second_step 0.1.0 → 0.1.2

data/secondstep-notify-1.0.0-osx/lib/ruby/lib/ruby/2.2.0/csv.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2341 @@
+# encoding: US-ASCII
+# = csv.rb -- CSV Reading and Writing
+#
+#  Created by James Edward Gray II on 2005-10-31.
+#  Copyright 2005 James Edward Gray II. You can redistribute or modify this code
+#  under the terms of Ruby's license.
+#
+# See CSV for documentation.
+#
+# == Description
+#
+# Welcome to the new and improved CSV.
+#
+# This version of the CSV library began its life as FasterCSV.  FasterCSV was
+# intended as a replacement to Ruby's then standard CSV library.  It was
+# designed to address concerns users of that library had and it had three
+# primary goals:
+#
+# 1.  Be significantly faster than CSV while remaining a pure Ruby library.
+# 2.  Use a smaller and easier to maintain code base.  (FasterCSV eventually
+#     grew larger, was also but considerably richer in features.  The parsing
+#     core remains quite small.)
+# 3.  Improve on the CSV interface.
+#
+# Obviously, the last one is subjective.  I did try to defer to the original
+# interface whenever I didn't have a compelling reason to change it though, so
+# hopefully this won't be too radically different.
+#
+# We must have met our goals because FasterCSV was renamed to CSV and replaced
+# the original library as of Ruby 1.9. If you are migrating code from 1.8 or
+# earlier, you may have to change your code to comply with the new interface.
+#
+# == What's Different From the Old CSV?
+#
+# I'm sure I'll miss something, but I'll try to mention most of the major
+# differences I am aware of, to help others quickly get up to speed:
+#
+# === CSV Parsing
+#
+# * This parser is m17n aware.  See CSV for full details.
+# * This library has a stricter parser and will throw MalformedCSVErrors on
+#   problematic data.
+# * This library has a less liberal idea of a line ending than CSV.  What you
+#   set as the <tt>:row_sep</tt> is law.  It can auto-detect your line endings
+#   though.
+# * The old library returned empty lines as <tt>[nil]</tt>.  This library calls
+#   them <tt>[]</tt>.
+# * This library has a much faster parser.
+#
+# === Interface
+#
+# * CSV now uses Hash-style parameters to set options.
+# * CSV no longer has generate_row() or parse_row().
+# * The old CSV's Reader and Writer classes have been dropped.
+# * CSV::open() is now more like Ruby's open().
+# * CSV objects now support most standard IO methods.
+# * CSV now has a new() method used to wrap objects like String and IO for
+#   reading and writing.
+# * CSV::generate() is different from the old method.
+# * CSV no longer supports partial reads.  It works line-by-line.
+# * CSV no longer allows the instance methods to override the separators for
+#   performance reasons.  They must be set in the constructor.
+#
+# If you use this library and find yourself missing any functionality I have
+# trimmed, please {let me know}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net].
+#
+# == Documentation
+#
+# See CSV for documentation.
+#
+# == What is CSV, really?
+#
+# CSV maintains a pretty strict definition of CSV taken directly from
+# {the RFC}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt].  I relax the rules in only one
+# place and that is to make using this library easier.  CSV will parse all valid
+# CSV.
+#
+# What you don't want to do is feed CSV invalid data.  Because of the way the
+# CSV format works, it's common for a parser to need to read until the end of
+# the file to be sure a field is invalid.  This eats a lot of time and memory.
+#
+# Luckily, when working with invalid CSV, Ruby's built-in methods will almost
+# always be superior in every way.  For example, parsing non-quoted fields is as
+# easy as:
+#
+#   data.split(",")
+#
+# == Questions and/or Comments
+#
+# Feel free to email {James Edward Gray II}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net]
+# with any questions.
+
+require "forwardable"
+require "English"
+require "date"
+require "stringio"
+
+#
+# This class provides a complete interface to CSV files and data.  It offers
+# tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as
+# needed.
+#
+# == Reading
+#
+# === From a File
+#
+# ==== A Line at a Time
+#
+#   CSV.foreach("path/to/file.csv") do |row|
+#     # use row here...
+#   end
+#
+# ==== All at Once
+#
+#   arr_of_arrs = CSV.read("path/to/file.csv")
+#
+# === From a String
+#
+# ==== A Line at a Time
+#
+#   CSV.parse("CSV,data,String") do |row|
+#     # use row here...
+#   end
+#
+# ==== All at Once
+#
+#   arr_of_arrs = CSV.parse("CSV,data,String")
+#
+# == Writing
+#
+# === To a File
+#
+#   CSV.open("path/to/file.csv", "wb") do |csv|
+#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
+#     csv << ["another", "row"]
+#     # ...
+#   end
+#
+# === To a String
+#
+#   csv_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
+#     csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
+#     csv << ["another", "row"]
+#     # ...
+#   end
+#
+# == Convert a Single Line
+#
+#   csv_string = ["CSV", "data"].to_csv   # to CSV
+#   csv_array  = "CSV,String".parse_csv   # from CSV
+#
+# == Shortcut Interface
+#
+#   CSV             { |csv_out| csv_out << %w{my data here} }  # to $stdout
+#   CSV(csv = "")   { |csv_str| csv_str << %w{my data here} }  # to a String
+#   CSV($stderr)    { |csv_err| csv_err << %w{my data here} }  # to $stderr
+#   CSV($stdin)     { |csv_in|  csv_in.each { |row| p row } }  # from $stdin
+#
+# == Advanced Usage
+#
+# === Wrap an IO Object
+#
+#   csv = CSV.new(io, options)
+#   # ... read (with gets() or each()) from and write (with <<) to csv here ...
+#
+# == CSV and Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)
+#
+# This new CSV parser is m17n savvy.  The parser works in the Encoding of the IO
+# or String object being read from or written to.  Your data is never transcoded
+# (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in
+# the Encoding it is in.  Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the
+# Encoding of your data.  This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself
+# into your Encoding.
+#
+# Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding
+# support.  For example, <tt>:col_sep</tt>, <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
+# <tt>:quote_char</tt> must be transcoded to match your data.  Hopefully this
+# makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV's defaults should just
+# magically work for you data.  However, you can set these values manually in
+# the target Encoding to avoid the translation.
+#
+# It's also important to note that while all of CSV's core parser is now
+# Encoding agnostic, some features are not.  For example, the built-in
+# converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions.
+# Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to
+# avoid this translation.  It's just too hard for me to support native
+# conversions in all of Ruby's Encodings.
+#
+# Anyway, the practical side of this is simple:  make sure IO and String objects
+# passed into CSV have the proper Encoding set and everything should just work.
+# CSV methods that allow you to open IO objects (CSV::foreach(), CSV::open(),
+# CSV::read(), and CSV::readlines()) do allow you to specify the Encoding.
+#
+# One minor exception comes when generating CSV into a String with an Encoding
+# that is not ASCII compatible.  There's no existing data for CSV to use to
+# prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired
+# Encoding for most of those cases.  It will try to guess using the fields in a
+# row of output though, when using CSV::generate_line() or Array#to_csv().
+#
+# I try to point out any other Encoding issues in the documentation of methods
+# as they come up.
+#
+# This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-"dummy" Encodings
+# Ruby ships with.  However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs.
+# Please feel free to {report}[mailto:james@grayproductions.net] any issues you
+# find with it.
+#
+class CSV
+  # The version of the installed library.
+  VERSION = "2.4.8".freeze
+
+  #
+  # A CSV::Row is part Array and part Hash.  It retains an order for the fields
+  # and allows duplicates just as an Array would, but also allows you to access
+  # fields by name just as you could if they were in a Hash.
+  #
+  # All rows returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header row
+  # processing is activated.
+  #
+  class Row
+    #
+    # Construct a new CSV::Row from +headers+ and +fields+, which are expected
+    # to be Arrays.  If one Array is shorter than the other, it will be padded
+    # with +nil+ objects.
+    #
+    # The optional +header_row+ parameter can be set to +true+ to indicate, via
+    # CSV::Row.header_row?() and CSV::Row.field_row?(), that this is a header
+    # row.  Otherwise, the row is assumes to be a field row.
+    #
+    # A CSV::Row object supports the following Array methods through delegation:
+    #
+    # * empty?()
+    # * length()
+    # * size()
+    #
+    def initialize(headers, fields, header_row = false)
+      @header_row = header_row
+      headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
+
+      # handle extra headers or fields
+      @row = if headers.size >= fields.size
+        headers.zip(fields)
+      else
+        fields.zip(headers).map { |pair| pair.reverse! }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
+    attr_reader :row
+    protected   :row
+
+    ### Array Delegation ###
+
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@row, :empty?, :length, :size
+
+    # Returns +true+ if this is a header row.
+    def header_row?
