script_core 0.1.1 → 0.2.4

data/ext/enterprise_script_service/mruby/src/backtrace.c

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #include <mruby/data.h>
 
 struct backtrace_location {
-  int lineno;
+  int32_t lineno;
   mrb_sym method_id;
   const char *filename;
 };
@@ -25,8 +25,11 @@ typedef void (*each_backtrace_func)(mrb_state*, const struct backtrace_location*
 
 static const mrb_data_type bt_type = { "Backtrace", mrb_free };
 
+mrb_value mrb_exc_inspect(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value exc);
+mrb_value mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace);
+
 static void
-each_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, ptrdiff_t ciidx, mrb_code *pc0, each_backtrace_func func, void *data)
+each_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, ptrdiff_t ciidx, const mrb_code *pc0, each_backtrace_func func, void *data)
 {
   ptrdiff_t i;
 
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ each_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, ptrdiff_t ciidx, mrb_code *pc0, each_backtrace_fu
     struct backtrace_location loc;
     mrb_callinfo *ci;
     mrb_irep *irep;
-    mrb_code *pc;
+    const mrb_code *pc;
 
     ci = &mrb->c->cibase[i];
 
@@ -74,66 +77,27 @@ each_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, ptrdiff_t ciidx, mrb_code *pc0, each_backtrace_fu
 #ifndef MRB_DISABLE_STDIO
 
 static void
-print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace)
+print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *exc, mrb_value backtrace)
 {
   int i;
-  mrb_int n;
+  mrb_int n = RARRAY_LEN(backtrace);
+  mrb_value *loc, mesg;
   FILE *stream = stderr;
 
-  n = RARRAY_LEN(backtrace) - 1;
-  if (n == 0) return;
-
-  fprintf(stream, "trace (most recent call last):\n");
-  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-    mrb_value entry = RARRAY_PTR(backtrace)[n-i-1];
-
-    if (mrb_string_p(entry)) {
-      fprintf(stream, "\t[%d] %.*s\n", i, (int)RSTRING_LEN(entry), RSTRING_PTR(entry));
+  if (n != 0) {
+    fprintf(stream, "trace (most recent call last):\n");
+    for (i=n-1,loc=&RARRAY_PTR(backtrace)[i]; i>0; i--,loc--) {
+      if (mrb_string_p(*loc)) {
+        fprintf(stream, "\t[%d] %.*s\n",
+                i, (int)RSTRING_LEN(*loc), RSTRING_PTR(*loc));
+      }
     }
-  }
-}
-
-static int
-packed_bt_len(const struct backtrace_location *bt, int n)
-{
-  int len = 0;
-  int i;
-
-  for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
-    if (!bt[i].filename && !bt[i].lineno && !bt[i].method_id)
-      continue;
-    len++;
-  }
-  return len;
-}
-
-static void
-print_packed_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value packed)
-{
-  FILE *stream = stderr;
-  const struct backtrace_location *bt;
-  int n, i;
-  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
-
-  bt = (struct backtrace_location*)mrb_data_check_get_ptr(mrb, packed, &bt_type);
-  if (bt == NULL) return;
-  n = (mrb_int)RDATA(packed)->flags;
-
-  if (packed_bt_len(bt, n) == 0) return;
-  fprintf(stream, "trace (most recent call last):\n");
-  for (i = 0; i<n; i++) {
-    const struct backtrace_location *entry = &bt[n-i-1];
-    if (entry->filename == NULL) continue;
-    fprintf(stream, "\t[%d] %s:%d", i, entry->filename, entry->lineno);
-    if (entry->method_id != 0) {
-      const char *method_name;
-
-      method_name = mrb_sym2name(mrb, entry->method_id);
-      fprintf(stream, ":in %s", method_name);
-      mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+    if (mrb_string_p(*loc)) {
+      fprintf(stream, "%.*s: ", (int)RSTRING_LEN(*loc), RSTRING_PTR(*loc));
     }
-    fprintf(stream, "\n");
   }
+  mesg = mrb_exc_inspect(mrb, mrb_obj_value(exc));
+  fprintf(stream, "%.*s\n", (int)RSTRING_LEN(mesg), RSTRING_PTR(mesg));
 }
 
 /* mrb_print_backtrace
@@ -152,12 +116,8 @@ mrb_print_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
 
   backtrace = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, mrb->exc, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "backtrace"));
   if (mrb_nil_p(backtrace)) return;
-  if (mrb_array_p(backtrace)) {
-    print_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
-  }
-  else {
-    print_packed_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
-  }
+  if (!mrb_array_p(backtrace)) backtrace = mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb, backtrace);
+  print_backtrace(mrb, mrb->exc, backtrace);
 }
 #else
 
@@ -175,7 +135,6 @@ count_backtrace_i(mrb_state *mrb,
 {
   int *lenp = (int*)data;
 
-  if (loc->filename == NULL) return;
   (*lenp)++;
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +146,6 @@ pack_backtrace_i(mrb_state *mrb,
   struct backtrace_location **pptr = (struct backtrace_location**)data;
   struct backtrace_location *ptr = *pptr;
 
-  if (loc->filename == NULL) return;
   *ptr = *loc;
   *pptr = ptr+1;
 }
@@ -205,7 +163,7 @@ packed_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb)
   size = len * sizeof(struct backtrace_location);
   ptr = mrb_malloc(mrb, size);
   backtrace = mrb_data_object_alloc(mrb, NULL, ptr, &bt_type);
-  backtrace->flags = (unsigned int)len;
+  backtrace->flags = (uint32_t)len;
   each_backtrace(mrb, ciidx, mrb->c->ci->pc, pack_backtrace_i, &ptr);
   return mrb_obj_value(backtrace);
 }
@@ -245,13 +203,10 @@ mrb_unpack_backtrace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value backtrace)
     const struct backtrace_location *entry = &bt[i];
     mrb_value btline;
 
