locals, &block)
+      ensure
+        @default_layout = layout_was
+      end
+
+      # render layout
+      if layout
+        extra_options = { views: views, layout: false, eat_errors: eat_errors, scope: scope }
+        options = options.merge(extra_options).merge!(layout_options)
+
+        catch(:layout_missing) { return render(layout_engine, layout, options, locals) { output } }
+      end
+
+      if content_type
+        # sass-embedded returns a frozen string
+        output = +output
+        output.extend(ContentTyped).content_type = content_type
+      end
+      output
+    end
+
+    def compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+      eat_errors = options.delete :eat_errors
+      template = Tilt[engine]
+      raise "Template engine not found: #{engine}" if template.nil?
+
+      case data
+      when Symbol
+        template_cache.fetch engine, data, options, views do
+          body, path, line = settings.templates[data]
+          if body
+            body = body.call if body.respond_to?(:call)
+            template.new(path, line.to_i, options) { body }
+          else
+            found = false
+            @preferred_extension = engine.to_s
+            find_template(views, data, template) do |file|
+              path ||= file # keep the initial path rather than the last one
+              found = File.exist?(file)
+              if found
+                path = file
+                break
+              end
+            end
+            throw :layout_missing if eat_errors && !found
+            template.new(path, 1, options)
+          end
+        end
+      when Proc
+        compile_block_template(template, options, &data)
+      when String
+        template_cache.fetch engine, data, options, views do
+          compile_block_template(template, options) { data }
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Sorry, don't know how to render #{data.inspect}."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def compile_block_template(template, options, &body)
+      first_location = caller_locations.first
+      path = first_location.path
+      line = first_location.lineno
+      path = options[:path] || path
+      line = options[:line] || line
+      template.new(path, line.to_i, options, &body)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Extremely simple template cache implementation.
+  #   * Not thread-safe.
+  #   * Size is unbounded.
+  #   * Keys are not copied defensively, and should not be modified after
+  #     being passed to #fetch.  More specifically, the values returned by
+  #     key#hash and key#eql? should not change.
+  #
+  # Implementation copied from Tilt::Cache.
+  class TemplateCache
+    def initialize
+      @cache = {}
+    end
+
+    # Caches a value for key, or returns the previously cached value.
+    # If a value has been previously cached for key then it is
+    # returned. Otherwise, block is yielded to and its return value
+    # which may be nil, is cached under key and returned.
+    def fetch(*key)
+      @cache.fetch(key) do
+        @cache[key] = yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Clears the cache.
+    def clear
+      @cache = {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Base class for all Sinatra applications and middleware.
+  class Base
+    include Rack::Utils
+    include Helpers
+    include Templates
+
+    URI_INSTANCE = URI::Parser.new
+
+    attr_accessor :app, :env, :request, :response, :params
+    attr_reader   :template_cache
+
+    def initialize(app = nil, **_kwargs)
+      super()
+      @app = app
+      @template_cache = TemplateCache.new
+      @pinned_response = nil # whether a before! filter pinned the content-type
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
+
+    # Rack call interface.
+    def call(env)
+      dup.call!(env)
+    end
+
+    def call!(env) # :nodoc:
+      @env      = env
+      @params   = IndifferentHash.new
+      @request  = Request.new(env)
+      @response = Response.new
+      @pinned_response = nil
+      template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates
+
+      invoke { dispatch! }
+      invoke { error_block!(response.status) } unless @env['sinatra.error']
+
+      unless @response['content-type']
+        if Array === body && body[0].respond_to?(:content_type)
+          content_type body[0].content_type
+        elsif (default = settings.default_content_type)
+          content_type default
+        end
+      end
+
+      @response.finish
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def self.settings
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def settings
+      self.class.settings
+    end
+
+    # Exit the current block, halts any further processing
+    # of the request, and returns the specified response.
+    def halt(*response)
+      response = response.first if response.length == 1
+      throw :halt, response
+    end
+
+    # Pass control to the next matching route.
+    # If there are no more matching routes, Sinatra will
+    # return a 404 response.
+    def pass(&block)
+      throw :pass, block
+    end
+
+    # Forward the request to the downstream app -- middleware only.
+    def forward
+      raise 'downstream app not set' unless @app.respond_to? :call
+
+      status, headers, body = @app.call env
+      @response.status = status
+      @response.body = body
+      @response.headers.merge! headers
+      nil
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Run filters defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    # Accepts an optional block to call after each filter is applied.
