sequel 2.2.0 → 2.3.0

data/lib/sequel_core/sql.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+module Sequel
+  # The SQL module holds classes whose instances represent SQL fragments.
+  # It also holds modules that are included in core ruby classes that
+  # make Sequel a friendly DSL.
+  module SQL
+    ### Parent Classes ###
+
+    # Classes/Modules aren't an alphabetical order due to the fact that
+    # some reference constants defined in others at load time.
+
+    # Base class for all SQL fragments
+    class Expression
+      # Returns self, because SQL::Expression already acts like
+      # LiteralString.
+      def lit
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents a complex SQL expression, with a given operator and one
+    # or more attributes (which may also be ComplexExpressions, forming
+    # a tree).  This class is the backbone of the blockless filter support in
+    # Sequel.
+    #
+    # This is an abstract class that is not that useful by itself.  The
+    # subclasses BooleanExpression, NumericExpression, and StringExpression
+    # define the behavior of the DSL via operators.
+    class ComplexExpression < Expression
+      # A hash of the opposite for each operator symbol, used for inverting
+      # objects.
+      OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS = {:AND => :OR, :OR => :AND, :< => :>=, :> => :<=,
+        :<= => :>, :>= => :<, :'=' => :'!=' , :'!=' => :'=', :LIKE => :'NOT LIKE',
+        :'NOT LIKE' => :LIKE, :~ => :'!~', :'!~' => :~, :IN => :'NOT IN',
+        :'NOT IN' => :IN, :IS => :'IS NOT', :'IS NOT' => :IS, :'~*' => :'!~*',
+        :'!~*' => :'~*', :NOT => :NOOP, :NOOP => :NOT, :ILIKE => :'NOT ILIKE',
+        :'NOT ILIKE'=>:ILIKE}
+
+      # Mathematical Operators used in NumericMethods
+      MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS = [:+, :-, :/, :*]
+
+      # Mathematical Operators used in NumericMethods
+      BITWISE_OPERATORS = [:&, :|, :^, :<<, :>>]
+
+      # Inequality Operators used in InequalityMethods
+      INEQUALITY_OPERATORS = [:<, :>, :<=, :>=]
+
+      # Hash of ruby operator symbols to SQL operators, used in BooleanMethods
+      BOOLEAN_OPERATOR_METHODS = {:& => :AND, :| =>:OR}
+
+      # Operator symbols that take exactly two arguments
+      TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS = [:'=', :'!=', :IS, :'IS NOT', :LIKE, :'NOT LIKE', \
+        :~, :'!~', :'~*', :'!~*', :IN, :'NOT IN', :ILIKE, :'NOT ILIKE'] + \
+        INEQUALITY_OPERATORS + BITWISE_OPERATORS 
+
+      # Operator symbols that take one or more arguments
+      N_ARITY_OPERATORS = [:AND, :OR, :'||'] + MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS
+
+      # Operator symbols that take one argument
+      ONE_ARITY_OPERATORS = [:NOT, :NOOP, :'B~']
+
+      # An array of args for this object
+      attr_reader :args
+
+      # The operator symbol for this object
+      attr_reader :op
+      
+      # Set the operator symbol and arguments for this object to the ones given.
+      # Convert all args that are hashes or arrays with all two pairs to ComplexExpressions.
+      # Raise an error if the operator doesn't allow boolean input and a boolean argument is given.
+      # Raise an error if the wrong number of arguments for a given operator is used.
+      def initialize(op, *args)
+        args.collect! do |a|
+          case a
+          when Hash
+            a.sql_expr
+          when Array
+            a.all_two_pairs? ? a.sql_expr : a
+          else
+            a
+          end
+        end
+        case op
+        when *N_ARITY_OPERATORS
+          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires at least 1 argument") unless args.length >= 1
+        when *TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
+          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires precisely 2 arguments") unless args.length == 2
+        when *ONE_ARITY_OPERATORS
+          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires a single argument") unless args.length == 1
+        else
+          raise(Error, "Invalid operator #{op}")
+        end
+        @op = op
+        @args = args
+      end
+      
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.complex_expression_sql(@op, @args)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # The base class for expressions that can be used in multiple places in
+    # the SQL query.  