-    if (entry->filename == NULL) continue;
-    btline = mrb_format(mrb, "%S:%S",
-                              mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, entry->filename),
-                              mrb_fixnum_value(entry->lineno));
+    btline = mrb_format(mrb, "%s:%d", entry->filename, (int)entry->lineno);
     if (entry->method_id != 0) {
       mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, btline, ":in ");
-      mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, btline, mrb_sym2name(mrb, entry->method_id));
+      mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, btline, mrb_sym_name(mrb, entry->method_id));
     }
     mrb_ary_push(mrb, backtrace, btline);
     mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);

data/ext/enterprise_script_service/mruby/src/class.c

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <mruby.h>
 #include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/hash.h>
 #include <mruby/class.h>
 #include <mruby/numeric.h>
 #include <mruby/proc.h>
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <mruby/error.h>
 #include <mruby/data.h>
 #include <mruby/istruct.h>
+#include <mruby/opcode.h>
 
 KHASH_DEFINE(mt, mrb_sym, mrb_method_t, TRUE, kh_int_hash_func, kh_int_hash_equal)
 
@@ -66,15 +68,26 @@ mrb_class_name_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, struct RClass *c, mrb
     name = mrb_class_path(mrb, outer);
     if (mrb_nil_p(name)) {      /* unnamed outer class */
       if (outer != mrb->object_class && outer != c) {
-        mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__outer__"),
-                       mrb_obj_value(outer));
+        mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__outer__"),
+                             mrb_obj_value(outer));
       }
       return;
     }
-    mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, name, "::");
-    mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, name, mrb_sym2name(mrb, id));
+    else {
+      mrb_int len;
+      const char *n = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, id, &len);
+
+      mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, name, "::");
+      mrb_str_cat(mrb, name, n, len);
+    }
   }
-  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, nsym, name);
+  mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, nsym, name);
+}
+
+mrb_bool
+mrb_const_name_p(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name, mrb_int len)
+{
+  return len > 0 && ISUPPER(name[0]) && mrb_ident_p(name+1, len-1);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -120,6 +133,7 @@ prepare_singleton_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RBasic *o)
   mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)o, (struct RBasic*)sc);
   mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)sc, (struct RBasic*)o);
   mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)sc, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"), mrb_obj_value(o));
+  sc->flags |= o->flags & MRB_FL_OBJ_IS_FROZEN;
 }
 
 static mrb_value
@@ -129,7 +143,7 @@ class_name_str(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c)
   if (mrb_nil_p(path)) {
     path = c->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE ? mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Module:") :
                                     mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Class:");
-    mrb_str_concat(mrb, path, mrb_ptr_to_str(mrb, c));
+    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, path, mrb_ptr_to_str(mrb, c));
     mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, path, ">");
   }
   return path;
@@ -170,7 +184,7 @@ static void
 check_if_class_or_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
   if (!class_ptr_p(obj)) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class/module", mrb_inspect(mrb, obj));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a class/module", obj);
   }
 }
 
@@ -200,15 +214,15 @@ mrb_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
   return define_module(mrb, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), mrb->object_class);
 }
 
-MRB_API struct RClass*
+struct RClass*
 mrb_vm_define_module(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_sym id)
 {
   check_if_class_or_module(mrb, outer);
   if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
-    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_MODULE) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a module", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+    if (!mrb_module_p(old)) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a module", old);
     }
     return mrb_class_ptr(old);
   }
@@ -241,9 +255,8 @@ define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *
     c = class_from_sym(mrb, outer, name);
     MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
     if (super && mrb_class_real(c->super) != super) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for Class %S (%S not %S)",
-                 mrb_sym2str(mrb, name),
-                 mrb_obj_value(c->super), mrb_obj_value(super));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for Class %n (%C not %C)",
+                 name, c->super, super);
     }
     return c;
   }
@@ -258,7 +271,7 @@ MRB_API struct RClass*
 mrb_define_class_id(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym name, struct RClass *super)
 {
   if (!super) {
-    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S', Object assumed", mrb_sym2str(mrb, name));
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%n', Object assumed", name);
   }
   return define_class(mrb, name, super, mrb->object_class);
 }
@@ -272,11 +285,9 @@ mrb_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name, struct RClass *super)
 static mrb_value mrb_bob_init(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value);
 #ifdef MRB_METHOD_CACHE
 static void mc_clear_all(mrb_state *mrb);
-static void mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass*);
 static void mc_clear_by_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass*, mrb_sym);
 #else
 #define mc_clear_all(mrb)
-#define mc_clear_by_class(mrb,c)
 #define mc_clear_by_id(mrb,c,s)
 #endif
 
@@ -290,7 +301,7 @@ mrb_class_inherited(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *klass)
     super = mrb->object_class;
   super->flags |= MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_INHERITED;
   s = mrb_obj_value(super);
-  mc_clear_by_class(mrb, klass);
+  mrb_mc_clear_by_class(mrb, klass);
   mid = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "inherited");
   if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, s, mid, mrb_bob_init)) {
     mrb_value c = mrb_obj_value(klass);
@@ -298,16 +309,15 @@ mrb_class_inherited(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super, struct RClass *klass)
   }
 }
 
-MRB_API struct RClass*
+struct RClass*
 mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id)
 {
   struct RClass *s;
   struct RClass *c;
 
   if (!mrb_nil_p(super)) {
-    if (mrb_type(super) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)",
-                 mrb_inspect(mrb, super));
+    if (!mrb_class_p(super)) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%!v given)", super);
     }
     s = mrb_class_ptr(super);
   }
@@ -318,14 +328,14 @@ mrb_vm_define_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value outer, mrb_value super, mrb_sym id
   if (mrb_const_defined_at(mrb, outer, id)) {
     mrb_value old = mrb_const_get(mrb, outer, id);
 
-    if (mrb_type(old) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not a class", mrb_inspect(mrb, old));
+    if (!mrb_class_p(old)) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%!v is not a class", old);
     }
     c = mrb_class_ptr(old);
     if (s) {
       /* check super class */
       if (mrb_class_real(c->super) != s) {
-        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for class %S", old);
+        mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass mismatch for class %v", old);
       }
     }
     return c;
@@ -375,7 +385,7 @@ mrb_exc_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
   mrb_value c = mrb_const_get(mrb, mrb_obj_value(mrb->object_class),
                               mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
 