+      @header_row
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if this is a field row.
+    def field_row?
+      not header_row?
+    end
+
+    # Returns the headers of this row.
+    def headers
+      @row.map { |pair| pair.first }
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   field( header )
+    #   field( header, offset )
+    #   field( index )
+    #
+    # This method will return the field value by +header+ or +index+.  If a field
+    # is not found, +nil+ is returned.
+    #
+    # When provided, +offset+ ensures that a header match occurs on or later
+    # than the +offset+ index.  You can use this to find duplicate headers,
+    # without resorting to hard-coding exact indices.
+    #
+    def field(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
+      # locate the pair
+      finder = header_or_index.is_a?(Integer) ? :[] : :assoc
+      pair   = @row[minimum_index..-1].send(finder, header_or_index)
+
+      # return the field if we have a pair
+      pair.nil? ? nil : pair.last
+    end
+    alias_method :[], :field
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   fetch( header )
+    #   fetch( header ) { |row| ... }
+    #   fetch( header, default )
+    #
+    # This method will fetch the field value by +header+. It has the same
+    # behavior as Hash#fetch: if there is a field with the given +header+, its
+    # value is returned. Otherwise, if a block is given, it is yielded the
+    # +header+ and its result is returned; if a +default+ is given as the
+    # second argument, it is returned; otherwise a KeyError is raised.
+    #
+    def fetch(header, *varargs)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Too many arguments" if varargs.length > 1
+      pair = @row.assoc(header)
+      if pair
+        pair.last
+      else
+        if block_given?
+          yield header
+        elsif varargs.empty?
+          raise KeyError, "key not found: #{header}"
+        else
+          varargs.first
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if there is a field with the given +header+.
+    def has_key?(header)
+      !!@row.assoc(header)
+    end
+    alias_method :include?, :has_key?
+    alias_method :key?,     :has_key?
+    alias_method :member?,  :has_key?
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   []=( header, value )
+    #   []=( header, offset, value )
+    #   []=( index, value )
+    #
+    # Looks up the field by the semantics described in CSV::Row.field() and
+    # assigns the +value+.
+    #
+    # Assigning past the end of the row with an index will set all pairs between
+    # to <tt>[nil, nil]</tt>.  Assigning to an unused header appends the new
+    # pair.
+    #
+    def []=(*args)
+      value = args.pop
+
+      if args.first.is_a? Integer
+        if @row[args.first].nil?  # extending past the end with index
+          @row[args.first] = [nil, value]
+          @row.map! { |pair| pair.nil? ? [nil, nil] : pair }
+        else                      # normal index assignment
+          @row[args.first][1] = value
+        end
+      else
+        index = index(*args)
+        if index.nil?             # appending a field
+          self << [args.first, value]
+        else                      # normal header assignment
+          @row[index][1] = value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   <<( field )
+    #   <<( header_and_field_array )
+    #   <<( header_and_field_hash )
+    #
+    # If a two-element Array is provided, it is assumed to be a header and field
+    # and the pair is appended.  A Hash works the same way with the key being
+    # the header and the value being the field.  Anything else is assumed to be
+    # a lone field which is appended with a +nil+ header.
+    #
+    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    #
+    def <<(arg)
+      if arg.is_a?(Array) and arg.size == 2  # appending a header and name
+        @row << arg
+      elsif arg.is_a?(Hash)                  # append header and name pairs
+        arg.each { |pair| @row << pair }
+      else                                   # append field value
+        @row << [nil, arg]
+      end
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # A shortcut for appending multiple fields.  Equivalent to:
+    #
+    #   args.each { |arg| csv_row << arg }
+    #
+    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    #
+    def push(*args)
+      args.each { |arg| self << arg }
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   delete( header )
+    #   delete( header, offset )
+    #   delete( index )
+    #
+    # Used to remove a pair from the row by +header+ or +index+.  The pair is
+    # located as described in CSV::Row.field().  The deleted pair is returned,
+    # or +nil+ if a pair could not be found.
+    #
+    def delete(header_or_index, minimum_index = 0)
+      if header_or_index.is_a? Integer                 # by index
+        @row.delete_at(header_or_index)
+      elsif i = index(header_or_index, minimum_index)  # by header
+        @row.delete_at(i)
+      else
+        [ ]
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # The provided +block+ is passed a header and field for each pair in the row
+    # and expected to return +true+ or +false+, depending on whether the pair
+    # should be deleted.
+    #
+    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    #
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      @row.delete_if(&block)
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # This method accepts any number of arguments which can be headers, indices,
+    # Ranges of either, or two-element Arrays containing a header and offset.
+    # Each argument will be replaced with a field lookup as described in
+    # CSV::Row.field().
+    #
+    # If called with no arguments, all fields are returned.
+    #
+    def fields(*headers_and_or_indices)
+      if headers_and_or_indices.empty?  # return all fields--no arguments
+        @row.map { |pair| pair.last }
+      else                              # or work like values_at()
+        headers_and_or_indices.inject(Array.new) do |all, h_or_i|
+          all + if h_or_i.is_a? Range
+            index_begin = h_or_i.begin.is_a?(Integer) ? h_or_i.begin :
+                                                        index(h_or_i.begin)
+            index_end   = h_or_i.end.is_a?(Integer)   ? h_or_i.end :
+                                                        index(h_or_i.end)
+            new_range   = h_or_i.exclude_end? ? (index_begin...index_end) :
+                                                (index_begin..index_end)
+            fields.values_at(new_range)
+          else
+            [field(*Array(h_or_i))]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :values_at, :fields
+
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   index( header )
+    #   index( header, offset )
+    #
+    # This method will return the index of a field with the provided +header+.
+    # The +offset+ can be used to locate duplicate header names, as described in
+    # CSV::Row.field().
+    #
+    def index(header, minimum_index = 0)
+      # find the pair
+      index = headers[minimum_index..-1].index(header)
+      # return the index at the right offset, if we found one
+      index.nil? ? nil : index + minimum_index
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if +name+ is a header for this row, and +false+ otherwise.
+    def header?(name)
+      headers.include? name
+    end
+    alias_method :include?, :header?
+
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if +data+ matches a field in this row, and +false+
+    # otherwise.
+    #
+    def field?(data)
+      fields.include? data
+    end
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    #
+    # Yields each pair of the row as header and field tuples (much like
+    # iterating over a Hash).
+    #
+    # Support for Enumerable.
+    #
+    # This method returns the row for chaining.
+    #
+    def each(&block)
+      @row.each(&block)
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns +true+ if this row contains the same headers and fields in the
+    # same order as +other+.
+    #
+    def ==(other)
+      return @row == other.row if other.is_a? CSV::Row
+      @row == other
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Collapses the row into a simple Hash.  Be warning that this discards field
+    # order and clobbers duplicate fields.
+    #
+    def to_hash
+      # flatten just one level of the internal Array
+      Hash[*@row.inject(Array.new) { |ary, pair| ary.push(*pair) }]
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the row as a CSV String.  Headers are not used.  Equivalent to:
+    #
+    #   csv_row.fields.to_csv( options )
+    #
+    def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
+      fields.to_csv(options)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
+
+    # A summary of fields, by header, in an ASCII compatible String.
+    def inspect
+      str = ["#<", self.class.to_s]
+      each do |header, field|
+        str << " " << (header.is_a?(Symbol) ? header.to_s : header.inspect) <<
+               ":" << field.inspect
+      end
+      str << ">"
+      begin
+        str.join('')
+      rescue  # any encoding error
+        str.map do |s|
+          e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
+          e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+        end.join('')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # A CSV::Table is a two-dimensional data structure for representing CSV
+  # documents.  Tables allow you to work with the data by row or column,
+  # manipulate the data, and even convert the results back to CSV, if needed.
+  #
+  # All tables returned by CSV will be constructed from this class, if header
+  # row processing is activated.
+  #
+  class Table
+    #
+    # Construct a new CSV::Table from +array_of_rows+, which are expected
+    # to be CSV::Row objects.  All rows are assumed to have the same headers.
+    #
+    # A CSV::Table object supports the following Array methods through
+    # delegation:
+    #
+    # * empty?()
+    # * length()
+    # * size()
+    #
+    def initialize(array_of_rows)
+      @table = array_of_rows
+      @mode  = :col_or_row
+    end
+
+    # The current access mode for indexing and iteration.
+    attr_reader :mode
+
+    # Internal data format used to compare equality.
+    attr_reader :table
+    protected   :table
+
+    ### Array Delegation ###
+
+    extend Forwardable
+    def_delegators :@table, :empty?, :length, :size
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in column mode.  This is handy for
+    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
+    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_col
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to column mode.  All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will work with columns until the mode is changed again.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_col!