+    class GenericExpression < Expression
+    end
+    
+    # The base class for expressions that are specific and can only be used
+    # in a certain place in the SQL query (ordering, selecting).
+    class SpecificExpression < Expression
+    end
+
+    ### Modules ###
+
+    # Methods the create aliased identifiers
+    module AliasMethods
+      # Create an SQL column alias of the receiving column to the given alias.
+      def as(aliaz)
+        AliasedExpression.new(self, aliaz)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This defines the bitwise methods &, |, ^, ~, <<, and >>.  Because these
+    # methods overlap with the standard BooleanMethods methods, and they only
+    # make sense for numbers, they are only included in NumericExpression.
+    module BitwiseMethods
+      ComplexExpression::BITWISE_OPERATORS.each do |o|
+        define_method(o) do |ce|
+          case ce
+          when NumericExpression 
+            NumericExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          when ComplexExpression
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "cannot apply #{o} to a non-numeric expression")
+          else  
+            NumericExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Do the bitwise compliment of the self
+      def ~
+        NumericExpression.new(:'B~', self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module includes the methods that are defined on objects that can be 
+    # used in a boolean context in SQL (Symbol, LiteralString, SQL::Function,
+    # and SQL::BooleanExpression).
+    #
+    # This defines the ~ (NOT), & (AND), and | (OR) methods.
+    module BooleanMethods
+      # Create a new BooleanExpression with NOT, representing the inversion of whatever self represents.
+      def ~
+        BooleanExpression.invert(self)
+      end
+      
+      ComplexExpression::BOOLEAN_OPERATOR_METHODS.each do |m, o|
+        define_method(m) do |ce|
+          case ce
+          when BooleanExpression
+            BooleanExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          when ComplexExpression
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "cannot apply #{o} to a non-boolean expression")
+          else  
+            BooleanExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Holds methods that are used to cast objects to differen SQL types.
+    module CastMethods 
+      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type
+      def cast(sql_type)
+        IrregularFunction.new(:cast, self, :AS, sql_type.to_s.lit)
+      end
+      alias_method :cast_as, :cast
+
+      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or integer if none given),
+      # and return the result as a NumericExpression. 
+      def cast_numeric(sql_type = nil)
+        cast(sql_type || :integer).sql_number
+      end
+
+      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or text if none given),
+      # and return the result as a StringExpression, so you can use +
+      # directly on the result for SQL string concatenation.
+      def cast_string(sql_type = nil)
+        cast(sql_type || :text).sql_string
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Includes a method that returns Identifiers.
+    module IdentifierMethods
+      # Return self wrapped as an identifier.
+      def identifier
+        Identifier.new(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module includes the methods that are defined on objects that can be 
+    # used in a numeric or string context in SQL (Symbol, LiteralString, 
+    # SQL::Function, and SQL::StringExpression).
+    #
+    # This defines the >, <, >=, and <= methods.
+    module InequalityMethods
+      ComplexExpression::INEQUALITY_OPERATORS.each do |o|
+        define_method(o) do |ce|
+          case ce
+          when BooleanExpression, TrueClass, FalseClass, NilClass, Hash, Array
+            raise(Error, "cannot apply #{o} to a boolean expression")
+          else  
+            BooleanExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module augments the default initalize method for the 
+    # ComplexExpression subclass it is included in, so that
+    # attempting to use boolean input when initializing a NumericExpression
+    # or StringExpression results in an error.
+    module NoBooleanInputMethods
+      # Raise an Error if one of the args would be boolean in an SQL
+      # context, otherwise call super.
+      def initialize(op, *args)
+        args.each do |a|
+          case a
+          when BooleanExpression, TrueClass, FalseClass, NilClass, Hash, Array
+            raise(Error, "cannot apply #{op} to a boolean expression")
+          end
+        end
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module includes the methods that are defined on objects that can be 
+    # used in a numeric context in SQL (Symbol, LiteralString, SQL::Function,
+    # and SQL::NumericExpression).