-  if (mrb_type(c) != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
+  if (!mrb_class_p(c)) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, mrb->eException_class, "exception corrupted");
   }
   exc = e = mrb_class_ptr(c);
@@ -403,7 +413,7 @@ mrb_module_get(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name)
 /*!
  * Defines a class under the namespace of \a outer.
  * \param outer  a class which contains the new class.
- * \param id     name of the new class
+ * \param name     name of the new class
  * \param super  a class from which the new class will derive.
  *               NULL means \c Object class.
  * \return the created class
@@ -424,8 +434,7 @@ mrb_define_class_under(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, const char *name, s
 
 #if 0
   if (!super) {
-    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%S::%S', Object assumed",
-             mrb_obj_value(outer), mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_warn(mrb, "no super class for '%C::%n', Object assumed", outer, id);
   }
 #endif
   c = define_class(mrb, id, super, outer);
@@ -441,12 +450,7 @@ mrb_define_method_raw(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid, mrb_method_
   MRB_CLASS_ORIGIN(c);
   h = c->mt;
 
-  if (MRB_FROZEN_P(c)) {
-    if (c->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE)
-      mrb_raise(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen module");
-    else
-      mrb_raise(mrb, E_FROZEN_ERROR, "can't modify frozen class");
-  }
+  mrb_check_frozen(mrb, c);
   if (!h) h = c->mt = kh_init(mt, mrb);
   k = kh_put(mt, mrb, h, mid);
   kh_value(h, k) = m;
@@ -470,6 +474,9 @@ mrb_define_method_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym mid, mrb_func_t f
   int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
 
   MRB_METHOD_FROM_FUNC(m, func);
+  if (aspec == MRB_ARGS_NONE()) {
+    MRB_METHOD_NOARG_SET(m);
+  }
   mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, mid, m);
   mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
 }
@@ -487,8 +494,7 @@ mrb_notimplement(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_callinfo *ci = mrb->c->ci;
 
   if (ci->mid) {
-    mrb_value str = mrb_sym2str(mrb, ci->mid);
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR, "%S() function is unimplemented on this machine", str);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_NOTIMP_ERROR, "%n() function is unimplemented on this machine", ci->mid);
   }
 }
 
@@ -501,30 +507,17 @@ mrb_notimplement_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
   return mrb_nil_value();
 }
 
-#define CHECK_TYPE(mrb, val, t, c) do { \
-  if (mrb_type(val) != (t)) {\
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "expected %S", mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, c));\
-  }\
-} while (0)
-
-static mrb_value
-to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
-{
-  CHECK_TYPE(mrb, val, MRB_TT_STRING, "String");
-  return val;
-}
-
 static mrb_value
 to_ary(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
 {
-  CHECK_TYPE(mrb, val, MRB_TT_ARRAY, "Array");
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, val, MRB_TT_ARRAY);
   return val;
 }
 
 static mrb_value
 to_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value val)
 {
-  CHECK_TYPE(mrb, val, MRB_TT_HASH, "Hash");
+  mrb_check_type(mrb, val, MRB_TT_HASH);
   return val;
 }
 
@@ -547,18 +540,17 @@ MRB_API mrb_value*
 mrb_get_argv(mrb_state *mrb)
 {
   mrb_int argc = mrb->c->ci->argc;
-  mrb_value *array_argv;
+  mrb_value *array_argv = mrb->c->stack + 1;
   if (argc < 0) {
-    struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(mrb->c->stack[1]);
+    struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(*array_argv);
 
     array_argv = ARY_PTR(a);
   }
-  else {
-    array_argv = NULL;
-  }
   return array_argv;
 }
 
+void mrb_hash_check_kdict(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self);
+
 /*
   retrieve arguments from mrb_state.
 
@@ -571,23 +563,24 @@ mrb_get_argv(mrb_state *mrb)
     string  mruby type     C type                 note
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     o:      Object         [mrb_value]
-    C:      class/module   [mrb_value]
+    C:      Class/Module   [mrb_value]
     S:      String         [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
     A:      Array          [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
     H:      Hash           [mrb_value]            when ! follows, the value may be nil
     s:      String         [char*,mrb_int]        Receive two arguments; s! gives (NULL,0) for nil
     z:      String         [char*]                NUL terminated string; z! gives NULL for nil
     a:      Array          [mrb_value*,mrb_int]   Receive two arguments; a! gives (NULL,0) for nil
-    f:      Float          [mrb_float]
-    i:      Integer        [mrb_int]
-    b:      Boolean        [mrb_bool]
-    n:      Symbol         [mrb_sym]
-    d:      Data           [void*,mrb_data_type const] 2nd argument will be used to check data type so it won't be modified
-    I:      Inline struct  [void*]
-    &:      Block          [mrb_value]            &! raises exception if no block given
+    f:      Fixnum/Float   [mrb_float]
+    i:      Fixnum/Float   [mrb_int]
+    b:      boolean        [mrb_bool]
+    n:      String/Symbol  [mrb_sym]
+    d:      data           [void*,mrb_data_type const] 2nd argument will be used to check data type so it won't be modified; when ! follows, the value may be nil
+    I:      inline struct  [void*]
+    &:      block          [mrb_value]            &! raises exception if no block given
     *:      rest argument  [mrb_value*,mrb_int]   The rest of the arguments as an array; *! avoid copy of the stack
     |:      optional                              Following arguments are optional
     ?:      optional given [mrb_bool]             true if preceding argument (optional) is given
+    ':':    keyword args   [mrb_kwargs const]     Get keyword arguments
  */
 MRB_API mrb_int
 mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
@@ -596,17 +589,24 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
   char c;
   mrb_int i = 0;
   va_list ap;
-  mrb_int argc = mrb_get_argc(mrb);
-  mrb_int arg_i = 0;
-  mrb_value *array_argv = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
+  mrb_int argc = mrb->c->ci->argc;
+  mrb_value *array_argv = mrb->c->stack+1;
+  mrb_bool argv_on_stack = argc >= 0;
   mrb_bool opt = FALSE;
   mrb_bool opt_skip = TRUE;
   mrb_bool given = TRUE;
+  mrb_value kdict;
+  mrb_bool reqkarg = FALSE;
+  mrb_int needargc = 0;
 