+      @mode = :col
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in mixed mode.  This is handy for
+    # chaining in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware
+    # that this method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_col_or_row
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_col_or_row!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to mixed mode.  All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will use the default intelligent indexing system until
+    # the mode is changed again.  In mixed mode an index is assumed to be a row
+    # reference while anything else is assumed to be column access by headers.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_col_or_row!
+      @mode = :col_or_row
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns a duplicate table object, in row mode.  This is handy for chaining
+    # in a single call without changing the table mode, but be aware that this
+    # method can consume a fair amount of memory for bigger data sets.
+    #
+    # This method returns the duplicate table for chaining.  Don't chain
+    # destructive methods (like []=()) this way though, since you are working
+    # with a duplicate.
+    #
+    def by_row
+      self.class.new(@table.dup).by_row!
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Switches the mode of this table to row mode.  All calls to indexing and
+    # iteration methods will work with rows until the mode is changed again.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table and is safe to chain.
+    #
+    def by_row!
+      @mode = :row
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the headers for the first row of this table (assumed to match all
+    # other rows).  An empty Array is returned for empty tables.
+    #
+    def headers
+      if @table.empty?
+        Array.new
+      else
+        @table.first.headers
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # In the default mixed mode, this method returns rows for index access and
+    # columns for header access.  You can force the index association by first
+    # calling by_col!() or by_row!().
+    #
+    # Columns are returned as an Array of values.  Altering that Array has no
+    # effect on the table.
+    #
+    def [](index_or_header)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by index
+         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
+        @table[index_or_header]
+      else                 # by header
+        @table.map { |row| row[index_or_header] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # In the default mixed mode, this method assigns rows for index access and
+    # columns for header access.  You can force the index association by first
+    # calling by_col!() or by_row!().
+    #
+    # Rows may be set to an Array of values (which will inherit the table's
+    # headers()) or a CSV::Row.
+    #
+    # Columns may be set to a single value, which is copied to each row of the
+    # column, or an Array of values.  Arrays of values are assigned to rows top
+    # to bottom in row major order.  Excess values are ignored and if the Array
+    # does not have a value for each row the extra rows will receive a +nil+.
+    #
+    # Assigning to an existing column or row clobbers the data.  Assigning to
+    # new columns creates them at the right end of the table.
+    #
+    def []=(index_or_header, value)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by index
+         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
+        if value.is_a? Array
+          @table[index_or_header] = Row.new(headers, value)
+        else
+          @table[index_or_header] = value
+        end
+      else                 # set column
+        if value.is_a? Array  # multiple values
+          @table.each_with_index do |row, i|
+            if row.header_row?
+              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
+            else
+              row[index_or_header] = value[i]
+            end
+          end
+        else                  # repeated value
+          @table.each do |row|
+            if row.header_row?
+              row[index_or_header] = index_or_header
+            else
+              row[index_or_header] = value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # The mixed mode default is to treat a list of indices as row access,
+    # returning the rows indicated.  Anything else is considered columnar
+    # access.  For columnar access, the return set has an Array for each row
+    # with the values indicated by the headers in each Array.  You can force
+    # column or row mode using by_col!() or by_row!().
+    #
+    # You cannot mix column and row access.
+    #
+    def values_at(*indices_or_headers)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by indices
+         ( @mode == :col_or_row and indices_or_headers.all? do |index|
+                                      index.is_a?(Integer)         or
+                                      ( index.is_a?(Range)         and
+                                        index.first.is_a?(Integer) and
+                                        index.last.is_a?(Integer) )
+                                    end )
+        @table.values_at(*indices_or_headers)
+      else                 # by headers
+        @table.map { |row| row.values_at(*indices_or_headers) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Adds a new row to the bottom end of this table.  You can provide an Array,
+    # which will be converted to a CSV::Row (inheriting the table's headers()),
+    # or a CSV::Row.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    #
+    def <<(row_or_array)
+      if row_or_array.is_a? Array  # append Array
+        @table << Row.new(headers, row_or_array)
+      else                         # append Row
+        @table << row_or_array
+      end
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # A shortcut for appending multiple rows.  Equivalent to:
+    #
+    #   rows.each { |row| self << row }
+    #
+    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    #
+    def push(*rows)
+      rows.each { |row| self << row }
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Removes and returns the indicated column or row.  In the default mixed
+    # mode indices refer to rows and everything else is assumed to be a column
+    # header.  Use by_col!() or by_row!() to force the lookup.
+    #
+    def delete(index_or_header)
+      if @mode == :row or  # by index
+         (@mode == :col_or_row and index_or_header.is_a? Integer)
+        @table.delete_at(index_or_header)
+      else                 # by header
+        @table.map { |row| row.delete(index_or_header).last }
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Removes any column or row for which the block returns +true+.  In the
+    # default mixed mode or row mode, iteration is the standard row major
+    # walking of rows.  In column mode, iteration will +yield+ two element
+    # tuples containing the column name and an Array of values for that column.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    #
+    def delete_if(&block)
+      if @mode == :row or @mode == :col_or_row  # by index
+        @table.delete_if(&block)
+      else                                      # by header
+        to_delete = Array.new
+        headers.each_with_index do |header, i|
+          to_delete << header if block[[header, self[header]]]
+        end
+        to_delete.map { |header| delete(header) }
+      end
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    include Enumerable
+
+    #
+    # In the default mixed mode or row mode, iteration is the standard row major
+    # walking of rows.  In column mode, iteration will +yield+ two element
+    # tuples containing the column name and an Array of values for that column.
+    #
+    # This method returns the table for chaining.
+    #
+    def each(&block)
+      if @mode == :col
+        headers.each { |header| block[[header, self[header]]] }
+      else
+        @table.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      self  # for chaining
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if all rows of this table ==() +other+'s rows.
+    def ==(other)
+      @table == other.table
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the table as an Array of Arrays.  Headers will be the first row,
+    # then all of the field rows will follow.
+    #
+    def to_a
+      @table.inject([headers]) do |array, row|
+        if row.header_row?
+          array
+        else
+          array + [row.fields]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # Returns the table as a complete CSV String.  Headers will be listed first,
+    # then all of the field rows.
+    #
+    # This method assumes you want the Table.headers(), unless you explicitly
+    # pass <tt>:write_headers => false</tt>.
+    #
+    def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
+      wh = options.fetch(:write_headers, true)
+      @table.inject(wh ? [headers.to_csv(options)] : [ ]) do |rows, row|
+        if row.header_row?
+          rows
+        else
+          rows + [row.fields.to_csv(options)]
+        end
+      end.join('')
+    end
+    alias_method :to_s, :to_csv
+
+    # Shows the mode and size of this table in a US-ASCII String.
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} mode:#{@mode} row_count:#{to_a.size}>".encode("US-ASCII")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The error thrown when the parser encounters illegal CSV formatting.
+  class MalformedCSVError < RuntimeError; end
+
+  #
+  # A FieldInfo Struct contains details about a field's position in the data
+  # source it was read from.  CSV will pass this Struct to some blocks that make
+  # decisions based on field structure.  See CSV.convert_fields() for an
+  # example.
+  #
+  # <b><tt>index</tt></b>::  The zero-based index of the field in its row.
+  # <b><tt>line</tt></b>::   The line of the data source this row is from.
+  # <b><tt>header</tt></b>:: The header for the column, when available.
+  #
+  FieldInfo = Struct.new(:index, :line, :header)
+
+  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.
+  DateMatcher     = / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
+                            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} )\z /x
+  # A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.
+  DateTimeMatcher =
+    / \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2}\s+\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
+            \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} )\z /x
+
+  # The encoding used by all converters.
+  ConverterEncoding = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
+
+  #
+  # This Hash holds the built-in converters of CSV that can be accessed by name.
+  # You can select Converters with CSV.convert() or through the +options+ Hash
+  # passed to CSV::new().
+  #
+  # <b><tt>:integer</tt></b>::    Converts any field Integer() accepts.
+  # <b><tt>:float</tt></b>::      Converts any field Float() accepts.
+  # <b><tt>:numeric</tt></b>::    A combination of <tt>:integer</tt>
+  #                               and <tt>:float</tt>.
+  # <b><tt>:date</tt></b>::       Converts any field Date::parse() accepts.
+  # <b><tt>:date_time</tt></b>::  Converts any field DateTime::parse() accepts.
+  # <b><tt>:all</tt></b>::        All built-in converters.  A combination of
+  #                               <tt>:date_time</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt>.
+  #
+  # All built-in converters transcode field data to UTF-8 before attempting a
+  # conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will
+  # fail and the field will remain unchanged.
+  #
+  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
+  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
+  #
+  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
+  # can be nested with other combo fields.