+    #
+    # This defines the +, -, *, and / methods.
+    module NumericMethods
+      ComplexExpression::MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS.each do |o|
+        define_method(o) do |ce|
+          case ce
+          when NumericExpression
+            NumericExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          when ComplexExpression
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "cannot apply #{o} to a non-numeric expression")
+          else  
+            NumericExpression.new(o, self, ce)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Methods that create OrderedExpressions, used for sorting by columns
+    # or more complex expressions.
+    module OrderMethods
+      # Mark the receiving SQL column as sorting in a descending fashion.
+      def desc
+        OrderedExpression.new(self)
+      end
+      
+      # Mark the receiving SQL column as sorting in an ascending fashion (generally a no-op).
+      def asc
+        OrderedExpression.new(self, false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Methods that created QualifiedIdentifiers, used for qualifying column
+    # names with a table or table names with a schema.
+    module QualifyingMethods
+      # Qualify the current object with the given table/schema.
+      def qualify(ts)
+        QualifiedIdentifier.new(ts, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module includes the methods that are defined on objects that can be 
+    # used in a numeric context in SQL (Symbol, LiteralString, SQL::Function,
+    # and SQL::StringExpression).
+    #
+    # This defines the like (LIKE) method, used for pattern matching.
+    module StringMethods
+      # Create a BooleanExpression case insensitive pattern match of self
+      # with the given patterns.  See StringExpression.like.
+      def ilike(*ces)
+        StringExpression.like(self, *(ces << {:case_insensitive=>true}))
+      end
+
+      # Create a BooleanExpression case sensitive pattern match of self with
+      # the given patterns.  See StringExpression.like.
+      def like(*ces)
+        StringExpression.like(self, *ces)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This module is included in StringExpression and can be included elsewhere
+    # to allow the use of the + operator to represent concatenation of SQL
+    # Strings:
+    #
+    #   :x.sql_string + :y => # SQL: x || y
+    module StringConcatenationMethods
+      def +(ce)
+        StringExpression.new(:'||', self, ce)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ### Modules that include other modules ###
+
+    # This module includes other Sequel::SQL::*Methods modules and is
+    # included in other classes that are could be either booleans,
+    # strings, or numbers.  It also adds three methods so that
+    # can specify behavior in case one of the operator methods has
+    # been overridden (such as Symbol#/).
+    #
+    # For example, if Symbol#/ is overridden to produce a string (for
+    # example, to make file system path creation easier), the
+    # following code will not do what you want:
+    #
+    #   :price/10 > 100
+    #
+    # In that case, you need to do the following:
+    #
+    #   :price.sql_number/10 > 100
+    module ComplexExpressionMethods
+      include BooleanMethods
+      include NumericMethods
+      include StringMethods
+      include InequalityMethods
+
+      # Extract a datetime_part (e.g. year, month) from self:
+      #
+      #   :date.extract(:year) # SQL:  extract(year FROM date)
+      #
+      # Also has the benefit of returning the result as a
+      # NumericExpression instead of a generic ComplexExpression.
+      def extract(datetime_part)
+        IrregularFunction.new(:extract, datetime_part.to_s.lit, :FROM, self).sql_number
+      end
+
+      # Return a BooleanExpression representation of self.
+      def sql_boolean
+        BooleanExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
+      end
+
+      # Return a NumericExpression representation of self.
+      def sql_number
+        NumericExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
+      end
+
+      # Return a StringExpression representation of self.
+      def sql_string
+        StringExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module SpecificExpressionMethods
+      include AliasMethods
+      include CastMethods
+      include OrderMethods
+    end
+
+    module GenericExpressionMethods
+      include SpecificExpressionMethods
+      include ComplexExpressionMethods
+    end
+
+    class ComplexExpression
+      include SpecificExpressionMethods
+    end
+
+    class GenericExpression
+      include GenericExpressionMethods
+    end
+
+    ### Classes ###
+
+    # Represents an aliasing of an expression/column to a given name.