+  if (!argv_on_stack) {
+    struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(*array_argv);
+    array_argv = ARY_PTR(a);
+    argc = ARY_LEN(a);
+  }
   va_start(ap, format);
 
-#define ARGV \
-  (array_argv ? array_argv : (mrb->c->stack + 1))
+#define ARGV array_argv
 
   while ((c = *fmt++)) {
     switch (c) {
@@ -615,23 +615,39 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
       break;
     case '*':
       opt_skip = FALSE;
+      if (!reqkarg) reqkarg = strchr(fmt, ':') ? TRUE : FALSE;
       goto check_exit;
     case '!':
       break;
+    case ':':
+      reqkarg = TRUE;
+      /* fall through */
     case '&': case '?':
       if (opt) opt_skip = FALSE;
       break;
     default:
+      if (!opt) needargc ++;
       break;
     }
   }
 
  check_exit:
+  if (reqkarg && argc > needargc && mrb_hash_p(kdict = ARGV[argc - 1])) {
+    mrb_hash_check_kdict(mrb, kdict);
+    argc --;
+  }
+  else {
+    kdict = mrb_nil_value();
+  }
+
   opt = FALSE;
   i = 0;
   while ((c = *format++)) {
+    mrb_value *argv = ARGV;
+    mrb_bool altmode;
+
     switch (c) {
-    case '|': case '*': case '&': case '?':
+    case '|': case '*': case '&': case '?': case ':':
       break;
     default:
       if (argc <= i) {
@@ -645,6 +661,14 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
       break;
     }
 
+    if (*format == '!') {
+      format ++;
+      altmode = TRUE;
+    }
+    else {
+      altmode = FALSE;
+    }
+
     switch (c) {
     case 'o':
       {
@@ -652,8 +676,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
         if (i < argc) {
-          *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
-          i++;
+          *p = argv[i++];
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -665,12 +688,11 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         if (i < argc) {
           mrb_value ss;
 
-          ss = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          ss = argv[i++];
           if (!class_ptr_p(ss)) {
-            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not class/module", ss);
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v is not class/module", ss);
           }
           *p = ss;
-          i++;
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -679,17 +701,11 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         mrb_value *p;
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
-            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
-            i++;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
         if (i < argc) {
-          *p = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          i++;
+          *p = argv[i++];
+          if (!(altmode && mrb_nil_p(*p))) {
+            mrb_to_str(mrb, *p);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -698,17 +714,11 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         mrb_value *p;
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
-            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
-            i++;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
         if (i < argc) {
-          *p = to_ary(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          i++;
+          *p = argv[i++];
+          if (!(altmode && mrb_nil_p(*p))) {
+            *p = to_ary(mrb, *p);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -717,17 +727,11 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         mrb_value *p;
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_value*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
-            *p = ARGV[arg_i++];
-            i++;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
         if (i < argc) {
-          *p = to_hash(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          i++;
+          *p = argv[i++];
+          if (!(altmode && mrb_nil_p(*p))) {
+            *p = to_hash(mrb, *p);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -739,20 +743,17 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         ps = va_arg(ap, char**);
         pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+        if (i < argc) {
+          ss = argv[i++];
+          if (altmode && mrb_nil_p(ss)) {
             *ps = NULL;
             *pl = 0;
-            i++; arg_i++;
-            break;
           }
-        }
-        if (i < argc) {
-          ss = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          *ps = RSTRING_PTR(ss);
-          *pl = RSTRING_LEN(ss);
-          i++;
+          else {
+            mrb_to_str(mrb, ss);
+            *ps = RSTRING_PTR(ss);
+            *pl = RSTRING_LEN(ss);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -762,18 +763,15 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         const char **ps;
 
         ps = va_arg(ap, const char**);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+        if (i < argc) {
+          ss = argv[i++];
+          if (altmode && mrb_nil_p(ss)) {
             *ps = NULL;
-            i++; arg_i++;
-            break;
           }
-        }
-        if (i < argc) {
-          ss = to_str(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          *ps = mrb_string_value_cstr(mrb, &ss);
-          i++;
+          else {
+            mrb_to_str(mrb, ss);
+            *ps = RSTRING_CSTR(mrb, ss);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -786,21 +784,18 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         pb = va_arg(ap, mrb_value**);
         pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+        if (i < argc) {
+          aa = argv[i++];
+          if (altmode && mrb_nil_p(aa)) {
             *pb = 0;
             *pl = 0;
-            i++; arg_i++;
-            break;
           }
-        }
-        if (i < argc) {
-          aa = to_ary(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++]);
-          a = mrb_ary_ptr(aa);
-          *pb = ARY_PTR(a);
-          *pl = ARY_LEN(a);
-          i++;
+          else {
+            aa = to_ary(mrb, aa);
+            a = mrb_ary_ptr(aa);
+            *pb = ARY_PTR(a);
+            *pl = ARY_LEN(a);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -811,14 +806,12 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         p = va_arg(ap, void**);
         if (i < argc) {
-          ss = ARGV[arg_i];
-          if (mrb_type(ss) != MRB_TT_ISTRUCT)
+          ss = argv[i++];
+          if (!mrb_istruct_p(ss))
           {
-            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%S is not inline struct", ss);
+            mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "%v is not inline struct", ss);
           }
           *p = mrb_istruct_ptr(ss);
-          arg_i++;
-          i++;
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -829,9 +822,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_float*);
         if (i < argc) {
-          *p = mrb_to_flo(mrb, ARGV[arg_i]);
-          arg_i++;
-          i++;
+          *p = mrb_to_flo(mrb, argv[i++]);
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -842,31 +833,7 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         p = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
         if (i < argc) {
-          switch (mrb_type(ARGV[arg_i])) {
-            case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
-              *p = mrb_fixnum(ARGV[arg_i]);
-              break;
-#ifndef MRB_WITHOUT_FLOAT
-            case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
-              {
-                mrb_float f = mrb_float(ARGV[arg_i]);
-
-                if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(f)) {
-                  mrb_raise(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "float too big for int");
-                }
-                *p = (mrb_int)f;
-              }
-              break;
-#endif
-            case MRB_TT_STRING:
-              mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "no implicit conversion of String into Integer");
-              break;
-            default:
-              *p = mrb_fixnum(mrb_Integer(mrb, ARGV[arg_i]));
-              break;
-          }
-          arg_i++;
-          i++;
+          *p = mrb_fixnum(mrb_to_int(mrb, argv[i++]));
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -875,9 +842,8 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         mrb_bool *boolp = va_arg(ap, mrb_bool*);
 