+  #
+  Converters  = { integer:   lambda { |f|
+                    Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
+                  },
+                  float:     lambda { |f|
+                    Float(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
+                  },
+                  numeric:   [:integer, :float],
+                  date:      lambda { |f|
+                    begin
+                      e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
+                      e =~ DateMatcher ? Date.parse(e) : f
+                    rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
+                      f
+                    end
+                  },
+                  date_time: lambda { |f|
+                    begin
+                      e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
+                      e =~ DateTimeMatcher ? DateTime.parse(e) : f
+                    rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
+                      f
+                    end
+                  },
+                  all:       [:date_time, :numeric] }
+
+  #
+  # This Hash holds the built-in header converters of CSV that can be accessed
+  # by name.  You can select HeaderConverters with CSV.header_convert() or
+  # through the +options+ Hash passed to CSV::new().
+  #
+  # <b><tt>:downcase</tt></b>::  Calls downcase() on the header String.
+  # <b><tt>:symbol</tt></b>::    The header String is downcased, spaces are
+  #                              replaced with underscores, non-word characters
+  #                              are dropped, and finally to_sym() is called.
+  #
+  # All built-in header converters transcode header data to UTF-8 before
+  # attempting a conversion.  If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the
+  # conversion will fail and the header will remain unchanged.
+  #
+  # This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add
+  # values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.
+  #
+  # To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names.  Combo fields
+  # can be nested with other combo fields.
+  #
+  HeaderConverters = {
+    downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
+    symbol:   lambda { |h|
+      h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase.strip.gsub(/\s+/, "_").
+                                                 gsub(/\W+/, "").to_sym
+    }
+  }
+
+  #
+  # The options used when no overrides are given by calling code.  They are:
+  #
+  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>","</tt>
+  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            <tt>:auto</tt>
+  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         <tt>'"'</tt>
+  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   +nil+
+  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         +nil+
+  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: +nil+
+  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            +false+
+  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     +false+
+  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  +nil+
+  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        +false+
+  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       +false+
+  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         +nil+
+  #
+  DEFAULT_OPTIONS = { col_sep:            ",",
+                      row_sep:            :auto,
+                      quote_char:         '"',
+                      field_size_limit:   nil,
+                      converters:         nil,
+                      unconverted_fields: nil,
+                      headers:            false,
+                      return_headers:     false,
+                      header_converters:  nil,
+                      skip_blanks:        false,
+                      force_quotes:       false,
+                      skip_lines:         nil }.freeze
+
+  #
+  # This method will return a CSV instance, just like CSV::new(), but the
+  # instance will be cached and returned for all future calls to this method for
+  # the same +data+ object (tested by Object#object_id()) with the same
+  # +options+.
+  #
+  # If a block is given, the instance is passed to the block and the return
+  # value becomes the return value of the block.
+  #
+  def self.instance(data = $stdout, options = Hash.new)
+    # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
+    sig = [data.object_id] +
+          options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })
+
+    # fetch or create the instance for this signature
+    @@instances ||= Hash.new
+    instance    =   (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, options))
+
+    if block_given?
+      yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
+    else
+      instance        # or return the instance
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   filter( options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
+  #   filter( input, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
+  #   filter( input, output, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
+  #
+  # This method is a convenience for building Unix-like filters for CSV data.
+  # Each row is yielded to the provided block which can alter it as needed.
+  # After the block returns, the row is appended to +output+ altered or not.
+  #
+  # The +input+ and +output+ arguments can be anything CSV::new() accepts
+  # (generally String or IO objects).  If not given, they default to
+  # <tt>ARGF</tt> and <tt>$stdout</tt>.
+  #
+  # The +options+ parameter is also filtered down to CSV::new() after some
+  # clever key parsing.  Any key beginning with <tt>:in_</tt> or
+  # <tt>:input_</tt> will have that leading identifier stripped and will only
+  # be used in the +options+ Hash for the +input+ object.  Keys starting with
+  # <tt>:out_</tt> or <tt>:output_</tt> affect only +output+.  All other keys
+  # are assigned to both objects.
+  #
+  # The <tt>:output_row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to
+  # <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
+  #
+  def self.filter(*args)
+    # parse options for input, output, or both
+    in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
+    if args.last.is_a? Hash
+      args.pop.each do |key, value|
+        case key.to_s
+        when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
+        when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
+          out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
+        else
+          in_options[key]  = value
+          out_options[key] = value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    # build input and output wrappers
+    input  = new(args.shift || ARGF,    in_options)
+    output = new(args.shift || $stdout, out_options)
+
+    # read, yield, write
+    input.each do |row|
+      yield row
+      output << row
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method is intended as the primary interface for reading CSV files.  You
+  # pass a +path+ and any +options+ you wish to set for the read.  Each row of
+  # file will be passed to the provided +block+ in turn.
+  #
+  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
+  # also understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use
+  # to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide
+  # this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this
+  # to determine how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to
+  # have the data transcoded as it is read.  For example,
+  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
+  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
+  #
+  def self.foreach(path, options = Hash.new, &block)
+    return to_enum(__method__, path, options) unless block
+    open(path, options) do |csv|
+      csv.each(&block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   generate( str, options = Hash.new ) { |csv| ... }
+  #   generate( options = Hash.new ) { |csv| ... }
+  #
+  # This method wraps a String you provide, or an empty default String, in a
+  # CSV object which is passed to the provided block.  You can use the block to
+  # append CSV rows to the String and when the block exits, the final String
+  # will be returned.
+  #
+  # Note that a passed String *is* modified by this method.  Call dup() before
+  # passing if you need a new String.
+  #
+  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
+  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter when not passed a
+  # String to set the base Encoding for the output.  CSV needs this hint if you
+  # plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.
+  #
+  def self.generate(*args)
+    # add a default empty String, if none was given
+    if args.first.is_a? String
+      io = StringIO.new(args.shift)
+      io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+      args.unshift(io)
+    else
+      encoding = args[-1][:encoding] if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+      str      = ""
+      str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
+      args.unshift(str)
+    end
+    csv = new(*args)  # wrap
+    yield csv         # yield for appending
+    csv.string        # return final String
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single row (Array) into a CSV
+  # String.
+  #
+  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.  This method
+  # understands an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter to set the base
+  # Encoding for the output.  This method will try to guess your Encoding from
+  # the first non-+nil+ field in +row+, if possible, but you may need to use
+  # this parameter as a backup plan.
+  #
+  # The <tt>:row_sep</tt> +option+ defaults to <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
+  # (<tt>$/</tt>) when calling this method.
+  #
+  def self.generate_line(row, options = Hash.new)
+    options  = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
+    encoding = options.delete(:encoding)
+    str      = ""
+    if encoding
+      str.force_encoding(encoding)
+    elsif field = row.find { |f| not f.nil? }
+      str.force_encoding(String(field).encoding)
+    end
+    (new(str, options) << row).string
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", options = Hash.new ) { |faster_csv| ... }
+  #   open( filename, options = Hash.new ) { |faster_csv| ... }
+  #   open( filename, mode = "rb", options = Hash.new )
+  #   open( filename, options = Hash.new )
+  #
+  # This method opens an IO object, and wraps that with CSV.  This is intended
+  # as the primary interface for writing a CSV file.
+  #
+  # You must pass a +filename+ and may optionally add a +mode+ for Ruby's
+  # open().  You may also pass an optional Hash containing any +options+
+  # CSV::new() understands as the final argument.
+  #
+  # This method works like Ruby's open() call, in that it will pass a CSV object
+  # to a provided block and close it when the block terminates, or it will
+  # return the CSV object when no block is provided.  (*Note*: This is different
+  # from the Ruby 1.8 CSV library which passed rows to the block.  Use
+  # CSV::foreach() for that behavior.)
+  #
+  # You must provide a +mode+ with an embedded Encoding designator unless your
+  # data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will check the Encoding of the
+  # underlying IO object (set by the +mode+ you pass) to determine how to parse
+  # the data.   You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as
+  # it is read just as you can with a normal call to IO::open().  For example,
+  # <tt>"rb:UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file but
+  # transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
+  #
+  # An opened CSV object will delegate to many IO methods for convenience.  You
+  # may call:
+  #
+  # * binmode()
+  # * binmode?()
+  # * close()
+  # * close_read()
+  # * close_write()
+  # * closed?()
+  # * eof()
+  # * eof?()
+  # * external_encoding()
+  # * fcntl()
+  # * fileno()
+  # * flock()
+  # * flush()
+  # * fsync()
+  # * internal_encoding()
+  # * ioctl()
+  # * isatty()
+  # * path()
+  # * pid()
+  # * pos()
+  # * pos=()
+  # * reopen()
+  # * seek()
+  # * stat()
+  # * sync()
+  # * sync=()
+  # * tell()
+  # * to_i()
+  # * to_io()
+  # * truncate()
+  # * tty?()
+  #
+  def self.open(*args)
+    # find the +options+ Hash
+    options = if args.last.is_a? Hash then args.pop else Hash.new end
+    # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
+    # decorator
+    file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)
+    begin
+      f = File.open(*args, file_opts)
+    rescue ArgumentError => e
+      raise unless /needs binmode/ =~ e.message and args.size == 1
+      args << "rb"
+      file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
+      retry
+    end
+    begin
+      csv = new(f, options)
+    rescue Exception
+      f.close
+      raise
+    end
+
+    # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
+    if block_given?