+    class AliasedExpression < SpecificExpression
+      # The expression to alias
+      attr_reader :expression
+
+      # The alias to use for the expression, not alias since that is
+      # a keyword in ruby.
+      attr_reader :aliaz
+
+      # Create an object with the given expression and alias.
+      def initialize(expression, aliaz)
+        @expression, @aliaz = expression, aliaz
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.aliased_expression_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Blob is used to represent binary data in the Ruby environment that is
+    # stored as a blob type in the database. In PostgreSQL, the blob type is 
+    # called bytea. Sequel represents binary data as a Blob object because 
+    # certain database engines, such as PostgreSQL, require binary data to be 
+    # escaped.
+    class Blob < ::String
+      # return self.
+      def to_blob
+        self
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Subclass of ComplexExpression where the expression results
+    # in a boolean value in SQL.
+    class BooleanExpression < ComplexExpression
+      include BooleanMethods
+      
+      # Take pairs of values (e.g. a hash or array of arrays of two pairs)
+      # and converts it to a BooleanExpression.  The operator and args
+      # used depends on the case of the right (2nd) argument:
+      #
+      # * 0..10 - left >= 0 AND left <= 10
+      # * [1,2] - left IN (1,2)
+      # * nil - left IS NULL
+      # * /as/ - left ~ 'as'
+      # * :blah - left = blah
+      # * 'blah' - left = 'blah'
+      #
+      # If multiple arguments are given, they are joined with the op given (AND
+      # by default, OR possible).  If negate is set to true,
+      # all subexpressions are inverted before used.  Therefore, the following
+      # expressions are equivalent:
+      #
+      #   ~from_value_pairs(hash)
+      #   from_value_pairs(hash, :OR, true)
+      def self.from_value_pairs(pairs, op=:AND, negate=false)
+        pairs = pairs.collect do |l,r|
+          ce = case r
+          when Range
+            new(:AND, new(:>=, l, r.begin), new(r.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=, l, r.end))
+          when Array, ::Sequel::Dataset
+            new(:IN, l, r)
+          when NilClass
+            new(:IS, l, r)
+          when Regexp
+            StringExpression.like(l, r)
+          else
+            new(:'=', l, r)
+          end
+          negate ? invert(ce) : ce
+        end
+        pairs.length == 1 ? pairs.at(0) : new(op, *pairs)
+      end
+      
+      # Invert the expression, if possible.  If the expression cannot
+      # be inverted, raise an error.  An inverted expression should match everything that the
+      # uninverted expression did not match, and vice-versa.
+      def self.invert(ce)
+        case ce
+        when BooleanExpression
+          case op = ce.op
+          when :AND, :OR
+            BooleanExpression.new(OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS[op], *ce.args.collect{|a| BooleanExpression.invert(a)})
+          else
+            BooleanExpression.new(OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS[op], *ce.args.dup)
+          end
+        when ComplexExpression
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "operator #{ce.op} cannot be inverted")
+        else
+          BooleanExpression.new(:NOT, ce)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL CASE expression, used for conditions.
+    class CaseExpression < GenericExpression
+      # An array of all two pairs with the first element specifying the
+      # condition and the second element specifying the result.
+      attr_reader :conditions
+
+      # The default value if no conditions are true
+      attr_reader :default
+
+      # Create an object with the given conditions and
+      # default value.
+      def initialize(conditions, default)
+        raise(Sequel::Error, 'CaseExpression conditions must be an array with all_two_pairs') unless Array === conditions and conditions.all_two_pairs?
+        @conditions, @default = conditions, default
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.case_expression_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents all columns in a given table, table.* in SQL
+    class ColumnAll < SpecificExpression
+      # The table containing the columns being selected
+      attr_reader :table
+
+      # Create an object with the given table
+      def initialize(table)
+        @table = table
+      end
+
+      # ColumnAll expressions are considered equivalent if they
+      # have the same class and string representation
+      def ==(x)
+        x.class == self.class && @table == x.table
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.column_all_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL function call.