         if (i < argc) {
-          mrb_value b = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          mrb_value b = argv[i++];
           *boolp = mrb_test(b);
-          i++;
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -889,9 +855,8 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         if (i < argc) {
           mrb_value ss;
 
-          ss = ARGV[arg_i++];
+          ss = argv[i++];
           *symp = to_sym(mrb, ss);
-          i++;
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -902,17 +867,14 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
 
         datap = va_arg(ap, void**);
         type = va_arg(ap, struct mrb_data_type const*);
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          if (i < argc && mrb_nil_p(ARGV[arg_i])) {
+        if (i < argc) {
+          mrb_value dd = argv[i++];
+          if (altmode && mrb_nil_p(dd)) {
             *datap = 0;
-            i++; arg_i++;
-            break;
           }
-        }
-        if (i < argc) {
-          *datap = mrb_data_get_ptr(mrb, ARGV[arg_i++], type);
-          ++i;
+          else {
+            *datap = mrb_data_get_ptr(mrb, dd, type);
+          }
         }
       }
       break;
@@ -928,17 +890,14 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         else {
           bp = mrb->c->stack + mrb->c->ci->argc + 1;
         }
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format ++;
-          if (mrb_nil_p(*bp)) {
-            mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "no block given");
-          }
+        if (altmode && mrb_nil_p(*bp)) {
+          mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "no block given");
         }
         *p = *bp;
       }
       break;
     case '|':
-      if (opt_skip && i == argc) return argc;
+      if (opt_skip && i == argc) goto finish;
       opt = TRUE;
       break;
     case '?':
@@ -954,28 +913,23 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
       {
         mrb_value **var;
         mrb_int *pl;
-        mrb_bool nocopy = array_argv ? TRUE : FALSE;
+        mrb_bool nocopy = altmode || argv_on_stack ? TRUE : FALSE;
 
-        if (*format == '!') {
-          format++;
-          nocopy = TRUE;
-        }
         var = va_arg(ap, mrb_value**);
         pl = va_arg(ap, mrb_int*);
         if (argc > i) {
           *pl = argc-i;
           if (*pl > 0) {
             if (nocopy) {
-              *var = ARGV+arg_i;
+              *var = argv+i;
             }
             else {
-              mrb_value args = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, *pl, ARGV+arg_i);
+              mrb_value args = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, *pl, argv+i);
               RARRAY(args)->c = NULL;
               *var = RARRAY_PTR(args);
             }
           }
           i = argc;
-          arg_i += *pl;
         }
         else {
           *pl = 0;
@@ -983,8 +937,64 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
         }
       }
       break;
+
+    case ':':
+      {
+        mrb_value ksrc = mrb_hash_p(kdict) ? mrb_hash_dup(mrb, kdict) : mrb_hash_new(mrb);
+        const mrb_kwargs *kwargs = va_arg(ap, const mrb_kwargs*);
+        mrb_value *rest;
+
+        if (kwargs == NULL) {
+          rest = NULL;
+        }
+        else {
+          uint32_t kwnum = kwargs->num;
+          uint32_t required = kwargs->required;
+          const char *const *kname = kwargs->table;
+          mrb_value *values = kwargs->values;
+          uint32_t j;
+          const uint32_t keyword_max = 40;
+
+          if (kwnum > keyword_max || required > kwnum) {
+            mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "keyword number is too large");
+          }
+
+          for (j = required; j > 0; j --, kname ++, values ++) {
+            mrb_value k = mrb_symbol_value(mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, *kname));
+            if (!mrb_hash_key_p(mrb, ksrc, k)) {
+              mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "missing keyword: %s", *kname);
+            }
+            *values = mrb_hash_delete_key(mrb, ksrc, k);
+            mrb_gc_protect(mrb, *values);
+          }
+
+          for (j = kwnum - required; j > 0; j --, kname ++, values ++) {
+            mrb_value k = mrb_symbol_value(mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, *kname));
+            if (mrb_hash_key_p(mrb, ksrc, k)) {
+              *values = mrb_hash_delete_key(mrb, ksrc, k);
+              mrb_gc_protect(mrb, *values);
+            }
+            else {
+              *values = mrb_undef_value();
+            }
+          }
+
+          rest = kwargs->rest;
+        }
+
+        if (rest) {
+          *rest = ksrc;
+        }
+        else if (!mrb_hash_empty_p(mrb, ksrc)) {
+          ksrc = mrb_hash_keys(mrb, ksrc);
+          ksrc = RARRAY_PTR(ksrc)[0];
+          mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "unknown keyword: %v", ksrc);
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid argument specifier %S", mrb_str_new(mrb, &c, 1));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid argument specifier %c", c);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -994,6 +1004,8 @@ mrb_get_args(mrb_state *mrb, const char *format, ...)
   if (!c && argc > i) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "wrong number of arguments");
   }
+
+finish:
   va_end(ap);
   return i;
 }
@@ -1078,7 +1090,7 @@ include_module_at(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *ins_pos, stru
     m->flags |= MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_INHERITED;
     ins_pos->super = ic;
     mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)ins_pos, (struct RBasic*)ic);
-    mc_clear_by_class(mrb, ins_pos);
+    mrb_mc_clear_by_class(mrb, ins_pos);
     ins_pos = ic;
   skip:
     m = m->super;
@@ -1090,8 +1102,8 @@ include_module_at(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *ins_pos, stru
 MRB_API void
 mrb_include_module(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *m)
 {
-  int changed = include_module_at(mrb, c, find_origin(c), m, 1);
-  if (changed < 0) {
+  mrb_check_frozen(mrb, c);
+  if (include_module_at(mrb, c, find_origin(c), m, 1) < 0) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "cyclic include detected");
   }
 }
@@ -1102,6 +1114,7 @@ mrb_prepend_module(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, struct RClass *m)
   struct RClass *origin;
   int changed = 0;
 
