sequel 5.57.0 → 5.60.0

data/lib/sequel/adapters/shared/postgres.rb

@@ -230,7 +230,6 @@ module Sequel
     module DatabaseMethods
       include UnmodifiedIdentifiers::DatabaseMethods
 
-      PREPARED_ARG_PLACEHOLDER = LiteralString.new('$').freeze
       FOREIGN_KEY_LIST_ON_DELETE_MAP = {'a'=>:no_action, 'r'=>:restrict, 'c'=>:cascade, 'n'=>:set_null, 'd'=>:set_default}.freeze
       ON_COMMIT = {:drop => 'DROP', :delete_rows => 'DELETE ROWS', :preserve_rows => 'PRESERVE ROWS'}.freeze
       ON_COMMIT.each_value(&:freeze)
@@ -365,9 +364,10 @@ module Sequel
 
         table_oid = regclass_oid(table)
         im = input_identifier_meth
-        unless column = im.call(opts[:column] || ((sch = schema(table).find{|_, sc| sc[:primary_key] && sc[:auto_increment]}) && sch[0]))
+        unless column = (opts[:column] || ((sch = schema(table).find{|_, sc| sc[:primary_key] && sc[:auto_increment]}) && sch[0]))
           raise Error, "could not determine column to convert from serial to identity automatically"
         end
+        column = im.call(column)
 
         column_num = ds.from(:pg_attribute).
           where(:attrelid=>table_oid, :attname=>column).
@@ -569,10 +569,12 @@ module Sequel
         if server_version >= 90500
           cpos = Sequel.expr{array_position(co[:conkey], ctable[:attnum])}
           rpos = Sequel.expr{array_position(co[:confkey], rtable[:attnum])}
+        # :nocov:
         else
           range = 0...32
           cpos = Sequel.expr{SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(co[:conkey], [x]), x]}, 32, ctable[:attnum])}
           rpos = Sequel.expr{SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(co[:confkey], [x]), x]}, 32, rtable[:attnum])}
+        # :nocov:
         end
 
         ds = metadata_dataset.
@@ -653,9 +655,11 @@ module Sequel
 
         if server_version >= 90500
           order = [Sequel[:indc][:relname], Sequel.function(:array_position, Sequel[:ind][:indkey], Sequel[:att][:attnum])]
+        # :nocov:
         else
           range = 0...32
           order = [Sequel[:indc][:relname], SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(Sequel[:ind][:indkey], [x]), x]}, 32, Sequel[:att][:attnum])]
+        # :nocov:
         end
 
         attnums = SQL::Function.new(:ANY, Sequel[:ind][:indkey])
@@ -676,8 +680,10 @@ module Sequel
           select{[indc[:relname].as(:name), ind[:indisunique].as(:unique), att[:attname].as(:column), con[:condeferrable].as(:deferrable)]}
 
         ds = ds.where(:indpred=>nil) unless opts[:include_partial]
+        # :nocov:
         ds = ds.where(:indisready=>true) if server_version >= 80300
         ds = ds.where(:indislive=>true) if server_version >= 90300
+        # :nocov:
 
         indexes = {}
         ds.each do |r|
@@ -758,10 +764,12 @@ module Sequel
           seq_ds = metadata_dataset.from(:pg_sequence).where(:seqrelid=>regclass_oid(LiteralString.new(seq)))
           increment_by = :seqincrement
           min_value = :seqmin
+        # :nocov:
         else
           seq_ds = metadata_dataset.from(LiteralString.new(seq))
           increment_by = :increment_by
           min_value = :min_value
+        # :nocov:
         end
 
         get{setval(seq, db[table].select(coalesce(max(pk)+seq_ds.select(increment_by), seq_ds.select(min_value))), false)}
@@ -774,7 +782,9 @@ module Sequel
       # PostgreSQL uses SERIAL psuedo-type instead of AUTOINCREMENT for
       # managing incrementing primary keys.
       def serial_primary_key_options
+        # :nocov:
         auto_increment_key = server_version >= 100002 ? :identity : :serial
+        # :nocov:
         {:primary_key => true, auto_increment_key => true, :type=>Integer}
       end
 
@@ -1152,7 +1162,7 @@ module Sequel
         when :hash
           mod, remainder = generator.hash_values
           sql << " FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS #{literal(mod)}, REMAINDER #{literal(remainder)})"
-        when :default
+        else # when :default
           sql << " DEFAULT"
         end
 