+    class Function < GenericExpression
+      # The array of arguments to pass to the function (may be blank)
+      attr_reader :args
+
+      # The SQL function to call
+      attr_reader :f
+      
+      # Set the attributes to the given arguments
+      def initialize(f, *args)
+        @f, @args = f, args
+      end
+
+      # Functions are considered equivalent if they
+      # have the same class, function, and arguments.
+      def ==(x)
+         x.class == self.class && @f == x.f && @args == x.args
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.function_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Represents an identifier (column or table). Can be used
+    # to specify a Symbol with multiple underscores should not be
+    # split, or for creating an identifier without using a symbol.
+    class Identifier < GenericExpression
+      include QualifyingMethods
+
+      # The table and column to reference
+      attr_reader :value
+
+      # Set the value to the given argument
+      def initialize(value)
+        @value = value
+      end
+      
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.quote_identifier(@value)
+      end 
+    end
+    
+    # IrregularFunction is used for the SQL EXTRACT and CAST functions,
+    # which don't use regular function calling syntax. The IrregularFunction
+    # replaces the commas the regular function uses with a custom
+    # join string.
+    #
+    # This shouldn't be used directly, see CastMethods#cast and 
+    # ComplexExpressionMethods#extract.
+    class IrregularFunction < Function
+      # The arguments to pass to the function (may be blank)
+      attr_reader :arg1, :arg2
+
+      # The SQL function to call
+      attr_reader :f
+      
+      # The literal string to use in place of a comma to join arguments
+      attr_reader :joiner
+
+      # Set the attributes to the given arguments
+      def initialize(f, arg1, joiner, arg2)
+        @f, @arg1, @joiner, @arg2 = f, arg1, joiner, arg2
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.irregular_function_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL JOIN clause, used for joining tables.
+    class JoinClause < SpecificExpression
+      # The type of join to do
+      attr_reader :join_type
+
+      # The actual table to join
+      attr_reader :table
+
+      # The table alias to use for the join, if any
+      attr_reader :table_alias
+
+      # Create an object with the given conditions and
+      # default value.
+      def initialize(join_type, table, table_alias = nil)
+        @join_type, @table, @table_alias = join_type, table, table_alias
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.join_clause_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL JOIN table ON conditions clause.
+    class JoinOnClause < JoinClause
+      # The conditions for the join
+      attr_reader :on
+
+      # Create an object with the given conditions and
+      # default value.
+      def initialize(on, *args)
+        @on = on
+        super(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.join_on_clause_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL JOIN table USING (columns) clause.
+    class JoinUsingClause < JoinClause
+      # The columns that appear both tables that should be equal 
+      # for the conditions to match.
+      attr_reader :using
+
+      # Create an object with the given conditions and
+      # default value.
+      def initialize(using, *args)
+        @using = using
+        super(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.join_using_clause_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Subclass of ComplexExpression where the expression results
+    # in a numeric value in SQL.
+    class NumericExpression < ComplexExpression
+      include BitwiseMethods 
+      include NumericMethods
+      include InequalityMethods
+      include NoBooleanInputMethods
+    end
+
+    # Represents a column/expression to order the result set by.
+    class OrderedExpression < SpecificExpression
+      # The expression to order the result set by.
+      attr_reader :expression
+
+      # Whether the expression should order the result set in a descending manner
+      attr_reader :descending
+
+      # Set the expression and descending attributes to the given values.
+      def initialize(expression, descending = true)
+        @expression, @descending = expression, descending
+      end
+
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.ordered_expression_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents a qualified (column with table) reference.  Used when
+    # joining tables to disambiguate columns.
+    class QualifiedIdentifier < GenericExpression
+      # The table and column to reference
+      attr_reader :table, :column
+
+      # Set the attributes to the given arguments
+      def initialize(table, column)
+        @table, @column = table, column
+      end
+      
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.qualified_identifier_sql(self)
+      end 
+    end
+    
+    # Subclass of ComplexExpression where the expression results
+    # in a text/string/varchar value in SQL.