+  mrb_check_frozen(mrb, c);
   if (!(c->flags & MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_PREPENDED)) {
     origin = (struct RClass*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_ICLASS, c);
     origin->flags |= MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_ORIGIN | MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_INHERITED;
@@ -1290,8 +1303,8 @@ mc_clear_all(mrb_state *mrb)
   }
 }
 
-static void
-mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+void
+mrb_mc_clear_by_class(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
 {
   struct mrb_cache_entry *mc = mrb->cache;
   int i;
@@ -1372,25 +1385,57 @@ mrb_method_search(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass* c, mrb_sym mid)
 
   m = mrb_method_search_vm(mrb, &c, mid);
   if (MRB_METHOD_UNDEF_P(m)) {
-    mrb_value inspect = mrb_funcall(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c), "inspect", 0);
-    if (mrb_string_p(inspect) && RSTRING_LEN(inspect) > 64) {
-      inspect = mrb_any_to_s(mrb, mrb_obj_value(c));
-    }
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "undefined method '%S' for class %S",
-               mrb_sym2str(mrb, mid), inspect);
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, mid, "undefined method '%n' for class %C", mid, c);
   }
   return m;
 }
 
+#define ONSTACK_ALLOC_MAX 32
+
+static mrb_sym
+prepare_name_common(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, const char *prefix, const char *suffix)
+{
+  char onstack[ONSTACK_ALLOC_MAX];
+  mrb_int sym_len;
+  const char *sym_str = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, &sym_len);
+  size_t prefix_len = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
+  size_t suffix_len = suffix ? strlen(suffix) : 0;
+  size_t name_len = sym_len + prefix_len + suffix_len;
+  char *buf = name_len > sizeof(onstack) ? (char *)mrb_alloca(mrb, name_len) : onstack;
+  char *p = buf;
+
+  if (prefix_len > 0) {
+    memcpy(p, prefix, prefix_len);
+    p += prefix_len;
+  }
+
+  memcpy(p, sym_str, sym_len);
+  p += sym_len;
+
+  if (suffix_len > 0) {
+    memcpy(p, suffix, suffix_len);
+    p += suffix_len;
+  }
+
+  return mrb_intern(mrb, buf, name_len);
+}
+
 static mrb_value
-attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+prepare_ivar_name(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
 {
-  mrb_value name = mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb, 0);
-  return mrb_iv_get(mrb, obj, to_sym(mrb, name));
+  sym = prepare_name_common(mrb, sym, "@", NULL);
+  mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb, sym);
+  return mrb_symbol_value(sym);
+}
+
+static mrb_sym
+prepare_writer_name(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  return prepare_name_common(mrb, sym, NULL, "=");
 }
 
 static mrb_value
-mrb_mod_attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+mod_attr_define(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_value (*accessor)(mrb_state *, mrb_value), mrb_sym (*access_name)(mrb_state *, mrb_sym))
 {
   struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
   mrb_value *argv;
@@ -1400,20 +1445,18 @@ mrb_mod_attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
   ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
   for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-    mrb_value name, str;
-    mrb_sym method, sym;
+    mrb_value name;
+    mrb_sym method;
     struct RProc *p;
     mrb_method_t m;
 
     method = to_sym(mrb, argv[i]);
-    name = mrb_sym2str(mrb, method);
-    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(name)+1);
-    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "@");
-    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
-    sym = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
-    mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb, sym);
-    name = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
-    p = mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb, attr_reader, 1, &name);
+    name = prepare_ivar_name(mrb, method);
+    if (access_name) {
+      method = access_name(mrb, method);
+    }
+
+    p = mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb, accessor, 1, &name);
     MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
     mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, method, m);
     mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
@@ -1421,6 +1464,19 @@ mrb_mod_attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   return mrb_nil_value();
 }
 
+static mrb_value
+attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
+{
+  mrb_value name = mrb_proc_cfunc_env_get(mrb, 0);
+  return mrb_iv_get(mrb, obj, to_sym(mrb, name));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_attr_reader(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  return mod_attr_define(mrb, mod, attr_reader, NULL);
+}
+
 static mrb_value
 attr_writer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 {
@@ -1435,42 +1491,7 @@ attr_writer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj)
 static mrb_value
 mrb_mod_attr_writer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
 {
-  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
-  mrb_value *argv;
-  mrb_int argc, i;
-  int ai;
-
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*", &argv, &argc);
-  ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
-  for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
-    mrb_value name, str, attr;
-    mrb_sym method, sym;
-    struct RProc *p;
-    mrb_method_t m;
-
-    method = to_sym(mrb, argv[i]);
-
-    /* prepare iv name (@name) */
-    name = mrb_sym2str(mrb, method);
-    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(name)+1);
-    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "@");
-    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
-    sym = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
-    mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb, sym);
-    attr = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
-
-    /* prepare method name (name=) */
-    str = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, RSTRING_LEN(str));
-    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, str, name);
-    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, str, "=");
-    method = mrb_intern_str(mrb, str);
-
-    p = mrb_proc_new_cfunc_with_env(mrb, attr_writer, 1, &attr);
-    MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
-    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, method, m);
-    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
-  }
-  return mrb_nil_value();
+  return mod_attr_define(mrb, mod, attr_writer, prepare_writer_name);
 }
 
 static mrb_value
@@ -1485,7 +1506,7 @@ mrb_instance_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
 
   if (ttype == 0) ttype = MRB_TT_OBJECT;
   if (ttype <= MRB_TT_CPTR) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of %S", cv);
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't create instance of %v", cv);
   }
   o = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, ttype, c);
   return mrb_obj_value(o);
@@ -1503,29 +1524,20 @@ mrb_instance_alloc(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
  *
  */
 
-MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_value
 mrb_instance_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
 {
   mrb_value obj, blk;
   mrb_value *argv;
   mrb_int argc;
   mrb_sym init;
-  mrb_method_t m;
 
-  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*&", &argv, &argc, &blk);
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*!&", &argv, &argc, &blk);
   obj = mrb_instance_alloc(mrb, cv);
   init = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
-  m = mrb_method_search(mrb, mrb_class(mrb, obj), init);
-  if (MRB_METHOD_CFUNC_P(m)) {
-    mrb_func_t f = MRB_METHOD_CFUNC(m);
-    if (f != mrb_bob_init) {
-      f(mrb, obj);
-    }
-  }
-  else {
+  if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, obj, init, mrb_bob_init)) {
     mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb, obj, init, argc, argv, blk);
   }
-
   return obj;
 }
 
@@ -1569,7 +1581,10 @@ mrb_class_new_class(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value cv)
   }
   new_class = mrb_obj_value(mrb_class_new(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(super)));
   mid = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
-  if (!mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, new_class, mid, mrb_bob_init)) {
+  if (mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, new_class, mid, mrb_class_initialize)) {
+    mrb_class_initialize(mrb, new_class);
+  }
+  else {
     mrb_funcall_with_block(mrb, new_class, mid, n, &super, blk);
   }
   mrb_class_inherited(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(super), mrb_class_ptr(new_class));
@@ -1682,7 +1697,7 @@ mrb_class_path(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
   }
   else if (mrb_symbol_p(path)) {
     /* toplevel class/module */
-    return mrb_sym2str(mrb, mrb_symbol(path));
+    return mrb_sym_str(mrb, mrb_symbol(path));
   }
   return mrb_str_dup(mrb, path);
 }
@@ -1721,7 +1736,7 @@ static void
 mrb_check_inheritable(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *super)
 {
   if (super->tt != MRB_TT_CLASS) {
-    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%S given)", mrb_obj_value(super));
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "superclass must be a Class (%C given)", super);
   }
   if (super->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't make subclass of singleton class");
@@ -1790,11 +1805,31 @@ mrb_alias_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a, mrb_sym b)
 {
   mrb_method_t m = mrb_method_search(mrb, c, b);
 
+  if (!MRB_METHOD_CFUNC_P(m)) {
+    struct RProc *p = MRB_METHOD_PROC(m);
+
+    if (MRB_PROC_ENV_P(p)) {
+      MRB_PROC_ENV(p)->mid = b;
+    }
+    else {
+      struct RClass *tc = MRB_PROC_TARGET_CLASS(p);
+      struct REnv *e = (struct REnv*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_ENV, NULL);
+
+      e->mid = b;
+      if (tc) {
+        e->c = tc;
+        mrb_field_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)e, (struct RBasic*)tc);
+      }
+      p->e.env = e;
+      p->flags |= MRB_PROC_ENVSET;
+    }
+  }
   mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, a, m);
 }
 
 /*!
  * Defines an alias of a method.
+ * \param mrb    the mruby state
  * \param klass  the class which the original method belongs to
  * \param name1  a new name for the method
  * \param name2  the original name of the method
@@ -1818,7 +1853,7 @@ mrb_value
 mrb_mod_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
 {
 
-  if (mrb_type(klass) == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+  if (mrb_sclass_p(klass)) {
     mrb_value v = mrb_iv_get(mrb, klass, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "__attached__"));
     mrb_value str = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "#<Class:");
 
@@ -1843,27 +1878,31 @@ mrb_mod_alias(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
 
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "nn", &new_name, &old_name);
   mrb_alias_method(mrb, c, new_name, old_name);
-  return mrb_nil_value();
+  return mod;
+}
+
+static void
+undef_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a)
+{
+  mrb_method_t m;
+
+  MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, NULL);
+  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, a, m);
 }
 
 void
 mrb_undef_method_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym a)
 {
   if (!mrb_obj_respond_to(mrb, c, a)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, a, "undefined method '%S' for class '%S'", mrb_sym2str(mrb, a), mrb_obj_value(c));
-  }
-  else {
-    mrb_method_t m;
-
-    MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, NULL);
-    mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, c, a, m);
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, a, "undefined method '%n' for class '%C'", a, c);
   }
+  undef_method(mrb, c, a);
 }
 
 MRB_API void
 mrb_undef_method(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, const char *name)
 {
-  mrb_undef_method_id(mrb, c, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
+  undef_method(mrb, c, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name));
 }
 
 MRB_API void
@@ -1887,19 +1926,13 @@ mrb_mod_undef(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   return mrb_nil_value();
 }
 
-static mrb_bool
-const_name_p(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name, mrb_int len)
-{
-  return len > 0 && ISUPPER(name[0]) && mrb_ident_p(name+1, len-1);
-}
-
 static void
 check_const_name_sym(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym id)
 {
   mrb_int len;
-  const char *name = mrb_sym2name_len(mrb, id, &len);
-  if (!const_name_p(mrb, name, len)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name %S", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+  const char *name = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, id, &len);
+  if (!mrb_const_name_p(mrb, name, len)) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name %n", id);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1956,7 +1989,7 @@ mrb_mod_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
     else {
       off = end + 2;
       if (off == len) {         /* trailing "::" */
-        mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name '%S'", path);
+        mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "wrong constant name '%v'", path);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1986,7 +2019,7 @@ mrb_mod_remove_const(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   check_const_name_sym(mrb, id);
   val = mrb_iv_remove(mrb, mod, id);
   if (mrb_undef_p(val)) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "constant %S not defined", mrb_sym2str(mrb, id));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, id, "constant %n not defined", id);
   }
   return val;
 }
@@ -1999,13 +2032,10 @@ mrb_mod_const_missing(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "n", &sym);
 
   if (mrb_class_real(mrb_class_ptr(mod)) != mrb->object_class) {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S::%S",
-                   mod,
-                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %v::%n", mod, sym);
   }
   else {
-    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %S",
-                   mrb_sym2str(mrb, sym));
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized constant %n", sym);
   }
   /* not reached */
   return mrb_nil_value();
@@ -2066,7 +2096,7 @@ mod_define_method(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
       /* ignored */
       break;
     default:
-      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %S (expected Proc)", mrb_obj_value(mrb_obj_class(mrb, proc)));
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "wrong argument type %T (expected Proc)", proc);
       break;
   }
   if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
@@ -2098,6 +2128,14 @@ mrb_mod_eqq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   return mrb_bool_value(eqq);
 }
 