+      begin
+        yield csv
+      ensure
+        csv.close
+      end
+    else
+      csv
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   parse( str, options = Hash.new ) { |row| ... }
+  #   parse( str, options = Hash.new )
+  #
+  # This method can be used to easily parse CSV out of a String.  You may either
+  # provide a +block+ which will be called with each row of the String in turn,
+  # or just use the returned Array of Arrays (when no +block+ is given).
+  #
+  # You pass your +str+ to read from, and an optional +options+ Hash containing
+  # anything CSV::new() understands.
+  #
+  def self.parse(*args, &block)
+    csv = new(*args)
+    if block.nil?  # slurp contents, if no block is given
+      begin
+        csv.read
+      ensure
+        csv.close
+      end
+    else           # or pass each row to a provided block
+      csv.each(&block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method is a shortcut for converting a single line of a CSV String into
+  # an Array.  Note that if +line+ contains multiple rows, anything beyond the
+  # first row is ignored.
+  #
+  # The +options+ parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.
+  #
+  def self.parse_line(line, options = Hash.new)
+    new(line, options).shift
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Use to slurp a CSV file into an Array of Arrays.  Pass the +path+ to the
+  # file and any +options+ CSV::new() understands.  This method also understands
+  # an additional <tt>:encoding</tt> parameter that you can use to specify the
+  # Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless
+  # your data is in Encoding::default_external().  CSV will use this to determine
+  # how to parse the data.  You may provide a second Encoding to have the data
+  # transcoded as it is read.  For example,
+  # <tt>encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8"</tt> would read UTF-32BE data from the file
+  # but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.
+  #
+  def self.read(path, *options)
+    open(path, *options) { |csv| csv.read }
+  end
+
+  # Alias for CSV::read().
+  def self.readlines(*args)
+    read(*args)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # A shortcut for:
+  #
+  #   CSV.read( path, { headers:           true,
+  #                     converters:        :numeric,
+  #                     header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
+  #
+  def self.table(path, options = Hash.new)
+    read( path, { headers:           true,
+                  converters:        :numeric,
+                  header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This constructor will wrap either a String or IO object passed in +data+ for
+  # reading and/or writing.  In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO
+  # methods are delegated.  (See CSV::open() for a complete list.)  If you pass
+  # a String for +data+, you can later retrieve it (after writing to it, for
+  # example) with CSV.string().
+  #
+  # Note that a wrapped String will be positioned at at the beginning (for
+  # reading).  If you want it at the end (for writing), use CSV::generate().
+  # If you want any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.
+  #
+  # You may set any reading and/or writing preferences in the +options+ Hash.
+  # Available options are:
+  #
+  # <b><tt>:col_sep</tt></b>::            The String placed between each field.
+  #                                       This String will be transcoded into
+  #                                       the data's Encoding before parsing.
+  # <b><tt>:row_sep</tt></b>::            The String appended to the end of each
+  #                                       row.  This can be set to the special
+  #                                       <tt>:auto</tt> setting, which requests
+  #                                       that CSV automatically discover this
+  #                                       from the data.  Auto-discovery reads
+  #                                       ahead in the data looking for the next
+  #                                       <tt>"\r\n"</tt>, <tt>"\n"</tt>, or
+  #                                       <tt>"\r"</tt> sequence.  A sequence
+  #                                       will be selected even if it occurs in
+  #                                       a quoted field, assuming that you
+  #                                       would have the same line endings
+  #                                       there.  If none of those sequences is
+  #                                       found, +data+ is <tt>ARGF</tt>,
+  #                                       <tt>STDIN</tt>, <tt>STDOUT</tt>, or
+  #                                       <tt>STDERR</tt>, or the stream is only
+  #                                       available for output, the default
+  #                                       <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
+  #                                       (<tt>$/</tt>) is used.  Obviously,
+  #                                       discovery takes a little time.  Set
+  #                                       manually if speed is important.  Also
+  #                                       note that IO objects should be opened
+  #                                       in binary mode on Windows if this
+  #                                       feature will be used as the
+  #                                       line-ending translation can cause
+  #                                       problems with resetting the document
+  #                                       position to where it was before the
+  #                                       read ahead. This String will be
+  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
+  #                                       before parsing.
+  # <b><tt>:quote_char</tt></b>::         The character used to quote fields.
+  #                                       This has to be a single character
+  #                                       String.  This is useful for
+  #                                       application that incorrectly use
+  #                                       <tt>'</tt> as the quote character
+  #                                       instead of the correct <tt>"</tt>.
+  #                                       CSV will always consider a double
+  #                                       sequence of this character to be an
+  #                                       escaped quote. This String will be
+  #                                       transcoded into the data's Encoding
+  #                                       before parsing.
+  # <b><tt>:field_size_limit</tt></b>::   This is a maximum size CSV will read
+  #                                       ahead looking for the closing quote
+  #                                       for a field.  (In truth, it reads to
+  #                                       the first line ending beyond this
+  #                                       size.)  If a quote cannot be found
+  #                                       within the limit CSV will raise a
+  #                                       MalformedCSVError, assuming the data
+  #                                       is faulty.  You can use this limit to
+  #                                       prevent what are effectively DoS
+  #                                       attacks on the parser.  However, this
+  #                                       limit can cause a legitimate parse to
+  #                                       fail and thus is set to +nil+, or off,
+  #                                       by default.
+  # <b><tt>:converters</tt></b>::         An Array of names from the Converters
+  #                                       Hash and/or lambdas that handle custom
+  #                                       conversion.  A single converter
+  #                                       doesn't have to be in an Array.  All
+  #                                       built-in converters try to transcode
+  #                                       fields to UTF-8 before converting.
+  #                                       The conversion will fail if the data
+  #                                       cannot be transcoded, leaving the
+  #                                       field unchanged.
+  # <b><tt>:unconverted_fields</tt></b>:: If set to +true+, an
+  #                                       unconverted_fields() method will be
+  #                                       added to all returned rows (Array or
+  #                                       CSV::Row) that will return the fields
+  #                                       as they were before conversion.  Note
+  #                                       that <tt>:headers</tt> supplied by
+  #                                       Array or String were not fields of the
+  #                                       document and thus will have an empty
+  #                                       Array attached.
+  # <b><tt>:headers</tt></b>::            If set to <tt>:first_row</tt> or
+  #                                       +true+, the initial row of the CSV
+  #                                       file will be treated as a row of
+  #                                       headers.  If set to an Array, the
+  #                                       contents will be used as the headers.
+  #                                       If set to a String, the String is run
+  #                                       through a call of CSV::parse_line()
+  #                                       with the same <tt>:col_sep</tt>,
+  #                                       <tt>:row_sep</tt>, and
+  #                                       <tt>:quote_char</tt> as this instance
+  #                                       to produce an Array of headers.  This
+  #                                       setting causes CSV#shift() to return
+  #                                       rows as CSV::Row objects instead of
+  #                                       Arrays and CSV#read() to return
+  #                                       CSV::Table objects instead of an Array
+  #                                       of Arrays.
+  # <b><tt>:return_headers</tt></b>::     When +false+, header rows are silently
+  #                                       swallowed.  If set to +true+, header
+  #                                       rows are returned in a CSV::Row object
+  #                                       with identical headers and
+  #                                       fields (save that the fields do not go
+  #                                       through the converters).
+  # <b><tt>:write_headers</tt></b>::      When +true+ and <tt>:headers</tt> is
+  #                                       set, a header row will be added to the
+  #                                       output.
+  # <b><tt>:header_converters</tt></b>::  Identical in functionality to
+  #                                       <tt>:converters</tt> save that the
+  #                                       conversions are only made to header
+  #                                       rows.  All built-in converters try to
+  #                                       transcode headers to UTF-8 before
+  #                                       converting.  The conversion will fail
+  #                                       if the data cannot be transcoded,
+  #                                       leaving the header unchanged.
+  # <b><tt>:skip_blanks</tt></b>::        When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
+  #                                       skip over any empty rows. Note that
+  #                                       this setting will not skip rows that
+  #                                       contain column separators, even if
+  #                                       the rows contain no actual data. If
+  #                                       you want to skip rows that contain
+  #                                       separators but no content, consider
+  #                                       using <tt>:skip_lines</tt>, or
+  #                                       inspecting fields.compact.empty? on
+  #                                       each row.