+    def filter!(type, base = settings, &block)
+      filter!(type, base.superclass, &block) if base.superclass.respond_to?(:filters)
+      base.filters[type].each do |args|
+        result = process_route(*args)
+        block.call(result) if block_given?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Run routes defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    def route!(base = settings, pass_block = nil)
+      routes = base.routes[@request.request_method]
+
+      routes&.each do |pattern, conditions, block|
+        response.delete_header('content-type') unless @pinned_response
+
+        returned_pass_block = process_route(pattern, conditions) do |*args|
+          env['sinatra.route'] = "#{@request.request_method} #{pattern}"
+          route_eval { block[*args] }
+        end
+
+        # don't wipe out pass_block in superclass
+        pass_block = returned_pass_block if returned_pass_block
+      end
+
+      # Run routes defined in superclass.
+      if base.superclass.respond_to?(:routes)
+        return route!(base.superclass, pass_block)
+      end
+
+      route_eval(&pass_block) if pass_block
+      route_missing
+    end
+
+    # Run a route block and throw :halt with the result.
+    def route_eval
+      throw :halt, yield
+    end
+
+    # If the current request matches pattern and conditions, fill params
+    # with keys and call the given block.
+    # Revert params afterwards.
+    #
+    # Returns pass block.
+    def process_route(pattern, conditions, block = nil, values = [])
+      route = @request.path_info
+      route = '/' if route.empty? && !settings.empty_path_info?
+      route = route[0..-2] if !settings.strict_paths? && route != '/' && route.end_with?('/')
+
+      params = pattern.params(route)
+      return unless params
+
+      params.delete('ignore') # TODO: better params handling, maybe turn it into "smart" object or detect changes
+      force_encoding(params)
+      @params = @params.merge(params) { |_k, v1, v2| v2 || v1 } if params.any?
+
+      regexp_exists = pattern.is_a?(Mustermann::Regular) || (pattern.respond_to?(:patterns) && pattern.patterns.any? { |subpattern| subpattern.is_a?(Mustermann::Regular) })
+      if regexp_exists
+        captures           = pattern.match(route).captures.map { |c| URI_INSTANCE.unescape(c) if c }
+        values            += captures
+        @params[:captures] = force_encoding(captures) unless captures.nil? || captures.empty?
+      else
+        values += params.values.flatten
+      end
+
+      catch(:pass) do
+        conditions.each { |c| throw :pass if c.bind(self).call == false }
+        block ? block[self, values] : yield(self, values)
+      end
+    rescue StandardError
+      @env['sinatra.error.params'] = @params
+      raise
+    ensure
+      params ||= {}
+      params.each { |k, _| @params.delete(k) } unless @env['sinatra.error.params']
+    end
+
+    # No matching route was found or all routes passed. The default
+    # implementation is to forward the request downstream when running
+    # as middleware (@app is non-nil); when no downstream app is set, raise
+    # a NotFound exception. Subclasses can override this method to perform
+    # custom route miss logic.
+    def route_missing
+      raise NotFound unless @app
+
+      forward
+    end
+
+    # Attempt to serve static files from public directory. Throws :halt when
+    # a matching file is found, returns nil otherwise.
+    def static!(options = {})
+      return if (public_dir = settings.public_folder).nil?
+
+      path = "#{public_dir}#{URI_INSTANCE.unescape(request.path_info)}"
+      return unless valid_path?(path)
+
+      path = File.expand_path(path)
+      return unless path.start_with?("#{File.expand_path(public_dir)}/")
+
+      return unless File.file?(path)
+
+      env['sinatra.static_file'] = path
+      cache_control(*settings.static_cache_control) if settings.static_cache_control?
+      send_file path, options.merge(disposition: nil)
+    end
+
+    # Run the block with 'throw :halt' support and apply result to the response.
+    def invoke(&block)
+      res = catch(:halt, &block)
+
+      res = [res] if (Integer === res) || (String === res)
+      if (Array === res) && (Integer === res.first)
+        res = res.dup
+        status(res.shift)
+        body(res.pop)
+        headers(*res)
+      elsif res.respond_to? :each
+        body res
+      end
+      nil # avoid double setting the same response tuple twice
+    end
+
+    # Dispatch a request with error handling.
+    def dispatch!
+      # Avoid passing frozen string in force_encoding
+      @params.merge!(@request.params).each do |key, val|
+        next unless val.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
+
+        val = val.dup if val.frozen?