@@ -1247,6 +1257,10 @@ module Sequel
       def create_view_prefix_sql(name, options)
         sql = create_view_sql_append_columns("CREATE #{'OR REPLACE 'if options[:replace]}#{'TEMPORARY 'if options[:temp]}#{'RECURSIVE ' if options[:recursive]}#{'MATERIALIZED ' if options[:materialized]}VIEW #{quote_schema_table(name)}", options[:columns] || options[:recursive])
 
+        if options[:security_invoker]
+          sql += " WITH (security_invoker)"
+        end
+
         if tablespace = options[:tablespace]
           sql += " TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(tablespace)}"
         end
@@ -1304,16 +1318,20 @@ module Sequel
       def index_definition_sql(table_name, index)
         cols = index[:columns]
         index_name = index[:name] || default_index_name(table_name, cols)
+
         expr = if o = index[:opclass]
           "(#{Array(cols).map{|c| "#{literal(c)} #{o}"}.join(', ')})"
         else
           literal(Array(cols))
         end
+
         if_not_exists = " IF NOT EXISTS" if index[:if_not_exists]
         unique = "UNIQUE " if index[:unique]
         index_type = index[:type]
         filter = index[:where] || index[:filter]
         filter = " WHERE #{filter_expr(filter)}" if filter
+        nulls_distinct = " NULLS#{' NOT' if index[:nulls_distinct] == false} DISTINCT" unless index[:nulls_distinct].nil?
+
         case index_type
         when :full_text
           expr = "(to_tsvector(#{literal(index[:language] || 'simple')}::regconfig, #{literal(dataset.send(:full_text_string_join, cols))}))"
@@ -1321,7 +1339,8 @@ module Sequel
         when :spatial
           index_type = :gist
         end
-        "CREATE #{unique}INDEX#{' CONCURRENTLY' if index[:concurrently]}#{if_not_exists} #{quote_identifier(index_name)} ON #{quote_schema_table(table_name)} #{"USING #{index_type} " if index_type}#{expr}#{" INCLUDE #{literal(Array(index[:include]))}" if index[:include]}#{" TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(index[:tablespace])}" if index[:tablespace]}#{filter}"
+
+        "CREATE #{unique}INDEX#{' CONCURRENTLY' if index[:concurrently]}#{if_not_exists} #{quote_identifier(index_name)} ON #{quote_schema_table(table_name)} #{"USING #{index_type} " if index_type}#{expr}#{" INCLUDE #{literal(Array(index[:include]))}" if index[:include]}#{nulls_distinct}#{" TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(index[:tablespace])}" if index[:tablespace]}#{filter}"
       end
 
       # Setup datastructures shared by all postgres adapters.
@@ -1347,11 +1366,6 @@ module Sequel
         end
       end
 
-      # Use a dollar sign instead of question mark for the argument placeholder.
-      def prepared_arg_placeholder
-        PREPARED_ARG_PLACEHOLDER
-      end
-
       # Return an expression the oid for the table expr.  Used by the metadata parsing
       # code to disambiguate unqualified tables.
       def regclass_oid(expr, opts=OPTS)
@@ -1425,10 +1439,14 @@ module Sequel
           where{{pg_class[:oid]=>oid}}.
           order{pg_attribute[:attnum]}
 
+        # :nocov:
         if server_version > 100000
+        # :nocov:
           ds = ds.select_append{pg_attribute[:attidentity]}
 
+          # :nocov:
           if server_version > 120000
+          # :nocov:
             ds = ds.select_append{Sequel.~(pg_attribute[:attgenerated]=>'').as(:generated)}
           end
         end
@@ -1516,7 +1534,9 @@ module Sequel
 
       # PostgreSQL 9.4+ supports views with check option.
       def view_with_check_option_support
+        # :nocov:
         :local if server_version >= 90400
+        # :nocov:
       end
     end
 
@@ -1527,7 +1547,7 @@ module Sequel
       LOCK_MODES = ['ACCESS SHARE', 'ROW SHARE', 'ROW EXCLUSIVE', 'SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE', 'SHARE', 'SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE', 'EXCLUSIVE', 'ACCESS EXCLUSIVE'].each(&:freeze).freeze
 
       Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :delete, [['if server_version >= 90100', %w'with delete from using where returning'], ['else', %w'delete from using where returning']])
-      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :insert, [['if server_version >= 90500', %w'with insert into columns values conflict returning'], ['elsif server_version >= 90100', %w'with insert into columns values returning'], ['else', %w'insert into columns values returning']])
+      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :insert, [['if server_version >= 90500', %w'with insert into columns override values conflict returning'], ['elsif server_version >= 90100', %w'with insert into columns values returning'], ['else', %w'insert into columns values returning']])
       Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :select, [['if opts[:values]', %w'values order limit'], ['elsif server_version >= 80400', %w'with select distinct columns from join where group having window compounds order limit lock'], ['else', %w'select distinct columns from join where group having compounds order limit lock']])
       Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :update, [['if server_version >= 90100', %w'with update table set from where returning'], ['else', %w'update table set from where returning']])
 
@@ -1760,6 +1780,41 @@ module Sequel
         nil
       end
 
+      # Return a dataset with a WHEN MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING clause added to the
+      # MERGE statement.  If a block is passed, treat it as a virtual row and
+      # use it as additional conditions for the match.
+      #
+      #   merge_do_nothing_when_matched
+      #   # WHEN MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING
+      #
+      #   merge_do_nothing_when_matched{a > 30}
+      #   # WHEN MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN DO NOTHING
+      def merge_do_nothing_when_matched(&block)
+        _merge_when(:type=>:matched, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Return a dataset with a WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING clause added to the
+      # MERGE statement.  If a block is passed, treat it as a virtual row and
+      # use it as additional conditions for the match.
+      #
+      #   merge_do_nothing_when_not_matched
+      #   # WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN DO NOTHING
+      #
+      #   merge_do_nothing_when_not_matched{a > 30}
+      #   # WHEN NOT MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN DO NOTHING
+      def merge_do_nothing_when_not_matched(&block)
+        _merge_when(:type=>:not_matched, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Support OVERRIDING USER|SYSTEM VALUE for MERGE INSERT.
+      def merge_insert(*values, &block)
+        h = {:type=>:insert, :values=>values}
+        if override = @opts[:override]
+          h[:override] = insert_override_sql(String.new)
+        end
+        _merge_when(h, &block)
+      end
+    
       # Use OVERRIDING USER VALUE for INSERT statements, so that identity columns
       # always use the user supplied value, and an error is not raised for identity
       # columns that are GENERATED ALWAYS.
@@ -1827,6 +1882,11 @@ module Sequel
         true
       end
 
+      # PostgreSQL 15+ supports MERGE.
+      def supports_merge?
+        server_version >= 150000
+      end
+
       # PostgreSQL supports NOWAIT.
       def supports_nowait?
         true
@@ -1872,6 +1932,8 @@ module Sequel
           server_version >= 90000
         when :groups, :exclude
           server_version >= 110000
+        else
+          false
         end
       end
     
@@ -1937,6 +1999,22 @@ module Sequel
 
       private
 
+      # Append the INSERT sql used in a MERGE
+      def _merge_insert_sql(sql, data)
+        sql << " THEN INSERT "
+        columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(data[:values])
+        _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
+        if override = data[:override]
+          sql << override
+        end
+        _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
+      end
+
+      def _merge_matched_sql(sql, data)
+        sql << " THEN DO NOTHING"
+      end
+      alias _merge_not_matched_sql _merge_matched_sql
+
       # Format TRUNCATE statement with PostgreSQL specific options.
       def _truncate_sql(table)
         to = @opts[:truncate_opts] || OPTS
@@ -2002,25 +2080,23 @@ module Sequel
 
       # Return the primary key to use for RETURNING in an INSERT statement
       def insert_pk
-        if (f = opts[:from]) && !f.empty?
-          case t = f.first
-          when Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-            if pk = db.primary_key(t)
-              Sequel::SQL::Identifier.new(pk)
-            end
+        (f = opts[:from]) && !f.empty? && (t = f.first)
+        case t
+        when Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+          if pk = db.primary_key(t)
+            Sequel::SQL::Identifier.new(pk)
           end
         end
       end
 
       # Support OVERRIDING SYSTEM|USER VALUE in insert statements
-      def insert_values_sql(sql)
+      def insert_override_sql(sql)
         case opts[:override]
         when :system
           sql << " OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE"
         when :user
           sql << " OVERRIDING USER VALUE"
         end
-        super
       end
 