+  # <b><tt>:force_quotes</tt></b>::       When set to a +true+ value, CSV will
+  #                                       quote all CSV fields it creates.
+  # <b><tt>:skip_lines</tt></b>::         When set to an object responding to
+  #                                       <tt>match</tt>, every line matching
+  #                                       it is considered a comment and ignored
+  #                                       during parsing. When set to a String,
+  #                                       it is first converted to a Regexp.
+  #                                       When set to +nil+ no line is considered
+  #                                       a comment. If the passed object does
+  #                                       not respond to <tt>match</tt>,
+  #                                       <tt>ArgumentError</tt> is thrown.
+  #
+  # See CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS for the default settings.
+  #
+  # Options cannot be overridden in the instance methods for performance reasons,
+  # so be sure to set what you want here.
+  #
+  def initialize(data, options = Hash.new)
+    if data.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV")
+    end
+
+    # build the options for this read/write
+    options = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+
+    # create the IO object we will read from
+    @io       = data.is_a?(String) ? StringIO.new(data) : data
+    # honor the IO encoding if we can, otherwise default to ASCII-8BIT
+    @encoding = raw_encoding(nil) ||
+                ( if encoding = options.delete(:internal_encoding)
+                    case encoding
+                    when Encoding; encoding
+                    else Encoding.find(encoding)
+                    end
+                  end ) ||
+                ( case encoding = options.delete(:encoding)
+                  when Encoding; encoding
+                  when /\A[^:]+/; Encoding.find($&)
+                  end ) ||
+                Encoding.default_internal || Encoding.default_external
+    #
+    # prepare for building safe regular expressions in the target encoding,
+    # if we can transcode the needed characters
+    #
+    @re_esc   =   "\\".encode(@encoding) rescue ""
+    @re_chars =   /#{%"[-\\]\\[\\.^$?*+{}()|# \r\n\t\f\v]".encode(@encoding)}/
+
+    init_separators(options)
+    init_parsers(options)
+    init_converters(options)
+    init_headers(options)
+    init_comments(options)
+
+    @force_encoding = !!(encoding || options.delete(:encoding))
+    options.delete(:internal_encoding)
+    options.delete(:external_encoding)
+    unless options.empty?
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options:  #{options.keys.join(', ')}."
+    end
+
+    # track our own lineno since IO gets confused about line-ends is CSV fields
+    @lineno = 0
+  end
+
+  #
+  # The encoded <tt>:col_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
+  # for details.
+  #
+  attr_reader :col_sep
+  #
+  # The encoded <tt>:row_sep</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
+  # for details.
+  #
+  attr_reader :row_sep
+  #
+  # The encoded <tt>:quote_char</tt> used in parsing and writing.  See CSV::new
+  # for details.
+  #
+  attr_reader :quote_char
+  # The limit for field size, if any.  See CSV::new for details.
+  attr_reader :field_size_limit
+
+  # The regex marking a line as a comment. See CSV::new for details
+  attr_reader :skip_lines
+
+  #
+  # Returns the current list of converters in effect.  See CSV::new for details.
+  # Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned
+  # as is.
+  #
+  def converters
+    @converters.map do |converter|
+      name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
+      name ? name.first : converter
+    end
+  end
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if unconverted_fields() to parsed results.  See CSV::new
+  # for details.
+  #
+  def unconverted_fields?() @unconverted_fields end
+  #
+  # Returns +nil+ if headers will not be used, +true+ if they will but have not
+  # yet been read, or the actual headers after they have been read.  See
+  # CSV::new for details.
+  #
+  def headers
+    @headers || true if @use_headers
+  end
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ if headers will be returned as a row of results.
+  # See CSV::new for details.
+  #
+  def return_headers?()     @return_headers     end
+  # Returns +true+ if headers are written in output. See CSV::new for details.
+  def write_headers?()      @write_headers      end
+  #
+  # Returns the current list of converters in effect for headers.  See CSV::new
+  # for details.  Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others
+  # will be returned as is.
+  #
+  def header_converters
+    @header_converters.map do |converter|
+      name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
+      name ? name.first : converter
+    end
+  end
+  #
+  # Returns +true+ blank lines are skipped by the parser. See CSV::new
+  # for details.
+  #
+  def skip_blanks?()        @skip_blanks        end
+  # Returns +true+ if all output fields are quoted. See CSV::new for details.
+  def force_quotes?()       @force_quotes       end
+
+  #
+  # The Encoding CSV is parsing or writing in.  This will be the Encoding you
+  # receive parsed data in and/or the Encoding data will be written in.
+  #
+  attr_reader :encoding
+
+  #
+  # The line number of the last row read from this file.  Fields with nested
+  # line-end characters will not affect this count.
+  #
+  attr_reader :lineno
+
+  ### IO and StringIO Delegation ###
+
+  extend Forwardable
+  def_delegators :@io, :binmode, :binmode?, :close, :close_read, :close_write,
+                       :closed?, :eof, :eof?, :external_encoding, :fcntl,
+                       :fileno, :flock, :flush, :fsync, :internal_encoding,
+                       :ioctl, :isatty, :path, :pid, :pos, :pos=, :reopen,
+                       :seek, :stat, :string, :sync, :sync=, :tell, :to_i,
+                       :to_io, :truncate, :tty?
+
+  # Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV's lineno() counter.
+  def rewind
+    @headers = nil
+    @lineno  = 0
+
+    @io.rewind
+  end
+
+  ### End Delegation ###
+
+  #
+  # The primary write method for wrapped Strings and IOs, +row+ (an Array or
+  # CSV::Row) is converted to CSV and appended to the data source.  When a
+  # CSV::Row is passed, only the row's fields() are appended to the output.
+  #
+  # The data source must be open for writing.
+  #
+  def <<(row)
+    # make sure headers have been assigned
+    if header_row? and [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class
+      parse_headers  # won't read data for Array or String
+      self << @headers if @write_headers
+    end
+
+    # handle CSV::Row objects and Hashes
+    row = case row
+          when self.class::Row then row.fields
+          when Hash            then @headers.map { |header| row[header] }
+          else                      row
+          end
+
+    @headers =  row if header_row?
+    @lineno  += 1
+
+    output = row.map(&@quote).join(@col_sep) + @row_sep  # quote and separate
+    if @io.is_a?(StringIO)             and
+       output.encoding != (encoding = raw_encoding)
+      if @force_encoding
+        output = output.encode(encoding)
+      elsif (compatible_encoding = Encoding.compatible?(@io.string, output))
+        @io.set_encoding(compatible_encoding)
+        @io.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
+      end
+    end
+    @io << output
+
+    self  # for chaining
+  end
+  alias_method :add_row, :<<
+  alias_method :puts,    :<<
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   convert( name )
+  #   convert { |field| ... }
+  #   convert { |field, field_info| ... }
+  #
+  # You can use this method to install a CSV::Converters built-in, or provide a
+  # block that handles a custom conversion.
+  #
+  # If you provide a block that takes one argument, it will be passed the field
+  # and is expected to return the converted value or the field itself.  If your
+  # block takes two arguments, it will also be passed a CSV::FieldInfo Struct,
+  # containing details about the field.  Again, the block should return a
+  # converted field or the field itself.
+  #
+  def convert(name = nil, &converter)
+    add_converter(:converters, self.class::Converters, name, &converter)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # :call-seq:
+  #   header_convert( name )
+  #   header_convert { |field| ... }
+  #   header_convert { |field, field_info| ... }
+  #
+  # Identical to CSV#convert(), but for header rows.
+  #
+  # Note that this method must be called before header rows are read to have any
+  # effect.
+  #
+  def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
+    add_converter( :header_converters,
+                   self.class::HeaderConverters,
+                   name,
+                   &converter )
+  end
+
+  include Enumerable
+
+  #
+  # Yields each row of the data source in turn.
+  #
+  # Support for Enumerable.
+  #
+  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  #
+  def each
+    if block_given?
+      while row = shift
+        yield row
+      end
+    else
+      to_enum
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Slurps the remaining rows and returns an Array of Arrays.
+  #
+  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  #
+  def read
+    rows = to_a
+    if @use_headers
+      Table.new(rows)
+    else
+      rows
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :readlines, :read
+
+  # Returns +true+ if the next row read will be a header row.
+  def header_row?
+    @use_headers and @headers.nil?
+  end
+
+  #
+  # The primary read method for wrapped Strings and IOs, a single row is pulled
+  # from the data source, parsed and returned as an Array of fields (if header
+  # rows are not used) or a CSV::Row (when header rows are used).
+  #
+  # The data source must be open for reading.