+        @params[key] = force_encoding(val)
+      end
+
+      invoke do
+        static! if settings.static? && (request.get? || request.head?)
+        filter! :before do
+          @pinned_response = !response['content-type'].nil?
+        end
+        route!
+      end
+    rescue ::Exception => e
+      invoke { handle_exception!(e) }
+    ensure
+      begin
+        filter! :after unless env['sinatra.static_file']
+      rescue ::Exception => e
+        invoke { handle_exception!(e) } unless @env['sinatra.error']
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Error handling during requests.
+    def handle_exception!(boom)
+      error_params = @env['sinatra.error.params']
+
+      @params = @params.merge(error_params) if error_params
+
+      @env['sinatra.error'] = boom
+
+      http_status = if boom.is_a? Sinatra::Error
+                      if boom.respond_to? :http_status
+                        boom.http_status
+                      elsif settings.use_code? && boom.respond_to?(:code)
+                        boom.code
+                      end
+                    end
+
+      http_status = 500 unless http_status&.between?(400, 599)
+      status(http_status)
+
+      if server_error?
+        dump_errors! boom if settings.dump_errors?
+        raise boom if settings.show_exceptions? && (settings.show_exceptions != :after_handler)
+      elsif not_found?
+        headers['X-Cascade'] = 'pass' if settings.x_cascade?
+      end
+
+      if (res = error_block!(boom.class, boom) || error_block!(status, boom))
+        return res
+      end
+
+      if not_found? || bad_request?
+        if boom.message && boom.message != boom.class.name
+          body Rack::Utils.escape_html(boom.message)
+        else
+          content_type 'text/html'
+          body "<h1>#{not_found? ? 'Not Found' : 'Bad Request'}</h1>"
+        end
+      end
+
+      return unless server_error?
+
+      raise boom if settings.raise_errors? || settings.show_exceptions?
+
+      error_block! Exception, boom
+    end
+
+    # Find an custom error block for the key(s) specified.
+    def error_block!(key, *block_params)
+      base = settings
+      while base.respond_to?(:errors)
+        args_array = base.errors[key]
+
+        next base = base.superclass unless args_array
+
+        args_array.reverse_each do |args|
+          first = args == args_array.first
+          args += [block_params]
+          resp = process_route(*args)
+          return resp unless resp.nil? && !first
+        end
+      end
+      return false unless key.respond_to?(:superclass) && (key.superclass < Exception)
+
+      error_block!(key.superclass, *block_params)
+    end
+
+    def dump_errors!(boom)
+      msg = ["#{Time.now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')} - #{boom.class} - #{boom.message}:", *boom.backtrace].join("\n\t")
+      @env['rack.errors'].puts(msg)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      CALLERS_TO_IGNORE = [ # :nodoc:
+        %r{/sinatra(/(base|main|show_exceptions))?\.rb$},   # all sinatra code
+        %r{lib/tilt.*\.rb$},                                # all tilt code
+        /^\(.*\)$/,                                         # generated code
+        %r{rubygems/(custom|core_ext/kernel)_require\.rb$}, # rubygems require hacks
+        /active_support/,                                   # active_support require hacks
+        %r{bundler(/(?:runtime|inline))?\.rb},              # bundler require hacks
+        /<internal:/,                                       # internal in ruby >= 1.9.2
+        %r{zeitwerk/kernel\.rb}                             # Zeitwerk kernel#require decorator
+      ].freeze
+
+      attr_reader :routes, :filters, :templates, :errors, :on_start_callback, :on_stop_callback
+
+      def callers_to_ignore
+        CALLERS_TO_IGNORE
+      end
+
+      # Removes all routes, filters, middleware and extension hooks from the
+      # current class (not routes/filters/... defined by its superclass).
+      def reset!
+        @conditions     = []
+        @routes         = {}
+        @filters        = { before: [], after: [] }
+        @errors         = {}
+        @middleware     = []
+        @prototype      = nil
+        @extensions     = []
+
+        @templates = if superclass.respond_to?(:templates)
+                       Hash.new { |_hash, key| superclass.templates[key] }
+                     else
+                       {}
+                     end
+      end
+
+      # Extension modules registered on this class and all superclasses.
+      def extensions
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:extensions)
+          (@extensions + superclass.extensions).uniq
+        else
+          @extensions
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Middleware used in this class and all superclasses.