       # For multiple table support, PostgreSQL requires at least

data/lib/sequel/adapters/shared/sqlite.rb

@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ module Sequel
       
       # HAVING requires GROUP BY on SQLite
       def having(*cond)
-        raise(InvalidOperation, "Can only specify a HAVING clause on a grouped dataset") unless @opts[:group]
+        raise(InvalidOperation, "Can only specify a HAVING clause on a grouped dataset") if !@opts[:group] && db.sqlite_version < 33900
         super
       end
       

data/lib/sequel/adapters/sqlite.rb

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ module Sequel
       if USE_EXTENDED_RESULT_CODES
         # Support SQLite exception codes if ruby-sqlite3 supports them.
         def sqlite_error_code(exception)
-          exception.code if exception.respond_to?(:code)
+          exception.code if defined?(exception.code)
         end
       end
     end

data/lib/sequel/ast_transformer.rb

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ module Sequel
       when SQL::Wrapper
         SQL::Wrapper.new(v(o.value))
       when SQL::Expression
-        if o.respond_to?(:sequel_ast_transform)
+        if defined?(o.sequel_ast_transform)
           o.sequel_ast_transform(method(:v))
         else
           o

data/lib/sequel/database/misc.rb

@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ module Sequel
     # strings with all whitespace, and ones that respond
     # true to empty?
     def blank_object?(obj)
-      return obj.blank? if obj.respond_to?(:blank?)
+      return obj.blank? if defined?(obj.blank?)
       case obj
       when NilClass, FalseClass
         true
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ module Sequel
       when String
         obj.strip.empty?
       else
-        obj.respond_to?(:empty?) ? obj.empty? : false
+        defined?(obj.empty?) ? obj.empty? : false
       end
     end
 

data/lib/sequel/database/schema_generator.rb

@@ -262,6 +262,7 @@ module Sequel
       #                  operations on the table while the index is being
       #                  built.
       # :if_not_exists :: Only create the index if an index of the same name doesn't already exist.
+      # :nulls_distinct :: Set whether separate NULLs should be considered distinct values in unique indexes.
       # :opclass :: Set an opclass to use for all columns (per-column opclasses require
       #             custom SQL).
       # :tablespace :: Specify tablespace for index.

data/lib/sequel/database/schema_methods.rb

@@ -295,6 +295,9 @@ module Sequel
     #               in a subquery, if you are providing a Dataset as the source
     #               argument, if should probably call the union method with the
     #               all: true and from_self: false options.
+    # :security_invoker :: Set the security_invoker property on the view, making
+    #                      the access to the view use the current user's permissions,
+    #                      instead of the view owner's permissions.
     # :tablespace :: The tablespace to use for materialized views.
     def create_view(name, source, options = OPTS)
       execute_ddl(create_view_sql(name, source, options))

data/lib/sequel/dataset/actions.rb

@@ -457,6 +457,55 @@ module Sequel
       _aggregate(:max, arg)
     end
 
+    # Execute a MERGE statement, which allows for INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
+    # behavior in a single query, based on whether rows from a source table
+    # match rows in the current table, based on the join conditions.
+    #
+    # Unless the dataset uses static SQL, to use #merge, you must first have
+    # called #merge_using to specify the merge source and join conditions.
+    # You will then likely to call one or more of the following methods
+    # to specify MERGE behavior by adding WHEN [NOT] MATCHED clauses:
+    #
+    # * #merge_insert
+    # * #merge_update
+    # * #merge_delete
+    # 
+    # The WHEN [NOT] MATCHED clauses are added to the SQL in the order these
+    # methods were called on the dataset.  If none of these methods are
+    # called, an error is raised.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   DB[:m1]
+    #     merge_using(:m2, i1: :i2).
+    #     merge_insert(i1: :i2, a: Sequel[:b]+11).
+    #     merge_delete{a > 30}.
+    #     merge_update(i1: Sequel[:i1]+:i2+10, a: Sequel[:a]+:b+20).
+    #     merge
+    #
+    # SQL:
+    #
+    #   MERGE INTO m1 USING m2 ON (i1 = i2)
+    #   WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (i1, a) VALUES (i2, (b + 11))
+    #   WHEN MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN DELETE
+    #   WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET i1 = (i1 + i2 + 10), a = (a + b + 20)
+    #
+    # On PostgreSQL, two additional merge methods are supported, for the
+    # PostgreSQL-specific DO NOTHING syntax.
+    #
+    # * #merge_do_nothing_when_matched
+    # * #merge_do_nothing_when_not_matched
+    #
+    # This method is supported on Oracle, but Oracle's MERGE support is
+    # non-standard, and has the following issues:
+    #
+    # * DELETE clause requires UPDATE clause
+    # * DELETE clause requires a condition
+    # * DELETE clause only affects rows updated by UPDATE clause
+    def merge
+      execute_ddl(merge_sql)
+    end
+
     # Returns the minimum value for the given column/expression.
     # Uses a virtual row block if no argument is given.
     #