+    class StringExpression < ComplexExpression
+      include StringMethods
+      include StringConcatenationMethods
+      include InequalityMethods
+      include NoBooleanInputMethods
+      
+      # Creates a SQL pattern match exprssion. left (l) is the SQL string we
+      # are matching against, and ces are the patterns we are matching.
+      # The match succeeds if any of the patterns match (SQL OR).  Patterns
+      # can be given as strings or regular expressions.  Strings will cause
+      # the SQL LIKE operator to be used, and should be supported by most
+      # databases.  Regular expressions will probably only work on MySQL
+      # and PostgreSQL, and SQL regular expression syntax is not fully compatible
+      # with ruby regular expression syntax, so be careful if using regular
+      # expressions.
+      # 
+      # The pattern match will be case insensitive if the last argument is a hash
+      # with a key of :case_insensitive that is not false or nil. Also,
+      # if a case insensitive regular expression is used (//i), that particular
+      # pattern which will always be case insensitive.
+      def self.like(l, *ces)
+        case_insensitive = ces.extract_options![:case_insensitive]
+        ces.collect! do |ce|
+          op, expr = Regexp === ce ? [ce.casefold? || case_insensitive ? :'~*' : :~, ce.source] : [case_insensitive ? :ILIKE : :LIKE, ce.to_s]
+          BooleanExpression.new(op, l, expr)
+        end
+        ces.length == 1 ? ces.at(0) : BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *ces)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Represents an SQL array access, with multiple possible arguments.
+    class Subscript < GenericExpression
+      # The SQL array column
+      attr_reader :f
+
+      # The array of subscripts to use (should be an array of numbers)
+      attr_reader :sub
+
+      # Set the attributes to the given arguments
+      def initialize(f, sub)
+        @f, @sub = f, sub
+      end
+
+      # Create a new subscript appending the given subscript(s)
+      # the the current array of subscripts.
+      def |(sub)
+        Subscript.new(@f, @sub + Array(sub))
+      end
+      
+      # Delegate the creation of the resulting SQL to the given dataset,
+      # since it may be database dependent.
+      def to_s(ds)
+        ds.subscript_sql(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9.0'
+      class VirtualRow < BasicObject
+      end
+    else
+      class VirtualRow
+        (instance_methods - %w"__id__ __send__ instance_eval == equal?").each{|m| undef_method(m)}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # An instance of this class is yielded to the block supplied to filter.
+    # Useful if another library also defines the operator methods that
+    # Sequel defines for symbols.
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   ds = DB[:t]
+    #   ds.filter{|r| r.name < 2} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (name < 2)
+    #   ds.filter{|r| r.table__column + 1 < 2} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE ((table.column + 1) < 2)
+    #   ds.filter{|r| r.is_active(1, 'arg2')} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE is_active(1, 'arg2')
+    class VirtualRow
+      # Can return Identifiers, QualifiedIdentifiers, or Functions:
+      #
+      # * Function - returned if any arguments are supplied, using the method name
+      #   as the function name, and the arguments as the function arguments.
+      # * QualifiedIdentifier - returned if the method name contains __, with the
+      #   table being the part before __, and the column being the part after.
+      # * Identifier - returned otherwise, using the method name.
+      def method_missing(m, *args)
+        if args.empty?
+          table, column = m.to_s.split('__', 2)
+          column ? QualifiedIdentifier.new(table, column) : Identifier.new(m)
+        else
+          Function.new(m, *args)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # LiteralString is used to represent literal SQL expressions. A 
+  # LiteralString is copied verbatim into an SQL statement. Instances of
+  # LiteralString can be created by calling String#lit.
+  # LiteralStrings can use all of the SQL::ColumnMethods and the 
+  # SQL::ComplexExpressionMethods.
+  class LiteralString < ::String
+    include SQL::OrderMethods
+    include SQL::ComplexExpressionMethods
+  end
+end