+      def middleware
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:middleware)
+          superclass.middleware + @middleware
+        else
+          @middleware
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Sets an option to the given value.  If the value is a proc,
+      # the proc will be called every time the option is accessed.
+      def set(option, value = (not_set = true), ignore_setter = false, &block)
+        raise ArgumentError if block && !not_set
+
+        if block
+          value = block
+          not_set = false
+        end
+
+        if not_set
+          raise ArgumentError unless option.respond_to?(:each)
+
+          option.each { |k, v| set(k, v) }
+          return self
+        end
+
+        if respond_to?("#{option}=") && !ignore_setter
+          return __send__("#{option}=", value)
+        end
+
+        setter = proc { |val| set option, val, true }
+        getter = proc { value }
+
+        case value
+        when Proc
+          getter = value
+        when Symbol, Integer, FalseClass, TrueClass, NilClass
+          getter = value.inspect
+        when Hash
+          setter = proc do |val|
+            val = value.merge val if Hash === val
+            set option, val, true
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_singleton("#{option}=", setter)
+        define_singleton(option, getter)
+        define_singleton("#{option}?", "!!#{option}") unless method_defined? "#{option}?"
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, true` for each of the given options.
+      def enable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, true) }
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, false` for each of the given options.
+      def disable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, false) }
+      end
+
+      # Define a custom error handler. Optionally takes either an Exception
+      # class, or an HTTP status code to specify which errors should be
+      # handled.
+      def error(*codes, &block)
+        args  = compile! 'ERROR', /.*/, block
+        codes = codes.flat_map(&method(:Array))
+        codes << Exception if codes.empty?
+        codes << Sinatra::NotFound if codes.include?(404)
+        codes.each { |c| (@errors[c] ||= []) << args }
+      end
+
+      # Sugar for `error(404) { ... }`
+      def not_found(&block)
+        error(404, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Define a named template. The block must return the template source.
+      def template(name, &block)
+        filename, line = caller_locations.first
+        templates[name] = [block, filename, line.to_i]
+      end
+
+      # Define the layout template. The block must return the template source.
+      def layout(name = :layout, &block)
+        template name, &block
+      end
+
+      # Load embedded templates from the file; uses the caller's __FILE__
+      # when no file is specified.
+      def inline_templates=(file = nil)
+        file = (caller_files.first || File.expand_path($0)) if file.nil? || file == true
+
+        begin
+          io = ::IO.respond_to?(:binread) ? ::IO.binread(file) : ::IO.read(file)
+          app, data = io.gsub("\r\n", "\n").split(/^__END__$/, 2)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          app, data = nil
+        end
+
+        return unless data
+
+        encoding = if app && app =~ /([^\n]*\n)?#[^\n]*coding: *(\S+)/m
+                     $2
+                   else
+                     settings.default_encoding
+                   end
+
+        lines = app.count("\n") + 1
+        template = nil
+        force_encoding data, encoding
+        data.each_line do |line|
+          lines += 1
+          if line =~ /^@@\s*(.*\S)\s*$/
+            template = force_encoding(String.new, encoding)
+            templates[$1.to_sym] = [template, file, lines]
+          elsif template
+            template << line
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Lookup or register a mime type in Rack's mime registry.
+      def mime_type(type, value = nil)
+        return type      if type.nil?
+        return type.to_s if type.to_s.include?('/')
+
+        type = ".#{type}" unless type.to_s[0] == '.'
+        return Rack::Mime.mime_type(type, nil) unless value
+
+        Rack::Mime::MIME_TYPES[type] = value
+      end
+
+      # provides all mime types matching type, including deprecated types:
+      #   mime_types :html # => ['text/html']
+      #   mime_types :js   # => ['application/javascript', 'text/javascript']
+      def mime_types(type)
+        type = mime_type type
+        if type =~ %r{^application/(xml|javascript)$}
+          [type, "text/#{$1}"]
+        elsif type =~ %r{^text/(xml|javascript)$}
+          [type, "application/#{$1}"]
+        else
+          [type]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Define a before filter; runs before all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def before(path = /.*/, **options, &block)
+        add_filter(:before, path, **options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Define an after filter; runs after all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def after(path = /.*/, **options, &block)
+        add_filter(:after, path, **options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # add a filter
+      def add_filter(type, path = /.*/, **options, &block)
+        filters[type] << compile!(type, path, block, **options)
+      end
+
+      def on_start(&on_start_callback)
+        @on_start_callback = on_start_callback
+      end
+
+      def on_stop(&on_stop_callback)
+        @on_stop_callback = on_stop_callback
+      end
+
+      # Add a route condition. The route is considered non-matching when the
+      # block returns false.