data/lib/sequel/dataset/features.rb

@@ -125,6 +125,11 @@ module Sequel
       false
     end
 
+    # Whether the MERGE statement is supported, false by default.
+    def supports_merge?
+      false
+    end
+
     # Whether modifying joined datasets is supported, false by default.
     def supports_modifying_joins?
       false

data/lib/sequel/dataset/query.rb

@@ -678,6 +678,56 @@ module Sequel
       clone(:lock => style)
     end
     
+    # Return a dataset with a WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE clause added to the
+    # MERGE statement.  If a block is passed, treat it as a virtual row and
+    # use it as additional conditions for the match.
+    #
+    #   merge_delete
+    #   # WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE
+    #
+    #   merge_delete{a > 30}
+    #   # WHEN MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN DELETE
+    def merge_delete(&block)
+      _merge_when(:type=>:delete, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Return a dataset with a WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT clause added to the
+    # MERGE statement.  If a block is passed, treat it as a virtual row and
+    # use it as additional conditions for the match.
+    #
+    # The arguments provided can be any arguments that would be accepted by
+    # #insert.
+    #
+    #   merge_insert(i1: :i2, a: Sequel[:b]+11)
+    #   # WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (i1, a) VALUES (i2, (b + 11))
+    #
+    #   merge_insert(:i2, Sequel[:b]+11){a > 30}
+    #   # WHEN NOT MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN INSERT VALUES (i2, (b + 11))
+    def merge_insert(*values, &block)
+      _merge_when(:type=>:insert, :values=>values, &block)
+    end
+    
+    # Return a dataset with a WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE clause added to the
+    # MERGE statement.  If a block is passed, treat it as a virtual row and
+    # use it as additional conditions for the match.
+    #
+    #   merge_update(i1: Sequel[:i1]+:i2+10, a: Sequel[:a]+:b+20)
+    #   # WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET i1 = (i1 + i2 + 10), a = (a + b + 20)
+    #
+    #   merge_update(i1: :i2){a > 30}
+    #   # WHEN MATCHED AND (a > 30) THEN UPDATE SET i1 = i2
+    def merge_update(values, &block)
+      _merge_when(:type=>:update, :values=>values, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Return a dataset with the source and join condition to use for the MERGE statement.
+    #
+    #   merge_using(:m2, i1: :i2)
+    #   # USING m2 ON (i1 = i2)
+    def merge_using(source, join_condition)
+      clone(:merge_using => [source, join_condition].freeze)
+    end
+
     # Returns a cloned dataset without a row_proc.
     #
     #   ds = DB[:items].with_row_proc(:invert.to_proc)
@@ -1287,6 +1337,18 @@ module Sequel
       end
     end
 
+    # Append to the current MERGE WHEN clauses.
+    # Mutates the hash to add the conditions, if a virtual row block is passed.
+    def _merge_when(hash, &block)
+      hash[:conditions] = Sequel.virtual_row(&block) if block
+
+      if merge_when = @opts[:merge_when]
+        clone(:merge_when => (merge_when.dup << hash.freeze).freeze)
+      else
+        clone(:merge_when => [hash.freeze].freeze)
+      end
+    end
+
     # Add the given filter condition. Arguments:
     # clause :: Symbol or which SQL clause to effect, should be :where or :having
     # cond :: The filter condition to add

data/lib/sequel/dataset/sql.rb

@@ -24,29 +24,7 @@ module Sequel
 
       check_insert_allowed!
 
-      columns = []
-
-      case values.size
-      when 0
-        return insert_sql(OPTS)
-      when 1
-        case vals = values[0]
-        when Hash
-          values = []
-          vals.each do |k,v| 
-            columns << k
-            values << v
-          end
-        when Dataset, Array, LiteralString
-          values = vals
-        end
-      when 2
-        if (v0 = values[0]).is_a?(Array) && ((v1 = values[1]).is_a?(Array) || v1.is_a?(Dataset) || v1.is_a?(LiteralString))
-          columns, values = v0, v1
-          raise(Error, "Different number of values and columns given to insert_sql") if values.is_a?(Array) and columns.length != values.length
-        end
-      end
-
+      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
       if values.is_a?(Array) && values.empty? && !insert_supports_empty_values? 
         columns, values = insert_empty_columns_values
       elsif values.is_a?(Dataset) && hoist_cte?(values) && supports_cte?(:insert)
@@ -112,6 +90,31 @@ module Sequel
       end
     end
     