+static mrb_value
+mrb_mod_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value mod = mrb_obj_clone(mrb, self);
+  MRB_UNSET_FROZEN_FLAG(mrb_obj_ptr(mod));
+  return mod;
+}
+
 static mrb_value
 mrb_mod_module_function(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
 {
@@ -2146,6 +2184,40 @@ inspect_main(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
   return mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "main");
 }
 
+static const mrb_code new_iseq[] = {
+  OP_ENTER, 0x0, 0x10, 0x1,  /* OP_ENTER     0:0:1:0:0:0:1 */
+  OP_LOADSELF, 0x3,          /* OP_LOADSELF  R3 */
+  OP_SEND, 0x3, 0x0, 0x0,    /* OP_SEND      R3  :allocate  0 */
+  OP_MOVE, 0x0, 0x3,         /* OP_MOVE      R0  R3 */
+  OP_MOVE, 0x4, 0x1,         /* OP_MOVE      R4  R1 */
+  OP_MOVE, 0x5, 0x2,         /* OP_MOVE      R5  R2 */
+  OP_SENDVB, 0x3, 0x1,       /* OP_SENDVB    R4  :initialize */
+  OP_RETURN, 0x0             /* OP_RETURN    R0 */
+};
+
+static void
+init_class_new(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *cls)
+{
+  struct RProc *p;
+  mrb_method_t m;
+  mrb_irep *new_irep = (mrb_irep*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(mrb_irep));
+  static const mrb_irep mrb_irep_zero = { 0 };
+
+  *new_irep = mrb_irep_zero;
+  new_irep->syms = (mrb_sym*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(mrb_sym)*2);
+  new_irep->syms[0] = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "allocate");
+  new_irep->syms[1] = mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "initialize");
+  new_irep->slen = 2;
+  new_irep->flags = MRB_ISEQ_NO_FREE;
+  new_irep->iseq = new_iseq;
+  new_irep->ilen = sizeof(new_iseq);
+  new_irep->nregs = 6;
+  new_irep->nlocals = 3;
+  p = mrb_proc_new(mrb, new_irep);
+  MRB_METHOD_FROM_PROC(m, p);
+  mrb_define_method_raw(mrb, cls, mrb_intern_lit(mrb, "new"), m);
+}
+
 void
 mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
 {
@@ -2168,7 +2240,6 @@ mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
 
   /* name basic classes */
   mrb_define_const(mrb, bob, "BasicObject", mrb_obj_value(bob));
-  mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "BasicObject", mrb_obj_value(bob));
   mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Object",      mrb_obj_value(obj));
   mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Module",      mrb_obj_value(mod));
   mrb_define_const(mrb, obj, "Class",       mrb_obj_value(cls));
@@ -2188,15 +2259,18 @@ mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "==",                      mrb_obj_equal_m,          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.3.1.3.1  */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "!=",                      mrb_obj_not_equal_m,      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
   mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__id__",                  mrb_obj_id_m,             MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.3.1.3.4  */
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__send__",                mrb_f_send,               MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.5  */
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "instance_eval",           mrb_obj_instance_eval,    MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.3.1.3.18 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "__send__",                mrb_f_send,               MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)|MRB_ARGS_REST()|MRB_ARGS_BLOCK());  /* 15.3.1.3.5  */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "equal?",                  mrb_obj_equal_m,          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.3.1.3.11 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, bob, "instance_eval",           mrb_obj_instance_eval,    MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)|MRB_ARGS_BLOCK());  /* 15.3.1.3.18 */
 
-  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, cls, "new",               mrb_class_new_class,      MRB_ARGS_OPT(1));
+  mrb_define_class_method(mrb, cls, "new",               mrb_class_new_class,      MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)|MRB_ARGS_BLOCK());
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "allocate",                mrb_instance_alloc,       MRB_ARGS_NONE());
   mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "superclass",              mrb_class_superclass,     MRB_ARGS_NONE()); /* 15.2.3.3.4 */
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "new",                     mrb_instance_new,         MRB_ARGS_ANY());  /* 15.2.3.3.3 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "initialize",              mrb_class_initialize,     MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)); /* 15.2.3.3.1 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, cls, "inherited",               mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
 
+  init_class_new(mrb, cls);
+
   MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(mod, MRB_TT_MODULE);
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "extend_object",           mrb_mod_extend_object,    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.25 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "extended",                mrb_bob_init,             MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.26 */
@@ -2226,10 +2300,13 @@ mrb_init_class(mrb_state *mrb)
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "const_missing",           mrb_mod_const_missing,    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "method_defined?",         mrb_mod_method_defined,   MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.34 */
   mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "define_method",           mod_define_method,        MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1));
-  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "===",                     mrb_mod_eqq,              MRB_ARGS_REQ(1));
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "===",                     mrb_mod_eqq,              MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)); /* 15.2.2.4.7 */
+  mrb_define_method(mrb, mod, "dup",                     mrb_mod_dup,              MRB_ARGS_NONE());
 
   mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "append_features");
+  mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "prepend_features");
   mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "extend_object");
+  mrb_undef_method(mrb, cls, "module_function");
 
   mrb->top_self = (struct RObject*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_OBJECT, mrb->object_class);
   mrb_define_singleton_method(mrb, mrb->top_self, "inspect", inspect_main, MRB_ARGS_NONE());