+      def condition(name = "#{caller.first[/`.*'/]} condition", &block)
+        @conditions << generate_method(name, &block)
+      end
+
+      def public=(value)
+        warn_for_deprecation ':public is no longer used to avoid overloading Module#public, use :public_folder or :public_dir instead'
+        set(:public_folder, value)
+      end
+
+      def public_dir=(value)
+        self.public_folder = value
+      end
+
+      def public_dir
+        public_folder
+      end
+
+      # Defining a `GET` handler also automatically defines
+      # a `HEAD` handler.
+      def get(path, opts = {}, &block)
+        conditions = @conditions.dup
+        route('GET', path, opts, &block)
+
+        @conditions = conditions
+        route('HEAD', path, opts, &block)
+      end
+
+      def put(path, opts = {}, &block)     route 'PUT',     path, opts, &block end
+
+      def post(path, opts = {}, &block)    route 'POST',    path, opts, &block end
+
+      def delete(path, opts = {}, &block)  route 'DELETE',  path, opts, &block end
+
+      def head(path, opts = {}, &block)    route 'HEAD',    path, opts, &block end
+
+      def options(path, opts = {}, &block) route 'OPTIONS', path, opts, &block end
+
+      def patch(path, opts = {}, &block)   route 'PATCH',   path, opts, &block end
+
+      def link(path, opts = {}, &block)    route 'LINK',    path, opts, &block end
+
+      def unlink(path, opts = {}, &block)  route 'UNLINK',  path, opts, &block end
+
+      # Makes the methods defined in the block and in the Modules given
+      # in `extensions` available to the handlers and templates
+      def helpers(*extensions, &block)
+        class_eval(&block)   if block_given?
+        include(*extensions) if extensions.any?
+      end
+
+      # Register an extension. Alternatively take a block from which an
+      # extension will be created and registered on the fly.
+      def register(*extensions, &block)
+        extensions << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+        @extensions += extensions
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          extend extension
+          extension.registered(self) if extension.respond_to?(:registered)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def development?; environment == :development end
+      def production?;  environment == :production  end
+      def test?;        environment == :test        end
+
+      # Set configuration options for Sinatra and/or the app.
+      # Allows scoping of settings for certain environments.
+      def configure(*envs)
+        yield self if envs.empty? || envs.include?(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
+      # Use the specified Rack middleware
+      def use(middleware, *args, &block)
+        @prototype = nil
+        @middleware << [middleware, args, block]
+      end
+      ruby2_keywords(:use) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+
+      # Stop the self-hosted server if running.
+      def quit!
+        return unless running?
+
+        # Use Thin's hard #stop! if available, otherwise just #stop.
+        running_server.respond_to?(:stop!) ? running_server.stop! : running_server.stop
+        warn '== Sinatra has ended his set (crowd applauds)' unless suppress_messages?
+        set :running_server, nil
+        set :handler_name, nil
+
+        on_stop_callback.call unless on_stop_callback.nil?
+      end
+
+      alias stop! quit!
+
+      # Run the Sinatra app as a self-hosted server using
+      # Puma, Falcon, or WEBrick (in that order). If given a block, will call
+      # with the constructed handler once we have taken the stage.
+      def run!(options = {}, &block)
+        return if running?
+
+        set options
+        handler         = Rackup::Handler.pick(server)
+        handler_name    = handler.name.gsub(/.*::/, '')
+        server_settings = settings.respond_to?(:server_settings) ? settings.server_settings : {}
+        server_settings.merge!(Port: port, Host: bind)
+
+        begin
+          start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name, &block)
+        rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE
+          warn "== Someone is already performing on port #{port}!"
+          raise
+        ensure
+          quit!
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias start! run!
+
+      # Check whether the self-hosted server is running or not.
+      def running?
+        running_server?
+      end
+
+      # The prototype instance used to process requests.
+      def prototype
+        @prototype ||= new
+      end
+
+      # Create a new instance without middleware in front of it.
+      alias new! new unless method_defined? :new!
+
+      # Create a new instance of the class fronted by its middleware
+      # pipeline. The object is guaranteed to respond to #call but may not be
+      # an instance of the class new was called on.