+  #
+  def shift
+    #########################################################################
+    ### This method is purposefully kept a bit long as simple conditional ###
+    ### checks are faster than numerous (expensive) method calls.         ###
+    #########################################################################
+
+    # handle headers not based on document content
+    if header_row? and @return_headers and
+       [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class
+      if @unconverted_fields
+        return add_unconverted_fields(parse_headers, Array.new)
+      else
+        return parse_headers
+      end
+    end
+
+    #
+    # it can take multiple calls to <tt>@io.gets()</tt> to get a full line,
+    # because of \r and/or \n characters embedded in quoted fields
+    #
+    in_extended_col = false
+    csv             = Array.new
+
+    loop do
+      # add another read to the line
+      unless parse = @io.gets(@row_sep)
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      parse.sub!(@parsers[:line_end], "")
+
+      if csv.empty?
+        #
+        # I believe a blank line should be an <tt>Array.new</tt>, not Ruby 1.8
+        # CSV's <tt>[nil]</tt>
+        #
+        if parse.empty?
+          @lineno += 1
+          if @skip_blanks
+            next
+          elsif @unconverted_fields
+            return add_unconverted_fields(Array.new, Array.new)
+          elsif @use_headers
+            return self.class::Row.new(Array.new, Array.new)
+          else
+            return Array.new
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      next if @skip_lines and @skip_lines.match parse
+
+      parts =  parse.split(@col_sep, -1)
+      if parts.empty?
+        if in_extended_col
+          csv[-1] << @col_sep   # will be replaced with a @row_sep after the parts.each loop
+        else
+          csv << nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This loop is the hot path of csv parsing. Some things may be non-dry
+      # for a reason. Make sure to benchmark when refactoring.
+      parts.each do |part|
+        if in_extended_col
+          # If we are continuing a previous column
+          if part[-1] == @quote_char && part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
+            # extended column ends
+            csv.last << part[0..-2]
+            if csv.last =~ @parsers[:stray_quote]
+              raise MalformedCSVError,
+                    "Missing or stray quote in line #{lineno + 1}"
+            end
+            csv.last.gsub!(@quote_char * 2, @quote_char)
+            in_extended_col = false
+          else
+            csv.last << part
+            csv.last << @col_sep
+          end
+        elsif part[0] == @quote_char
+          # If we are staring a new quoted column
+          if part[-1] != @quote_char || part.count(@quote_char) % 2 != 0
+            # start an extended column
+            csv             << part[1..-1]
+            csv.last        << @col_sep
+            in_extended_col =  true
+          else
+            # regular quoted column
+            csv << part[1..-2]
+            if csv.last =~ @parsers[:stray_quote]
+              raise MalformedCSVError,
+                    "Missing or stray quote in line #{lineno + 1}"
+            end
+            csv.last.gsub!(@quote_char * 2, @quote_char)
+          end
+        elsif part =~ @parsers[:quote_or_nl]
+          # Unquoted field with bad characters.
+          if part =~ @parsers[:nl_or_lf]
+            raise MalformedCSVError, "Unquoted fields do not allow " +
+                                     "\\r or \\n (line #{lineno + 1})."
+          else
+            raise MalformedCSVError, "Illegal quoting in line #{lineno + 1}."
+          end
+        else
+          # Regular ole unquoted field.
+          csv << (part.empty? ? nil : part)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Replace tacked on @col_sep with @row_sep if we are still in an extended
+      # column.
+      csv[-1][-1] = @row_sep if in_extended_col
+
+      if in_extended_col
+        # if we're at eof?(), a quoted field wasn't closed...
+        if @io.eof?
+          raise MalformedCSVError,
+                "Unclosed quoted field on line #{lineno + 1}."
+        elsif @field_size_limit and csv.last.size >= @field_size_limit
+          raise MalformedCSVError, "Field size exceeded on line #{lineno + 1}."
+        end
+        # otherwise, we need to loop and pull some more data to complete the row
+      else
+        @lineno += 1
+
+        # save fields unconverted fields, if needed...
+        unconverted = csv.dup if @unconverted_fields
+
+        # convert fields, if needed...
+        csv = convert_fields(csv) unless @use_headers or @converters.empty?
+        # parse out header rows and handle CSV::Row conversions...
+        csv = parse_headers(csv)  if     @use_headers
+
+        # inject unconverted fields and accessor, if requested...
+        if @unconverted_fields and not csv.respond_to? :unconverted_fields
+          add_unconverted_fields(csv, unconverted)
+        end
+
+        # return the results
+        break csv
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  alias_method :gets,     :shift
+  alias_method :readline, :shift
+
+  #
+  # Returns a simplified description of the key CSV attributes in an
+  # ASCII compatible String.
+  #
+  def inspect
+    str = ["<#", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
+    # show type of wrapped IO
+    if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
+    elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
+    elsif @io == $stderr then str << "$stderr"
+    else                      str << @io.class.to_s
+    end
+    # show IO.path(), if available
+    if @io.respond_to?(:path) and (p = @io.path)
+      str << " io_path:" << p.inspect
+    end
+    # show encoding
+    str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
+    # show other attributes
+    %w[ lineno     col_sep     row_sep
+        quote_char skip_blanks ].each do |attr_name|
+      if a = instance_variable_get("@#{attr_name}")
+        str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
+      end
+    end
+    if @use_headers
+      str << " headers:" << headers.inspect
+    end
+    str << ">"
+    begin
+      str.join('')
+    rescue  # any encoding error
+      str.map do |s|
+        e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
+        e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+      end.join('')
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  #
+  # Stores the indicated separators for later use.
+  #
+  # If auto-discovery was requested for <tt>@row_sep</tt>, this method will read
+  # ahead in the <tt>@io</tt> and try to find one.  +ARGF+, +STDIN+, +STDOUT+,
+  # +STDERR+ and any stream open for output only with a default
+  # <tt>@row_sep</tt> of <tt>$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt> (<tt>$/</tt>).
+  #
+  # This method also establishes the quoting rules used for CSV output.
+  #
+  def init_separators(options)
+    # store the selected separators
+    @col_sep    = options.delete(:col_sep).to_s.encode(@encoding)
+    @row_sep    = options.delete(:row_sep)  # encode after resolving :auto
+    @quote_char = options.delete(:quote_char).to_s.encode(@encoding)
+
+    if @quote_char.length != 1
+      raise ArgumentError, ":quote_char has to be a single character String"
+    end
+
+    #
+    # automatically discover row separator when requested
+    # (not fully encoding safe)
+    #
+    if @row_sep == :auto
+      if [ARGF, STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR].include?(@io) or
+         (defined?(Zlib) and @io.class == Zlib::GzipWriter)
+        @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
+      else
+        begin
+          #
+          # remember where we were (pos() will raise an exception if @io is pipe
+          # or not opened for reading)
+          #
+          saved_pos = @io.pos
+          while @row_sep == :auto
+            #
+            # if we run out of data, it's probably a single line
+            # (ensure will set default value)
+            #
+            break unless sample = @io.gets(nil, 1024)
+            # extend sample if we're unsure of the line ending
+            if sample.end_with? encode_str("\r")
+              sample << (@io.gets(nil, 1) || "")
+            end
+
+            # try to find a standard separator
+            if sample =~ encode_re("\r\n?|\n")
+              @row_sep = $&
+              break
+            end
+          end
+
+          # tricky seek() clone to work around GzipReader's lack of seek()
+          @io.rewind
+          # reset back to the remembered position
+          while saved_pos > 1024  # avoid loading a lot of data into memory
+            @io.read(1024)
+            saved_pos -= 1024
+          end
+          @io.read(saved_pos) if saved_pos.nonzero?
+        rescue IOError         # not opened for reading
+          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
+        rescue NoMethodError   # Zlib::GzipWriter doesn't have some IO methods
+          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
+        rescue SystemCallError # pipe
+          # do nothing:  ensure will set default
+        ensure
+          #
+          # set default if we failed to detect
+          # (stream not opened for reading, a pipe, or a single line of data)
+          #
+          @row_sep = $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR if @row_sep == :auto
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    @row_sep = @row_sep.to_s.encode(@encoding)
+
+    # establish quoting rules
+    @force_quotes   = options.delete(:force_quotes)
+    do_quote        = lambda do |field|
+      field         = String(field)
+      encoded_quote = @quote_char.encode(field.encoding)
+      encoded_quote                                +
+      field.gsub(encoded_quote, encoded_quote * 2) +
+      encoded_quote
+    end
+    quotable_chars = encode_str("\r\n", @col_sep, @quote_char)
+    @quote         = if @force_quotes
+      do_quote
+    else
+      lambda do |field|
+        if field.nil?  # represent +nil+ fields as empty unquoted fields
+          ""
+        else
+          field = String(field)  # Stringify fields
+          # represent empty fields as empty quoted fields
+          if field.empty? or
+             field.count(quotable_chars).nonzero?