+    # The SQL to use for the MERGE statement.
+    def merge_sql
+      raise Error, "This database doesn't support MERGE" unless supports_merge?
+      if sql = opts[:sql]
+        return static_sql(sql)
+      end
+      if sql = cache_get(:_merge_sql)
+        return sql
+      end
+      source, join_condition = @opts[:merge_using]
+      raise Error, "No USING clause for MERGE" unless source
+      sql = @opts[:append_sql] || sql_string_origin
+
+      select_with_sql(sql)
+      sql << "MERGE INTO "
+      source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
+      sql << " USING "
+      identifier_append(sql, source)
+      sql << " ON "
+      literal_append(sql, join_condition)
+      _merge_when_sql(sql)
+      cache_set(:_merge_sql, sql) if cache_sql?
+      sql
+    end
+
     # Returns an array of insert statements for inserting multiple records.
     # This method is used by +multi_insert+ to format insert statements and
     # expects a keys array and and an array of value arrays.
@@ -850,6 +853,83 @@ module Sequel
     
     private
 
+    # Append the INSERT sql used in a MERGE
+    def _merge_insert_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN INSERT"
+      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(data[:values])
+      _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
+      _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
+    end
+
+    def _merge_update_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN UPDATE SET "
+      update_sql_values_hash(sql, data[:values])
+    end
+
+    def _merge_delete_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN DELETE"
+    end
+
+    # Mapping of merge types to related SQL
+    MERGE_TYPE_SQL = {
+      :insert => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
+      :delete => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :update => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :matched => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :not_matched => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
+    }.freeze
+    private_constant :MERGE_TYPE_SQL
+
+    # Add the WHEN clauses to the MERGE SQL
+    def _merge_when_sql(sql)
+      raise Error, "no WHEN [NOT] MATCHED clauses provided for MERGE" unless merge_when = @opts[:merge_when]
+      merge_when.each do |data|
+        type = data[:type]
+        sql << MERGE_TYPE_SQL[type]
+        _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
+        send(:"_merge_#{type}_sql", sql, data)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append MERGE WHEN conditions, if there are conditions provided.
+    def _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
+      if data.has_key?(:conditions)
+        sql << " AND "
+        literal_append(sql, data[:conditions])
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Parse the values passed to insert_sql, returning columns and values
+    # to use for the INSERT.  Returned columns is always an array, but can be empty
+    # for an INSERT without explicit column references. Returned values can be an
+    # array, dataset, or literal string.
+    def _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
+      columns = []
+
+      case values.size
+      when 0
+        values = []
+      when 1
+        case vals = values[0]
+        when Hash
+          values = []
+          vals.each do |k,v| 
+            columns << k
+            values << v
+          end
+        when Dataset, Array, LiteralString
+          values = vals
+        end
+      when 2
+        if (v0 = values[0]).is_a?(Array) && ((v1 = values[1]).is_a?(Array) || v1.is_a?(Dataset) || v1.is_a?(LiteralString))
+          columns, values = v0, v1
+          raise(Error, "Different number of values and columns given to insert_sql") if values.is_a?(Array) and columns.length != values.length
+        end
+      end
+
+      [columns, values]
+    end
+
     # Formats the truncate statement.  Assumes the table given has already been
     # literalized.
     def _truncate_sql(table)
@@ -1165,7 +1245,10 @@ module Sequel
     end
 
     def insert_columns_sql(sql)
-      columns = opts[:columns]
+      _insert_columns_sql(sql, opts[:columns])
+    end
+
+    def _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
       if columns && !columns.empty?
         sql << ' ('
         identifier_list_append(sql, columns)
@@ -1184,7 +1267,11 @@ module Sequel
     end
 
     def insert_values_sql(sql)
-      case values = opts[:values]
+      _insert_values_sql(sql, opts[:values])
+    end
+    
+    def _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
+      case values
       when Array
         if values.empty?
           sql << " DEFAULT VALUES"
@@ -1311,9 +1398,9 @@ module Sequel
       # don't cache SQL for a dataset that uses this.
       disable_sql_caching!
 
-      if v.respond_to?(:sql_literal_append)
+      if defined?(v.sql_literal_append)
         v.sql_literal_append(self, sql)
-      elsif v.respond_to?(:sql_literal)
+      elsif defined?(v.sql_literal)
         sql << v.sql_literal(self)
       else
         raise Error, "can't express #{v.inspect} as a SQL literal"