+      def new(*args, &block)
+        instance = new!(*args, &block)
+        Wrapper.new(build(instance).to_app, instance)
+      end
+      ruby2_keywords :new if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+
+      # Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and
+      # the given +app+ as end point.
+      def build(app)
+        builder = Rack::Builder.new
+        setup_default_middleware builder
+        setup_middleware builder
+        builder.run app
+        builder
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        synchronize { prototype.call(env) }
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries and without
+      # line / method information; the resulting array contains filenames only.
+      def caller_files
+        cleaned_caller(1).flatten
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Starts the server by running the Rack Handler.
+      def start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name)
+        # Ensure we initialize middleware before startup, to match standard Rack
+        # behavior, by ensuring an instance exists:
+        prototype
+        # Run the instance we created:
+        handler.run(self, **server_settings) do |server|
+          unless suppress_messages?
+            warn "== Sinatra (v#{Sinatra::VERSION}) has taken the stage on #{port} for #{environment} with backup from #{handler_name}"
+          end
+
+          setup_traps
+          set :running_server, server
+          set :handler_name,   handler_name
+          server.threaded = settings.threaded if server.respond_to? :threaded=
+          on_start_callback.call unless on_start_callback.nil?
+          yield server if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def suppress_messages?
+        handler_name =~ /cgi/i || quiet
+      end
+
+      def setup_traps
+        return unless traps?
+
+        at_exit { quit! }
+
+        %i[INT TERM].each do |signal|
+          old_handler = trap(signal) do
+            quit!
+            old_handler.call if old_handler.respond_to?(:call)
+          end
+        end
+
+        set :traps, false
+      end
+
+      # Dynamically defines a method on settings.
+      def define_singleton(name, content = Proc.new)
+        singleton_class.class_eval do
+          undef_method(name) if method_defined? name
+          String === content ? class_eval("def #{name}() #{content}; end") : define_method(name, &content)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching host name. Parameter might be String or Regexp.
+      def host_name(pattern)
+        condition { pattern === request.host }
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching user agent. Parameter should be Regexp.
+      # Will set params[:agent].
+      def user_agent(pattern)
+        condition do
+          if request.user_agent.to_s =~ pattern
+            @params[:agent] = $~[1..-1]
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias agent user_agent
+
+      # Condition for matching mimetypes. Accepts file extensions.
+      def provides(*types)
+        types.map! { |t| mime_types(t) }
+        types.flatten!
+        condition do
+          response_content_type = response['content-type']
+          preferred_type = request.preferred_type(types)
+
+          if response_content_type
+            types.include?(response_content_type) || types.include?(response_content_type[/^[^;]+/])
+          elsif preferred_type
+            params = (preferred_type.respond_to?(:params) ? preferred_type.params : {})
+            content_type(preferred_type, params)
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def route(verb, path, options = {}, &block)
+        enable :empty_path_info if path == '' && empty_path_info.nil?
+        signature = compile!(verb, path, block, **options)
+        (@routes[verb] ||= []) << signature
+        invoke_hook(:route_added, verb, path, block)
+        signature
+      end
+
+      def invoke_hook(name, *args)
+        extensions.each { |e| e.send(name, *args) if e.respond_to?(name) }
+      end
+
+      def generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        define_method(method_name, &block)
+        method = instance_method method_name
+        remove_method method_name
+        method
+      end
+
+      def compile!(verb, path, block, **options)
+        # Because of self.options.host
+        host_name(options.delete(:host)) if options.key?(:host)
+        # Pass Mustermann opts to compile()
+        route_mustermann_opts = options.key?(:mustermann_opts) ? options.delete(:mustermann_opts) : {}.freeze
+
+        options.each_pair { |option, args| send(option, *args) }
+
+        pattern                 = compile(path, route_mustermann_opts)
+        method_name             = "#{verb} #{path}"
+        unbound_method          = generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        conditions = @conditions
+        @conditions = []
+        wrapper = block.arity.zero? ?
+          proc { |a, _p| unbound_method.bind(a).call } :
+          proc { |a, p| unbound_method.bind(a).call(*p) }
+
+        [pattern, conditions, wrapper]
+      end
+
+      def compile(path, route_mustermann_opts = {})
+        Mustermann.new(path, **mustermann_opts.merge(route_mustermann_opts))
+      end
+
+      def setup_default_middleware(builder)
+        builder.use ExtendedRack
+        builder.use ShowExceptions       if show_exceptions?