+            do_quote.call(field)
+          else
+            field  # unquoted field
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Pre-compiles parsers and stores them by name for access during reads.
+  def init_parsers(options)
+    # store the parser behaviors
+    @skip_blanks      = options.delete(:skip_blanks)
+    @field_size_limit = options.delete(:field_size_limit)
+
+    # prebuild Regexps for faster parsing
+    esc_row_sep = escape_re(@row_sep)
+    esc_quote   = escape_re(@quote_char)
+    @parsers = {
+      # for detecting parse errors
+      quote_or_nl:    encode_re("[", esc_quote, "\r\n]"),
+      nl_or_lf:       encode_re("[\r\n]"),
+      stray_quote:    encode_re( "[^", esc_quote, "]", esc_quote,
+                                 "[^", esc_quote, "]" ),
+      # safer than chomp!()
+      line_end:       encode_re(esc_row_sep, "\\z"),
+      # illegal unquoted characters
+      return_newline: encode_str("\r\n")
+    }
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Loads any converters requested during construction.
+  #
+  # If +field_name+ is set <tt>:converters</tt> (the default) field converters
+  # are set.  When +field_name+ is <tt>:header_converters</tt> header converters
+  # are added instead.
+  #
+  # The <tt>:unconverted_fields</tt> option is also actived for
+  # <tt>:converters</tt> calls, if requested.
+  #
+  def init_converters(options, field_name = :converters)
+    if field_name == :converters
+      @unconverted_fields = options.delete(:unconverted_fields)
+    end
+
+    instance_variable_set("@#{field_name}", Array.new)
+
+    # find the correct method to add the converters
+    convert = method(field_name.to_s.sub(/ers\Z/, ""))
+
+    # load converters
+    unless options[field_name].nil?
+      # allow a single converter not wrapped in an Array
+      unless options[field_name].is_a? Array
+        options[field_name] = [options[field_name]]
+      end
+      # load each converter...
+      options[field_name].each do |converter|
+        if converter.is_a? Proc  # custom code block
+          convert.call(&converter)
+        else                     # by name
+          convert.call(converter)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    options.delete(field_name)
+  end
+
+  # Stores header row settings and loads header converters, if needed.
+  def init_headers(options)
+    @use_headers    = options.delete(:headers)
+    @return_headers = options.delete(:return_headers)
+    @write_headers  = options.delete(:write_headers)
+
+    # headers must be delayed until shift(), in case they need a row of content
+    @headers = nil
+
+    init_converters(options, :header_converters)
+  end
+
+  # Stores the pattern of comments to skip from the provided options.
+  #
+  # The pattern must respond to +.match+, else ArgumentError is raised.
+  # Strings are converted to a Regexp.
+  #
+  # See also CSV.new
+  def init_comments(options)
+    @skip_lines = options.delete(:skip_lines)
+    @skip_lines = Regexp.new(@skip_lines) if @skip_lines.is_a? String
+    if @skip_lines and not @skip_lines.respond_to?(:match)
+      raise ArgumentError, ":skip_lines has to respond to matches"
+    end
+  end
+  #
+  # The actual work method for adding converters, used by both CSV.convert() and
+  # CSV.header_convert().
+  #
+  # This method requires the +var_name+ of the instance variable to place the
+  # converters in, the +const+ Hash to lookup named converters in, and the
+  # normal parameters of the CSV.convert() and CSV.header_convert() methods.
+  #
+  def add_converter(var_name, const, name = nil, &converter)
+    if name.nil?  # custom converter
+      instance_variable_get("@#{var_name}") << converter
+    else          # named converter
+      combo = const[name]
+      case combo
+      when Array  # combo converter
+        combo.each do |converter_name|
+          add_converter(var_name, const, converter_name)
+        end
+      else        # individual named converter
+        instance_variable_get("@#{var_name}") << combo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Processes +fields+ with <tt>@converters</tt>, or <tt>@header_converters</tt>
+  # if +headers+ is passed as +true+, returning the converted field set.  Any
+  # converter that changes the field into something other than a String halts
+  # the pipeline of conversion for that field.  This is primarily an efficiency
+  # shortcut.
+  #
+  def convert_fields(fields, headers = false)
+    # see if we are converting headers or fields
+    converters = headers ? @header_converters : @converters
+
+    fields.map.with_index do |field, index|
+      converters.each do |converter|
+        break if field.nil?
+        field = if converter.arity == 1  # straight field converter
+          converter[field]
+        else                             # FieldInfo converter
+          header = @use_headers && !headers ? @headers[index] : nil
+          converter[field, FieldInfo.new(index, lineno, header)]
+        end
+        break unless field.is_a? String  # short-circuit pipeline for speed
+      end
+      field  # final state of each field, converted or original
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method is used to turn a finished +row+ into a CSV::Row.  Header rows
+  # are also dealt with here, either by returning a CSV::Row with identical
+  # headers and fields (save that the fields do not go through the converters)
+  # or by reading past them to return a field row. Headers are also saved in
+  # <tt>@headers</tt> for use in future rows.
+  #
+  # When +nil+, +row+ is assumed to be a header row not based on an actual row
+  # of the stream.
+  #
+  def parse_headers(row = nil)
+    if @headers.nil?                # header row
+      @headers = case @use_headers  # save headers
+                 # Array of headers
+                 when Array then @use_headers
+                 # CSV header String
+                 when String
+                   self.class.parse_line( @use_headers,
+                                          col_sep:    @col_sep,
+                                          row_sep:    @row_sep,
+                                          quote_char: @quote_char )
+                 # first row is headers
+                 else            row
+                 end
+
+      # prepare converted and unconverted copies
+      row      = @headers                       if row.nil?
+      @headers = convert_fields(@headers, true)
+      @headers.each { |h| h.freeze if h.is_a? String }
+
+      if @return_headers                                     # return headers
+        return self.class::Row.new(@headers, row, true)
+      elsif not [Array, String].include? @use_headers.class  # skip to field row
+        return shift
+      end
+    end
+
+    self.class::Row.new(@headers, convert_fields(row))  # field row
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method injects an instance variable <tt>unconverted_fields</tt> into
+  # +row+ and an accessor method for +row+ called unconverted_fields().  The
+  # variable is set to the contents of +fields+.
+  #
+  def add_unconverted_fields(row, fields)
+    class << row
+      attr_reader :unconverted_fields
+    end
+    row.instance_eval { @unconverted_fields = fields }
+    row
+  end
+
+  #
+  # This method is an encoding safe version of Regexp::escape().  It will escape
+  # any characters that would change the meaning of a regular expression in the
+  # encoding of +str+.  Regular expression characters that cannot be transcoded
+  # to the target encoding will be skipped and no escaping will be performed if
+  # a backslash cannot be transcoded.
+  #
+  def escape_re(str)
+    str.gsub(@re_chars) {|c| @re_esc + c}
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Builds a regular expression in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be
+  # transcoded to that encoding.
+  #
+  def encode_re(*chunks)
+    Regexp.new(encode_str(*chunks))
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Builds a String in <tt>@encoding</tt>.  All +chunks+ will be transcoded to
+  # that encoding.
+  #
+  def encode_str(*chunks)
+    chunks.map { |chunk| chunk.encode(@encoding.name) }.join('')
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  #
+  # Returns the encoding of the internal IO object or the +default+ if the
+  # encoding cannot be determined.
+  #
+  def raw_encoding(default = Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+    if @io.respond_to? :internal_encoding
+      @io.internal_encoding || @io.external_encoding
+    elsif @io.is_a? StringIO
+      @io.string.encoding
+    elsif @io.respond_to? :encoding
+      @io.encoding
+    else
+      default
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# Passes +args+ to CSV::instance.
+#
+#   CSV("CSV,data").read
+#     #=> [["CSV", "data"]]
+#
+# If a block is given, the instance is passed the block and the return value
+# becomes the return value of the block.
+#
+#   CSV("CSV,data") { |c|
+#     c.read.any? { |a| a.include?("data") }
+#   } #=> true
+#
+#   CSV("CSV,data") { |c|
+#     c.read.any? { |a| a.include?("zombies") }
+#   } #=> false
+#
+def CSV(*args, &block)
+  CSV.instance(*args, &block)
+end
+
+class Array # :nodoc:
+  # Equivalent to CSV::generate_line(self, options)
+  #
+  #   ["CSV", "data"].to_csv
+  #     #=> "CSV,data\n"
+  def to_csv(options = Hash.new)
+    CSV.generate_line(self, options)
+  end
+end
+
+class String # :nodoc:
+  # Equivalent to CSV::parse_line(self, options)
+  #
+  #   "CSV,data".parse_csv
+  #     #=> ["CSV", "data"]
+  def parse_csv(options = Hash.new)
+    CSV.parse_line(self, options)
+  end
+end