+        builder.use Rack::MethodOverride if method_override?
+        builder.use Rack::Head
+        setup_logging    builder
+        setup_sessions   builder
+        setup_protection builder
+      end
+
+      def setup_middleware(builder)
+        middleware.each { |c, a, b| builder.use(c, *a, &b) }
+      end
+
+      def setup_logging(builder)
+        if logging?
+          setup_common_logger(builder)
+          setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        elsif logging == false
+          setup_null_logger(builder)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_null_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Rack::NullLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_common_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Sinatra::CommonLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        if logging.respond_to? :to_int
+          builder.use Rack::Logger, logging
+        else
+          builder.use Rack::Logger
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_protection(builder)
+        return unless protection?
+
+        options = Hash === protection ? protection.dup : {}
+        options = {
+          img_src: "'self' data:",
+          font_src: "'self'"
+        }.merge options
+
+        protect_session = options.fetch(:session) { sessions? }
+        options[:without_session] = !protect_session
+
+        options[:reaction] ||= :drop_session
+
+        builder.use Rack::Protection, options
+      end
+
+      def setup_sessions(builder)
+        return unless sessions?
+
+        options = {}
+        options[:secret] = session_secret if session_secret?
+        options.merge! sessions.to_hash if sessions.respond_to? :to_hash
+        builder.use session_store, options
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        subclass.reset!
+        subclass.set :app_file, caller_files.first unless subclass.app_file?
+        super
+      end
+
+      @@mutex = Mutex.new
+      def synchronize(&block)
+        if lock?
+          @@mutex.synchronize(&block)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # used for deprecation warnings
+      def warn_for_deprecation(message)
+        warn message + "\n\tfrom #{cleaned_caller.first.join(':')}"
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries
+      def cleaned_caller(keep = 3)
+        caller(1)
+          .map! { |line| line.split(/:(?=\d|in )/, 3)[0, keep] }
+          .reject { |file, *_| callers_to_ignore.any? { |pattern| file =~ pattern } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Force data to specified encoding. It defaults to settings.default_encoding
+    # which is UTF-8 by default
+    def self.force_encoding(data, encoding = default_encoding)
+      return if data == settings || data.is_a?(Tempfile)
+
+      if data.respond_to? :force_encoding
+        data.force_encoding(encoding).encode!
+      elsif data.respond_to? :each_value
+        data.each_value { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+      elsif data.respond_to? :each
+        data.each { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+      end
+      data
+    end
+
+    def force_encoding(*args)
+      settings.force_encoding(*args)
+    end
+
+    reset!
+
+    set :environment, (ENV['APP_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || :development).to_sym
+    set :raise_errors, proc { test? }
+    set :dump_errors, proc { !test? }
+    set :show_exceptions, proc { development? }
+    set :sessions, false
+    set :session_store, Rack::Protection::EncryptedCookie
+    set :logging, false
+    set :protection, true
+    set :method_override, false
+    set :use_code, false
+    set :default_encoding, 'utf-8'
+    set :x_cascade, true
+    set :add_charset, %w[javascript xml xhtml+xml].map { |t| "application/#{t}" }
+    settings.add_charset << %r{^text/}
+    set :mustermann_opts, {}
+    set :default_content_type, 'text/html'
+
+    # explicitly generating a session secret eagerly to play nice with preforking
+    begin
+      require 'securerandom'
+      set :session_secret, SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    rescue LoadError, NotImplementedError, RuntimeError
+      # SecureRandom raises a NotImplementedError if no random device is available
+      # RuntimeError raised due to broken openssl backend: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19230
+      set :session_secret, format('%064x', Kernel.rand((2**256) - 1))
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias methodoverride? method_override?
+      alias methodoverride= method_override=
+    end
+
+    set :run, false                       # start server via at-exit hook?
+    set :running_server, nil
+    set :handler_name, nil
+    set :traps, true
+    set :server, %w[HTTP webrick]
+    set :bind, proc { development? ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0' }
+    set :port, Integer(ENV['PORT'] && !ENV['PORT'].empty? ? ENV['PORT'] : 4567)
+    set :quiet, false
+
+    ruby_engine = defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) && RUBY_ENGINE
+
+    server.unshift 'thin'     if ruby_engine != 'jruby'
+    server.unshift 'falcon'   if ruby_engine != 'jruby'
+    server.unshift 'trinidad' if ruby_engine == 'jruby'
+    server.unshift 'puma'
+
+    set :absolute_redirects, true
+    set :prefixed_redirects, false
+    set :empty_path_info, nil
+    set :strict_paths, true
+
+    set :app_file, nil
+    set :root, proc { app_file && File.expand_path(File.dirname(app_file)) }
+    set :views, proc { root && File.join(root, 'views') }
+    set :reload_templates, proc { development? }
+    set :lock, false
+    set :threaded, true
+
+    set :public_folder, proc { root && File.join(root, 'public') }
+    set :static, proc { public_folder && File.exist?(public_folder) }
+    set :static_cache_control, false
+
+    error ::Exception do
+      response.status = 500
+      content_type 'text/html'
+      '<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>'
+    end
+
+    configure :development do
+      get '/__sinatra__/:image.png' do
+        filename = __dir__ + "/images/#{params[:image].to_i}.png"
+        content_type :png
+        send_file filename
+      end
+
+      error NotFound do
+        content_type 'text/html'
+
+        if instance_of?(Sinatra::Application)
+          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
+            #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
+              "Hello World"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        else
+          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
+            class #{self.class}
+              #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
+                "Hello World"
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          file = settings.app_file.to_s.sub(settings.root.to_s, '').sub(%r{^/}, '')
+          code = "# in #{file}\n#{code}" unless file.empty?
+        end
+
+        <<-HTML.gsub(/^ {10}/, '')
+          <!DOCTYPE html>
+          <html>
+          <head>
+            <style type="text/css">
+            body { text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;
+              color:#888;margin:20px}
+            #c {margin:0 auto;width:500px;text-align:left}
+            </style>
+          </head>
+          <body>
+            <h2>Sinatra doesn’t know this ditty.</h2>
+            <img src='#{uri '/__sinatra__/404.png'}'>
+            <div id="c">
+              Try this:
+              <pre>#{Rack::Utils.escape_html(code)}</pre>
+            </div>
+          </body>
+          </html>
+        HTML
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Execution context for classic style (top-level) applications. All
+  # DSL methods executed on main are delegated to this class.
+  #
+  # The Application class should not be subclassed, unless you want to
+  # inherit all settings, routes, handlers, and error pages from the
+  # top-level. Subclassing Sinatra::Base is highly recommended for
+  # modular applications.
+  class Application < Base
+    set :logging, proc { !test? }
+    set :method_override, true
+    set :run, proc { !test? }
+    set :app_file, nil
+
+    def self.register(*extensions, &block) # :nodoc:
+      added_methods = extensions.flat_map(&:public_instance_methods)
+      Delegator.delegate(*added_methods)
+      super(*extensions, &block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Sinatra delegation mixin. Mixing this module into an object causes all
+  # methods to be delegated to the Sinatra::Application class. Used primarily
+  # at the top-level.
+  module Delegator # :nodoc:
+    def self.delegate(*methods)
+      methods.each do |method_name|
+        define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
+          return super(*args, &block) if respond_to? method_name
+
+          Delegator.target.send(method_name, *args, &block)
+        end
+        # ensure keyword argument passing is compatible with ruby >= 2.7
+        ruby2_keywords(method_name) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+        private method_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    delegate :get, :patch, :put, :post, :delete, :head, :options, :link, :unlink,
+             :template, :layout, :before, :after, :error, :not_found, :configure,
+             :set, :mime_type, :enable, :disable, :use, :development?, :test?,
+             :production?, :helpers, :settings, :register, :on_start, :on_stop
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :target
+    end
+
+    self.target = Application
+  end
+
+  class Wrapper
+    def initialize(stack, instance)
+      @stack = stack
+      @instance = instance
+    end
+
+    def settings
+      @instance.settings
+    end
+
+    def helpers
+      @instance
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{@instance.class} app_file=#{settings.app_file.inspect}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Sinatra application; the block is evaluated in the class scope.
+  def self.new(base = Base, &block)
+    base = Class.new(base)
+    base.class_eval(&block) if block_given?
+    base
+  end
+
+  # Extend the top-level DSL with the modules provided.
+  def self.register(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.register(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Include the helper modules provided in Sinatra's request context.
+  def self.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Use the middleware for classic applications.
+  def self.use(*args, &block)
+    Delegator.target.use(*args, &block)
+  end
+end